Selected SWI/SNF family remodelers from yeast and human.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5373",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Perusal of the Finite Element Method",title:"Perusal of the Finite Element Method",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions to different numerical problems. The practical applications of FEM are known as finite element analysis (FEA). FEA is a good choice for analyzing problems over complicated domains. The first three chapters of this book contribute to the development of new FE techniques by examining a few key hurdles of the FEM and proposing techniques to mitigate them. The next four chapters focus on the close connection between the development of a new technique and its implementation. Current state-of-the-art software packages for FEA allow the construction, refinement, and optimization of entire designs before manufacturing. This is convincingly demonstrated in the last three chapters of the book with examples from the field of biomechanical engineering.\nThis book presents a current research by highlighting the vitality and potential of the finite elements for the future development of more efficient numerical techniques, new areas of application, and FEA's important role in practical engineering.",isbn:"978-953-51-2820-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2819-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4138-9",doi:"10.5772/62611",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"perusal-of-the-finite-element-method",numberOfPages:274,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"1bb9070e200d056e410778cf3f36c263",bookSignature:"Radostina Petrova",publishedDate:"December 14th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5373.jpg",numberOfDownloads:16789,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:62,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:95,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 9th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 30th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 4th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 2nd 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 1st 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"118470",title:"PhD.",name:"Radostina",middleName:"Vasileva",surname:"Petrova",slug:"radostina-petrova",fullName:"Radostina Petrova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/118470/images/system/118470.jpg",biography:"Radostina Petrova holds an MSc in Civil Engineering from the University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy of Sofia, Bulgaria, and a PhD in Applied Mechanics from the Technical University of Sofia.\nShe has more than 25 years of experience working for the industry and the academia. Over the last 10 years, she was an associate professor in Dynamics, Strength and Reliability of Machines, Devices, and Systems at the Technical University of Sofia. Previously, she has been invited to teach at the Vienna University of Technology, Austria, and University of Stavanger, Norway. Radostina has an active professional practice as a structural engineer. \nRadostina Petrova is an internationally recognized expert in the field of multibody dynamic simulation of mechanical systems, nonlinear structural analysis, structural modeling and analysis using FEM, CAD/CAE (FEA) design of structures and mechanical systems, wind engineering, etc. \nShe is awarded an “Ernst Mach” research grant, international research grants of the EEA, and a Fulbright grant, which is to be implemented at the Cornell University, USA. She has an award for outstanding contributions in reviewing for Elsevier publishers.\nShe is an author/editor of four books, several book chapters, and more than a hundred scientific articles.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"607",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-mathematical-modeling"}],chapters:[{id:"52266",title:"Problems of Hierarchical Modelling and hp-Adaptive Finite Element Analysis in Elasticity, Dielectricity and Piezoelectricity",doi:"10.5772/64892",slug:"problems-of-hierarchical-modelling-and-hp-adaptive-finite-element-analysis-in-elasticity-dielectrici",totalDownloads:1580,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:49,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we consider theoretical and implementation difficulties in application of the hierarchical modelling and hp-adaptive finite element approach to elasticity, dielectricity and piezoelectricity. The main feature of the applied methodology is its generalizing character which is reflected by application of the same or analogous algorithms to three mentioned physical problems, including multi-physics problem of piezoelectricity, simple and complex physical description as well as simple and complex geometries. In contrast to the most common approaches dealing with a single physical phenomenon, described by a single physical model, within a single geometrical part, this chapter presents the ideas which brake and overcome such a simplicity. This presented chapter generalizes author’s hitherto accomplishments, in hierarchical models and hp-approximations of linear elasticity, onto dielectricity and piezoelectricity. The same refers to error estimation and adaptivity control. In this context, the main similarities and differences of three physical problems are of interest in this work.",signatures:"Grzegorz Zboiński",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52266",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52266",authors:[{id:"186284",title:"Prof.",name:"Grzegorz",surname:"Zboinski",slug:"grzegorz-zboinski",fullName:"Grzegorz Zboinski"}],corrections:null},{id:"52253",title:"The Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method for Ordinary Differential Equations",doi:"10.5772/64967",slug:"the-discontinuous-galerkin-finite-element-method-for-ordinary-differential-equations",totalDownloads:1589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We present an analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method for nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). We prove that the DG solution is $(p + 1) $th order convergent in the $L^2$-norm, when the space of piecewise polynomials of degree $p$ is used. A $ (2p+1) $th order superconvergence rate of the DG approximation at the downwind point of each element is obtained under quasi-uniform meshes. Moreover, we prove that the DG solution is superconvergent with order $p+2$ to a particular projection of the exact solution. The superconvergence results are used to show that the leading term of the DG error is proportional to the $ (p + 1) $-degree right Radau polynomial. These results allow us to develop a residual-based a posteriori error estimator which is computationally simple, efficient, and asymptotically exact. The proposed a posteriori error estimator is proved to converge to the actual error in the $L^2$-norm with order $p+2$. Computational results indicate that the theoretical orders of convergence are optimal. Finally, a local adaptive mesh refinement procedure that makes use of our local a posteriori error estimate is also presented. Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the global superconvergence results and the convergence of the proposed estimator under mesh refinement.",signatures:"Mahboub Baccouch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52253",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52253",authors:[{id:"186635",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahboub",surname:"Baccouch",slug:"mahboub-baccouch",fullName:"Mahboub Baccouch"}],corrections:null},{id:"52479",title:"On Finite Element Vibration Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes",doi:"10.5772/65358",slug:"on-finite-element-vibration-analysis-of-carbon-nanotubes",totalDownloads:1880,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, a finite element formulation is proposed to study the natural frequencies of double-walled carbon nanotubes modeled as, both, local and nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli beams, coupled with van der Waals interaction forces. The formulation uses Galerkin-weighted residual approach and employs Hermite cubic polynomial function to derive the linear eigenvalue problem. Natural frequencies are found for clamped-free, clamped-clamped and simply supported-simply supported boundary conditions. The results are in good agreement with the formulations found in the literature. The effect of nonlocal factor on the natural frequencies of the system is found out by comparing local and nonlocal results. Additionally, the universality of the proposed model is proven by application to a double-elastic Euler-Bernoulli beam. This formulation paves way for Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis of multi-walled CNTs—either locally or nonlocally.",signatures:"Ishan Ali Khan and Seyed M. Hashemi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52479",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52479",authors:[{id:"19621",title:"Prof.",name:"Seyed M.",surname:"Hashemi",slug:"seyed-m.-hashemi",fullName:"Seyed M. Hashemi"},{id:"194497",title:"Mr.",name:"Ishan Ali",surname:"Khan",slug:"ishan-ali-khan",fullName:"Ishan Ali Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"52379",title:"Micromechanical Analysis of Polymer Fiber Composites under Tensile Loading by Finite Element Method",doi:"10.5772/65002",slug:"micromechanical-analysis-of-polymer-fiber-composites-under-tensile-loading-by-finite-element-method",totalDownloads:1894,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the critical stress transfer factors of interface material have been studied under tensile loading. The polypropylene (PP) short fiber was embedded into the polypropylene co-ethylene (PPE) cylindrical interface first and then into the matrix material. Modified interface PPE material with lower elastic constant value than matrix material was used in our study. In this chapter, interface parameters affecting the stress transfer mechanism have been investigated. Finite element analysis (FEA) package (Ansys) has been used in the numerical modeling by using representative volume element (RVE). Tensile load was applied on one side of the composite cylinder as the other side of the composite is fixed. The critical stress-strain distributions are determined and presented by curves and tables for different fiber and interface diameters. For verification, the equivalent elastic material constants have been compared with the analytical solution and the results have been appropriate.",signatures:"Ezgi Günay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52379",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52379",authors:[{id:"186402",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ezgi",surname:"Günay",slug:"ezgi-gunay",fullName:"Ezgi Günay"}],corrections:null},{id:"52079",title:"Estimation of Shallow Water Flow Based on Kalman Filter FEM",doi:"10.5772/64595",slug:"estimation-of-shallow-water-flow-based-on-kalman-filter-fem",totalDownloads:1477,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present numerical examples of an estimation of shallow water flow based on Kalman filter finite element method (Kalman filter FEM). Shallow water equations are adopted as the governing equations. The Galerkin method, using triangular elements, is employed to discretize the governing equation in space, and the selective lumping method is used to discretize time. We describe the influence on the numerical results of setting the observation points.",signatures:"Takahiko Kurahashi, Taichi Yoshiara and Yasuhide Kobayashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52079",authors:[{id:"186670",title:"Dr.",name:"Takahiko",surname:"Kurahashi",slug:"takahiko-kurahashi",fullName:"Takahiko Kurahashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"52289",title:"Improved Reduced Order Mechanical Model and Finite Element Analysis of Three-Dimensional Deformations of Epithelial Tissues",doi:"10.5772/65027",slug:"improved-reduced-order-mechanical-model-and-finite-element-analysis-of-three-dimensional-deformation",totalDownloads:1248,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we analyse non-uniform bending of single-layer cell tissues—epithelia, surrounding organs throughout the body. Dimensionally reduced model is suggested, which is equivalent to membranes with bending stiffness: the total elastic energy of the tissue is a combination of stretching and bending energies. The energy, suggested in this chapter, is a piecewise function, the branches of which correspond to a specific deformation regime: compression, pure bending and stretch.",signatures:"Ara S. Avetisyan, Asatur Zh. Khurshudyan and Sergey K. Ohanyan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52289",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52289",authors:[{id:"186286",title:"Dr.",name:"Asatur",surname:"Khurshudyan",slug:"asatur-khurshudyan",fullName:"Asatur Khurshudyan"},{id:"186287",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Ohanyan",slug:"sergey-ohanyan",fullName:"Sergey Ohanyan"},{id:"194126",title:"Prof.",name:"Ara",surname:"Avetisyan",slug:"ara-avetisyan",fullName:"Ara Avetisyan"}],corrections:null},{id:"53090",title:"Simulating Contact Instability in Soft Thin Films through Finite Element Techniques",doi:"10.5772/65357",slug:"simulating-contact-instability-in-soft-thin-films-through-finite-element-techniques",totalDownloads:2142,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"When a thin film of soft elastic material comes in contact with an external surface, contact instability triggered by interaction forces, such as van der Waals, engenders topologically functionalized surfaces. Innumerable technological applications such as adhesives; microelecromechanical systems (MEMS), and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) demand understanding of the physics behind the mechanical contact, relationship between the morphologies, and detachment forces in such films. Indentation tests are important experimental approach toward this; there also exist many simulation procedures to model the mechanical contact. Both atomistic level and analytical continuum simulations are computationally expensive and are restricted by the domain geometries that can be handled by them. Polymeric films also particularly demonstrate a rich variety of nonlinear behavior that cannot be adequately captured by the aforementioned methods. In this chapter we show how finite element techniques can be utilized in crack opening and in contact-instability problems.",signatures:"Jayati Sarkar, Hemalatha Annepu and Satish Kumar Mishra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53090",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53090",authors:[{id:"187528",title:"Dr.",name:"Jayati",surname:"Sarkar",slug:"jayati-sarkar",fullName:"Jayati Sarkar"},{id:"188021",title:"Dr.",name:"Hemalatha",surname:"Annepu",slug:"hemalatha-annepu",fullName:"Hemalatha Annepu"},{id:"188022",title:"Mr.",name:"Satish",surname:"Mishra",slug:"satish-mishra",fullName:"Satish Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"52051",title:"The Role of Finite Element Analysis in Studying Potential Failure of Mandibular Reconstruction Methods",doi:"10.5772/64890",slug:"the-role-of-finite-element-analysis-in-studying-potential-failure-of-mandibular-reconstruction-metho",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Defects of the mandible occur after trauma or resection after infection or tumours. There have been many methods espoused, but many methods can fail especially if the biomechanics of the mandible is not considered fully. As the only moveable, load-bearing bone of the skull, the mandible is subject to loads and stresses unique to it due to its shape, location and function. This chapter reviews the basic knowledge of the mandible necessary to perform finite element analysis, the challenges and then reviews several studies that have been done. The authors’ personal research is detailed to illustrate how finite element analysis can be used to look at potential failure of a new method for mandibular reconstruction and implant evaluation.",signatures:"Raymond C.W. Wong, John S.P. Loh and I. Islam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52051",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52051",authors:[{id:"186610",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond",surname:"Wong",slug:"raymond-wong",fullName:"Raymond Wong"},{id:"194239",title:"Dr.",name:"John Sp",surname:"Loh",slug:"john-sp-loh",fullName:"John Sp Loh"},{id:"194240",title:"Dr.",name:"Intekhab",surname:"Islam",slug:"intekhab-islam",fullName:"Intekhab Islam"}],corrections:null},{id:"52189",title:"Evaluation of Adaptive Bone Remodeling after Total Hip Arthroplasty Using Finite Element Analysis",doi:"10.5772/65031",slug:"evaluation-of-adaptive-bone-remodeling-after-total-hip-arthroplasty-using-finite-element-analysis",totalDownloads:1816,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We compared equivalent stress and strain energy density (SED) to bone mineral density (BMD) in the femur after total hip arthroplasty (THA) using subject-specific finite element analysis (FEA). Equivalent stress and BMD were maintained in the distal femur after THA, whereas both decreased in the proximal femur. A significant correlation was observed between the rates of changes in BMD and equivalent stress before and after THA. Therefore, FEA can predict adaptive bone remodeling after mechanical loading changes. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of two different types of stem geometries (Zweymüller-type stem and fit-and-fill-type stem) on load distribution and BMD using the same method. Equivalent stress and BMD in the medial side of the proximal femur were significantly lower with the Zweymüller-type stem than with the fit-and-fill-type stem. Therefore, FEA can assess the effects of stem geometry on bone remodeling after THA. Moreover, we evaluated the effects of bone geometry on load distribution and BMD after THA. Equivalent stress in the medial side of the proximal femur was significantly lower in the stovepipe model implanted with large tapered wedge-type stems than in the champagne flute and intermediate models, and there was a significant loss of BMD in the stovepipe model. Therefore, a large tapered wedge-type stem and stovepipe femur may be associated with significant proximal BMD loss.",signatures:"Yutaka Inaba, Hiroyuki Ike, Masatoshi Oba and Tomoyuki Saito",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52189",authors:[{id:"169450",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",surname:"Inaba",slug:"yutaka-inaba",fullName:"Yutaka Inaba"},{id:"169452",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoyuki",surname:"Saito",slug:"tomoyuki-saito",fullName:"Tomoyuki Saito"},{id:"194170",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Ike",slug:"hiroyuki-ike",fullName:"Hiroyuki Ike"},{id:"194171",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",surname:"Oba",slug:"masatoshi-oba",fullName:"Masatoshi Oba"}],corrections:null},{id:"52382",title:"Finite Elements Method in Implant Prosthetics",doi:"10.5772/64969",slug:"finite-elements-method-in-implant-prosthetics",totalDownloads:1536,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is devoted to the study of behavior of functional loadings for implant prosthetics rehabilitation by finite elements method (FEM). It presents a numerical calculation of stress, displacement, and strain in implant and surrounding bone, which is used to assess risk factors from a biomechanical point. The masticatory forces are simulated by axial and/or non-axial loads, and they are responsible for the biomechanical response of the bone-tissue-implant-crown system. This chapter represents an analysis of this response in view of highlighting the factors involved in implant stability and success. The safety factor for different loading cases is calculated as well. A good agreement with other study results and clinical studies is obtained.",signatures:"Iulia Roateşi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52382",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52382",authors:[{id:"187359",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Iulia",surname:"Roatesi",slug:"iulia-roatesi",fullName:"Iulia Roatesi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2141",title:"Finite Volume Method",subtitle:"Powerful Means of Engineering Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0664f831a342fdbcf1fe496e9885f161",slug:"finite-volume-method-powerful-means-of-engineering-design",bookSignature:"Radostina Petrova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118470",title:"PhD.",name:"Radostina",surname:"Petrova",slug:"radostina-petrova",fullName:"Radostina 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Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. 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With increased population growth and urbanization, cities around the world are becoming more affluent and putting even greater pressures on various land uses. The greatest challenges include managing traffic and transportation, the urban sprawl of cities, and affordable housing in ways that can improve people’s health and social well-being in a city-based framework, keeping in mind qualitative principles of equity, public participation, and sustainability. The proposed book hopes to bring together leading scholars in the field of transportation or engineering, land use planning, affordable housing, and smart cities growth, to discuss contemporary land use issues and challenges facing cities in both developed and developing countries. The book is also intended to serve as important reference material for academics, land use planning professionals, and students around the globe seeking to understand contemporary land-use problems and innovative solutions.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-237-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-236-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-238-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"e669f527567e12a187e61b3dbb18155f",bookSignature:"Dr. Seth Appiah-Opoku",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11454.jpg",keywords:"Land Use, Transportation Interaction, Smart City, Housing, City Typology, Urbanization, Urban Sprawl, Affordable Housing, Transit Management, Squatter Settlement, Manufactured Home, Sustainability",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 9th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 8th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 27th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 25th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Seth Appiah-Opoku is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners. He also served on the Technical Advisory Team that advised the government of Ghana on the preparation of a 40-year development plan for the country.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"137858",title:"Dr.",name:"Seth",middleName:null,surname:"Appiah-Opoku",slug:"seth-appiah-opoku",fullName:"Seth Appiah-Opoku",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137858/images/system/137858.jpg",biography:"Dr. Seth Appiah-Opoku is a Professor of Geography at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA. He teaches World Regional Geography, Regional Geography of Africa, Environmental Management, Land Use Regulation, Principles of Planning, Regional Planning and Analysis, and also the Ghana Summer Abroad course. He is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners and the editor of three books - The Need for Indigenous Knowledge in Environmental Impact Assessment: The Case of Ghana (Edwin Mellen Press, NY, June 2005), Environmental Land Use Planning (IntechOpen, 2012), and International Development (IntechOpen, 2017). His research focuses on international development, urban planning, ecotourism, environmental impact assessment, and resource development. He serves on the Editorial Boards of the Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment Review and the Environment and Social Psychology Journal. He also served as the editor of the Journal of African Geographical Review from 2016 to 2018. He has published scholarly articles in several renowned journals including Environmental Management, Society and Natural Resources, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Journal of Cultural Geography, and Plan Canada. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2358",title:"Environmental Land Use Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45c4591d49ed3ff918fe563a30203cb2",slug:"environmental-land-use-planning",bookSignature:"Seth Appiah-Opoku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137858",title:"Dr.",name:"Seth",surname:"Appiah-Opoku",slug:"seth-appiah-opoku",fullName:"Seth Appiah-Opoku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5468",title:"International Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df06431aaa20f810b8d187e0db9b807d",slug:"international-development",bookSignature:"Seth Appiah-Opoku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137858",title:"Dr.",name:"Seth",surname:"Appiah-Opoku",slug:"seth-appiah-opoku",fullName:"Seth Appiah-Opoku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8013",title:"Land Use Change and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b3aee3b93d95ecd84c41753486f7a83",slug:"land-use-change-and-sustainability",bookSignature:"Seth Appiah-Opoku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137858",title:"Dr.",name:"Seth",surname:"Appiah-Opoku",slug:"seth-appiah-opoku",fullName:"Seth Appiah-Opoku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"43453",title:"Chromatin Remodelers and Their Way of Action",doi:"10.5772/55683",slug:"chromatin-remodelers-and-their-way-of-action",body:'Chromatin is the packaged form of the eukaryotic genome in the cell nucleus, presenting the substrate for all DNA dependent processes. The basic packaging unit of chromatin is the nucleosome core, a nucleoprotein structure consisting of 8 histone proteins and 147 bp of DNA. Two of each H2A and H2B, H3 and H4, form an octameric, disc like particle on which 1.65 turns of DNA is wrapped [1]. Nucleosomal cores are separated by a linker DNA, with a varying length of 7 bp to 100 bp, with distinct lengths in different organisms and tissues. Even within one cell type the linker length can vary about 40 bp between the actively transcribed and repressed genes [2].
Binding of the DNA to the histone octamer and the bending of the molecule on the protein surface present a strong barrier to sequence specific recognition of the nucleosomal DNA molecule. That’s why the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes and higher order structures is generally inhibitory to all kind of DNA dependent processes. To overcome DNA sequence accessibility problems, cells have developed mechanisms to open higher order structures of chromatin and to disrupt nucleosomes allowing the binding of sequence specific regulators. In general, two major mechanisms exist which regulate chromatin accessibility: First, histones can be posttranslationally modified and recruit specific effector proteins to chromatin [3]. Second, specific chromatin remodeling enzymes displace the histone octamers from DNA or translocate them on DNA, thereby exposing or protecting underlying DNA sequences to regulatory factors that control the DNA dependent processes [4].
The presence of 53 different chromatin remodeling enzymes in the human cell suggests specialized functions of these enzymes and the associated complexes. Chromatin remodelers are DNA translocases that apply an ATP-dependent torsional strain to DNA, providing the force to reposition nucleosomes; i.e. moving the histone octamer to a different site on the DNA [4,5]. Diverse remodeling enzymes and complexes have distinct nucleosome positioning activities. In other words, the remodelers interpret the DNA sequence/structure information in different ways, establishing target site-specific nucleosome positioning patterns. The exact nucleosome positions at a given site depends on both, the type of the ATPase motor protein and the composition of the multiprotein complex where it is integrated [6]. The specialized functions of remodeling enzymes may result from their different nucleosome positioning behavior and the distinct targeting to genomic sites.
There is plenty of data available on the remodeling mechanism
The catalytic subunit of the remodeling enzymes consists of a conserved ATPase domain and unique flanking domains, used for a simplified separation into four distinct families (Fig. 1). The ATPase domain consists of two tandem RecA-like folds (DExx and HELICc), containing seven conserved helicase-related sequence motifs that classify the enzymes as part of the Superfamily 2 grouping of helicase-like proteins [7,8]. Chromatin remodelers are lacking the ability to separate nucleic acid strands, so they are not bona fide helicases. However, they are DNA translocases that use the energy of ATP to create a necessary force to reposition nucleosomes.
In a qualitative and quantitative study, the Snf2 family members were further subdivided into 24 distinct subfamilies based on similarities within the Snf2-specific motifs. Increased genomic complexity is paralleled by an increasing number of subfamilies and members of a given subfamily: the
Classical organization of remodeler families defined by their catalytic domain. All remodeling enzymes consist of a shared ATPase domain and unique flanking domains.
The SWI/SNF complex was first described in
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
SWI/SNF | \n\t\t\tSwi2/Snf2 | \n\t\t\tSwi1/Adr6, Swi3, Swp73, Snf5, Arp7, Arp9, Swp82, Snf11, Taf14, Snf6, Rtt102 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
RSC | \n\t\t\tSth1 | \n\t\t\tSth1, Rsc8/Swh3, Rsc6, SfhI, Arp7, Arp9, Rsc1,2 or 4, Rsc7, Rsc30, Rsc3, Rsc5, Rtt102, Rsc14/Ldb7, Rsc10, Rsc9 | \n\t\t|
BAF | \n\t\t\tBRM or BRG1 | \n\t\t\tBAF250, BAF155, BAF170,BAF60(A,B or C), SNF5, BAF57, BAF53(A or B), β-actin, BAF45(A,B,C or D) | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
PBAF | \n\t\t\tBRG1 | \n\t\t\tBAF180, BAF200, BRD7, BAF155, BAF45(A,B,C or D), BAF170,BAF60(A, B or C), SNF5, BAF57, BAF53(A or B), β-actin | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t
Selected SWI/SNF family remodelers from yeast and human.
The ISWI (imitation switch) family ATPases harbour a C-terminal SANT domain adjacent to a SLIDE domain (SANT-like ISWI), which together form a nucleosome recognition module that binds to DNA and unmodified H4 tails [4]. The ISWI remodeling enzyme in
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
NURF | \n\t\t\tISWI | \n\t\t\tNURF301, NURF55/p55, NURF38 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
ACF | \n\t\t\tACF1 | \n\t\t||
CHRAC | \n\t\t\tACF1, CHRAC 14, CHRAC 16 | \n\t\t||
ISWI1a | \n\t\t\tISWI1 | \n\t\t\tloc3 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
ISWI1b | \n\t\t\tloc2, loc4 | \n\t\t||
ISWI2 | \n\t\t\tISWI2 | \n\t\t\tItc1 | \n\t\t|
NURF | \n\t\t\tSnf2L | \n\t\t\tBPTF, RbAp46 or RbAP48 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
ACF | \n\t\t\tSnf2H | \n\t\t\tACF1 | \n\t\t|
CHRAC | \n\t\t\tACF1, CHRAC17, CHRAC15 | \n\t\t||
NoRC | \n\t\t\tTip5 | \n\t\t||
RSF | \n\t\t\tRsf1 | \n\t\t||
WICH | \n\t\t\tWstf | \n\t\t
Selected SWI/SNF family remodelers.
The CHD (Chromodomain-Helicase-DNA binding) family is defined by the presence of two chromodomains, arranged as a tandem, N-terminal of the ATPase domain. Additional structural motifs are used to further divide the CHD family into the subfamilies CHD1, Mi-2 and CHD7 [8,21].
Members of the CHD1 subfamily contain a C-terminal DNA-binding domain that preferentially binds to AT-rich DNA
The Mi-2 subfamily members contain a pair of PHD domains (plant homeodomain) in their N-terminal part (human Chd3 and Chd4, also known as Mi-2α and Mi-2β in
The CHD7 subfamily members have additional C-terminal domains, like the SANT or BRK domains (Chd5 to Chd9 proteins).
The biological properties of CHD family members are highly heterogenous. Some exist as monomers
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Chd1 | \n\t\t\tChd1 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Chd2 | \n\t\t\tChd2 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
NuRD | \n\t\t\tMi-2 | \n\t\t\tMBD2/3, MTA, RPD3, p55, p66/68 | \n\t\t|
Chd1 | \n\t\t\tChd1 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Chd2 | \n\t\t\tChd2 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t | |
NuRD | \n\t\t\tChd3/Chd4 | \n\t\t\tMBD3, MTA1/2/3, HDAC1/2, RbAp46/48, p66α/β, DOC-1? | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t | Chd5 | \n\t\t\tUnknown | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t | Chd7 | \n\t\t\tPARP1, PBAF complex | \n\t\t
Selected CHD family remodelers.
The specific feature of the remodeling enzymes belonging to the INO80 (inositol requiring 80) family is the split ATPase domain. This unique module retains ATPase activity, and acts as a scaffold for the association with the RuvB-like proteins, Rvb1 and Rvb2. RuvB is a bacterial ATP-dependent helicase that forms a double hexamer around Holliday junctions to promote their migration during homologous recombination [30]. Unlike remodelers of other families, the INO80 complex exhibits DNA helicase activity and binds to specialized DNA structures
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
INO80 | \n\t\t\tIno80 | \n\t\t\tRvb1, Rvb2, Arp5, Arp8, Arp4, Act1, Taf14, les1, Ies2, les3, les4, les5, Ies6, Nhp10 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
SWR1 | \n\t\t\tSwr1 | \n\t\t\tRvb1, Rvb2, Arp6, Arp4, Act1, Yaf9, Swc4/Eaf2, Swc2, Swc3, Swc4, Swc5, Swc6, Yaf9, Bdf1, Swc7, H2AZ, H2B | \n\t\t
Selected INO80 family remodelers.
Chromatin remodelers use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to assemble, reposition or evict histones from DNA. Nucleosome repositioning by remodelers can be described as a 3-step mechanism: 1) initiation step that requires the recognition and specific binding to the substrate, 2) several translocation steps with varying step-lengths and kinetics depending on the particular remodeling enzyme and on the properties of the underlying DNA sequence, 3) release step, which occurs at energetically favourable positions depending on the combination of remodeler and DNA sequence/structure at this site [6,38]. This chapter will focus on the mechanisms of the translocation step.
Proposed models for nucleosome remodeling suggest that only a minor fraction of the 358 direct and indirect histone-DNA interactions are disrupted at a given time of the reaction, as the energy of ATP hydrolysis would not be sufficient to fully disrupt the nucleoprotein structure [39,40]. One of the first mechanisms proposed, is the ’’twist diffusion model’’ describing moving of the DNA over the histone octamer surface in 1 bp intervals. Thus, a single base pair distortion is continuously propagated through the nucleosome, transiently storing one additional basepair in the realm of the nucleoprotein structure. This model is supported by nucleosomal crystal structures exhibiting such a single-basepair “twist defect” [39,41]. However, several studies could not confirm such a translocation model. Experiments using nicked or gapped DNA substrates that uncouple DNA rotation mediated processes still allowed SWI/SNF and ISWI dependent nucleosome remodeling, arguing against a sole twist-diffusion mechanism [42-44].
Alternatively, it was suggested that nucleosomes are repositioned according to the ’’loop recapture model’’, proposing a detachment of a DNA segment from the histone octamer surface at the entry site of the nucleosome. The exposed octamer surface would interact with more distant regions of the DNA molecule, resulting in the formation of a DNA loop on the histone octamer surface. This DNA loop would translocate over the octamer surface in an energy-neutral process, by releasing and rebinding adjacent sequences on the protein surface. DNA loop propagation would change the translational position of the nucleosome, according to the size of the DNA loop [45]. This model is strengthened by biochemical and recent single molecule studies. ACF remodeling complex was shown to cause the unwrapping of DNA, roughly 20 and 40 bp, from the nucleosomal border [46]. ATP dependent translocation of SWI/SNF and RSC on DNA and nucleosomal templates produces DNA loops and nucleosome remodeling by RSC was shown to produce a remodeled intermediate containing internal DNA loops [47].
Nucleosomal translocation and its step-size depend on the size of the DNA loop, a parameter that depends on the nature of the remodeling enzyme. Single molecule studies with the remodeling complex ACF suggested an initial step size of 7 bp and subsequent steps of 3-4 bp [48], whereas RSC was shown to exhibit a step size of 2 bp [49]. Within a strong nucleosomal positioning sequence both recombinant
One of the enigmas is the cellular requirement for 53 types of remodeling enzymes in humans that are capable to form hundreds to thousands of different remodeling complexes [6]. Such high numbers already suggest specialized functions for individual complexes and that remodeling enzymes mobilize nucleosomes in a specific manner. Many chromatin remodelers bind to DNA and nucleosomes in a sequence independent manner
Targeting signals for chromatin remodeling complexes.
Mechanistical analysis of the nucleosome remodeling process revealed that binding of a remodeling complex to a mononucleosomal substrate results in a specific and ATP-dependent repositioning of the nucleosome on the DNA [50,51]. An
Bandshift assay showing that the chromatin remodelers position nucleosomes in a DNA sequence-specific manner. The 350 bp DNA, containing the hsp70 promoter sequence, was assembled into the nucleomes via salt dialysis. Five different single-nucleosomes were observed in the bandshift assay (mapped as N1, N2, N3, N4 and N4’) and this was used as a substrate for seven recombinant chromatin remodelers (lane 1). Brg1, Chd1, ISWI, Snf2H, Mi-2, ACF and NURF in the presence of ATP repositioned nucleosomes in a remodeler-specific manner (lanes 2-8) [
The remodeling complexes contain DNA-binding motifs that are present in the catalytic or/and in accessory subunits (Fig. 1). For example, catalytic subunit Snf2H contains a SANT-SLIDE domain and in addition the WAC and AT hook motifs in the Acf1 and Tip5 proteins [4,53-57]. These modules allow the specific recognition of DNA sequences and determine the outcome of a remodeling reaction, as it was shown by exchanging such domains between remodeling enzymes [38,58-60]. Nucleosome positioning is most probably affected by the different binding affinities of those motifs to the non-remodeled and remodeled substrates and the sequence dependent flexibility and stability of the particle, impacting the final outcome of the reaction. The role of specific DNA sequences in nucleosome positioning was shown for the ISWI-containing complex ACF, which positions a nucleosome relative to an intrinsically curved DNA sequence element [6].
Not only individual positions, but also internucleosomal distances depend on the DNA binding domains of the enzymes. ACF interacts with linker DNA and is capable to sense its length [61]. This structural element appears to play a key role in the positioning of nucleosomes in regular arrays, as the remodeler-induced mobility of the nucleosome is biased towards the longer flanking DNA [62]. Similarly, the Chd1 remodeler was described to sense the length of linker DNA [63].
Moreover, unusual DNA structures like quadruplexes could represent specific targeting signals. ATRX recognises G-rich repeat sequences, which are prevalent in telomeres [64]. These repeat sequences likely to form G-quadruplex (G4) structures, and ATRX preferentially binds to such a G4 structure
Methylated CpG islands in the DNA were shown to be recognized by MBD (methyl-binding domain) domains, so it can serve as a targeting signal for particular remodelers. For example, MBD2 recruits the NuRD complex to methylated promoters [65]. The related TAM domain (MBD-like) in Tip5, the noncatalytic subunit of the NoRC complex, does not recognise methylated DNA, but binds to the pRNA (promoter RNA). The pRNA is folded into the hairpin-like structure which is bound by NoRC and participates in the recruitment NoRC to the rRNA gene promoter region [56,66-68].
The histone code hypothesis suggests that individual covalent modifications of histones or combinations of these modifications are recognized by specific readers which determine downstream events [3]. Chromatin remodeling complexes contain histone code reader domains, allowing the targeting to specifically modified chromatin domains and thereby enabling the establishment of a remodeler dependent nucleosomal positioning landscape.
The SWI/SNF type of remodelers contain bromodomains, interacting specifically with acetylated lysines on the histone tails [69]. Acetylation of the histone H3 N-terminal tail facilitated the recruitment and nucleosome mobilization by SWI/SNF and RSC. Tetra-acetylated H3 tails, but not tetra-acetylated H4 tails, increased the affinity of RSC and SWI/SNF for nucleosomes, which is dependent on the SWI/SNF bromodomain, but is not further enhanced by additional bromodomains present in RSC [70]. By contrast, the SANT domain of the ISWI type of remodelers is known to interact with unmodified histone tails. The H4 tail has been shown to play a decisive role in ISWI remodeling, in that both, the complete removal of the H4 tail [71,72] and its site-specific acetylation suppress the remodeling action of ISWI [73]. Human Chd1 protein interacts with H3K4me2/3 via its double chromodomains, which fold into a functional unit. On the other hand, nucleosomal H3K4 methylation reduces the affinity of the NuRD complex for H3 tail binding. It was shown that the second PHD finger of Chd4 preferentially interacts with unmodified H3K4 and H3K9me3 [74,75]. Full-length NURF301 the large subunit of the ISWI containing NURF complex contains a C-terminal bromodomain and a juxtaposed PHD finger that bind H3K4me3 and H4K16Ac, respectively. However, a NURF301 isoform lacking these C-terminal domains is also detected in cells, suggesting that alternative splicing can change targeting signals and localisation of the complexes within the genome. It was concluded, that the specific recognition of the posttranslational marks by NURF is important for the regulation of primary spermatocyte differentiation in
Non-canonical histone variants differ from the canonical histones at the level of their primary sequence, which can range from a few amino acid changes to large domains. These variants show distinct regulatory mechanisms for their expression and deposition, resulting in the establishment of chromatin domains with specific properties. The exchange of canonical histones for the variant ones is an active process, requiring the activity of remodeling enzymes and the action of RNA and DNA polymerases that actively displace the histones from DNA [77].
Analyzing the dynamic changes in the composition of histone variants in nuclear-transferred embryos revealed that the donor cell-derived histone H3 variants H3.1, H3.2, and H3.3, as well as H2A and H2A.Z, were rapidly eliminated from the chromatin of nuclei transplanted into enucleated oocytes. In parallel to this removal, oocyte-stored histone H3 variants and H2A.X were incorporated into the transplanted nuclei, while the incorporation of H2A and H2A.Z was minimal or not detected. The incorporation of these variant histones was independent of DNA replication suggesting an active process depending on the remodeling complexes [78].
An ATRX (α-thalassemia X-linked mental retardation protein) – Daxx (death domain associated protein) complex can effectively assemble H3.3-containing nucleosomes in murine embryonic stem cells. It was shown that ATRX recruits Daxx to telomeres, and both complex subunits are required for H3.3 deposition at telomeric chromatin [79]. Chd1 in
The DNA-sequence dependent recruitment of remodelers is not necessarily mediated by the remodeling complex subunits themselves but can also occur via transient interactions with other sequence specific DNA binding proteins. For example, the NuRD complex is recruited to the various promoters of the target genes via interaction with several transcription factors and co-regulators such as NAB2, Ikaros, FOG1, BCL11B and several other factors described by Brehm and colleagues [26]. Genome wide expression, genetic and biochemical analysis established that TramTrack69, MEP1, and the
Several studies demonstrated the targeting of Chd4 to sites of DNA double strand breaks in a PARP dependent manner [87]. The enzyme was shown to bind to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymer
The human genome is packaged into some 30 millions of nuclesosomes that have to be organized into functional chromatin domains with specific local structures. In order to identify target sites or to detect nucleosomes that have to be repositioned, the remodeling complexes have to detect such sites in chromatin very quickly. Potential genome screening mechanisms by the remodelers are discussed in this chapter.
In the seventies, JJ Hopfield introduced the kinetic proofreading mechanism for reducing errors in biological systems. He used Michaelis Menten kinetics to explain how enzymes discriminate between different substrates [89]. A similar kinetic proofreading mechanism can be used to describe the action of remodelers, where “good” substrates are characterized by a high affinity of the remodeler for the nucleosome substrate (low value of Michaelis-Menten constant
Model describing the affinity of remodelers to nucleosomes at different positions on the DNA. A) In the release model, the remodeling complex has a weaker binding affinity to the end-positioned nucleosome in comparison to any other nucleosome. In the arrest model, the remodeler binds all nucleosomes with similar affinity, but the translocation rate constant is much slower on a nucleosome present in the final position. B) Chd1 positions nucleosomes according to the release mechanism. Nucleosome position-dependent differences in the affinity of the remodeling complexes to the nucleosomal substrate were analyzed by bandshift assays. Remodeling reaction of Chd1 on mononucleosomal substrates reconstituted on a 350 bp DNA fragment containing hsp70 promoter region. Chd1 positions nulceosomes to the N3 and N2 positions. C) Binding reaction of Chd1 to the nucleosomes. The position of the DNA–Chd1 (D/C) and the nucleosome–Chd1 (N/C) complexes are indicated. The position of the N3 nucleosome is shown by a black box. Nucleosomes positioned at this site are bound by Chd1 with the lowest affinity. This position is at the same time the preferred endpoint of the remodeling reaction [
Many proteins in the nucleus, including several remodelers are highly mobile as revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. For proteins that do not interact with any cellular structures, FRAP kinetics are a direct reflection of their translational motion properties. In contrast, proteins that bind to immobile structures such as chromatin, exhibit a slower overall mobility. The mobility of ISWI family remodelers Snf2H, Snf2L and Snf2L+13 (an ATPase inactive variant of the Snf2L) was studied in living U2OS cells. During G1/2 phase only 1-4% of the enzymes were immobilized [90], whereas the rest could be fitted by the free-diffusion model, suggesting only transient binding events. Additionally, chip-seq experiments with remodeling enzymes support the transient binding events. These experiments revealed that the localization pattern of wild-type Isw2p did not correlate with known sites of Isw2 function
Genome-wide search for nucleosomal targets by remodeling enzymes. A) Continuous sampling mechanism. It is a diffusion-driven, rapid sampling of nonspecific sites with the remodeling enzymes binding only transiently to the nucleosomes. Most binding events are non-productive, as the nucleosomes are well positioned. B) Immobilization mechanism. Remodelers are recruited to the particular sites where they change nucleosomal positions. Targeting is achieved upon recognition of specific signals like histone modifications, chromatin-associated proteins, structural features of the chromatin environment or even by small molecules such as hormones.
In parallel with the continuous sampling mechanism, remodeling complexes are engaged by specific recruitment or immobilization at specific target sites. The respective mechanisms are described in chapter 4. For example, when cells were treated with dexamethasone, BRG1 and BRM were concentrated in a single spot in the nucleus, as revealed by immunofluorescence. The site coincided with the multimerized MMTV DNA and RNA FISH signals, showing that the enzymes are recruited to the MMTV array in a hormone-dependent manner. In this case the recruitment of the SWI/SNF machine results in the maintenance of an active chromatin structure that is compatible with transcription [93]. In other cases, like the nucleolar remodeling complex NoRC recruitment to the rRNA genes, continuous targeting results in gene repression via changes of the promoter nucleosome positioning that are incompatible with transcription initiation factor binding and further leads to the heterochromatin formation [20,94].
Cells express a plethora of different remodeling complexes that act simultaneously on the cellular chromatin. The remodeler complexes diffuse freely through the nucleus, searching for “good” nucleosomes. “Good” nucleosomal substrates for the one machine may represent “bad” substrates for the other machine, suggesting that an active, free diffusing pool of remodeling complexes continuously changes the local chromatin structure. Upon specific signals individual machines are recruited to the specific sites to establish local chromatin structures correlating with a persistent activation or repression of certain DNA dependent processes. We hypothesize that the mixture of remodeling complexes in the cell, with their complex-specific remodeling patterns would continuously changes local chromatin structures, depending on complex that is currently recruited to such sites. Overall the action of the diverse remodeling complexes suggests that chromatin is continuously switching local nucleosome positions according to the levels, activity and set of remodeling complexes in a given cell [95].
As mentioned above, the individual accessory proteins of the remodeling complexes contain a diverse set of histones, DNA and nucleosome recognition motifs and these proteins change the outcome of nucleosome remodeling reactions. Accordingly, these proteins significantly determine the targeting to genomic regions and the qualitative outcome of a remodeling reaction. In this chapter, we want to focus on the regulation of the overall activity of remodeling enzymes by metabolites and modifications. Subunits of chromatin remodeling complexes often contain domains capable of recognizing specific posttranslational modifications on histone tails. However, significantly less is known about the functions of posttranslational modifications on remodeling complexes themselves and our understanding of its role is only beginning to emerge.
Different regulation possibilities of remodeler activity.
Global chromatin structure is a result of the combination of chromatin remodelers present in the cell. The ability to form various complexes with different activities and the concentration of the remodelers influences the nucleosomal positions genome-wide. Much data have been accumulated from
The formulation of the project theme includes general information about the facility as a new source of renewable energy for the ocean.
This is an underwater gravitational energy technology, which is one of the most promising generating devices due to the significant potential of generating electrical energy, as it converts a large volumetric part (almost 94%) from all the potential solar energy captured by the oceans.
A hydroelectric power plant perceives the kinetic energy of currents and the potential energy accumulated by it due to water hammer and pressure drop between the layers. It artificially creates a rising whirlpool in the open sea. At the same time, the gift wave from the water hammer propagates through the two-phase hyperbolic project HYPOT and increases the pressure - in the positive direction, when falling - in the negative direction. This occurs when there is a sharp change in the direction of the current in the neck of the tower. The destructive effect of this phenomenon is associated with the inability of the fluid to contract smoothed out by the hyperbolic curve.
The chapter presents the main assumptions and results of the calculation of the digital twin, as well as the design methods of the HYPOT project. Figure 1 shows a general view of the hydroelectric power plant of the cyclone action.
Underwater hydroelectric power plant of cyclone action.
The HYPOT project in the complex can convert the kinetic energy of tidal and bottom flows, as well as the potential energy of pressure drop at different salinity and water temperature. With the help of water hammer, the kinetic energy of the moving liquid is transferred into the potential energy of the resting liquid. However, such a transition is not instantaneous, but proceeds at a certain speed, depending on the properties of the liquid and the geometry of the pipeline. The HYPOT enclosure has a two-phase hyperbole geometry that reproduces the narrowing configuration in the center of the torus.
This is done by analyzing the vector of motion of the lifting flow for the maximum approximation to natural conditions. With the tower version, the tower creates the initial necessary pressure for the operation of pulse devices (on the principle of “water hammer”), so the project refers to a gravitational-pulse hydroelectric power plant, since the potential energy of water is the gravitational energy accumulated in it.
Calculations of the HYPOT prototype in the ANSYS software package clearly proved the effect of water hammer into the neck of the tower on the increase in flow [1, 2, 3]. Figure 2 shows spatial scheme of HYPOT digital twin for calculation in ANSYS as opposed to simple OMP [4]. The diagrams in Figures 3 and 4 show how the pressure vector increases as the current in the collector moves to the neck of the tower, where there is a sharp pressure drop of 26.5 times, and the jump in the value of the flow vector increases respectively to 87.54 m/s due to water hammer. The calculation is made with the assumption that the entire volume of the incoming water flow flows into the collector. In order to find the balance of the incoming water into the collector and bypass it, it will be necessary to further solve the problem of multipoint calculation of the hydroelectric power plant, including the maximum possible sphere of water surrounding the station, in order to understand the losses at the entrance to the collector. Since the station works in general with water hammer and the release of water through the upper nozzle, the assumption that the entire volume of water will fall into the collector has a small error due to strong centripetal and forward motion along the current upwards in a hyperbolic tower.
Digital twin.
Pressure at the speed of 4.5 m/s and inlet water flow of 32,4 m3/s.
Volocity speeds at the water speed 4.5 m/s and the incoming water flow of 32.4 m3/s.
Hydraulic shock at HYPOT is a short-term, but sharp and strong increase in pressure in the collector with a sharp braking of the fluid flow moving through it from the outside. The phenomenon of water hammer [5] here is creative - it is with its help that an impulse is given to the water intake, which then obeys Bernoulli’s law of communicating vessels rises up, throwing water from the nozzle of the tower under high pressure.
First of all, it is necessary to take into account the high speed of the water hammer process. Since the speed of movement of the boundaries of zones with different pressures at high rigidity of the body and neck is determined by the speed of propagation of elastic deformations in the liquid, i.e. the speed of sound, everything happens in a very short time.
As the size of the tower increases, the power of the water hammer increases significantly, and at the same pressure at the entrance to the tower, this growth is usually steeper than the linear dependence. Here we will consider the qualitative reasons for this behavior (quantitative results automatically follow from the calculations in the ANSYS program given in the following sections of this page).
However, with an increase in linear mass sizes (and, consequently, kinetic energies at the same rate) increase in proportion to the volume, i.e. the cube of their change, and the friction losses against the walls of the pipe are proportional to the contact area, that is, the square of the size change. Thus, the specific loss of energy per friction per unit mass of the liquid decreases, which means that with the same driving force (external pressure), the flow rate increases, and hence the pressure jump at the time of stopping.
It should be noted that the pressure jump during water hammer does not depend on the initial pressure that caused the liquid to move through the tower, but depends only on the speed obtained by it. This means that the acceleration of a liquid with a relatively high pressure in a short time can be replaced by a longer acceleration under the influence of lower pressure. However, it will not be possible to indefinitely reduce the acceleration pressure: first, in real conditions, the low pressure already at a not too high flow rate will all go to compensate for hydraulic friction; secondly, even for super fluidity, there is a limit to the maximum speed that the flow can reach at a given head at the entrance to the tower in accordance with Bernoulli\'s equation.
However, it is this circumstance that allows hydraulic rams to raise the fluid to a height many times higher than the difference in levels that leads them.
Finally, it should be noted that the vacuum, up to the almost complete absence of pressure with a strong water hammer, does not mean that at this stage the liquid leaves the entire tower pipe. This only means that the liquid ceases to put pressure on its walls. In reality, the void is formed only in the separation zone near the neck of the tower - in the same place where there was a water hammer with a sharp change in flow.
Where does the fluid accelerate?
First of all, it is necessary to find out where the acceleration of the liquid occurs - in the tower or outside it? The continuity equation gives an unambiguous answer: inside the tower of the unchanged cross-section, the flow rate is also unchanged, which means that all the acceleration occurs in the tank in front of the tower! It is easy to imagine by observing the discharge of water from the bath - the “funnel” over the drain hole is due to the zone of acceleration of water, which is located in the volume of the bath itself, and in the drain pipe the water speed no longer changes. Therefore, the water hammer energy is due to the fact that the entire volume of water moves in the pipe at the same speed.
Involving fluid in motion outside the tower.
Involving the fluid filling the tower in the movement beyond it.
The paler color in the chart shows areas at a higher rate. Gradations are shown conditionally, the increase in speed is sharp.
Shock wave damping [6].
As the liquid accelerates before entering the tower when the fluid in the collector has stopped as the result of water hammer, the liquid that has already gained some speed near the manifold entrance is forced to stop. This stop causes an increase in pressure around the inlet to the tower, which is often interpreted as “shock wave exit from the pipe”.
However, the pressure drop is large, and therefore the liquid moves faster. Then the pressure outside the tower drops rapidly, and the speed of movement of the liquid outward also increases rapidly.
Finally, it should be recalled that all the processes described here occur very quickly in microseconds!
Above we have considered the water hammer from the “traditional” mechanistic positions.
It should be noted that for a short time, water hammer puts the substance in extremely extreme conditions - the pressure can increase by hundreds or even thousands of atmospheres, which corresponds to conditions at a depth of tens of kilometers. But even if the pressure does not grow very much (by dozens of atmospheres, or even just by several atmospheres), the rate of pressure changes for each particle of matter that falls under the influence is very high - 1012 Pa/s or more. It is quite comparable, and even exceeds the rate of change in pressure during explosions. At the same time, the gas or plasma environment formed during explosions is very compressible - it “absorbs” the impact, and a little further from the epicenter the pressure rises much more smoothly. But during water hammer, due to the low compressibility of liquids and the high rigidity of the wall material, this ultra-fast pressure jump affects almost the entire volume involved in the water hammer. Such sharp jumps in pressure correspond to gigantic accelerations and inhibition of particles of matter when the shock wave front passes through them. True, they last nano- and picoseconds, so the total displacement of liquid particles is small and usually is, in accordance with its low compressibility, micrometers or nanometers. However, by the standards of atoms and molecules, these shifts are very large, and the resulting forces are also significant.
For example, Carré (1705) observed a curious phenomenon: a bullet fired into a wooden box filled with water exploded. A shock bullet, transmitting a large pulse to the water, generates a shock wave that tears the walls [6].
The subject of these applied research and experimental developments planned for the project is, first of all, the determination of the forces of intermolecular interaction of water in the stream at different pressures and ambient temperatures and when using a cyclone amplifier. Ocean currents carry kinetic energy obtained from solar radiation, entering the collector, the current experiences a sharp drop in pressure on the rise into the neck of the tower and increases the speed due to water hammer, which closes the chain reaction of overcoming gravity and ejecting water through the nozzle of the tower.
Depending on this, the flow rate and volume are calculated to generate electrical energy in a two-phase hyperbolic housing by a spiral turbine, which ultimately determines all energy production. Based on the effect of Italian physicist Giacomo Batista Venturi, Daniel Bernoulli Low, Henry Pitot tubes [7] and the Navier–Stokes equation for incompressible liquid, using ANSYS software for the hydropower tower calculation scheme. Figure 5 shows the calculation diagrams of the HYPOT’s distribution of velocity and pressure at flow rates m/s in the collector: 1.8; 2.5; 3.2.
The calculation diagrams of the HYPOT’s distribution of velocity and pressure at flow rates m/s in the collector: 1.8; 2.5; 3.2.
Preliminary calculations of the tower at a depth of 30 meters showed the following results, which are summarized in Table 1.
z | 7,5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R (M) | Vz | Wabs | Vt | Beta | phi | h jet (m) |
0,2 | -0,87 | 1,28 | 0,94 | −42,82 | −0,93 | 0,014 |
0,3 | 1,57 | 2,66 | 2,15 | 36,17 | 0,73 | 0,044 |
0,45 | 4,87 | 6,22 | 3,87 | 51,53 | 1,26 | 0,423 |
0,5 | 5,75 | 7,19 | 4,32 | 53,10 | 1,33 | 0,590 |
0,7 | 9,17 | 10,91 | 5,91 | 57,19 | 1,55 | 1,501 |
0,9 | 10,87 | 12,85 | 6,85 | 57,77 | 1,59 | 2,109 |
z | 3,5 | 0,219 | ||||
R (M) | Vz | Wabs | Vt | Beta | phi | h jet (m) |
0,2 | 13,37 | 19,15 | 13,71 | 44,28 | 0,98 | 3,190 |
0,3 | 13,58 | 18,13 | 12,01 | 48,51 | 1,13 | 3,291 |
0,45 | 12,8 | 17,2 | 11,49 | 48,09 | 1,11 | 2,924 |
0,5 | 12,7 | 16,56 | 10,63 | 50,08 | 1,20 | 2,878 |
0,7 | 11,85 | 14,83 | 8,92 | 53,04 | 1,33 | 2,506 |
0,9 | 10,87 | 12,85 | 6,85 | 57,77 | 1,59 | 2,109 |
Z | 4,6 | 0,378 | ||||
R (M) | Vz | Wabs | Vt | Beta | phi | h jet (m) |
0,2 | 8 | 13,27 | 10,59 | 37,08 | 0,76 | 1,142 |
0,3 | 10,35 | 14,78 | 10,55 | 44,45 | 0,98 | 1,912 |
0,45 | 11 | 14,8 | 9,90 | 48,01 | 1,11 | 2,159 |
0,5 | 10,8 | 14,53 | 9,72 | 48,01 | 1,11 | 2,081 |
0,7 | 9,36 | 12,82 | 8,76 | 46,90 | 1,07 | 1,563 |
0,75 | 9,83 | 12,5 | 7,72 | 51,85 | 1,27 | 1,724 |
Results of preliminary calculations of the tower for the HYPOT project.
Based on the preliminary calculations given in Chapter 2, the international HYPOT project developed a prototype of a digital twin hydroelectric power plant for installation in the Strait of Messina off the coast of Sicily (Italy).
The international project included the results of the calculation of an underwater hydroelectric power plant with a tower height of 7.5 m. Below is Figure 6 of the HYPOT’s section of the power plant developed as part of the project.
The HYPOT’s section of the power plant.
As you can see from the diagrams above, the initial flow is not essential. for generated hydraulic energy. The main role is played by the pressure difference between the layers and the configuration of the intake manifold, which provides conditions for the occurrence of water hammer and obtaining the strongest acceleration in the neck of the tower. In addition, various sections from round to elliptical were tested from view of the analysis of the hydraulic power of the plant and the results are summarized for the selection of tower sections Figure 7. These graphs, being a purely empirical document, should not be distributed in one form or another, in addition, they are valid not only for choosing the configuration of the tower section.
Analysis of hydraulic power.
The diagram below in Figure 8 shows the kinetic energy levels available in the tower. We can see that 41% of this energy is still present at the exit of this tower, the rest is spent on walking from the pass to the exit. This means that up to 41% of the total energy entering the tower can be used to convert into a vortex turbine (the results are deposited from ANSYS CFD). The red curve is something that would be desirable to implement with a turbine so that it can return the maximum energy obtained in both images.
Analysis of kinetic energy levels.
The prototype of the HYPOT’s model of scale 1:3 is designed to test the principle of operation of the entire system in the conditions of the mouth of the river flowing into the open sea, shown in Figure 9.
Prototype of the HYPOT model in 1:3 scale.
The subject of these studies is the problem of creating a new technology for the stream generation of powerful products for underwater hydroelectric power plants and hydrogen production services. The subject of the project is current scientific research (theoretical and experimental), as well as the development of an experimental technical and technological solution for the production of electrical energy in an artificial whirlpool with the possibility of obtaining hydrogen to replenish the peak load of the power plant and use oxygen waste to clean the polluted ocean.
Thus, the subject of the application reflects the research essence and nature of the work (subject and object).
In the following sections, the wording to the description of the subject of the proposed work, as well as the characteristics of the composition of the work and the scientific and technical results of the work on the proposed project, contain the planned innovative solution of various bases (sea suspensions on the pontoon and river installed on the bottom at the mouth of the rivers when they fall into the ocean), which determines the image and contributes to the creation of the future product, which in turn is the determining condition for the implementation of the Horizon 2020 Framework project. Similar innovative marine renewable energy technologies and their integration into the energy system of the European Union, call to the Building low-carbon, climate-resilient future based on unique High-performance technologies [8].
The industrial prototype of the hydropower tower an as underwater hydro-electric power plant, including a collector with a protective grid, a generator on permanent magnets, a vortex turbine, a tower, a steering bar with the possibility of turning downstream shown in Figure 10.
Industrial project of HYPOT.
Initial assumptions for the calculation of the prototype: The consumption in the design of the HPT prototype is taken 2 m/s, and the water consumption is 18,000 kg/s. The diameter of the neck of the tower at Z = 3.5 m - 1400 mm, Z = 5.6-1600 mm, Z = 7.5-1800 mm.
Preliminary laboratory research work of a hydropower tower model showed that there is a correlation between the power emitted by the jet nozzle and the distance to the surface of the water. That is, the lower the underwater power plant is installed, the higher its power should be for the stability of the entire complex.
The main elements of the model of the underwater hydroelectric power plant of the HPP were made of composite materials and painted with water-resistant nitro paint, since the main condition was to test the high corrosion resistance of the station to ensure its long-term use under water.
The HYPOT in the Cartesian coordinate system shown in Figure 11 is designed to test the principle of operation of the entire system and compare theoretical and experimental results.
Industrial prototype of the HYPOT in the Cartesian coordinate system.
The subject of the research is the problem of creating a new technology for the stream generation of high-power products for underwater hydroelectric power plants and hydrogen production services. The subject of the project is topical scientific research (theoretical and experimental), as well as the development of an experimental technical and technological solution for the production of electrical energy in an artificial whirlpool with the possibility of obtaining hydrogen to replenish the peak load of the power plant and use oxygen waste to clean the polluted ocean.
It is planned to apply a fairly simple method of dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen and a device for its implementation, suitable for industrial use, which will reduce the energy intensity of the water dissociation process and ensure the possibility of separate production of gases.
To solve the problem and achieve the claimed technical result with a known method of dissociation of water for hydrogen and oxygen, including the effect of an electric field on water or water electrolyte through electrodes located at a distance from each other, and the removal of dissociation products, the effect on water or electrolyte of water by an electric field is carried out with a calculated resonant frequency on harmonics, in relation to which the frequency of natural oscillations of water molecules is multiple. And the dissociation products are removed separately from each even and odd electrode.
Of course, the project will use publicly available data from the experience of construction and operation of all known underwater hydropower projects.
The proposed design of an underwater hydroelectric power plant with a vertical turbine and a hyperbolic housing is very different from conventional wind turbines immersed in water.
Unlike the Orbital Marine Power [4], the “Sea Gen” [9] and another invention [10], HYPOT has a steering stabilizer that easily deploys the structure in the direction of the current, which does not require additional expensive equipment to track the direction of the tidal current, which significantly reduces the construction of an underwater hydroelectric power plant.
The steel structure of the hydroelectric power plant is firmly fixed on the seabed on stilts.
It is necessary to compare the cost of building the most powerful offshore wind turbine and a small HYPOT project. At the same time, the tower can grow as in height, that is, fall lower on a very stable concrete base and without problems scale the power at times. And there is no windmill. This is its limit with the scope of the wind wheel of several hundred meters. At the same time, the weight of the windmill is several tens of times greater.
Oh well, that’s why we cover 94% of the solar radiation falling into the ocean and distributed in the currents. And we can bring the power of HYPOT to the required values. And marine windmills have their own limit, depending on the huge size, and perceive only 6% of the solar radiation reflected from the surface of the ocean and distributed in the atmosphere. And do not forget that the density of water is 800 times higher than the density of air, that is, the energy losses in the twigs are simply not comparable to HYPOT.
HYPOT perceives the potential energy of the water hammer, which accumulates as the liquid moves in the collector and almost completely stops it in front of the neck of the tower. When a water hammer occurs in milliseconds, the speed increases according to Bernoulli’s law and water gushes into an area of low pressure. Therefore, the process of wave, that is, the incoming kinetic energy is quantized. That is, the process is subject to quantum mechanics, and not just put a windmill in the wind.
HYPOT will completely abandon the construction of dams on rivers. They are no longer needed. Mankind has been using the power of falling water for centuries to obtain electrical energy. Hydroelectric power plants have been operating for decades and affect the climate. Apparently, this is why most people deny a fundamentally new source of energy from water rising up. The conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy occurs into a rollback Gravitational energy is accumulated in water, which is used in soliton therefore the HYPOT has following advantages:
First of all, it is the ability to scale HYPOT to the required consumption of electrical energy. Orbital Marine Power (OMP) limited to 2 MW, so to increase power, you need to keep afloat a larger number of boats at anchor. At the same time, they have all the disadvantages of keeping the boat in a stable position on the surface. This complicates operation. HPT has no such limitations.
Further, OMP can perceive only strong surface currents and will not be able to perceive bottom currents. In the event of a storm or other phenomena on the surface, strong excitement can immediately stop the operation of the power plant for an indefinite time.
OMP in full calm also stops working and can only work in constant tidal currents, that is, in certain places where it is
OMP propellers are absolutely not protected from collision with objects passing by it or uncontrolled ships. The areas of operation of such power plant will have to be limited by a barrier given the swing of anchors of several hundreds of meters.
HYPOT is hidden under water and on the surface only hatches the nozzle of the tower of a small cross-section. The blades of the vortex turbine are fully protected from environmental impact and the operation of the hydroelectric power plant does not affect the flora and fauna by the noise of the screws.
The presence on OPM of service mechanisms for lowering propellers, greatly affects the cost of manufacturing and maintenance, which is deprived of HYPOT.
At the same time, it should be noted that the epidural of the distribution of the flow power in the river varies in a large direction from the bottom to the surface, and in the sea - vice versa. This is a physical law and must be followed when designing power plants on the high seas.
In marine conditions, the underwater power plant should operate mainly on the bottom, in the lower reaches, although its design allows it to work in a suspended pontoon state, but in any case, its design should be simple and easily replaceable, which maximizes the profitability of electricity generation and reduces production costs.
On the basis of fundamental and applied interdisciplinary research, this project considers the development of methodological, engineering and technological foundations for the creation of a new generation of environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies and autonomous energy systems based on the use of kinetic and potential energy of bottom and surface currents resulting from changes in temperature and pressure at different depths of the World Ocean and continental rivers.
The project solves the problem of creating efficient energy technologies for autonomous decentralized power supply of offshore oil platforms, including on the Arctic shelf, using new generation underwater power plants and intelligent automated control systems.
The central problem requires consideration and solution of a number of subtasks:
Development of modern computational methods and calculation tools, digital design methods, materials and technologies for the creation of underwater hydroelectric power plants with vertical spiral blades of medium and high power with high hydrodynamic characteristics and structural strength for the conditions of real runoff of bottom and surface waters, as well as climatic conditions inherent in the northern territories.
Analysis, research and development of the theory of intelligent control of the underwater power grid of cyclone HPPs on the example of the use of a primary energy source with a “random” or “stable” nature of the arrival, its reliable forecasting for different time intervals and the development of software and technologies for its effective use.
The development of computers, in particular cluster technologies, allows the use of computational methods of hydrodynamics in the calculation of viscous currents in turbomachines. The introduction of numerical modeling in the process of development and research of the device allows you to reduce the cost of subsequent experimental refinement, and ideally abandon it.
This gives more freedom when solving problems of optimizing the geometry of the blade and other elements, external problems, without resorting to the formulation of the experiment.
To simulate the characteristics and calculation of spiral hydraulic turbines, methods of CFD analysis with large grids comparable in number of cells with calculations of non-sequencer processes, as well as the need for calculations on several low-detectable points to obtain the maximum efficiency mode and increase the energy eclipse of air ducts through four-blade horizontal-axial acceleration using active control systems, new profiles and geo-optimization are proposed blade metrics.
Preliminary results of mathematical tests showed significant results from the possible introduction of such power plants, which can be seen from the attached graph of the dependence of the hydraulic power capacity of the power plant on water consumption.
To study the effect of water hammers on renewable energy, it is proposed to create a pulsed shock wave generator that reproduces shocks close to real ones, and studies their effect on fragments of carbon fiber blades of spiral turbogenerators. Experimental studies of the influence of these effects on the blades are proposed.
As part of the task of digital design of elements and structures of a hydroelectric power plant, it is proposed to develop a design model of a blade system operating in real natural and climatic conditions, conduct CFD analysis using a high-performance cluster and build a 3D model of the blade that has better hydrodynamic performance and less weight compared to analogues.
The solution to the problem of creating a methodology for digital design of the conditions of the Far North (working under the ice) is interdisciplinary and complex: both known proven and tested methods from various branches of science and technology will be thoroughly studied and applied.
Scientifically based technical and technological solutions obtained during the work will be used to improve energy efficiency, efficiency, reliability, safety and technology in the North Sea.
The result of this approach will be the search for solutions for maximum autonomy of power plants without maintenance for a long time, respectively, the proposed systems will be more focused on self-healing, diagnostics and reconfiguration.
Analysis of the problem of building decentralized energy systems based on renewable hydropower sources using the theory of intelligent control.
Analysis and research of modern theoretical and applied issues of calculation, modeling and design of hydro turbine gravitational hydroelectric power plants for their manufacture using a new automated production technology.
Analysis of existing systems of active regulation of fluid flow in marine energy applications.
The analysis of the modern CAD world is adapted for end-to-end digital design of marine gravitational energy sources.
As part of the study of the existing scientific base, a method for forecasting underwater marine and channel river hydropower resources in different time intervals will be developed in order to configure the proposed energy device with the development of an interdepartmental approach to solving project problems.
The authors state that there is no conflict of interest.
I want to express my deep gratitude to my daughter Helen and friends who took part in the request for a project to study a new renewable energy source.
Hydropower Tower
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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. 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He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"351159",title:"BSc.",name:"Kalum J.",middleName:null,surname:"Ost",slug:"kalum-j.-ost",fullName:"Kalum J. Ost",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"325029",title:"Dr.",name:"Prem Chand",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"prem-chand-jain",fullName:"Prem Chand Jain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shiv Nadar University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357275",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Mih",slug:"thomas-mih",fullName:"Thomas Mih",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Buea",country:{name:"Cameroon"}}},{id:"305305",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo Yosimar",middleName:null,surname:"Jaen-Cuellar",slug:"arturo-yosimar-jaen-cuellar",fullName:"Arturo Yosimar Jaen-Cuellar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"305315",title:"Dr.",name:"David Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Elvira-Ortiz",slug:"david-alejandro-elvira-ortiz",fullName:"David Alejandro Elvira-Ortiz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"344374",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Toledano-Ayala",slug:"manuel-toledano-ayala",fullName:"Manuel Toledano-Ayala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. 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We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. 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Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. 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