Summary of the treatment protocols with antiprotozoal agents.
\r\n\tUnstoppable progress in the technologies of synthesis of diamond, graphene, and its compounds with stable parameters will provide materials for the industry of devices for integrated, radio, Opto- and quantum electronics and photonics.
\r\n\tIn most electronic and optical properties, diamond and graphene are superior to traditional and perspective semiconductors. It is safe to say that silicon and gallium arsenide are materials for electronics and optoelectronics of the past, gallium nitride and silicon carbide are high-tech today, and diamond and graphene are the future of electronics and photonics.
Canine babesiosis is a clinically significant tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus
Babesia organisms are frequently classified as large or small. Historically,
In former times, on the basis of cross immunity, serological testing, vector specificity and molecular phylogeny,
Out of three previously considered subspecies,
There are two hosts for transmission of
Hard ticks are the main vectors for
The first clinical evidence of possible vertical transmission has been documented for
Dogs of all ages can be affected with
The most predominant feature of babesiosis in infected dogs are haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Multiple causes like extra- and intravascular haemolysis, RBC destruction due to increased osmotic fragility, shortened life span of RBCs, erythrophagocytosis and immune-mediated destruction of RBCs because of parasitic antigens, parasite-induced membrane damage and possibly other membrane-associated antigens leads to anaemia [27, 28, 29]. Impaired haemoglobin function, oxidative damage, sludging and sequestration of erythrocytes also likely occur [27, 28, 30].
Recent study revealed about the renal involvement in babesiosis. Hypoxaemia, glomerulonephritis and haemoglobinuric nephropathy are considered possible mechanisms and supported by histological studies [31].
Pancreatitis is frequently associated with other complications and has a mortality rate of 20%. Common finding includes vomition, melaena, icterus, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. In addition, 65% of the dogs with pancreatitis also had icterus, 30% had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 30% had immune-mediated red blood cell destruction (IMHA), and 15% had acute renal failure (ARF), while 10% had haemoconcentration, and another 10% had cerebral syndrome. It is postulated that pancreatitis is formerly described “gut” form of babesiosis [32].
The severe form of disease is characterised by marked haemolytic anaemia and acid–base abnormalities [33] with secondary multiple organ failure and complications such as ARF, hepatopathy, hypoglycaemia [34], ARDS, IMHA and cerebral pathology [35]. Small subset of dogs presents with high haematocrits (relative haemoconcentration), despite vigorous haemolysis, due to shifting of fluid from intravascular to extravascular component. These dogs are at increased risk of developing ARF or cerebral complications, as well as other organ failures [36].
The severity of the disease depends on the species of
It’s a rare complication of canine babesiosis; reported macroscopic cardiac lesions are effusions in pericardium, epicardial and endocardial haemorrhage involving one or more chambers with left ventricle being most commonly affected. Histopathological changes include necrosis, haemorrhage, fibrin micro-thrombi in the myocardium and inflammation. Lesions may be multifocal, but more generally they are limited to one area within the myocardium [41].
Complicated babesiosis involves clinical manifestations that are not related to haemolytic disease. The most commonly documented complications include coagulopathy, ARF, ARDS, icterus and hepatopathy, haemoconcentration, immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA), pancreatitis, hypotension, myocardial pathology, cerebral babesiosis and shock. Rare complications include gastrointestinal disturbance, myalgia, ocular involvement, upper respiratory signs, necrosis of the extremities and fluid accumulation. These complications can overlap.
A precise and fast diagnosis and prompt treatment is required in critical situations such as hyperacute to acute phase of
Historically,
Diagnosis is more problematic in chronic cases of infection due to less virulent species such as
The major haematological changes include mild to moderately regenerative normocytic and normochromic anaemia, leucocytosis with normal to decreased neutrophil counts and most consistent finding thrombocytopenia which is severe in the acute phase of infection [45].
In a recent study, it was reported that there is significantly lower mean platelet count, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, higher fibrinogen concentrations and D-dimer value in infected dogs as compared to healthy controls [46].
Elevation of liver enzymes such as ALP, ALT and AST. Elevated serum bilirubin concentration is associated with degree and rapidity of the anaemia and accompanying hepatopathy. There will be low total serum protein and albumin level in dogs with babesiosis. Urea is disproportionately raised to creatinine, and this is probably due to increased urea production resulting from gastrointestinal haemorrhage or protein catabolism as a result of febrile inflammatory illness [47, 48]. In complicated cases with renal dysfunction, there will be proportionate increase in serum urea and creatinine levels indicating decreased renal perfusion, as a result of hypovolaemia, decreased blood pressure and/or decreased myocardial function. Hypokalaemia has been reported in severely affected dog, it has not connected directly with babesiosis, and this could be attributed to decreased potassium intake. Considerable elevation of positive acute phase protein (α1-acid glycoprotein) has been reported in dogs with
The most common complication is hypoglycaemia and is often associated with severe anaemia, icterus, young age (<6 months) and collapse [50]. Reduced survival has been associated with hypoglycaemia (<59.4 mg/dL) and hyperlactataemia. Hypoglycaemia-induced central nervous system signs should not be misdiagnosed as cerebral babesiosis.
In canine babesiosis, variety of arrhythmias are reported including sinus arrest, sinoatrial block, first- and second-degree atrioventricular block, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular premature depolarizations. ECG abnormalities include prolonged QRS interval, low amplitude and notching of R waves, ST segment deviation and large T waves [41].
Routine test may reveal presence of bilirubin, haemoglobin and protein in the urine. In a recent study conducted to assess renal dysfunction in
A recent study demonstrated the opportunity of an early and specific detection of acute infections by an AgELISA that is potentially translatable to a rapid diagnostic test design and can be used in an ELISA to detect circulating
Molecular techniques help in refining the diagnosis to the species level and thus provide a more accurate prognosis. Different molecular techniques are used for identification and differentiation of the various species of
Improved PCR techniques have lately allowed for better definition of these parasites [56] and allows for a more reliable identification of the etiological agents compared to direct detection by light microscopy or serology [2]. It is more sensitive and provides an evidence of an active and ongoing infection in a clinical setting.
In addition, several genes are commonly used to discriminate among
The most consistent findings on abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with
It includes other causes of haemolytic anaemia such as haemobartonellosis, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, pyruvate kinase deficiency and Heinz body haemolytic anaemia. Other differentials include immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, systemic lupus erythematosus, leptospirosis, rickettsial diseases, dirofilariasis with caval syndrome, leptospirosis, zinc toxicity and neoplasia.
Treatment for canine babesiosis consists of three components:
Treatment to eliminate the parasite
Blood transfusions to treat severe anaemia
Supportive care for the complications and metabolic derangements
Babesia species | Drug | Dose and duration | Response to treatment |
---|---|---|---|
Imidocarb dipropionate | 5–6.6 mg/kg IM once; may repeat in 14 days | Good | |
Diminazene aceturate | A single dose of 3.5 mg/kg | ||
Azithromycin + atovaquone | 10 mg/kg PO SID + 13.3 mg/kg PO TID for10 days | Improvement of anaemia and clinical signs without elimination of parasite and with occasional to frequent clinical relapses | |
Clindamycin | 12–25 mg/kg PO BID for 7–10 days | ||
Imidocarb dipropionate | 5–6.6 mg/kg IM once; may repeat in 14 days | Moderate to poor with frequent relapses | |
Imidocarb dipropionate | 5–6.6 mg/kg IM once; may repeat in 14 days | Poor |
Summary of the treatment protocols with antiprotozoal agents.
Supportive therapy should be based on thorough patient assessment and should be provided for moderate-to-severe infection depending on the type of
In a recent study, it was suggested that lactate as a prognostic indicator with mean lactate in complicated cases of canine babesiosis wherein the blood lactate concentration in non-survivors (145 mg/dL) was higher than in survivors (13.8 mg/dL). Pretreatment hyperlactataemia (>45 mg/dL) and subsequent serial lactate concentrations that failed to return to normal reference range (persistently >40 mg/dL) indicate poor prognosis [75].
The most effective preventive measures practised worldwide are regular control of the tick vectors by routinely dipping or spraying pets or using tick collars or spot-on preparations. As it takes a minimum of 48 hours for
The spectrum of
We would like to acknowledge the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College, Bangalore, India.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Septoplasty is one of the most frequently operated procedures by rhinologists and facial plastic surgeons. It is performed mainly for reducing nasal obstruction, but it can also provide a better surgical approach in endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery and an easier access for postoperative treatment. The deviated septum can be cartilaginous, bony, or both. The septum can be curved, tilted, angulated, twisted, present with a formation of spurs, or a combination of these. Therefore, there is no a single “standard” or “routine” operation that can satisfy all variables and complexities of cases. Septoplasty is a reconstructive procedure tailor-made for individual cases. Understanding the anatomy and a thorough preoperative evaluation of all deviated sites will lead to a better surgical outcome.
The nasal septum is a vertical midline structure that extends anteriorly to the columella, posteriorly to the sphenoidal rostrum, superiorly to the anterior skull base, and inferiorly to the nasal floor (Figure 1). It composed of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone. The most caudal part between the columella and the caudal margin of the septal cartilage is the membranous septum, lying between the medial crura and the caudal septum. The area of the membranous septum may vary between individuals. In people with a large septal cartilage, the membranous septum might be smaller. The cartilaginous part of the nasal septum is quadrangular. It is in conjunction with the upper lateral cartilage and the lower end of the nasal bone anterosuperiorly, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone superiorly, the vomer bone posteroinferiorly, and the maxillary crest inferiorly. It usually presents with a tail between the gap of the perpendicular plate and the vomer, and this area is actually considered to be the growth center of the septum. The cartilaginous septum connects to the bony septum by a dense fibrous tissue and usually sits in a groove in the maxillary crest. The bony part of the septum includes the vertical crest of the nasal bone, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, the maxillary crest, and the palatine crest. Because the septum at the bony-cartilaginous junction is the growth center of the nasal septum, we should keep in mind not to manipulate vigorously in this area before 17 and 18 years of age.
The anatomy of the nasal septum.
Some important landmarks of the nasal septum should be kept in mind when performing septoplasty to avoid unfavorable complications. The keystone area is the confluence of bone and cartilage at the junction of the nasal bone, the septal cartilage, and the upper lateral cartilages. The detachment of the cartilage from the bone and/or damage of the cartilage in the keystone area may cause a complication known as a saddle nose. Another important landmark is the junction of the caudal septum and the anterior part of the maxillary crest. There are three landmarks in the caudal ends of the septal cartilage: the anterior septal angle, middle septal angle, and posterior septal angle. The posterior septal angle contacts the anterior nasal spine, which is the most anterior part of the maxillary crest. Damage to the fibrous connection between the caudal septum and the anterior nasal spine may lead to weakened support of the nasal tip and an increased risk of nasal tip drooping. Usually, the septal cartilage should be preserved at least one 1–1.5 cm in width dorsally and caudally.
Deviation of the nasal septum can be classified as a caudal septal deviation, dislocation of the cartilage out of the maxillary crest, dorsal and high septal deviation, posterior septal deviation, and a bony spur formation. Various techniques have been proposed to deal with the distinct sites of septal deviation.
Septoplasty can be performed via a traditional headlight approach or by an endoscopic approach. The advantages of using an endoscope are a more accurate diagnosis of septal deviation, better visualization of the contributing factors, prevention of mucosal tears, and visualization of the surgical fields for residents and operating room staff. A systematic review reported that endoscopic septoplasty shortened surgery time and reduced perioperative complications, but the functional result was similar to that with conventional septoplasty [1]. Another systematic review reported that there was a significant improvement in postoperative symptoms (i.e., nasal obstruction and headaches) and fewer complications in patients who underwent endoscopic septoplasty, although these findings should be taken with caution given the poor quality of included studies [2]. Consequently, nowadays, endoscopy has been adopted to perform septoplasty. Many surgical procedures of the nasal septum rely on endoscopes, including septodermoplasty [3, 4], repair of septal perforation [5, 6], and harvesting the nasoseptal flap for skull base reconstruction. The limitation of using endoscopy in septoplasty is correction of the deviated caudal septum. The caudal septal cartilage might be manipulated more easily via a conventional headlight (more details will be described later in this chapter).
Usually, the nose is packed with cotton pledgets soaked with epinephrine 1 mg/ml and 2% lidocaine, followed by a submucoperichondrial injection of 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 of epinephrine. For better infiltration of the surgical plane and hydrodissection of the subperichondrial and subperiosteal planes, injection into multiple sites of the bilateral septum is performed. For correction of the deviated septum at the junction of the cartilaginous septum and vomer and removal of the bony spur, a Killian incision is made (Figure 2). For correction of the caudal septal deviation, a hemitransfixion incision is made to elevate bilateral mucoperichondrial flaps from the caudal septum and to enable straightening of the caudal septum, to add on a batten graft, and to fix the cartilage firmly on the anterior nasal spine (Figure 2). A #15 scalpel is used to make the incision, and the subperichondrial plane is identified and dissected. When making the hemitransfixion incision, a sharp instrument can be used first (e.g., a scalpel, Cottle, or iris scissors) to elevate the mucoperichondrial flap. After making the Killian incision, the mucoperichondrial flap can be elevated more easily using a scraping maneuver with a Cottle or Freer elevator. Beginning with a correct plane, the elevation of mucoperichondrial flap can proceed more smoothly. After meticulous separation of the septal mucosal flap from the bony-cartilaginous junction, the subperiosteal plane can be identified by advancing a blunt elevator or even using a suction tip underneath the flap. Usually, the bony-cartilaginous junction is where the septum is most deviated. It would be easier to elevate the flap superiorly and inferiorly to the most deviated and adhesive part and then perform the flap dissection from the most deviated part and/or the spur. Sometimes, as flap tears are unavoidable due to large deviated spurs, we may elevate the concave side of the septal flap first to make sure one side of the septal flap is intact.
The incisions in septoplasty. (A) The Kilian incision and the hemitransfixion incision for mucochondrial flap. (B) The septotomy with an adequate preservation of the L-strut. (C) The septotomy made at the bony-cartilaginous junction.
The extent of the incised cartilage depends on the type of septal deviation. For a posterior bony septal deviation or spur formation, the cartilaginous septum may not need to be incised. You can separate the bony-cartilaginous junction during septotomy and enter the contralateral subperiosteal space. Then, the deviated bony septum could be removed precisely using turbinate scissors or through-cutting instruments. For the cartilaginous septal deviation, the septal cartilage may be incised anterior to the deviated part using a Freer septum knife, which can be used to cut the cartilage without injury to the contralateral septal mucosa. If the septal cartilage is to be used as a cartilaginous batten graft for subsequent procedures, it can be harvested using a Freer septum knife as well with an adequate preservation of the L-strut. Then, the contralateral mucoperiosteal flap is elevated, and the deviated bone can be incised using turbinate scissors, through-cutting instruments, or a rongeur.
Dislocation of the cartilage from the maxillary crest, widening of the maxillary crest, and a deviated maxillary crest are common causes of airway obstruction at the base of the nose. Sometimes, it could be left untouched if the problem is minor compared to other deviated problems, but at other times, it can be critical and surgical intervention is required. At the junction of the cartilaginous and bony components of the septum, dense decussating fibers are seen at the confluence of the perichondrium and the periosteum. Therefore, when dissecting the subperichondrial plane downward to the maxillary crest, sharp division of the fibrous connection at the cartilaginous-bony junction using a Freer septum knife is helpful. In case of dislocation of the cartilage from the maxillary crest, it is useful to remove a strip of cartilage lateral to the maxillary crest without destabilizing the junction of the caudal septum and the anterior nasal spine. For wide maxillary crests or the deviated crests, we may use a chisel to shave or smooth the bone surface.
Aggressive resections of the cartilaginous portion of the septum may lead to loss of nasal tip support. However, inadequate correction of the caudal septal deviation is one of the main reasons for persistent septal deviation after primary septoplasty [7]. The caudal septum is mainly composed of the cartilaginous portion of the septum, and the relationship between the caudal septum and the anterior nasal spine is crucial in the management of caudal septum deviation. In addition, after correcting the curvature of the cartilage and adjusting the relative position of the caudal septum and the anterior nasal spine, the structures need to be strengthened using sutures and/or batten grafts (Table 1).
To straighten the caudal septum | To strengthen the caudal septum |
---|---|
|
|
Surgical techniques to correct the deviated caudal septum.
Correction of cartilage is different from correction of bone. Once the bony septum is fractured to be straight, the structure is broken, and it seldom recovers to the original shape. However, the elastic coiling nature of the cartilage renders it with a “memory,” which leads to cartilage re-bending even after suture or scoring. To overcome the intrinsic elasticity of the cartilage, Jang et al. proposed a cutting and suture technique [8]. The most convex part of the caudal cartilage is cut while preserving the junction between the cartilaginous septum and the maxillary crest, and then the two segments are sutured side by side with a slight overlap. If the stability of the cut and sutured septum is questionable, a cartilaginous batten graft can be used to provide further support.
The structure of the caudal septum corrected by the cutting and suture technique can also be strengthened with an interpositioned graft [9]. Another way to break the intrinsic elasticity is to make an incomplete incision on the most concave site of the cartilaginous septum (Figure 3A). Then, a pair of forceps can be used to reposition the cartilage to the midline, and the excess piece of cartilage can be trimmed (Figure 3B and C). The septum can be sutured with a 5-0 PDS, and a batten graft can be used.
Correction of the caudal cartilaginous curvature. (A) Making an incomplete incision on the most concave site of the cartilaginous septum. (B) Estimating the overlapping cartilage by repositioning the cartilage to the midline. (C) Trimming of the excess cartilage.
Dislocation of the lower part of the caudal septum on the side of the maxillary crest can narrow the airway and cause nasal obstruction, and this can be managed in several ways. As mentioned before, the cartilage along the maxillary crest could be shaved as a strip, but the stability of caudal septum may be affected due to loss of the fibrous connections between the cartilage and bone. Therefore, in addition to shaving the base of the cartilaginous septum, anchoring sutures between the cartilage and the soft tissue around the nasal crest can be used to strengthen the stability. Another solution to correct cartilaginous septal deviation is to disarticulate the cartilage from the maxillary crest, and the excessive cartilage can then be resected. Following this, the caudal cartilaginous septum could be replaced in the midline or fixed on the other side, and stabilizing sutures can be used.
While the above techniques are used to correct the curvature of the septal cartilage, additional batten grafts are used to strengthen and stabilize the structure and maintain a longstanding straightened caudal septum. The batten grafts can provide a strong support to overcome the internal coiling strength of the deviated cartilage and also prevent possible nasal tip drooping due to aggressive septation of the bony-cartilaginous junction. The batten grafts can be taken from either the cartilaginous septum [10, 11] or the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone [12, 13, 14], and it can be performed endonasally. The bony grafts do not cause internal nasal valve obstruction, and the cartilage grafts can be beveled to avoid excessive thickness of the caudal septum.
A reassessment of the nasal airway can be performed after completing the above procedures, and any minor adjustments can be addressed. Then, the septal flap is reapproximated. The hemitransfixion or Kilian incision is closed with simple interrupted 4-0 chromic sutures. The septum can be closed with a through-and-through quilting 4-0 chromic suture, which eliminates dead space and prevents development of septal hematoma. If mucosal tears are present, the silastic splints can be placed at each side of the nasal cavity and removed in 5–7 days.
Septoplasty is an individualized procedure, and preoperative evaluation of the deviated site is critical to achieve optimal outcome. Endoscope can provide better visualization of the deviated sites and prevention of mucosal tears, while the deviated caudal septum could be managed via hemitransfixion incision under headlight. Combining the use of headlight and endoscope can deal with most of the deviated sites of the nasal septum, and therefore, septoplasty could be performed endonasally in most of the cases. Open septoplasty may be indicated in cases with deviated or crooked nose, and septoplasty with rhinoplasty can be performed. The surgical intention is to make a straight septum with long-lasting effect.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
nasal septum
septoplasty
endoscopic septoplasty
caudal septal deviation
Kilian incision
hemitransfixion incision
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
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\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t15 March 2022 | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
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\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
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\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
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\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
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He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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