Sorghum genotypes used for stem compositional analysis.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10548",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Lean Manufacturing",title:"Lean Manufacturing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Lean manufacturing is a process used in production to maximize efficiency and minimize waste by considering sustainability and the environment. This book presents a comprehensive overview of lean manufacturing in various enterprises, including manufacturing, construction, and the fabric and textile industry, among others. Chapters cover such topics as barriers to lean manufacturing, enterprise modeling, lean practices and circular economies, and more.",isbn:"978-1-83969-150-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-149-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-151-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92922",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"lean-manufacturing",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7409b2acd5150a93004300800918b736",bookSignature:"Karmen Pažek",publishedDate:"November 3rd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10548.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4070,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 20th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 17th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 16th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 6th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 5th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"179642",title:"Prof.",name:"Karmen",middleName:null,surname:"Pažek",slug:"karmen-pazek",fullName:"Karmen Pažek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179642/images/system/179642.jpg",biography:"Karmen Pažek was born in 1976. She graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor, Slovenia, in 2000. In 2001 she was employed at the same faculty as an assistant for the field of grassland management. Between 2000 and 2003, she enrolled in the master\\'s study program in Agriculture Economics at the same faculty, and in 2003 she received her master\\'s degree. In the same year, she enrolled in a doctoral study in Agriculture Economics at the Faculty of Agriculture and obtained the status of a research assistant. In 2006 she successfully completed her Ph.D. in Agriculture Economics.\n\n\n\nSince 2006 she has been habilitated at the University of Maribor, and Life Sciences (she has been a full professor since 2016) for the field of Farm management. She holds several courses at all levels of study. She is currently the head of the 1st-degree study Agriculture Economics and Rural Development and the Vice Dean for Education.\n\n\n\nHer research includes the development of decision support tools and systems for farm management (simulation modeling, multicriteria decision analysis, option models, risk management), the economics of agricultural production, and other modern methods of operational research.",institutionString:"University of Maribor",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1360",title:"Production Engineering",slug:"technology-industrial-engineering-production-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"76130",title:"Application of Lean in a Small and Medium Enterprise",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97059",slug:"application-of-lean-in-a-small-and-medium-enterprise",totalDownloads:241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Application of lean principles in manufacturing as well as services has been revolutionizing the operations for more than five decades. Many large as well as small enterprises have implemented lean and reported benefits in both direct and indirect activities of business. Due to advent of digital technologies and better understanding of process improvement approaches made lean much more effective across many sectors. In this chapter, we highlight various elements of lean and its application to a small enterprise in food processing sector in India. We draw some useful insights based on the implementation of lean and challenges faced by SMEs.",signatures:"Venkataramanaiah Saddikuti, Saketh Saddikuti Venkat and Ganesh Babu Shanmugam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76130",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76130",authors:[{id:"292211",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Venkataramanaiah",surname:"Saddikuti",slug:"venkataramanaiah-saddikuti",fullName:"Venkataramanaiah Saddikuti"},{id:"337430",title:"Mr.",name:"Saketh",surname:"Saddikuti Venkat",slug:"saketh-saddikuti-venkat",fullName:"Saketh Saddikuti Venkat"},{id:"349737",title:"Mr.",name:"Ganesh Babu",surname:"Shanmugam",slug:"ganesh-babu-shanmugam",fullName:"Ganesh Babu Shanmugam"}],corrections:null},{id:"75200",title:"Lean and Kaizen: The Past and the Future of the Methodologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96169",slug:"lean-and-kaizen-the-past-and-the-future-of-the-methodologies",totalDownloads:417,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lean and Kaizen improvement methodologies have been in the entrepreneurship spotlight for a long time. They can be adopted by any kind of enterprise, and they succeed in producing better long-term results, improving their performance, but most important, influencing the philosophy of the organizations implemented. In this research, many case studies and success stories of companies implementing Kaizen or/and Lean methodologies, or even the new Lean Kaizen methodology, will be introduced. We attempt to evaluate the performance of Lean and Kaizen implemented companies and distinguish the elements that made the difference. Maybe, it is some specific tool, or an aspect in the culture that was enhanced, since the implementation of these business process improvement methodologies. Finally, thoughts and estimations will be presented, regarding the future of these methodologies, in the unstable and rapidly changing economic environment.",signatures:"Vasileios Ismyrlis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75200",authors:[{id:"190036",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasileios",surname:"Ismyrlis",slug:"vasileios-ismyrlis",fullName:"Vasileios Ismyrlis"}],corrections:null},{id:"76432",title:"Introduction to Lean Waste and Lean Tools",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97573",slug:"introduction-to-lean-waste-and-lean-tools",totalDownloads:325,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the turbulent and complex business environments, many Indian SMEs are facing stiff competition in the domestic as well as in the global market from their multinational counterpart. The concept of lean has gained prominence due to the fact that the resource based competitive advantages are no longer sufficient in this economy. Hence, lean is no longer merely an option but rather a core necessity for engineering industries situated in any part of the globe, if they have to compete successfully. Lean Manufacturing (LM) which provides new opportunities to create and retain greater value from the employee of the industry based on their core business competencies. The challenge of capturing, organizing, and disseminating throughout the aggregate business unit is a huge responsibility of the top management. The success of any industry depends on how well it can manage its resources and translate in to action. The adoption of lean manufacturing through effective lean practices depends on interpretations of past experiences and present information resides in the industry. Generally, in an industry, some tangible and intangible factors exist in the form of non-value adding activities which hinder the smooth lean implementation are known as lean manufacturing barriers (LMBs).",signatures:"Shyam Sunder Sharma and Rahul Khatri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76432",authors:[{id:"311981",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyam Sunder",surname:"Sharma",slug:"shyam-sunder-sharma",fullName:"Shyam Sunder Sharma"},{id:"338090",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Khatri",slug:"rahul-khatri",fullName:"Rahul Khatri"}],corrections:null},{id:"76093",title:"Effect of Lean Practices on Organizational Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96482",slug:"effect-of-lean-practices-on-organizational-performance",totalDownloads:164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study focuses on the analysis of the direct effect of Lean Manufacturing (LM) practices on operational performance in manufacturing industry. A model for evaluating the effect of LM is developed taking into consideration as a fundamental variable that affects the causal relationship between LM practices and operational performance. A structural equation model was proposed and investigated across the manufacturing industry in India. A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect empirical data from 400 Indian companies. A total of 203 usable responses were obtained giving a response rate of 53%. The data was analyzed using SPSS- AMOS software. The results revealed that LM practices directly and positively affected operational performance. The results indicated that the structural equation model remained invariant across the Industry. The study provides further evidence to managers and practitioner on the effect of LM practices on operational performance in developing countries like India.",signatures:"Lokpriya Mohanrao Gaikwad and Vivek K. Sunnapwar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76093",authors:[{id:"246830",title:"Prof.",name:"Lokpriya Mohanrao",surname:"Gaikwad",slug:"lokpriya-mohanrao-gaikwad",fullName:"Lokpriya Mohanrao Gaikwad"},{id:"251857",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivek K.",surname:"Sunnapwar",slug:"vivek-k.-sunnapwar",fullName:"Vivek K. Sunnapwar"}],corrections:null},{id:"75353",title:"Enhancement of Textile Supply Chain Performance through Optimal Capacity Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96292",slug:"enhancement-of-textile-supply-chain-performance-through-optimal-capacity-planning",totalDownloads:273,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Manufacturing companies in the textile and apparel field face stiff competition due to the globalization of trade between suppliers, producers and customers. To meet this challenge, they need to be efficient by adopting new lean manufacturing approaches and new analysis and management tools leading to more flexible and agile production and distribution processes. For the textile and apparel industry, where products’ life cycle is short due to fashion changes, a new integrated approach of production and distribution planning is needed. Based on linear programming techniques and integrating subcontracting activities, our approach takes into account the characteristics of demand, including its short life cycle, seasonality and fashion effect. For these reasons, a sequential approach is adopted, combining tactical and operational decision levels for production and distribution activities, in order to satisfy customer needs at lower cost by reacting quickly to changes and delivering on time. The deployed approach is structured according to the DMAIC lean tool. Validated on real instances, this approach proves its efficiency by achieving cost reduction when internal production capacity is adequately and efficiently planned.",signatures:"Imen Safra and Kaouther Ghachem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75353",authors:[{id:"336845",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"safra",surname:"Imen",slug:"safra-imen",fullName:"safra Imen"},{id:"345868",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaouther",surname:"Ghachem",slug:"kaouther-ghachem",fullName:"Kaouther Ghachem"}],corrections:null},{id:"75657",title:"From Lean Manufacturing to Lean Construction: How Principles, Tools, and Techniques Evolved",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96191",slug:"from-lean-manufacturing-to-lean-construction-how-principles-tools-and-techniques-evolved",totalDownloads:342,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lean manufacturing first emerged in the automotive industry. However, low productivity and low efficiency in production are major problems for the majority of industries relying on a heavy workforce. Being one of these, the construction industry suffers from low productivity rates along with inefficient work practices. To prevent those, the industry has shifted its focus from the traditional approach to a more innovative one, which is called Lean construction. Lean construction aims to maximize value while minimizing waste. Therefore, it intends to create safer, smoother, and more efficient processes to eliminate waste. This chapter focuses on Lean construction and highlights the generic Lean tools and techniques practiced in the construction industry indicating its historical journey from Lean manufacturing. The chapter aims to raise awareness towards the efficiency of Lean methods in the construction industry with respect to practices observed in manufacturing.",signatures:"Sevilay Demirkesen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75657",authors:[{id:"338001",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Sevilay",surname:"Demirkesen",slug:"sevilay-demirkesen",fullName:"Sevilay Demirkesen"}],corrections:null},{id:"75939",title:"Model-Based Enterprise Continuous Improvement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96856",slug:"model-based-enterprise-continuous-improvement",totalDownloads:253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The enterprise reengineering based on enterprise modelling is usually carried out within the framework of conventional projects. This leads to relatively long projects that are not compatible with a highly variable economic environment. The objective of the evolution management presented here is to use enterprise modelling and all the benefits it brings in a framework that allows for more continuous improvement than is generally observed. The proposed architecture is made up of three levels: a strategic level based on performance measurement, a tactical level that manages system migration and is based on enterprise models, and an operational level consisting of managing a portfolio of evolution projects. Together, these allow a shorter set of projects to be carried out, while remaining coherent and aligned with the company’s strategy. This approach puts enterprise modelling methods and continuous improvement/Lean management approaches into perspective, allowing complementarities and opening up interesting perspectives concerning enterprise re-engineering methods.",signatures:"Bruno Vallespir and Anne Zouggar-Amrani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75939",authors:[{id:"345188",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Vallespir",slug:"bruno-vallespir",fullName:"Bruno Vallespir"},{id:"348617",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",surname:"Zougar-Amrani",slug:"anne-zougar-amrani",fullName:"Anne Zougar-Amrani"}],corrections:null},{id:"75617",title:"Single Minute Exchange of Dies: Classical Tool of Lean Manufacturing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96665",slug:"single-minute-exchange-of-dies-classical-tool-of-lean-manufacturing",totalDownloads:311,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Effective utilization of the resources is the need of an hour particularly when it comes to the manufacturing industry. It is having a paramount importance to have a proper utilization of the resources, on the same line in any manufacturing industries to reduce the setup time is also one of the ways to do so. Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) is one of the classical method which is normally used to reduce the setup time. In this technique complete videography of the existing changeover is done and then by analyzing it waste activities identified and other improvement plant has been done in each iteration. The chapter also showcases the SMED technique applications in a gear industry. Remarkable resources and results have been achieved through the implementation of classical tool of Lean manufacturing is made.",signatures:"Yash Dave",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75617",authors:[{id:"338618",title:"Dr.",name:"Yash",surname:"Dave",slug:"yash-dave",fullName:"Yash Dave"}],corrections:null},{id:"75408",title:"Lean Manufacturing as a Strategy for Continuous Improvement in Organizations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96427",slug:"lean-manufacturing-as-a-strategy-for-continuous-improvement-in-organizations",totalDownloads:359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The implementation of lean manufacturing is one of the most discussed and studied topics in management; references are at the business, educational and public levels. However, the changes faced in the fourth industrial revolution generate challenges that will only encounter solution through innovative efforts and industrial improvements as well as a radical change in our way of interacting. In the current revolution, there are digital changes that cause ruptures in social, economic and political aspects, and the administrative process is part of it, this chapter proposes to analyze the implementation of lean manufacturing in the process of continuous improvement in business organizations through a literary review of the implementation of tools.",signatures:"María Marcela Solís-Quinteros, Carolina Zayas-Márquez, Luis Alfredo Ávila-López and Teresa Carrillo-Gutirrez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75408",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75408",authors:[{id:"281004",title:"Dr.",name:"María Marcela",surname:"Solís-Quinteros",slug:"maria-marcela-solis-quinteros",fullName:"María Marcela Solís-Quinteros"},{id:"343581",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Alfredo",surname:"Avila-Lopez",slug:"luis-alfredo-avila-lopez",fullName:"Luis Alfredo Avila-Lopez"},{id:"343697",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Zayas-Márquez",slug:"carolina-zayas-marquez",fullName:"Carolina Zayas-Márquez"},{id:"343698",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Carrillo-Gutiérrez",slug:"teresa-carrillo-gutierrez",fullName:"Teresa Carrillo-Gutiérrez"}],corrections:null},{id:"74769",title:"Development of Integrated Lean Six Sigma-Baldrige Framework for Manufacturing Waste Minimization: A Case of NAS Foods Plc",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95279",slug:"development-of-integrated-lean-six-sigma-baldrige-framework-for-manufacturing-waste-minimization-a-c",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The aim of this study objective is to develop an integrated constant quality improvement model so as to minimize unwanted biscuit processing industry wastes. The method used was lean- six- sigma elements to define measure and improve unwanted process company wastes. In other word, Baldrige with six-sigma were created to define, measure and improve management perspectives. The tasks were integrated using both quantitative and qualitative analyzing tools implementing mixed strategies. The result was improved by using FMEA analysis was carried out at each stage of the existing process used to determine the failure of the process and to analyses and improve the production quality. The SPSS software was also used. In the finding section, the correlation and regression analysis has shown that there is strong relationship between each variance. There are different wastes that identified in six sigma (DMAIC) on NAS food Plc as a result; the value of waste ratio indicated is 36.7%. This show non-lean of the food industry is practiced. The defect of the company also calculated and defect per million are 67,308. This shows that the biscuit production has a production capability with a failure of 67,308 every 1000,000 productions it high failure rate. The contribution of the paper has indicated that there are limited studies were conducted so far to implement waste minimization tools like six-sigma, lean and MBNQA framework approach integration for food processing industry.",signatures:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew and Selamawit Gebreyohanis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74769",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74769",authors:[{id:"292841",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassu",surname:"Jilcha Sileyew",slug:"kassu-jilcha-sileyew",fullName:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew"},{id:"338417",title:"Ms.",name:"Selamawit",surname:"Gebreyohanis",slug:"selamawit-gebreyohanis",fullName:"Selamawit Gebreyohanis"}],corrections:null},{id:"75149",title:"Analysis, an Anathema: Is That a Fervent Diatribe of Lean?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96166",slug:"analysis-an-anathema-is-that-a-fervent-diatribe-of-lean-",totalDownloads:242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Should there be an understanding that rigor in analysis must be out-of-bounds for Lean initiatives? Will this rigor not facilitate a benchmarking of Lean initiatives? Why not a Lean initiative cause-consequence assessment not performed for building future fault tolerance? The effectiveness of a company’s strategy is critical to its success or failure. Lean strategy seems to be claimed as a widely recognized factor for business success and competitive advantage. However, empirical evidences do not promote the idea that Lean has delivered results every time. Study results indicate that success or failure of lean initiatives strongly depends on how companies approach it and on whether company has created their own curated philosophy towards Lean. Then, success is not dependent alone on a strategy, but on how daily operations are aligned to strategy. This chapter aims to address the above questions and a greater number of questions that we experience on a day-to-day basis with regard to Lean applications in the real world. Chapter Learning Objectives: Understanding Lean, Lean failure modes, and Lean initiative precautions.",signatures:"Sajit Jacob and Krishnamurthy Kothandaraman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75149",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75149",authors:[{id:"299036",title:"Mr.",name:"Sajit",surname:"Jacob",slug:"sajit-jacob",fullName:"Sajit Jacob"},{id:"299213",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishnamurthy",surname:"Kothandaraman",slug:"krishnamurthy-kothandaraman",fullName:"Krishnamurthy Kothandaraman"}],corrections:null},{id:"76883",title:"Lean Manufacturing towards Green Manufacturing Practices and Its Implementation in SME’s",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97389",slug:"lean-manufacturing-towards-green-manufacturing-practices-and-its-implementation-in-sme-s",totalDownloads:223,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The manufacturing SMEs are facing the burden of non-equilibrium of the supply–demand chain along with the global change in the climate. Several SMEs are looking for a substitute that can create a balance between performance and the environment. In spite of numerous studies related to green and lean that has been evolved, none of them is able to clearly define the spheres of green and lean. Here in this chapter, there is an exploration of advancement of lean and green manufacturing and its impact on other sectors. It also highlights the methodology adopted in implementing the same. This chapter recognizes the commonalities between lean and green approaches, the collaboration and impact, techniques involved. Also, the impediments and perplexities confronted by the manufacturing sector are examined. Further, this gives a better understanding of the challenges before implementing lean with green. This chapter also recognizes possible gaps in the literature that will help to eliminate the barrier toward this Neo manufacturing.",signatures:"J.P. Rishi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76883",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76883",authors:[{id:"339553",title:"Dr.",name:"J.P.",surname:"Rishi",slug:"j.p.-rishi",fullName:"J.P. Rishi"}],corrections:null},{id:"75839",title:"Lean Manufacturing Practices and Environmental Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96973",slug:"lean-manufacturing-practices-and-environmental-performance",totalDownloads:359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lean manufacturing is considered a rewarding production strategy due to its positive effects on organizational and economic efficiency in various industries. Given the growing ecological consciousness, environmental achievements of lean manufacturing also incorporate a strong economic relevance. The main objective of this chapter is, therefore, to investigate the impact of lean manufacturing practices on environmental performance and the existing coherences between Lean and ecologically oriented variables such as resource usage, energy consumption, and air pollution. The methodology is literature review evaluating the findings of research in this sphere. Besides the discussion of its principles and methods, current trends and challenges regarding lean production as a business model that supports eco-efficiency are presented. The implications of this study will allow executives to better recognize and simultaneously solve both the economic and environmental problems posed by their companies.",signatures:"Ruhet Genç",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75839",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75839",authors:[{id:"340234",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruhet",surname:"Genç",slug:"ruhet-genc",fullName:"Ruhet Genç"}],corrections:null},{id:"78284",title:"Circular and Lean Food Supply Chains",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99769",slug:"circular-and-lean-food-supply-chains",totalDownloads:187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Circular economy (CE) refers to the industrial economy that aims to achieve enriched sustainability through restorative objects and supply chain design. Many governments have put in place different initiatives in line with the CE. On the other hand, the term Lean operations refers to the reduction of the non-value adding activities and waste in a supply chain. The food sector has been criticized for its sustainability and circularity due to the high levels of food and packaging waste and at the same time the increasing costs. Although food supply chain entities have started to implement circular economy and lean practices, the current efforts do not seem to be sufficient to achieve a circular and lean food system. The aim of this chapter is to explore the possibility of a circular and at the same lean food supply chain.",signatures:"Stella Despoudi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78284",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78284",authors:[{id:"338855",title:"Dr.",name:"Stella",surname:"Despoudi",slug:"stella-despoudi",fullName:"Stella Despoudi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2020",title:"New Technologies",subtitle:"Trends, Innovations and Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"170d84903f390df23023d0623d8577d3",slug:"new-technologies-trends-innovations-and-research",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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She was previously president of the European Society of Comparative Literature, deputy head of the Department of English Studies at her university, and an evaluator in various international research programs, including Vice-Chair at EU Unit REA.A2, Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Postdoctoral Fellowships, Social Sciences and Humanities (SOC).",institutionString:"Complutense University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Complutense University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"442",title:"Organizational Research",slug:"organizational-research"}],chapters:[{id:"38278",title:"Social Research Methods in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis of Methodological Issues and Emerging Trends at the Zimbabwe Open University",slug:"social-research-methods-in-higher-education-a-critical-analysis-of-methodological-issues-and-emergin",totalDownloads:6844,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116563",title:"Mr.",name:"Caleb",surname:"Kangai",slug:"caleb-kangai",fullName:"Caleb Kangai"}]},{id:"38279",title:"Methodology Transfers Between Social Sciences and Humanities in Relation to Natural Sciences, Technology and Government Policy",slug:"methodology-transfers-between-social-sciences-and-humanities-in-relation-to-natural-sciences-technol",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"115410",title:"Prof.",name:"Hajime",surname:"Eto",slug:"hajime-eto",fullName:"Hajime Eto"}]},{id:"38280",title:"Causality in Social Studies Education",slug:"causality-in-social-studies-education",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"114537",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayram",surname:"Tay",slug:"bayram-tay",fullName:"Bayram Tay"}]},{id:"38281",title:"The Assumption of Non-Gaussianity in Natural and Social Sciences and Its Influence on Detection of Causal Relationships",slug:"the-assumption-of-non-gaussianity-in-natural-and-social-sciences-and-its-influence-on-detection-of-c",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"139164",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",surname:"Hlavackova-Schindler",slug:"katerina-hlavackova-schindler",fullName:"Katerina Hlavackova-Schindler"}]},{id:"38282",title:"Qualitative Research: The Toolkit of Theories in the Social Sciences",slug:"qualitative_research_toolkit_theories_social_sciences",totalDownloads:2575,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"118755",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",surname:"Cibangu",slug:"sylvain-cibangu",fullName:"Sylvain Cibangu"}]},{id:"38283",title:"A Simulation Approach to Validate Models Derived from Observational Studies",slug:"a-simulation-approach-to-validate-models-derived-from-observational-studies",totalDownloads:1415,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116407",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Robillard",slug:"pierre-robillard",fullName:"Pierre Robillard"}]},{id:"38284",title:"Cartographic Generalization Applied to Social Networks Maps in the City of Curitiba in Brazil",slug:"cartographic-generalization-applied-to-social-networks-maps-in-the-city-of-curitiba-in-brazil",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"118639",title:"MSc.",name:"Renan Martins",surname:"Pombo",slug:"renan-martins-pombo",fullName:"Renan Martins Pombo"}]},{id:"38285",title:"Open-Source Tools for Data Mining in Social Science",slug:"open-source-tools-for-data-mining-in-social-science",totalDownloads:4154,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"119511",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Štambuk",slug:"nikola-stambuk",fullName:"Nikola Štambuk"},{id:"119512",title:"Dr.",name:"Paško",surname:"Konjevoda",slug:"pasko-konjevoda",fullName:"Paško Konjevoda"}]},{id:"38286",title:"Applying Social Sciences Research for Public Benefit Using Knowledge Mobilization and Social Media",slug:"applying-social-sciences-research-for-public-benefit-using-knowledge-mobilization-and-social-media",totalDownloads:2721,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113142",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Phipps",slug:"david-phipps",fullName:"David Phipps"},{id:"117588",title:"Ms.",name:"Krista",surname:"Jensen",slug:"krista-jensen",fullName:"Krista Jensen"},{id:"117589",title:"Mr.",name:"J. 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In the present-day-global-warming era and with ever-increasing number of automobiles on the roads, fossil fuel reserves are going to be scarce and depleted over next few decades. In order to provide a safer environment to our future generations, we need to use energy wisely and economically and look for alternative fuel sources like biofuels, derived from crops and their waste products [1].
\nBiofuels are considered zero net emitters as they use atmospheric carbon dioxide for their growth and afterward release the same when burnt in the vehicles. The biofuels are generally classified as “conventional” (the first generation) and “advanced” biofuels (the second-, third-, and fourth-generation biofuels). Biodiesel and bioethanol are categorized as first-generation biofuels. These are produced from food crops rich in higher fermentable carbohydrate level. The second-generation biofuels are most commonly extracted from switchgrass, jatropha, miscanthus, and the residues of food crops. Often, industrial wastes are also used for the production of second-generation biofuel. The biofuels extracted from algae are classed as third generation. Major crops used for the production of biofuel are sugarcane, corn, wheat, sorghum, sugar beet, and cassava [2].
\nThe choice of the most efficient biofuel depends upon its life cycle analysis, climatic, and economic factors. Moreover, its transportation cost to refinery, price of biofuel, and greenhouse gases also matter. Plant-based feedstocks for biofuels include crops like corn, sugarcane, soybean, poplar, sorghum, switch grass, etc. The cost-effective biofuel production depends upon the exploitation of high-yielding energy crops. Designing climate-smart energy crop with optimized composition to suit the growers, consumers, and industry needs is the backbone of cost-competitive biofuel industry. C4 grasses provide a perfect fit to this definition owing to higher photosynthetic rate, productivity, and broader genetic base of germplasm. Sorghum is a short duration crop of about 3–4 months and produces higher biomass yield with less inputs. These characteristics make sorghum a popular biofuel feedstock [3]. Sorghum has different end-use types including biomass, forage, sweet, and grain sorghums. Energy sorghum including biomass and sweet type varieties is the most efficient and climate-smart feedstock being able to grow with less inputs on marginal lands under harsh climatic conditions and having ability to utilize more sunlight [4, 5, 6].
\nIt has diverse germplasm owing to extensive breeding and natural selection [7]. Sorghum is a crop of subsistence worldwide, the fifth most important cereal crop and an important component of poultry industry [8]. It is very responsive to biotechniques ranging from simple in vitro culture to transgenics, cisgenics, and genome-editing technologies. However, the outcrossing of sorghum with its weedy relatives has prevented regulation of GM technology in this crop. All above-ground parts of sorghum, starch, sugar, or stem biomass are utilized for the first- and second-generation biofuel production [9]. Though sweet sorghum has been widely used as a biofuel source, biomass sorghum has also been recently recognized as a promising feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. This sorghum type usually has stem higher than 5 m, more number of leaves, fibrous roots, greater potential for vegetative growth, and is suitable for mechanization [10]. Besides producing second-generation ethanol, biomass sorghum also releases energy during biomass combustion [11]. It is a good substitute to corn and sugarcane with additional benefit of less water consumption. It is an annual grass having higher dry matter yield like perennial crops but in less duration, thus facilitating cheaper crop rotation. Recent wide scale applications of omics approaches like phenomics, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are enhancing the efficiency of sorghum breeding processes. Being an important element of system biology approach, omics analysis dissects the association between genes and proteins within diverse phenotypes. Genome analysis further refines this integration. Sorghum yields fuel and chemicals form sugars and cell wall biopolymers. Sorghum is a widely grown summer forage of Pakistan, while its biofuel potential is yet to be explored in the country. Information on sorghum stem quality traits is vital for designing eco-friendly biofuel source. Present study intended to demonstrate the basis of morphological characterization of 24 USDA sorghum genotypes selected under Pakistan conditions. These genotypes were subjected to proximate analysis to measure stem quality traits like crude protein, ash contents, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, and acid detergent lignin. Translational analysis indicated a unique band of 56.1 kDa in 12 out of 24 genotypes. This uncharacterized protein is supposed to be translated by Dw1 gene (Sobic.009G229800) comprising of 510 amino acids and controls the internodal length in sorghum. In this chapter, stem composition evaluation and proteomics-based recent research involving USDA sorghum germplasm is reported in order to screen promising energy-type sorghum.
\nSorghum biomass is influenced by genetic and environmental factors [12]. The identification of variation in phenotypic, genetic, structural, and physiological characters of energy sorghum is vital to its improvement. Sorghum biomass improvement model relies on integrating several genomic-assisted techniques with phenomics approaches. Common field-based selection of high biomass sorghum depends upon characterizing biomass-related morphological traits like days to flowering (days after sowing), plant height, fresh biomass yield, dry matter, and dry matter yield, plant height, stalk diameter, leaf number, leaf width, leaf length, leaf angle and leaf area index, etc. [13]. Several studies report on morphological diversity assessment of sorghum for biomass traits in the field environment [14, 15].
\nAccurate and comprehensive phenotypic data are the baseline to elucidate genetic mechanisms underlying complex quantitative biomass traits. Since biomass-related traits are measured via destructive sampling, recording morphological data during the entire growing period of energy sorghum is possible only once. Manual, nondestructive sampling for these traits over complete development of sorghum is impossible. As compared to relatively cheaper technologies of genomic selection, association mapping and GWAS, reliable phenotyping is laborious and expensive. About 20 years back when genotyping techniques were fast advancing, improving phenotyping approaches was completely ignored. Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing effective sorghum phenotyping methods. The work started with optimizing high-throughput phenotyping systems for model plants under controlled environments. Later on, field-based phenotyping platforms were devised for short stature crops [16]. In the last 5 years, different approaches have been excogitated with promising capabilities of recording sorghum phenology in field environments. Some of these include various UAS platforms [17, 18], field-based robotic phenotyping system [19], unmanned aerial system [20], ultrasonic sensors [21], the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) [22], the time of flight cameras [23], tomography imaging [24], Kinect v2 camera [21], RGB and NIR imaging [25], and Phenobot 1.0 [26]. The next-generation phenomics tools generate enormous amount of data that are being translated via machine- learning statistical approaches into trait descriptions, relevant to sorghum breeders [27].
\nThe composition of biomass derived from forage, grain, and sweet sorghums has been well characterized [28]. The research on exploiting forage sorghum as biofuel was initiated in 1980s, which led to the development of photoperiod-sensitive-energy sorghum hybrids [29]. These are high biomass yielders [30]. Being relatively a recent introduction, the stem composition knowledge of energy sorghum is still limited. Up till now, a majority of research on sorghum biomass feedstock has focused more on improving yield than the quality components. So, there is a need to accurately conduct the biochemical analysis, since stem composition is the basic element influencing biofuel yield.
\nPlant cell walls are the main constituents of biomass that provide strength and limited plasticity to cell. The cell wall serves as a tough physical barrier, protecting interior of the cell against biotic and abiotic stresses. It is a multilayered structure composed of polysaccharides and proteins, which are important contributors of biofuel quality and energy conversion processes. The polysaccharides are cellulose (a polymer of glucose), pectic compounds (polymers of galacturonic acid), and hemicellulose (a polymer of a variety of sugars including xylose, arabinose, and mannose). Cellulose is the largest source of glucose for biofuels. Glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) hemicellulose complex is linked to lignin. Since lignin component of plant cell wall provides structure, it cannot be converted to carbohydrates and hence is recalcitrant to conversion protocols. Likewise, ash content also reduces biomass to biofuel conversion reaction. Certain constituents of cell wall are water soluble like sugars, proteins, amino acids, mixed-linkage glucans, and phenolic glycosides, whereas chlorophyll, lipids, and waxes are water-insoluble ingredients that need ethanol extraction.
\nDifferent studies have reported various approaches for compositional analysis of energy sorghum leaves and stem. In some sorghum genotypes, proportion of cellulose can vary between 27 and 52%, while the range of hemicellulose content is 17–23% and lignin content is 6.2–8.1% [31, 32]. Along with the biomass yield, low lignin, high cellulose, and hemicellulose contents are also the desirable selection attributes for energy sorghum genotypes [33]. Such sorghums exhibit wide variations in biomass composition [34]. Now a days, near-infrared spectroscopic (NIR) analysis is routinely used for high-throughput computation of biomass composition [28].
\nCellulosic bioethanol production requires three main steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation [35] (Figure 1). Pretreatment is performed to fractionate lignocellulose into different components via physical (boiling, steaming, and ultrasonication), chemical (acid, alkali, salts, etc.), physiochemical (ammonium fiber explosion or AFEX), and biological methods (bacteria and fungi). It increases porosity and surface area of the substrate. During hydrolysis, nonstructural carbohydrates are degraded in to sugars. Enzyme-based hydrolysis is preferred over acid hydrolysis being a mild and cost-effective process.
\nFlow chart of sorghum cellulosic ethanol production process.
The process of fermentation proceeds under liquid or solid state in the presence of bacteria or yeast [36]. In a recent study, 24 sorghum genotypes (Table 1) were subjected to stem compositional analysis [37]. These genotypes had previously been selected on the basis of morphological traits [38].
\nSr. # | \nGenotype # | \nSr. # | \nGenotype # | \n
---|---|---|---|
1. | \nPI-609239-01-SD | \n13. | \nPI-329875-03-SD | \n
2. | \nPI-620625-01-SD | \n14. | \nPI-330039-02-SD | \n
3. | \nPI-648173-01-SD | \n15. | \nPI-330022-01-SD | \n
4. | \nPI-648187-01-SD | \n16. | \nPI-456415-03-SD | \n
5. | \nPI-454464-03-SD | \n17. | \nPI-329488-02-SD | \n
6. | \nPI-570039-02-SD | \n18. | \nPI-155871-02-SD | \n
7. | \nPI-525981-01-SD | \n19. | \nPI-457393-02-SD | \n
8. | \nPI-329569-01-SD | \n20. | \nPI-329480-02-SD | \n
9. | \nPI-583832-02-SD | \n21. | \nPI-303658-02-SD | \n
10. | \nPI-329733-01-SD | \n22. | \nPI-303656-01-SD | \n
11. | \nPI-456441-03-SD | \n23. | \nNSL-54978 | \n
12. | \nPI-329471-02-SD | \n24. | \nPI-257595-01-SD | \n
Sorghum genotypes used for stem compositional analysis.
The dried stem samples of these genotypes were grinded and used for measuring crude protein (%), ash contents (%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF %), acid detergent fiber (ADF %), hemicellulose (%), cellulose (%), and acid detergent lignin (ADL %), using the respective formulae:
\nStatistical analysis indicated highly significant variations among all sorghum genotypes for crude protein, ash contents, NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose, and cellulose contents (Table 2).
\nEigen vectors | \nPC1 | \nPC2 | \nPC3 | \n
---|---|---|---|
AC | \n0.437 | \n−0.218 | \n0.373 | \n
ADL | \n0.476 | \n0.384 | \n0.134 | \n
ADF | \n0.012 | \n0.501 | \n−0.191 | \n
C | \n0.455 | \n0.468 | \n0.097 | \n
CP | \n0.000 | \n−0.188 | \n0.777 | \n
HC | \n0.374 | \n−0.481 | \n−0.293 | \n
NDF | \n0.485 | \n−0.261 | \n−0.328 | \n
Eigen value | \n2.623 | \n1.916 | \n1.267 | \n
Variability % | \n37.476 | \n27.371 | \n18.096 | \n
Cumulative % | \n37.476 | \n64.847 | \n82.943 | \n
Principle component analysis (PCA) related to biomass traits in sorghum.
PC, principle component; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation; AC, ash contents; ADL, acid detergent lignin; ADF, acid detergent fiber; C, cellulose; CP, crude protein; HC, hemicellulose; NDF, neutral detergent fiber.
PCA analysis of different biochemical traits indicated three principle components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) having Eigen values greater than 1 (Table 3). The cumulative variability of three PCs was 82.94% for the studied genotypes. The total variability in traits shared by three PCs was 37.48, 27.37, and 18.096%, respectively. Different biomass-related traits added more than 34% of variation factor in PC1 such as: ash contents (43.7%), ADL (47.6%), cellulose (45.5%), hemicelluloses (37.4%), and NDF (48.5%). PC1 showed weak and positive correlation with crude protein (0.000%) and ADF (0.012%). The PC2 contributed for 27.37% of total variability. PC2 showed positive and strong correlation with the traits such as ADL (38.4%), ADF (50.1%), and cellulose (46.8%). Weak and negative correlation was observed for ash contents (21.8%), crude protein (18.8%), hemicellulose (48.1%), and NDF (26.1%). Crude protein and ash contents showed 77.7 and 37.3% of the factor variations in PC3, respectively.
\nVariables | \nMinimum | \nMaximum | \nMean | \nSD | \nCV (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP | \n4.927 | \n10.927 | \n7.808 | \n1.414 | \n1.37 | \n
AC | \n5.217 | \n19.470 | \n12.418 | \n3.877 | \n2.39 | \n
NDF | \n54.633 | \n81.500 | \n63.947 | \n6.411 | \n2.29 | \n
ADF | \n26.167 | \n54.500 | \n34.410 | \n6.994 | \n4.34 | \n
ADL | \n1.500 | \n8.000 | \n3.160 | \n1.316 | \n14.17 | \n
HC | \n22.087 | \n44.150 | \n31.419 | \n5.981 | \n1.64 | \n
C | \n29.000 | \n57.167 | \n39.250 | \n7.331 | \n2.03 | \n
Descriptive statistics for quantitative traits of sorghum germplasm.
SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation; AC, ash contents; ADL, acid detergent lignin; ADF, acid detergent fiber; C, cellulose; CP, crude protein; HC, hemicellulose; NDF, neutral detergent fiber.
Biplot analysis described that variables were greatly obliged as vectors; comparative length of the vector was distinguished as the relative proportion of the variability in each variable. The traits like ADL and CP, which were plotted near the central point, showed more similarities, while cellulose, ADF, NDF, and HC displayed more variability (Figure 2). Significant characters such as ADL, ADF, and cellulose were located at positive and positive coordinate region in biplot. Traits like AC, NDF, and HC were allocated at negative coordinate (Figure 2). Variability in the traits explains the variations among genotypes, which can be used in sorghum breeding plan effectively. Correlation analysis among biofuel-related stem compositional traits indicated that concentration of protein and lignin contents showed negative interaction with cellulose and hemicelluloses (Table 4). It showed that significant genetic variability is present among 24 sorghum genotypes. In sorghum, cellulose and hemicellulose contents play significant role in biofuel quality. For fiber analysis, NDF, ADL, and ADF are generally used as standard quality testing techniques [39], while lignin concentration markedly affects the efficiency of hydrolysis [40].
\nPCA grouping of 24 USDA sorghum genotypes using quantitative traits.
Traits | \nCP | \nAC | \nNDF | \nADF | \nADL | \nHC | \nC | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP | \n1 | \n0.347* | \n−0.128 | \n−0.066 | \n−0.182 | \n−0.051 | \n−0.080 | \n
AC | \n0.347 | \n1 | \n0.473* | \n0.362* | \n−0.173 | \n0.431* | \n0.311* | \n
NDF | \n−0.128 | \n0.473 | \n1 | \n0.293* | \n−0.033 | \n0.802** | \n0.289* | \n
ADF | \n−0.066 | \n0.362 | \n0.293 | \n1 | \n−0.153 | \n0.067 | \n0.955** | \n
ADL | \n−0.182 | \n−0.173 | \n−0.033 | \n0.153 | \n1 | \n−0.313 | \n0.335* | \n
HC | \n−0.051 | \n0.431 | \n0.802 | \n0.067 | \n−0.313 | \n1 | \n−0.016 | \n
C | \n−0.080 | \n0.311 | \n0.289 | \n0.955 | \n0.335 | \n−0.016 | \n1 | \n
Correlation coefficients of various traits of sorghum genotypes.
Normal correlation.
Strong correlation.
Study reports that by increasing the level of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations decreased. The genetic relationships among 24 genotypes were identified through construction of dendrogram on the basis of similarity matrix utilizing the UPGMA algorithm (Figure 3). The genotypes were grouped into two main clusters: only two genotypes (PI-583832-02-SD and PI-456415-03-SD) were present in subcluster-1, while the subcluster-2 was divided into smaller groups. The genotypes PI-570039-02-SD, PI-330022-01-SD, and NSL-54978 were grouped together and showed some distinctness from rest of the members of the group, whereas the maximum genetic relatedness was found among genotypes PI-329569-01-SD and PI-303658-02-SD followed by genotypes PI-329733-01-SD, PI-525981-01-SD, PI-303656-01-SD, and PI-648187-01-SD. The genotypes PI-583832-02-SD and PI-329733-01-SD were also found genetically distinct from rest of the genotypes used in the study (Figure 4). Variance decomposition for optimal classification showed that there were 23.41 and 76.59% variances present within and between classes, respectively.
\nClassification of 24 sorghum genotypes using UPGMA cluster analysis.
Cladogenesis studies using homology-based classification of 24 sorghum genotypes.
The sorghum germplasm with less lignin and protein contents is desirable for biofuel production. Sorghum genotype PI-609239-01-SD had maximum value of NDF (83.5%) and ash contents (19.5%), while genotype PI-303658-02-SD exhibited the maximum value (57.5%) of cellulose content.
\nThough sorghum is viewed as a cheap source of biofuel being able to grow on marginal lands, few studies have indicated the lower biofuel potential of energy sorghums grown on marginal lands than the crop land [41]. Hence, screening of energy sorghum having stress tolerance, with efficient production technology and conservation tillage practices, is the key element of sustainable commercial production of energy sorghum [5].
\nThe mysterious relationship between phenotype and genotype can be revealed by applying various biotechnological approaches such as proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics [42]. In transcriptomics, a huge set of gene libraries can be established by employing different techniques of bioinformatics and next-generation sequencing [43]. Over the last decade, expression profiling experiments for genome-wide investigation in sorghum have been carried out to analyze responses to numerous abiotic and biotic stresses, to determine tissue-specific and genotype-specific gene expression motifs, and to disclose the genetic modification and expression divergence between different sorghum varieties.
\nRNA-seq technology for expression profiling has been applied in sorghum to study different gene functions [44]. This technique gives a precise assessment of gene expression at different stages of sorghum plant development [45].
\nProteomics offers the set of the most efficient tools for recognition, assessment, and quantification of unique proteins. Our recent study [44] merged transcriptomic and proteomic approaches for screening sorghum germplasm best suited for bioenergy and for comparative analysis of protein expression of elite sorghum germplasm. The study was based on 24 USDA sorghum genotypes selected for biomass potential in the field experiments, which is already reported in this chapter [37]. For translational analysis, 12 out of 24 selected genotypes were divided into three groups based on stem height, since height is directly correlated with biomass in sorghum. Four short stature genotypes were chosen as negative control (Table 5).
\nSr. # | \nGenotypes | \nHeight-based groups | \n
---|---|---|
1. | \nNSL-54978 | \nTall | \n
2. | \nPI-456441-03-SD | \n|
3. | \nPI-525981-01-SD | \n|
4. | \nPI-303656-01-SD | \n|
5. | \nPI-457393-02-SD | \nMedium | \n
6. | \nPI-583832-02-SD | \n|
7. | \nPI-620625-01-SD | \n|
8. | \nPI-456415-03-SD | \n|
9. | \nPI-648187-01-SD | \nSmall | \n
10. | \nPI-609239-01-SD | \n|
11. | \nPI-330039-02-SD | \n|
12. | \nPI-329733-01-SD | \n|
13. | \nPI-643630-01-SD | \nNegative control | \n
14. | \nPI-643735-03-SD | \n|
15. | \nPI-643581-01-SD | \n|
16. | \nPI-642993-01-SD | \n
Sorghum genotypes and their respective groups based on height.
The
Genotype | \nProtein weight (kDa) | \n||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSL-54978 | \n124 | \n97.6 | \n\n | 64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.7 | \n32 | \n14.9 | \n
PI-456441-03-SD | \n124 | \n97.6 | \n\n | 64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n14.9 | \n
PI-525981-01-SD | \n124 | \n97.6 | \n71 | \n64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n14.9 | \n
PI-303656-01-SD | \n124 | \n97.6 | \n\n | 64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n14.9 | \n
PI-457393-02-SD | \n\n | \n | 71 | \n64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n\n |
PI-583832-02-SD | \n\n | 97.6 | \n71 | \n64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n\n |
PI-620625-01-SD | \n\n | \n | 71 | \n64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n\n |
PI-456415-03-SD | \n\n | \n | 71 | \n64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n\n |
PI-648187-01-SD | \n\n | 97.6 | \n71 | \n64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n\n |
PI-609239-01-SD | \n\n | \n | 71 | \n64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n\n |
PI-330039-02-SD | \n\n | 97.6 | \n\n | 64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n\n |
PI-329733-01-SD | \n\n | 97.6 | \n\n | 64 | \n56.1 | \n40.5 | \n38.8 | \n32 | \n\n |
PI-643630-01-SD | \n\n | 97.6 | \n\n | 64 | \n\n | 40.5 | \n\n | 32 | \n\n |
PI-643735-03-SD | \n\n | 97.6 | \n\n | 64 | \n\n | 40.5 | \n\n | 32 | \n\n |
PI-643581-01-SD | \n\n | \n | \n | 64 | \n\n | 40.5 | \n\n | 32 | \n\n |
PI-642993-01-SD | \n\n | \n | \n | 64 | \n\n | 40.5 | \n\n | 32 | \n\n |
SDS-PAGE-based banding pattern of various proteins in sorghum genotypes.
SDS-PAGE showed nine different bands in 12 selected sorghum genotypes. The banding pattern of four negative controls was different from the selected ones, which revealed low expression of proteins. The study showed a unique band of 56.1 kDa present only in all selected genotypes. This band represents a hypothetical protein Sobic.009G229800, which has 510 amino acids (Figures 5 and 6) and controls the internodal length of stem in sorghum, which is why short-stature sorghum genotypes were devoid of this protein.
\nSecondary structure prediction of SORB1_3009G229800 protein responsible for stem internodal length.
Blast result for confirming the SORB1_3009G229800 protein against NCBI database.
Height is positively correlated with biomass production [46] and is reported to be independent of stem structural composition like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents [47]. The Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for total dry biomass has been found to be localized with height QTLs [48]. Hence, breeders aim for taller genotypes in sorghum biomass improvement plans. Chromosomes six, seven, and nine carry QTLs for height in sorghum. This protein (Sobic.0 09G229800) is considered to be translated from Dw1, a gene greatly conserved in plants (Table 7). Earlier reports showed that
Names and taxonomy | \n|
---|---|
Protein | \nUncharacterized protein | \n
Gene | \nSORBI_009G229800 | \n
Organism | \n|
Taxonomic identifier | \n4558 [NCBI] | \n
Proteomes | \nUP000000768 | \n
Chromosome | \n9 | \n
Sequence databases | \nCM000768 Genomic DNA Translation KXG22524.1 | \n
Last sequence update | \nNovember 2, 2016 | \n
Profile of SORBI_3009G229800 protein translated from
Energy sorghum is considered to be a promising biofuel feedstock to counteract the depleted fossil fuel reserves. To keep pace with fast progressing sorghum genomics, recent phenomics tools have been evolved that are more efficient than traditional laborious field-based manual phenotyping methods. This chapter describes the results of recent studies involving 24 selected biomass sorghums. The genotypes with low lignin, high cellulose, and hemicellulose components have been identified. Furthermore, with the help of translational analysis, an uncharacterized protein (Sobic.009G229800) is identified in tall sorghum genotypes. It regulates plant height by altering the length of internodes. Sorghum feedstock’s stem compositional analysis, genomics, phenomics, and proteomics are enabling technologies extensively used by sorghum researchers for selection of elite sorghum germplasm with biofuel potential.
\nSoil is an active, dynamic, and nonreplaceable reserve, and its situations impact its construction, environmental efficacy, and total stability [1, 2]. The charge of soil reposes on in portion on its ordinary structure and on the variations affected by human use and administration [3]. Soil, as the main interface with other environmental compartments, plays an important role in the fate of organic pollutants. During the treatment of crops, most of the quantities of pesticides applied reach the soil, either because pesticides are directly applied to it, or because the rain has washed the foliage of treated plants (crops and/or weeds). The ground therefore occupies a position central in regulating the fate of pesticides in the environment, and it will have a dual role of storage and purification [4].
Pollutants come into contact with soil primarily through deliberate application, dispersion, and atmospheric deposition. The soil therefore represents a storage reservoir for these substances. These compounds can also be lost from the soil or remain at high concentrations. Consequently, the fate and behavior of organic contaminants in soils have been the subject of intense research, with particular interest in the bioavailability of these contaminants [5]. The greatest difficulties in studying and estimating the retention and degradation of pollutants in soil are the diversity of chemical structures and reactivity of these compounds on the one hand and the high level of diversity of soils in terms of structure and composition, soil, and climatic conditions, especially soil temperature and humidity on the other [6]. Soil pollutants are very diverse, and they are also often harmful and toxic to all living forms and more specifically humans (Roger and Jacq, 2000). The occurrence of pollution most often results from industrial accidents, deposits, or the transport of dangerous materials [7]. Like pesticides, chlorinated solvents, nitrogen, and certain trace elements such as copper, mercury, or silver, pollutants can both be naturally present in the soil or be the result of human activities. This generalized use of PCP has led to the contamination of water and soil systems, with PCP currently considered to be a product of priority for decontamination studies [8]. These compounds are, in fact, the source of many concerns for companies operating in the wood preservation sector. Chlorine compounds are harmful, and they are found in the effluents of many industries, such as the chemical and petrochemical industries, those of resins and coking plants, pesticides, textiles, paper, and even in the pharmaceutical industry and many others [9]. This is why these chlorinated compounds appear as the most frequently encountered pollutants in various natural environments such as forests, rivers, marine waters, industrial discharges, urban effluents and even in the groundwater. The soil has a marked self-purification capacity. It is in fact capable of degrading the polluting compounds or immobilizing them inside it so that the volatilization and leaching processes are drastically reduced to the benefit, also, of the other environmental sectors. However, an excess of pollutant exceeded the soil storage capacity or a change in environmental conditions [10]. Soil, as the main interface with other environmental compartments, plays an important role in the fate of organic pollutants. Pollutants come into contact with soil primarily through deliberate application, dispersion, and atmospheric deposition. The soil therefore represents a storage reservoir for these substances. These compounds can also be lost from the soil or remain at high concentrations. Consequently, the fate and behavior of organic contaminants in soils have been the subject of intense research, with particular interest in the bioavailability of these contaminants [5]. The greatest difficulties in studying and estimating the retention and degradation of pollutants in soil are the diversity of chemical structures and reactivity of these compounds on the one hand and the high level of diversity of soils in terms of structure and composition, soil, and climatic conditions, especially soil temperature and humidity, on the other [6].
Vigorous soil is a necessity for a healthy existence. Vigor, value, and sustainability of soils are contingent on their physical, chemical, and biological variety. Hence, soil biodiversity that really tops midair biodiversity is vital for ecosystem permanence and service area. A detailed association occurs among soil biodiversity and agricultural soil organization [11]. Pesticides or biocides are chemicals, organic or inorganic, intended for the fight against undesirable organisms such as bacteria, fungi, insects, and weeds. The use of pesticides appears beneficial, or in the absence of treatments, the yields of agricultural production and quality (essentially the development of crops in the agricultural sector) or industrial (such as wood treatments and railways, textiles and food), would be reduced and/or weakened. Over 500 different pesticide formulations are authorized worldwide to control different types of pests in the agricultural sector [12]. Pesticides are classified into different categories according to their target, their mode of action, their time of action or their chemical nature, and recently, in response to pressure social stressing the danger of pesticides mainly for humans and the environment [12]. In this study, we will focus more specifically on the study of a pesticide very well used in the wood treatment industries, namely PCP. Soil pollution is often thought because of chemical contamination. The use of poor-quality water and application of excessive amounts of pesticides and fertilizers can result in soil contamination. To some degree, most of the soils are capable of adsorbing and detoxifying many pollutants to harmless levels through chemical and biochemical processes. Polluted water and soil pose a serious threat to plants, affecting the yield [13]. Furthermore, soil has the ability to adsorb pesticides in the humus and clay contents [14]. However, soil plays an important role in pesticide degradation [15].
The dispersion of pesticides in the various compartments of the ecosystem (air, soil, and water) is very rapid [4, 16]. When an organic compound is applied and penetrates into the soil, in substance, it may be subject to relocation or alteration of its chemical structure. These mechanisms can be on the one hand abiotic, of a physical nature (volatilization, adsorption by the soil, leaching, etc.) or of a chemical nature (hydrolysis, photodegradation, etc.) and on the other hand biotic when it occurs. Acts of absorption and metabolism by the various microorganisms living in the medium (Figure 1). All of these processes are strictly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil and pesticides as well as environmental factors [18].
Behavior of pesticide molecules in the natural environment [
In 1936, the American company Dow and Monsanto Chemical introduced PCP [19]. Due to its high availability and very favorable price, it has been increasingly used in different functions in several countries around the world. Its main use was accentuated in the wood industry as a preservative (80%). PCP (C6Cl5OH) is a highly substituted aromatic compound, prepared by reacting chlorine with phenol in the presence of a catalyst at high temperature and does not have isomers. It was last manufactured in Canada in 1983. Petroleum oils used as a carrier for PCP are generally sourced from Canadian sources. PCP is solid at room temperature. It is a stable organic compound, slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in organic solvents. Also, PCP a proven carcinogen, immunotoxic, produces an oxidative stress and metabolic disorders [20]. PCP is a highly recalcitrant compound with toxic and carcinogenic properties. PCP is a respiratory poison with both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects. The PCP molecule can be an endocrine disruptor and inflict high toxicity on all types of organisms [21].
Due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as the large number of known sites contaminated with PCP around the world, it has been placed on the Priority Pollutants Worldwide List. The products treated with PCP are mainly telephone and power line poles and railway ties. It has therefore become the preferred impregnation product for a wide variety of other special purpose products, such as guardrail posts, signposts, retaining walls [22]. It is also used as an antimicrobial agent in industrial cooling systems, in food packaging, as the main active ingredient in exterior stains and paints. It is found in dental care products [23], in antibacterial soaps, in dermatological medical products [24] and as agricultural biocides and fungicides. PCP is toxic to humans as well as to animals. PCP toxicity is due to the fact that it decouples oxidative phosphorylation making the cell membranes permeable to protons and thus dissipating the gradient transmembrane of H + ions and electric potential [25]. It is therefore responsible for alterations in the functionality of the membranes [26]. PCP can be absorbed by mammals through the skin from the ground; it is corrosive to the skin and can cause burns and blisters. In mammals, acute exposure can increase body temperature, causes breathing difficulties, increase blood pressure, causing hypoglycemia and cardiovascular stress [24]. Chronic exposures to PCP can have serious adverse health effects. PCP is a carcinogenic, teratogenic suspect and is highly embryotoxic in addition, potential chronic effects can include kidney, liver, lung and system damage central nervous [24].
Environmental pollution from PCP can occur due to release into the environment during the production, storage, transport or use as a preservative of the wood in place. Also, the production of its sodium salt and the secondary use as fungicide, bactericide, algaecide, herbicide, etc. can cause environmental pollution.
The PCP then enters the surface and deep waters of factories, wood treatment plants, and sites for the accumulation of hazardous waste or for spillage, disposal of hazardous waste and for its use as a pesticide. In soils, due to the stability of its structure and high degree of chlorination, PCP is persistent in the environment and is one of the most common soil contaminants. The dispersion of pesticides in the various compartments of the ecosystem (air, soil, water) is very rapid [16]. When an organic compound is applied and penetrates the soil, in substance, it may be subject to relocation or to a change in its chemical structure. These mechanisms can be on the one hand abiotic, physical in nature (volatilization, adsorption by soil, leaching, etc.) or chemical in nature (hydrolysis, photodegradation, etc.), and on the other hand biotic when it acts of absorption and metabolism by the various microorganisms living in the environment. All these processes are strictly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil and pesticides as well as environmental factors [18].
Microbial communities in soils are among the most diverse on Earth [27]. In doing so, soil microorganisms mainly perform several soil functions such as the nutrient cycle and the detoxification of terrestrial ecosystems [28]. By affecting this diversity, contamination of natural environments constitutes a significant risk that can reduce the ability of ecosystems to resist and recover from the various disturbances they must undergo. The diversity of natural ecosystems is therefore an asset to be preserved. Indeed, it has been shown that the most diverse ecosystems are the most resistant and resilient to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Since the start of the industrial era, the diversity of natural ecosystems has been in constant decline due to, among other things, contamination of soil, air, and waterways. In order to predict the effect of a substance on a biological community and thus control or limit its use, it is necessary to produce toxicological information on a wide range of organisms. Over 1.75 million different species have been listed for the eukaryotic domain alone [29]. The total number of eukaryotic species has been estimated by several authors and is generally between 5 and 10 million [30]. With regard to prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria), 10,000 species have been described, but this could constitute only around 0.1% of the total diversity of these two domains [31], for an approximate total of around 10 million. It is important to mention that the concept of species in biology and microbiology is different [32]. Each gram of soil can contain more than 1000 species of single-celled fungi [33] and 6000 species of bacteria [34]. This genetic (and therefore metabolic) diversity allows microbial communities to be involved in a multitude of processes that allow ecosystems to function well. Soil microorganisms are important contributors to the different biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soils [28]. It has been estimated that this community could withstand between 80 to 90% of the biochemical reactions occurring in the soil [35]. Communities of soil microorganisms, via their diverse metabolic capacities, also show a response to soil pollution and thus participate in the detoxification of natural environments [35].
The communities established in polluted soils are very different from those present in unpolluted soils, whether from the point of view of total abundance or specific diversity [36]. It follows from these disturbances of communities of microorganisms a modification of the enzymatic activities carried out by the microorganisms [37]. The specific diversity and the total abundance of microorganisms can be influenced by pollution. This reaction would depend both on the nature of the pollutants and their abundance [37].
In the environment, PCP is a topic to a diversity of biological and physicochemical procedures, counting biodegradation, photodegradation, evaporation, and sorption, and leaching [38]. These procedures happen in all kinds of natural ecosystems with variable efficacy and have a direct influence on the last rate of this chemical. The main way to eliminate PCP from the environment is through biodegradation by microorganisms [39]. Studies with experimental ecosystems have designated that ecological properties may occur at PCP levels as low as those causing chronic toxicity in sensitive species in single-species tests [40, 41]. The final rate that produced adverse effects in these studies was 15.8 μg/L-1, which caused a reduction in numbers of individuals and species in a marine benthic community [42]. The diversity and activity of microorganisms in the soil effect the working of ecosystems and thus plant development and health, including the quality and quantity of the crop yield [43]. However, the variety and movement of microbes are actually prone to various stresses counting chemical pollution [44]. The attendance of soil bacteria can improve the extent of pesticide degradation [15] as well as degradation of other organic pollutants [45].
In the soil, pesticides are affected by diverse physical, chemical, and biological procedures, which will condition their degradation, their transmission to other compartments of the environment (water, plant, and atmosphere) and thus their potential influence on exposed living beings [4]. The behavior of pesticides will be more particularly controlled by the phenomena of retention on soil constituents (organic matter, clays) and degradation [46].
The remediation of a PCP contaminated site can take place through abiotic processes such as volatilization, photodecomposition, and immobilization in the soil. There biotic degradation can occur through absorption by plants or animals and through microbial degradation. Three processes are responsible for PCP biodegradation: hydroxylation, oxygenation and dechlorination. The most common formulation for PCP is that of sodium salt which, being not volatile, causes that the contribution of volatilization to the entire abiotic degradation is normally negligible [24]. The biological degradation of pollutants in the soil, or biodegradation, is carried out by living organisms and / or by the associated enzyme kit. During the biodegradation process one or more organisms metabolize the contaminant in an inorganic compound (such as CO2, H2O, NH3), the autotrophs derive the necessary resources for their growth and development [47]. This catabolic activity of which microorganisms are capable, and which allows them to degrade the contaminants present in the soil, is fundamental for the fertility and health of soils. Several researchers have developed methods to treat and degrade PCP, among these techniques the use of Fenton reagent [48], photocatalytic degradation using TiO2 [49], the combination of the two methods, namely the Fenton reaction and photocatalytic degradation [50], the ultrasonic method recommended by Francony and Pétrier [51] and also by ozonation. Another method, using the purifying capacities naturally present in certain organisms, is bioremediation. In this case, it is the microorganisms present in contaminated environments that are used to degrade the pollutants (Figure 2). Bacteria play an important part in this natural decontamination, due to their ability to evolve very quickly in the presence of selection pressure. Indeed, thanks to point mutations, endogenous rearrangements and horizontal transfers, they can adapt to the presence of pollutants by developing the enzymes making it possible to degrade and/or use this pollutant for their survival and their development. Thus, sometime after the appearance of xenobiotic molecules having no equivalent in nature, we can witness the appearance of new metabolic pathways allowing the degradation of this compound [52]. Thus, microorganisms can adapt to resistance to a broad spectrum of diverse pollutants [21]. They therefore constitute an interesting path in the development of natural techniques for removing pollutants.
PCP interactions in environment.
Bioremediation can be carried out in different forms: natural attenuation, biostimulation and bioaugmentation. Natural attenuation is a process that uses the capacities of microorganisms present in polluted ecosystems or soils. Even if this decontamination technique does not theoretically require human intervention, it is nevertheless necessary to eliminate or neutralize the source of pollution and to constantly monitor the site until the end of treatment [53].
This type of bioremediation is very inexpensive, since it does not require a lot of resources, but it does require long periods of treatment. Biostimulation is the stimulation of the native microflora by adding nutritive molecules, specific or not, to promote bio-pollution (ex-situ or in-situ). Bioaugmentation consists of the addition or inoculation of specific bacterial cultures to stimulate the biodegradation used in bioreactors and ex situ systems.
Numerous works have monitored PCP removal by bacteria and fungi and the usage of plants for its biological elimination [54, 55, 56, 57]. Organic objects such as wood chips, sawdust, straw of wheat have been revealed to motivate microorganisms in the removal of PCP in soil [58, 59].
For the bacterium
It must also take into reason that soil is a specific active micro-habitat, everywhere organic and inorganic constituents, microbes, enzymes, nutrients, and environmental influences collaborate with each other and alteration with period and place. Evidently, these communications can control spatial variety of soil bacterial communities and enzyme activities and affect their appearance and association levels, in turn depending on diverse soil properties [66]. Consequently, difficulties in the approximation of the total bacteriological community and its dynamic portion, characterized by enzyme actions, can raise level if progressive methods have been utilized in their control. Many studies recommended that soil enzyme activities as appropriate and reliable indicators of soil quality by Gianfreda and Bollag [67] and Drijber et al. [68]. The study of Siczek et al. [40, 41] improved that the soil biological parameters can increase the activities of the enzymes involved in the N and P cycle (protease and acid phosphomonoesterase) and total activity (dehydrogenase). Some biological analysis confirmed that the addition of PCP had a significant impact on the metabolic potential of soil bacteria. Several studies have described changes in the enzymatic activities of soil contaminated with PCP [69]. PCP degradation is a process that can be completed through three ways: oxygenolysis, hydroxylation, or reductive dehalogenation [70] (Figure 3). Since, soil microorganisms can produce various extracellular compounds like oxidoreductases, such as peroxidases, laccases, and tyrosinases. The laccase is known as the benzene-oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.0.3.2. has been subjected to intensive research in the last decades. This enzyme oxidizes a great variety of aromatic compounds with a concomitant reduction of oxygen to water [71, 72]. Thus, this kind of enzyme is involved in the oxidative coupling processes of chlorophenols [73]. The residual products of enzymatic reactions, laccase, and peroxidase are usually less toxic than the parent components according to Gianfreda and Bollag [74]. PCP removal from soil can occur either by abiotic [58] or enzymatic oxidative processes [75]. According to Liang et al. [76], the incorporation of some organic compounds to soil allowed effectively stimulation of the dehydrogenase activity since the added organic material may contain some intra- and extracellular enzymes allowing stimulation of the microbial activity in the soil. Also, bioaugmentation is known as a bioremediation choice allowed by increasing the natural in-situ microbial population in the polluted environment [77].
PCP degradation ways.
PCP also troubled the activities of intracellular enzymes, which are measured to be an indicator of the active microbial biomass, since they are active within the living cells of microorganisms [40]. Zhang et al. [78] originate that phenol contaminants (including PCP) significantly reduced dehydrogenase, respiration, and urease activity in comparison with soil, which had not been contaminated. As dehydrogenase contributes to the biological oxidation of soil organic matter by hydrogen relocation from the organic substrate to inorganic acceptors, the lower activity of this enzyme could designate an inferior rate of decomposition of soil organic matter after PCP treatment. A similar conclusion may be drawn from a respiration analysis; this activity was also reduced by PCP [40, 41].
On the other hand, PCP increased the amount of phosphorus transformation, as showed by an acid phosphomonoesterase analysis showing an important coefficient correlation (r = 0.850) with PCP. Wang et al. [79] showed the opposite effect of PCP on acid phosphomonoesterase was create in our study (it increases activity), which could be the result of different soil properties and different experimental conditions.
In a micro-environment study, the destructive effect of PCP on manganese peroxidase activity was controlled during the first 14 days, though, after that period the movement augmented [58]. Additionally, laccase movement decrease to PCP. A laboratory research presented that the influence of PCP on enzymes was reliant on its rate [80]. A study by Urrutia et al. [57] achieved with rhizotrons showed that here was no impact of growing PCP rate in soil from 50 to 250 mg kg − 1 on the microbial biomass in the ryegrass rhizosphere. However, PCP negatively affected soil activity through reducing the dehydrogenase as well as β-glucosidase activities as the PCP rate augmented. A considerable rate of literature has been published in relation to the influence of organic contaminants including PCP on soil enzyme and microorganism activity [41, 81]. However, some studies mainly concerned laboratory experiments, proved that PCP significantly reduced dehydrogenase, respiration, protease, urease, and β-glucosidase activity. This shows that PCP was a substantial factor in decreasing microbe activity in soils [80].
PCP absorbs to organic matter causing removal of PCP from water into sediment depending on the chemical structure and environmental conditions[82, 83]. Bio-elimination of chemicals arises through the actions of logically arising microorganisms and biomass population. Soil influences, such as moisture content, pH, and temperature, also show a significant character. The removal is improved in the soil pH range of 5.5–8.0, with an optimal value of about 7 [84], and tends to rise with temperature [85]. The result of soil moisture satisfied on the biodegradation of pesticides, though, is not completely assumed. It is acknowledged that the accessibility of soil moisture is obligatory for improved biomass movement. The amount of pesticide removal under saturated soil situations is also acknowledged to be very slow [86]. With upper soil moisture content and soil temperature in the summer months, the pesticide may destroy quickly, thus dropping the hazard of water pollution. It can, though, be renowned that the moisture content in the soil profile is not preserved at the similar level during sub-irrigation; it is close to saturation near the water table and reductions with distance overhead the water table. Yet, when the soils had a low level of organic matter (>10%) will be take a great affinity for organic pollutants due to the presence of humic acid, fulvic acid, and reactive clay such as Al and Fe hydroxide groups [58]. In the literatures, there are plenty of studies indicated that denitrification can be disturbed by several environmental pollutants, such as heavy metal and synthetic organic compounds [87]. For example, the Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been observed to inhibit the denitrifying reductase, which further led to more nitrate accumulation. Zheng et al. [88] found that, it is essential to explore the effect of PCP on the metabolism and function of denitrifying bacteria. The contact of PCP to P.
This may indicate that less nitrogen was available for the plants, and that the plants contaminated with PCP may suffer from nitrogen deficiency, which confirmed our analysis of plant N content. It is worth noting that relatively speaking the most harmful effect of PCP was noted for enzymes related to the nitrogen cycle, e.g. protease and urease [57]. In satisfactory situations of development e.g. pH, temperature and moisture and adequate supply of nutrients like vitamins, magnesium, manganese, copper, sulfur, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, microbes can biodegrade/biotransform the complex hazardous organic chemicals into simpler and harmful ones. After the usage of “super bug” in elimination of oil spills, there has been numerous efficacious stories of microbial method in clean-up of polluted lands and soils [90]. The Microbiological Resource Centers (MIRCENS) at Cairo, Egypt is examining the use of microbes in degrading persistent pesticides pollutants (UNEP Reports, 1996–2006).
Soils are open, porous, multi-compound of biogeochemical systems containing solids, liquids, and gases [91]. At the same time, they are a preferred sink for dangerous pollutants like hydrophobic organic compounds and multiple other compounds that are increasingly finding their place in the environment [92, 93]. The main difficulties encountered in biological treatment methods are the lack of knowledge concerning the bacterial population degrading PCP under unfavorable environmental conditions [94, 95]. Biodegradation is a biological degradation carried out by living beings (bacteria, fungi, plants, etc.). It is due to the abundance and variety of organisms in the environment considered [96]. For example, the attack of a chemical molecule by microorganisms often results in its mineralization and the production of low molecular weight metabolites (Table 1). Two types of biodegradation are most often cited and distinguished:
Bacterial strains | Degraded chlorophenols | References |
---|---|---|
PCP | [97] | |
PCP | [98] | |
PCP | [99] | |
PCP | [100] | |
PCP | [101] | |
PCP | [102] | |
PCP | [103] | |
PCP | [104] | |
PCP | Nohynek et al., 1995; Ederer et al., 1997; [103] | |
PCP | [105] | |
PCP | [106] | |
PCP | [102, 62, 107] | |
Strain KC-3 | PCP | [108] |
PCP | [109, 60] | |
PCP | Gonzalez and Hu, 1991 | |
PCP | [110, 111] | |
PCP | [112] | |
PCP | [108] | |
PCP and CP | [113] |
Examples of some bacterial strains competent to degrade PCP.
Bacteria can feed on all kinds of compounds. These are what we call electron donors. In addition, they can breathe with different compounds. These are the electron acceptors. In the case of stimulated biodegradation, the electron donor or electron acceptor is contamination. In this context, several researchers have focused their attention on studying microbial biodegradation which has been reported as a main mechanism of the dissipation of pesticides in the soil environment ([114]; Pieuchot al., 1996). As an electron acceptor or as an electron donor, the degradation of these molecules is an integral part of metabolism and directly serves the production of energy for microorganisms. The substance appears to be metabolized by the body. A compound is said to be biodegradable if it is completely transformed by living organisms into CO2, H2O, and cellular biomass. Mineralization corresponds to the bioconversion of organic matter into mineral products (CO2, CH4, H2O, NH3, HCI, etc.). It is the reverse biological process of the synthesis of organic matter (mainly photosynthesis and methanogenesis). Some molecules are resistant to any degradation action over very long periods. The stability of these molecules is linked to their chemical structure, their concentration, and the characteristics of the surrounding environment. Generally, the more a molecule is substituted, the more it is resistant to biodegradation. The position of the substituents also plays a role [64]. Replacing carbon with other atoms such as O, N, S, such as multiple branching on the same carbon atom, changes the resistance to biotransformation of organic products. The presence of the substrate in too high concentration may result in the inhibition or inactivation of one or more enzymes involved in microbial metabolism. Many species of soil bacteria have been isolated from samples of soil contaminated with PCP (Table 1).
Whereas microbial remediation (bioremediation) is a fixed technology for the removal of organic soil contaminants, the use of microorganisms to transform organic contaminants similar PCP is still being explored. Bioremediation of soils includes numerous technologies, counting bioaugmentation and also biostimulation, to augment the elimination of PAHs. Bio-augmentation, it is the addition of microorganisms that biodegrade (toxic organic compounds) a specific contaminant. Microbial remediation depends upon the appearance of suitable microorganisms in the correct amounts and in mixtures and in appropriate environmental conditions. Biostimulation and bio-augmentation are two indispensable factors inducing bioremediation by microbes. In the bio-Stimulation procedure, the adding of the amendments serves to rise the number or activity or both, of naturally happening micro-organisms available for bioremediation. The in-situ bacteriological remediation approaches might necessity to combination with phytoremediation process with suitable hyper-fixator plants that can successfully acceptance the pollutant (made bioavailable by the microorganisms) from soil and bioaccumulate them in their roots and shoots, thus stopping their reprocessing in soil. Bioremediation is the procedure by which active organisms destroy or transform hazardous organic contaminants to inorganic components, such as CO2, H2O, and NO3− [115], which are also formed during the elimination of organic matter in soil. A numeral of procedures upstream of the biocatalysis, e.g., dispersal in solid matrixes, bioavailability, weathering, and abiotic catalysis of pollutants, and downstream, stress, predation, and competition, are acknowledged to oblige the procedure [116]. PCP degraders are ubiquitous at contaminated sites with widespread PCP contamination, but their degradation amounts are relatively low in soil due to low solubility/bioavailability of PCP, poor nutrient level and inappropriate soil redox conditions [69]. The variation of some enzymatic activities and mainly of those partially involved in the contaminant transformation will occur. On the other side, many studies have shown that the addition of supplemental nutrients known as biostimulation procedures, like carbon, nitrogen (C:N) [117]; phosphorous (as phosphates) should mainly increase the rate of xenobiotic compounds degradation such PCP [118]. However, the relationship between nutrient supplementation and microbial degradation of organic contaminants does not appear to be completely straight forward [117].
Researches on microbial elimination of pesticide residues created in 1940s, and as people reimbursement more consideration to the environment, the research on the elimination procedure and degradation mechanism of organic contaminants has been intensely considered [119]. Bacteria in normal conditions could destroy the pesticide residues, with little cost and environmentally friendly and it would not cause secondary pollution [120]. But the efficacy was moderately slow, and the natural environment was complex and variable, which may disturb the viability and productivity of microbial degradation of pesticides. Consequently, researchers have showed fine studies of bacteria and had a clear considerate of the degradation mechanism of organic pesticides. Numerous microorganisms have been known in nature, which can disturbance depressed the dangerous organic substances in the environment (soil and water) comprising the xenobiotic composites such as pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the chlorinated substances approaching polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in due course of time. General of the organochlorines looks to be bio-change, create conjugates with the soil humic matter. Bacterial mineralization of toxic organics logically happening aerobic bacteria decompose both natural and the synthetic hazardous organic materials to harmless CO2 and water (Figure 4). However, mechanism of microbial act in removal of toxic composites is attained by biodegradation and biotransformation of compound toxic chemicals into inoffensive simpler biochemical produces [121].
Biological aspects involved in the degradation of organic pollutants [
Microorganisms acclimatize to eliminate “novel artificial compounds” either by using catabolic enzymes they previously possess or by obtaining novel metabolic pathways. Microorganisms break down the complex hydrocarbons in the dangerous waste by via the three general mechanisms-aerobic and anaerobic respiration and fermentation. Aerobic procedure needs satisfactory supply of oxygen, the biodegradation procedure is fast and more complete, and there are no problematic products similar methane and hydrogen sulfide. In anaerobic degradation, for example, there is a sequential, biologically destructive process in which the complex “hydrocarbons” of hazardous wastes are converted into simpler molecules of “carbon dioxide” and “methane.” PCP readily degrades in the environment by chemical, microbiological and photochemical procedures. Degradation in soil is affected by numerous chemical, physical, and biological factors. PCP degrades more quickly in flooded or anaerobic soil than in aerobic moist soil. Numerous pathways of degradation have been studied.
This chapter investigated the effects of PCP soil contamination on microbial diversity, enzymatic activities, microbial biomass, and physicochemical soil characters. In general, the results verified the damaging consequence of PCP on soil activity and variations in soil microbe and genetic variety. PCP negatively affected the intracellular actions of soil microbes and the amount of nitrogen alteration. This may result in the deterioration of soil role and procedures connected to nutrient availability to plants and soil organic matter decomposition and, so, unfavorably affect plant development and health. Moreover, the results presented that the soil fungal community is more sensitive to PCP pollution than the bacterial community. However, enzyme activity can be inhibited at PCP contaminated soil. The denitrification process was significantly reduced by the PCP at a higher rate of PCP, which would further interrupt the nitrogen cycle in soil. Finally, it is necessary to study more details about the effect of PCP accumulation in long-term in soil.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
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\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
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\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. 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Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]},{id:"52565",doi:"10.5772/65511",title:"Earthquake Prediction",slug:"earthquake-prediction",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Among the countless natural disasters, earthquakes are capable to inflict vast devastation to a large number of buildings and constructions at the blink of an eye. Lack of knowledge and awareness on earthquake as well as its comeback is conspicuous and results in disaster; leading to bitter memories. Therefore, earthquake forecast has been a polemical study theme that has defied even the most intelligent of minds. In this chapter, an attempt was made to do an extensive overview in the area of the earthquake prediction as well as classifying them into the main strategies comprising short‐, immediate‐, and long‐term prediction. An example of each strategy was carried out by mentioning their corresponding approaches/algorithms, such as ΔCFS, CN, MSc, M8, ANN, FFBPANN, KNN, GRNN, RBF, and LMBP; depending on the importance of each strategy. Based on these, it was concluded that, after the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake with M9.0, the current orientation of the Headquarters for earthquake Research Promotion of MEXT in Japan declare that, their mission would be long‐term statistical forecast of seismicity. Even, it is claimed that they do not emphasize on short‐term forecasting. Besides, intermediate‐term estimations are not capable to be used for prevention of all damages and protect all human life, but they may be utilized to undertake certain affordable activities to decrease damage, losses, and modify postdisaster relief. And, despite the long‐term prediction is more concerned by researchers, there is no certain satisfactory level to content them. De facto, the made covenant of 1970 that investigators will be capable to forecast/predict ground excitations within a decade, still remains unmet.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Khaled Ghaedi and Zainah Ibrahim",authors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi"},{id:"196228",title:"Prof.",name:"Zainah",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"zainah-ibrahim",fullName:"Zainah Ibrahim"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41664",title:"Volcanic Natural Resources and Volcanic Landscape Protection: An Overview",slug:"volcanic-natural-resources-and-volcanic-landscape-protection-an-overview",totalDownloads:3782,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Jiaqi Liu, Jiali Liu, Xiaoyu Chen and Wenfeng Guo",authors:[{id:"60000",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiaqi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jiaqi-liu",fullName:"Jiaqi Liu"}]},{id:"31815",title:"Disaster Management Based on Business Process Model Through the Plant Lifecycle",slug:"disaster-management-based-on-business-process-model-through-the-plant-lifecycle",totalDownloads:2727,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"600",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",fullTitle:"Approaches to Managing Disaster - Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts"},signatures:"Yukiyasu Shimada, Teiji Kitajima, Tetsuo Fuchino and Kazuhiro Takeda",authors:[{id:"70197",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Shimada",slug:"yukiyasu-shimada",fullName:"Yukiyasu Shimada"},{id:"82055",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchino",slug:"tetsuo-fuchino",fullName:"Tetsuo Fuchino"},{id:"82056",title:"Prof.",name:"Teiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kitajima",slug:"teiji-kitajima",fullName:"Teiji Kitajima"},{id:"121284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",slug:"kazuhiro-takeda",fullName:"Kazuhiro Takeda"}]},{id:"52524",title:"Earthquakes and Structural Damages",slug:"earthquakes-and-structural-damages",totalDownloads:3388,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]},{id:"41478",title:"Monogenetic Basaltic Volcanoes: Genetic Classification, Growth, Geomorphology and Degradation",slug:"monogenetic-basaltic-volcanoes-genetic-classification-growth-geomorphology-and-degradation",totalDownloads:6195,totalCrossrefCites:71,totalDimensionsCites:142,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Gábor Kereszturi and Károly Németh",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"}]},{id:"62769",title:"Disaster Mitigation Model of Eruption Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia",slug:"disaster-mitigation-model-of-eruption-based-on-local-wisdom-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1462,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Kelud is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia and suffered a major eruption in 2014. Although they are not part of the super volcano, the impact of the eruption is extraordinary. However, the eruption is not too worrying for the surrounding community. The lack of disaster victims caused by the eruption in 2014 became a successful representation of disaster mitigation models owned by local communities in answering the eruption problem. The easy evacuation process and quickly post-eruption rehabilitation illustrate a pattern of environmental adaptation around the volcano. This discussion focuses on how the people behavior around the volcano in responding to the challenge of eruption? How the role of local government in preparing the community in the face of an eruption, and what actions are done so that the rehabilitation process can take place quickly? To answer all these questions, the researchers collected relevant data through observation, documentation, and interviews with the local communities and local government representatives directly involved in disaster mitigation measures. In addition, the researchers also revealed local traditions that are considered capable of supporting the process of preparing the community in answering the eruption challenges and becoming part of disaster mitigation in the volcanic region.",book:{id:"6821",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-assessment-and-vulnerability-reduction",title:"Natural Hazards",fullTitle:"Natural Hazards - Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction"},signatures:"Eko Hariyono and Solaiman Liliasari",authors:[{id:"214360",title:"Dr.",name:"Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Hariyono",slug:"eko-hariyono",fullName:"Eko Hariyono"},{id:"219699",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliasari",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"liliasari-s",fullName:"Liliasari S"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"106",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81241",title:"Physiological and Molecular Adaptation of Sugarcane under Drought vis-a-vis Root System Traits",slug:"physiological-and-molecular-adaptation-of-sugarcane-under-drought-vis-a-vis-root-system-traits",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103795",abstract:"Among various abiotic stresses, water is reported as a rare entity in many parts of the world. Decreased frequency of precipitation and global temperature rise will further aggravate the situation in future. Being C4 plant, sugarcane requires generous water for the proper growth. Plant root system primarily supports above-ground growth by anchoring in the soil and facilitates water and nutrients uptake from the soil. The plasticity and dynamic nature of roots endow plants for the uptake of vital nutrients from the soil even under soil moisture conditions. In sugarcane, the major part of root system are generally observed in the upper soil layers, while limited water availability shifts the root growth towards the lower soil layer to sustained water uptake. In addition, root traits are directly related to physiological traits of the shoot to cope up with water limited situations via reduction in stomatal conductance and an upsurge in density and deep root traits, adaptations at biochemical and molecular level which includes osmotic adjustment and ROS detoxification. Under stressed conditions, these complex interactive systems adjust homeo-statically to minimize the adverse impacts of stress and sustain balanced metabolism. Therefore, the present chapter deals with physiological and biochemical traits along with root traits that helps for better productivity of sugarcane under water-limited conditions.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Pooja Dhansu, Arun Kumar Raja, Krishnapriya Vengavasi, Ravinder Kumar, Adhini S. Pazhany, Ashwani Kumar, Naresh Kumar, Anita Mann and Shashi Kant Pandey"},{id:"79973",title:"Impacts of Drought on Homestead Plant Diversity in Barind Tract of Bangladesh",slug:"impacts-of-drought-on-homestead-plant-diversity-in-barind-tract-of-bangladesh",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101885",abstract:"Homestead is a great place for household food access, diet, and nutrition. Drought affects homestead plant diversity and reduces production, availability, and diversity that lead toward less supply and consumption. Drought detains moisture and degrades the soil that supports plant growth. Homestead provides regular bread and income in the rural areas with an effective means for both economic and environmental well-being. People are getting a good amount of subsidiary income without any extra care and effort. In managing homestead land and drought, the household needs necessary technical and managerial training. In reducing drought effects to the homestead, action research needs to be carried out on available knowledge, effective practices, water management, and the adoption of local varieties and knowledge to develop effective homestead integration. Government initiatives, community engagement and not harming the environment, and efficient uses of water could be great solutions for the adverse effects of drought on the homestead plant diversity.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Md. Shafiqul Islam and Md. Nazrul Islam Mukul"},{id:"82110",title:"Hydrological Drought Index Based on Discharge",slug:"hydrological-drought-index-based-on-discharge",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104625",abstract:"Drought is a natural phenomenon causing disasters and its period of occurrence can be predicted in recent times based on several methods using the same or different variables. The prediction is usually associated with the climate interactions in the form of rainfall or discharge patterns which can be analyzed using the return period. Therefore, this research was conducted in four different stages of data acquisition and validation, drought analysis method based on the data, drought prediction method based on hydrology, and sample applications to determine the debit availability in other watersheds. Historical rainfall data converted to dependable rainfall at 80% probability were used as input for the rainfall-discharge analysis while the hydrological drought analysis was conducted using the drought threshold value. Moreover, the drought was predicted using an artificial neural network model while historical data were used to verify the hydrological character of the prediction model. The results of the analysis conducted were further used to predict the water balance in different river areas due to the fact that each area has a different hydrological character. Meanwhile, the watersheds used as case research showed that the model has reliability of up to 80%.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"R. Rintis Hadiani, Bambang Suharto, Agus Suharyanto and Suhardjono"},{id:"81203",title:"Climate Change: A Real Danger to Human and Animal Survival",slug:"climate-change-a-real-danger-to-human-and-animal-survival",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103022",abstract:"Some countries in Southern Africa where hit by either a storm or cyclone or both in 2019 alone manifesting a changing climate. Infrastructure and cropping land was destroyed, both animal and human lives were lost due to the flooding events. Drought is a common phenomenon in this region, often occurring once in three years. This has affected food, feed and nutritional security of both humans and livestock. Saline soils unsuitable for agriculture, other animal and plant life are expanding fast due to insufficient precipitation. Soil degradation is on the rise, leaving soils with poor water holding capacity to support sustainable agriculture. Climate change is changing the environment and new pests and diseases for both crops and livestock are emerging. World governments, industries and general populace should find better ways of reducing air pollution by greenhouse gases which have a net effect of damaging the ozone layer and increasing atmospheric temperatures. At the same time, plant and animal breeding should aim at improving crop cultivars and animal breeds that resist to the constraints such as drought and heat stress brought by climate change. The human population is increasing at an alarming rate and need both food and nutritional security.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Godwill Makunde, Nation Chikumba, Walter Svinurai and Xavier Mhike"},{id:"81810",title:"Water Shortages: Cause of Water Safety in Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"water-shortages-cause-of-water-safety-in-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:27,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103927",abstract:"This chapter highlights a high rate of water crisis across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite its huge hydro-potential. Factors contributing to water stress include rainfall deficit and drought, increased water requirements, population growth, urbanization, and poverty. Coupled with the uneven distribution of water resources and mismanagement of water facilities, the gap between the demand for water and available supply has deepened. This has led almost half of the SSA population to drink water from unprotected sources. Moreover, many millions travel far distances and spend several hours daily to collect water. Children and women are mainly involved in water collection. The growing scarcity of water in Africa has a negative impact on economic growth. Besides, water shortages are at the heart of many social crises in SSA and have become directly or indirectly the first cause of death in Africa linked to waterborne diseases. The prevailing water-related diseases include malaria, typhoid fever, cholera, poliomyelitis, etc. To attain the African agenda 2063, national governments in SSA need a multidisciplinary approach integrating, supervising informal settlements of the population in urban and peri-urban areas; improving water storage capacity; increasing irrigation potential for agriculture; and having a good understanding of the epidemiology of waterborne diseases.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Chelea Matchawe, Patrice Bonny, Germaine Yandang, Huguette Cecile Yangoua Mafo and Bonglaisin J. Nsawir"},{id:"81584",title:"Reducing the Effects of Drought and Degradation of Agricultural Soils, in the Context of Climate Change, through the Application of Regenerative Ecological Technologies",slug:"reducing-the-effects-of-drought-and-degradation-of-agricultural-soils-in-the-context-of-climate-chan",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104446",abstract:"The agricultural sector has a limited capacity for expansion, consequently, deficient technologies based on the widespread use of synthetic chemicals have been implemented in the last decades, having a major negative impact on natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and environmental services. Desertification, land degradation, and drought, combined with human activity and environmental changes, cause important soil losses and a reduction in natural defenses against droughts and floods. The combined impact of climate change, land mismanagement and unsustainable freshwater use has long been affecting agricultural productivity, the most common cause being unsustainable land management practices. This chapter aims to briefly assess the most effective strategies for reducing the impact of climate change on agricultural crops, as well as to prevent or reverse the process of desertification and systematic loss in food quality and quantity. 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That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. 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In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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