Chemical composition of A356 alloy
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6865",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Becoming Human with Humanoid - From Physical Interaction to Social Intelligence",title:"Becoming Human with Humanoid",subtitle:"From Physical Interaction to Social Intelligence",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays, our expectations of robots have been significantly increases. The robot, which was initially only doing simple jobs, is now expected to be smarter and more dynamic. People want a robot that resembles a human (humanoid) has and has emotional intelligence that can perform action-reaction interactions. This book consists of two sections. The first section focuses on emotional intelligence, while the second section discusses the control of robotics. The contents of the book reveal the outcomes of research conducted by scholars in robotics fields to accommodate needs of society and industry.",isbn:"978-1-78985-484-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-483-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-726-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73377",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"becoming-human-with-humanoid-from-physical-interaction-to-social-intelligence",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e208316a62e4ab5b042486aea682ee18",bookSignature:"Ahmad Hoirul Basori, Ali Leylavi Shoushtari and Andon Venelinov Topalov",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6865.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6818,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 25th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 24th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 12th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 11th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"13394",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmad Hoirul",middleName:null,surname:"Basori",slug:"ahmad-hoirul-basori",fullName:"Ahmad Hoirul Basori",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13394/images/system/13394.jpg",biography:"Ahmad Hoirul Basori, received B.Sc (Software Engineering) degree from Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya in 2004 and the Ph.D (Computer Graphics) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, in 2011. In the same year, he has been appointed as Assistant Professor with the Department of Computer Graphics and Multimedia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. From 2013-2016, he has worked as an Assistant Professor in Faculty of Computing and Information Technology Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University. In 2016, he was promoted to Associate Professor rank in Faculty of Computing and Information Technology Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University. He is the member of Editorial boards of several international journals, and he has published more than 100 articles. He is also a member of professional membership IEEE, ACM SIGGRAPH, IAENG and Senior Member of IACSIT. His research interests include Computer Graphics, Facial Animation, Cloth Simulation, Medical Visualization, Haptic Interaction, Man Machine Interaction and Robotics.",institutionString:"King Abdulaziz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"266351",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Leylavi Shoushtari",slug:"ali-leylavi-shoushtari",fullName:"Ali Leylavi Shoushtari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/266351/images/system/266351.png",biography:"He received his PhD in Biorobotics from Scuola Superiore Sant\\'Anna, Pisa and MSc in Mechatronics from South Tehran Branch, Azad University. During his PhD he designed and developed Bio-inspired inverse kinematic algorithm for anthropomorphic robotic manipulators, and designed and developed a unified motion planning and compliance control framework for upper-arm Neuro-rehabilitation robotic task. Persued research on design, fabrication and modeling or soft origami actuators in Center for Micro-BioRobotics (CMBR), IIT as a postdoctoral researcher. In 2019, the Farm Tech Group joined Wageningen University & Research and is currently working on soft adhesive grippers for delicate crop handling. The project is in collaboration with the Department of Experimental Zoology, WUR to take inspiration from adhesive properties of tree frog fingertip and Department of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter in order to develop fabrication methods for soft actuators and sensor.",institutionString:"Wageningen University & Research",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"147800",title:"Prof.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/147800/images/system/147800.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. He has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:"Technical University of Sofia, branch in Plovdiv",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1252",title:"Humanoid Robot",slug:"humanoid-robot"}],chapters:[{id:"68533",title:"Motion Generation during Vocalized Emotional Expressions and Evaluation in Android Robots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88457",slug:"motion-generation-during-vocalized-emotional-expressions-and-evaluation-in-android-robots",totalDownloads:713,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vocalized emotional expressions such as laughter and surprise often occur in natural dialogue interactions and are important factors to be considered in order to achieve smooth robot-mediated communication. Miscommunication may be caused if there is a mismatch between audio and visual modalities, especially in android robots, which have a highly humanlike appearance. In this chapter, motion generation methods are introduced for laughter and vocalized surprise events, based on analysis results of human behaviors during dialogue interactions. The effectiveness of controlling different modalities of the face, head, and upper body (eyebrow raising, eyelid widening/narrowing, lip corner/cheek raising, eye blinking, head motion, and torso motion control) and different motion control levels are evaluated using an android robot. Subjective experiments indicate the importance of each modality in the perception of motion naturalness (humanlikeness) and the degree of emotional expression.",signatures:"Carlos T. Ishi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68533",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68533",authors:[{id:"130410",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Ishi",slug:"carlos-ishi",fullName:"Carlos Ishi"}],corrections:null},{id:"68393",title:"Computer Simulation of Human-Robot Collaboration in the Context of Industry Revolution 4.0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88335",slug:"computer-simulation-of-human-robot-collaboration-in-the-context-of-industry-revolution-4-0",totalDownloads:1076,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The essential role of robot simulation for industrial robots, in particular the collaborative robots is presented in this chapter. We begin by discussing the robot utilization in the industry which includes mobile robots, arm robots, and humanoid robots. The author emphasizes the application of collaborative robots in regard to industry revolution 4.0. Then, we present how the collaborative robot utilization in the industry can be achieved through computer simulation by means of virtual robots in simulated environments. The robot simulation presented here is based on open dynamic engine (ODE) using anyKode Marilou. The author surveys on the use of dynamic simulations in application of collaborative robots toward industry 4.0. Due to the challenging problems which related to humanoid robots for collaborative robots and behavior in human-robot collaboration, the use of robot simulation may open the opportunities in collaborative robotic research in the context of industry 4.0. As developing a real collaborative robot is still expensive and time-consuming, while accessing commercial collaborative robots is relatively limited; thus, the development of robot simulation can be an option for collaborative robotic research and education purposes.",signatures:"Yusie Rizal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68393",authors:[{id:"299222",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yusie",surname:"Rizal",slug:"yusie-rizal",fullName:"Yusie Rizal"}],corrections:null},{id:"69271",title:"Emoji as a Proxy of Emotional Communication",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88636",slug:"emoji-as-a-proxy-of-emotional-communication",totalDownloads:1189,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nowadays, emoji plays a fundamental role in human computer-mediated communications, allowing the latter to convey body language, objects, symbols, or ideas in text messages using Unicode standardized pictographs and logographs. Emoji allows people expressing more “authentically” emotions and their personalities, by increasing the semantic content of visual messages. The relationship between language, emoji, and emotions is now being studied by several disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, natural language processing (NLP), and machine learning (ML). Particularly, the last two are employed for the automatic detection of emotions and personality traits, building emoji sentiment lexicons, as well as for conveying artificial agents with the ability of expressing emotions through emoji. In this chapter, we introduce the concept of emoji and review the main challenges in using these as a proxy of language and emotions, the ML, and NLP techniques used for classification and detection of emotions using emoji, and presenting new trends for the exploitation of discovered emotional patterns for robotic emotional communication.",signatures:"Guillermo Santamaría-Bonfil and Orlando Grabiel Toledano López",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69271",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69271",authors:[{id:"297921",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Santamaria-Bonfil",slug:"guillermo-santamaria-bonfil",fullName:"Guillermo Santamaria-Bonfil"},{id:"307337",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Orlando Grabiel",surname:"Toledano López",slug:"orlando-grabiel-toledano-lopez",fullName:"Orlando Grabiel Toledano López"}],corrections:null},{id:"70653",title:"Living and Interacting with Robots: Engaging Users in the Development of a Mobile Robot",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90112",slug:"living-and-interacting-with-robots-engaging-users-in-the-development-of-a-mobile-robot",totalDownloads:815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mobile robots such as Aldebaran’s humanoid Pepper currently find their way into society. Many research projects already try to match humanoid robots with humans by letting them assist, e.g., in geriatric care or simply for purposes of keeping company or entertainment. However, many of these projects deal with acceptance issues that come with a new type of interaction between humans and robots. These issues partly originate from different types of robot locomotion, limited human-like behaviour as well as limited functionalities in general. At the same time, animal-type robots—quadrupeds such as Boston Dynamic’s WildCat—and underactuated robots are on the rise and present social scientists with new challenges such as the concept of uncanny valley. The possible positive aspects of the unusual cooperations and interactions, however, are mostly pushed into the background. This paper describes an approach of a project at a research institution in Germany that aims at developing a setting of human–robot-interaction and collaboration that engages the designated users in the whole process.",signatures:"Valerie Varney, Christoph Henke and Daniela Janssen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70653",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70653",authors:[{id:"299092",title:"Dr.",name:"Valerie",surname:"Varney (neé Stehling)",slug:"valerie-varney-(nee-stehling)",fullName:"Valerie Varney (neé Stehling)"},{id:"299578",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Janssen",slug:"daniela-janssen",fullName:"Daniela Janssen"},{id:"299580",title:"MSc.",name:"Christoph",surname:"Henke",slug:"christoph-henke",fullName:"Christoph Henke"}],corrections:null},{id:"68781",title:"Electromechanical Analysis (MEMS) of a Capacitive Pressure Sensor of a Neuromate Robot Probe",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88946",slug:"electromechanical-analysis-mems-of-a-capacitive-pressure-sensor-of-a-neuromate-robot-probe",totalDownloads:756,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The domain of medicine, especially neurosurgery, is very concerned in the integration of robots in many procedures. In this work, we are interested in the Neuromate robot. The latter uses the procedure of stereotaxic surgery but with better planning, greater precision and simpler execution. The Neuromate robot allows in particular the registration with intraoperative images (ventriculographies, and especially angiographies) in order to perfect the planning. In this book, we focus on the contact force measurement system required for the effectiveness of the stimulation between the robot probe and the patient’s head and thus ensure the safety of the patient. A force sensor is integrated upstream of the wrist, the pressure sensor is part of a silicon matrix that has been bonded to a metal plate at 70°C. The study was carried out under the software COMSOL Multiphysics, ideally suited for the simulation of applications (Microelectromechanical systems) “MEMS”. After electromechanical stationary survey, deflection of the quadrant when the pressure difference across the membrane was 25 kPa, as expected, the deviation was expected to be greatest at the center of the membrane. The proposed sensor structure is a suitable selection for MEMS capacitive pressure sensors.",signatures:"Hacene Ameddah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68781",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68781",authors:[{id:"302678",title:"Dr.",name:"Hacene",surname:"Ameddah",slug:"hacene-ameddah",fullName:"Hacene Ameddah"}],corrections:null},{id:"66784",title:"Physical Interaction and Control of Robotic Systems Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85251",slug:"physical-interaction-and-control-of-robotic-systems-using-hardware-in-the-loop-simulation",totalDownloads:987,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Robotic systems used in industries and other complex applications need huge investment, and testing of them under robust conditions are highly challenging. Controlling and testing of such systems can be done with ease with the support of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation technique and it saves lot of time and resources. The chapter deals on the various interaction methods of robotic systems with physical environments using tactile, force, and vision sensors. It also discusses about the usage of hardware-in-the-loop technique for testing of grasp and task control algorithms in the model of robotic systems. The chapter also elaborates on usage of hardware and software platforms for implementing the control algorithms for performing physical interaction. Finally, the chapter summarizes with the case study of HIL implementation of the control algorithms in Texas Instruments (TI) C2000 microcontroller, interacting with model of Kuka’s youBot Mobile Manipulator. The mathematical model is developed using MATLAB software and the virtual animation setup of the robot is developed using the Virtual Robot Experimentation Platform (V-REP) robot simulator. By actuating the Kuka’s youBot mobile manipulator in the V-REP tool, it is observed to produce a tracking accuracy of 92% for physical interaction and object handling tasks.",signatures:"Senthil Kumar Jagatheesa Perumal and Sivasankar Ganesan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66784",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66784",authors:[{id:"266892",title:"Dr.",name:"Senthil Kumar",surname:"J",slug:"senthil-kumar-j",fullName:"Senthil Kumar J"},{id:"266898",title:"Prof.",name:"Sivasankar",surname:"G",slug:"sivasankar-g",fullName:"Sivasankar G"}],corrections:null},{id:"66343",title:"Toward Dynamic Manipulation of Flexible Objects by High-Speed Robot System: From Static to Dynamic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82521",slug:"toward-dynamic-manipulation-of-flexible-objects-by-high-speed-robot-system-from-static-to-dynamic",totalDownloads:812,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter explains dynamic manipulation of flexible objects, where the target objects to be manipulated include rope, ribbon, cloth, pizza dough, and so on. Previously, flexible object manipulation has been performed in a static or quasi-static state. Therefore, the manipulation time becomes long, and the efficiency of the manipulation is not considered to be sufficient. In order to solve these problems, we propose a novel control strategy and motion planning for achieving flexible object manipulation at high speed. The proposed strategy simplifies the flexible object dynamics. Moreover, we implemented a high-speed vision system and high-speed image processing to improve the success rate by manipulating the robot trajectory. By using this strategy, motion planning, and high-speed visual feedback, we demonstrated several tasks, including dynamic manipulation and knotting of a rope, generating a ribbon shape, dynamic folding of cloth, rope insertion, and pizza dough rotation, and we show experimental results obtained by using the high-speed robot system.",signatures:"Yuji Yamakawa, Shouren Huang, Akio Namiki and Masatoshi Ishikawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66343",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66343",authors:[{id:"2700",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",surname:"Yamakawa",slug:"yuji-yamakawa",fullName:"Yuji Yamakawa"},{id:"121088",title:"Dr.",name:"Akio",surname:"Namiki",slug:"akio-namiki",fullName:"Akio Namiki"},{id:"121089",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",surname:"Ishikawa",slug:"masatoshi-ishikawa",fullName:"Masatoshi Ishikawa"},{id:"173767",title:"Dr.",name:"Shouren",surname:"Huang",slug:"shouren-huang",fullName:"Shouren Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"71201",title:"Trajectory Tracking Using Adaptive Fractional PID Control of Biped Robots with Time-Delay Feedback",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90901",slug:"trajectory-tracking-using-adaptive-fractional-pid-control-of-biped-robots-with-time-delay-feedback",totalDownloads:470,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper presents the application of fractional order time-delay adaptive neural networks to the trajectory tracking for chaos synchronization between Fractional Order delayed plant, reference and fractional order time-delay adaptive neural networks. For this purpose, we obtained two control laws and laws of adaptive weights online, obtained using the fractional order Lyapunov-Krasovskii stability analysis methodology. The main methodologies, on which the approach is based, are fractional order PID the fractional order Lyapunov-Krasovskii functions methodology, although the results we obtain are applied to a wide class of non-linear systems, we will apply it in this chapter to a bipedal robot. The structure of the biped robot is designed with two degrees of freedom per leg, corresponding to the knee and hip joints. Since torso and ankle are not considered, it is obtained a 4-DOF system, and each leg, we try to force this biped robot to track a reference signal given by undamped Duffing equation. To verify the analytical results, an example of dynamical network is simulated, and two theorems are proposed to ensure the tracking of the nonlinear system. The tracking error is globally asymptotically stabilized by two control laws derived based on a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional.",signatures:"Joel Perez Padron, Jose P. Perez, C.F. Mendez-Barrios and V. 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Although the machinability of most aluminium alloys can be classified as relatively easy when the tool wear and the cutting energy are considered, these materials could however raise some concerns when the chip formation and the burr formation are of concern. Burr formation, a phenomenon similar to chip generation, is a common problem that occurs in several industrial sectors, such as the aerospace and automobile sectors. It has also been among the most troublesome impediments to high productivity and automation, and largely affects the machined part quality. To ensure competitiveness, precise and burr-free components with tight tolerances and better surface finish are demanded. Intensive research conducted during the last decades has laid out the mechanisms of burr formation and deburring in a very comprehensive fashion, and has introduced integrated strategies for burr prevention and minimization. Despite all the improvements realized, there are still many challenges encountered in understanding, modeling and optimizing the burr formation process and size, through production growth and cycle time reduction. Furthermore, acquiring a solid knowledge on deburring methods and the links between them and burr size is strongly recommended.
This chapter reviews burrs formation and the factors governing them, including the workpiece material, the tooling, the machining parameters and the machinining strategy. A case study on the effect of heat treatments on drilling burr size is also presented and is followed by some deburring and edge finishing techniques commonly used for machined aluminum parts. The main advantages, disadvantages and limitations of these edge finishing operations are also presented.
Burr formation is one of the major issues currently facing manufacturing industries. During the process of plastic deformation, the material is stretched past the point of elastic deformation, where it can no longer return to its original shape and size. If there is already a crack present in the material, the stretching will continue to increase the size of the crack eventually causing it to fracture [1]. Therefore, burrs forming during machining are defined as projections of material beyond the workpiece limits [2]. It is very important to limit burr formation rather than deburring them in a subsequent finishing operation [3]. Burr consists of an undesirable extended surface over the workpiece [4] or a missing portion on the workpiece edge (negative burr, see Figure 2), which should be avoided or at least minimized.
Slot-milled machined parts with (a) large burr formation, (b) burr formation with tiny scales
Examples of burr definition (
Several authors have contributed to the advancement of knowledge on burr formation mechanisms, among which Gillespie [2], Aurich et al. [3], Pekelharing [5], Sofronas [6]Nakayama and Arai [7], Chern and Dornfeld [8], and Hashimura et al [9, 10]. Currently, numerous burr descriptions exist, depending on the application, manufacturing process, formation mechanism, shape and material properties [3]. The four main types of machining burrs are the Poisson burr, the Rollover burr, the Tear burr and the Cut-off burr [4]. According to [11], Poisson burr is formed as a result of the material’s tendency to bulge sidewise. Narayanaswami and Dornfleld [12] called this phenomenon a side burr, because, according to engineering mechanics, the
Two types of burrs known as primary and secondary burrs were introduced by Kishimoto et al
Types of machining burr [
As can be seen in Figure 4, to better describe the burr, a new term called “burr value” was defined in [15]. It contains the burr root thickness (br), burr height (bh), burr thickness (bt) and burr root radius (rf). However, measuring and/or estimating all these parameters to calculate the burr value is very difficult and time-consuming. Furthermore, it would appear that the burr value can also not be used as an efficient parameter to better select a deburring method. Of all the burr parameters, the burr height and thickness are used to determine the burr removal difficulties [16].
Measurement values of a burr (
Burr formation is a crucial issue in industrial circles. Previous studies have shown that burr formation is almost impossible to avoid [17]. Gillespie and blotter [18] observed that burr formation cannot be avoided solely by changing the feed rate, the cutting speed and the tool geometry. Burrs in drilling perform an important role on product quality and may cause reliability problems and performance degradation. Burrs are formed both at the entrance and at the exit of the workpiece [19]. The exit burr is important as it is larger in size and is most difficult to remove causing deburring problems. Therefore, many of studies paid their attention to exit burrs in drilling and milling operations [19-27]. Sofronas [6] summarized several factors governing drilling burr formation. According to [3, 6, 28], the following are the principal factors governing milling burr formation:
Machined part (geometry, dimension, mechanical properties, etc.);
Cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, etc.);
Cutting tool (material, shape, geometry, rake angle, lead angle, helix angle, etc.);
Machine tool (rotational speed, dynamic strength, etc.);
Manufacturing strategy (tool path, coolant, back cutting, lubrication, MQL, etc.).
This summary is however still limited due to the complex interaction effects that exist between process parameters, since their degree of influence on burr formation varies considerably simply by adding or removing cutting parameters and/or changing the material. In other words, factors governing burr formation cannot easily be classified as direct and indirect factors [29]. The following lines present the dominant process parameters influencing the burr formation mechanism and size.
Machined part properties (e.g., chemical, mechanical properties) have significant effects on the burr formation process. The dominant mechanical properties usually reported in the literature are hardness, ductility, yield strength and elongation [30]. According to [3], higher ductility materials tend to generate larger burrs, but limited if not none burr formation is anticipated when the material is restricted to deform in the force direction. According to [31], the machining of ductile materials tends to form larger burrs, particularly at higher levels of cutting speed and feed rate. According to Ko and Lee [32], material properties had more effect on the drilling burr size than feed rate. Analytical models proposed in [27, 33] were capable to predict the size and type of exit burrs in milling and drilling of ductile materials. Niknam and Songmene [27], while modeling and studying the burr formation during millings of AA6061-T6 and AA2024-T321 found that the exit burr thickness, which control the deburring difficulties and the deburring cycle time, is highly sensitive to material mechanical properties such as yield strength and to the cutting force. When the material is brittle, fractured burrs (negative burrs) are formed on the edge part. This phenomenon can be reinforced at higher cutting speeds and feed rates, creating irregular burrs. The workpiece edge angle is the most prominent geometrical element of the workpiece that highly affects the burr formation mechanism. According to [34, 35], cutting tests on the edge angle lower than 90º generate long and thin burrs, while short and thick burrs are formed on parts with edge angles of 90º or larger. An increase in the temperature hardens most materials, and consequently affects the machining and deburring performance, even if the burrs created are small. According to [2], taking steps to prevent plastic deformation reduces the incidence of burr formation. His proposed methods include laser treatments, hard machining, localized mechanical processes, and chemical and thermal treatments. In addition, chamfering on the external edges of the machined part before the cutting operation is an excellent approach to prevent material deformation at the part edge, and consequently achieve burr size reduction [17]. The burr form and height in drilling are dependent on the material properties and cutting conditions [36]. Images showing typical exit hole appearance are presented in Figure 5 as a function of feed rate. As shown in the following example, the AA6061 High Strength (AA6061HS) contained higher levels of the major alloy addition to promote increased age hardening response. The AA6262 and AA4XXX compositions were based on AA6061 but contained additions of 0.5 wt% Pb-0.4 wt% Bi and 8% Si respectively.
The worst case for burr was obtained for the AA4XXX-T6 alloy (Figure 5] which is the most ductile one. The burr observed was a transient burr type. The other alloys exhibited a uniform burr (type I) or crown burr (type II):
The AA6262-T6 and AA6061-T6HS alloys produced only uniform burrs (type II).
The AA4XXX-T6 and AA6061-T6 alloys produced both uniform burrs (Type II) and transient or crown burrs (type I). The latter are generally difficult to remove.
The AA4XXX-T6 was problematic in terms of exit burr height.
Optical microscopy images of exit burrs observed on drilled holes as a function of feed rate (cutting speed: 45.7 m/min; Feed rate: 0.0508 mm/rev) [
According to [37], burr height varies irregularly with changing cutting conditions. Increasing the cutting speed leads to reduced burr size. In addition, milling operations at higher feed rates reduces the burr size, while creating secondary burrs that are easier to remove. From [38], when the machined part surface is hardened in high speed machining, a transition from ductile to brittle behavior may occur. This phenomenon may lead to decreased burr height. Chern [39] analyzed burr formation during the face milling of aluminum alloys. He found that secondary burr formation is dominated by the depth of cut and the feed rate. Nakayama and Arai [7] showed that the burr size can be reduced by limiting the undeformed chip thickness. The cutting conditions, tool and workpiece geometry may reduce the shear strain supported by the chip, therefore possibly leading to burr reduction. Kim and Dornfeld [31] showed that higher levels of depth of cut generally increase the burr size. Longer burrs in the cutting direction are formed when larger corner radii are used. Olvera and Barrow [40] found that the exit angle and the depth of cut influence the exit burr in the cutting direction, whereas the depth of cut is the main factor affecting the exit burr in the feed direction. According to [41, 42], the use of high levels of axial depth of cut increases the possibility of burr size minimization, but may also cause inevitable damage to the cutting tool, the machine and machined part functionality. Therefore, the use of very high and/or low cutting parameters levels is not suggested during milling operations. Ko and Lee [32] used multiple materials in drilling processes and they concluded that the burr thickness is independent of the feed rate.
As shown in [36], the lower the feed rate, the higher the burr height obtained (Figure 6]. The AA4XXX produced most of the times high size burrs and only in very limited cases, the burr size was comparable to others alloys tested. At lower speeds, the burr size observed was higher compared the one obtained at high cutting speed; this denotes a possible interaction of the feed rate and the cutting speed on burr formation.
Burr height progression as a function of feed rate, cutting speed and workpiece materials [
The effects of cutting parameters on top, entrance and exit burr thickness and height during the slot milling of AA 2024-T351 and AA 6061-T6 were statistically investigated in [24, 25, 43]. Among the investigated burrs, exit up milling thickness could be controlled by cutting process parameters, such as feed per tooth, depth of cut and cutting tool (see Fig.7(a)). While other burrs, such as exit up milling burr height, are affected by interactive between process parameters, nor direct effects.
(a) Pareto chart and 3D contour plot of exit up milling burr thickness of AA 6061-T6 [
It is believed that the burr formation mechanism depends highly on the chip formation mechanism [27]. Cutting forces and chip thickness
Exponential regression model between
Considering the research works presented in this section on factors governing burr formation, it could be inferred that due to complex mechanisms of burr formation and direct and interactive effects between process parameters, a large number of experiments is required to evaluate the effects of process parameters on burr formation and size [47]. The combination of statistical and experimental approaches is a good method to better understand the burr formation mechanism and to define the factors governing milling burrs. Furthermore, knowing that the best setting levels of process parameters needed to minimize each response are not similar, the question is how to obtain the best setting levels of process parameters to reach the optimum or near-optimum burr size. This issue becomes more complex as for a given machined part; cutting parameter optimization for burr size minimization alone may frequently deteriorate other machining performances, such as tool life and surface roughness. Therefore, the use of optimization methods for the correct selection of process parameters is strongly recommended [48]. According [21, 49, 50] achieving better surface finish and acceptable burr size in milling and drilling operations at the same time is possible when using optimization tools such as the desirability function and Taguchi method.
Pande and Relekar [51] studied the influence of drill diameter, feed, length to diameter ratio, and material hardness on burr height and thickness. It was determined that a drill tool diameter in range of 8-10 mm resulted in the low values of burr height. Bansal [52] found that using inserts with positive axial rake and negative radial rake angles led to satisfactory burr size and surface quality. According to [24], slot milling with a larger insert nose radius (Rε) leads to bigger exit bottom burr and smaller exit up milling side burr. In addition, when a larger Rε, pretty close to the axial depth of cut is used, a primary exit bottom burr formation is expected. Consequently, a smaller exit up milling side burr is generated. Avila and Dornfeld [37] showed that tool geometry and in-plane exit angle Ψ have significant effects on burr size and edge breakout during the face milling of aluminum-silicon alloys (AlSi9Cu3 and AlSi7Mg). Tripathi and Dornfeld [53] reported the possibility of burr-free conditions when using diamond end mill tools at high cutting speeds. According to [18], the use of sharp cutting edge tools with positive rake angle avoids built-up edge (BUE) formation, thus reducing the burr size. According to [42], tool coating has a negligible influence on face milling burrs. However, a certain level of coating influence on slot milling burrs was observed in [24]. According to [31, 54, 55], the tool condition and cutting parameters used, in particular, the feed rate, are the main governing factors affecting burr formation. For instance, a sharp cutting edge tool with a positive rake angle in the case of a milling operation avoids built-up edge formation, thus decreasing burr formation [18]. As presented in [54], tool wear increases the contact area of the burr-tool interface, and consequently, increases the cutting forces and stress distributions (Figure 9). Tool wear may physically occur on two sides of the cutting tool, mainly on the rake face and the flank face, thereby forming crater wear and flank wear. According to Choi et al. [56], tool wear highly affects the burr formation process when the tool enters and exits the machined part. Large entrance burrs formed when using worn tools resulted by different kinematic engagement rather than back cutting.
Shear angle and pivoting point for a (a) worn tool, (b) sharp tool (
According to [18, 28, 31], using higher cutting speeds and feed rates when cutting certain materials may increase the cutting temperature and consequently reduce the tool life as a result of tool wear. When the strain rate of the material increases, it effectively enlarges the burr dimension. A similar problem may occur when using dry machining or inadequate tool geometry.
According to [55, 57], an adequate selection of the machining strategy has positive effects on the burr formation mechanism. The main machining strategies proposed to date include:
Optimization of the tool path planning, including the machining direction and the tool engagement angle;
Using inserts and backup materials;
Using modified cutting parameters;
Using coolant and lubrication.
To predict and control the burr size in milling, several algorithms were presented in [26, 58, 59] and eventually led to proposing tool path planning approaches for burr size minimization. The effect of back cutting on burr formation was reported in [60]. Przyklenk [34] proposed a new strategy for burr reduction by using dry ice snow to cool down the machined part edge. Shefelbine and Dornfeld [41, 61] stated that the use of coolant decreases the burr size, while larger burr is expected when using worn tools. According to [17], proper lubrication reduces friction between the workpiece and tool, and consequently, reduces the incidence of burr formation. However, as stated by Aurich et al.[62], in the case of certain materials, the use of lubricant hardens the burrs and complicates the deburring processes. Moreover, the use of cutting fluids seriously degrades the environmental air quality and increases machining costs by 16-20% [36]. One alternative approach with reduced cost and greater environmental benefits is dry machining. Some works have reported on dry milling [21, 43, 63-67] and dry, mist and lubricated drilling of aluminium alloys [29, 49, 68]. According to [69], the processes constitutes a suitable candidate for the machining of ductile materials, such as aluminum alloys.
Surprisingly, very limited information is available on the influence of material properties such as ductility, strength, and hardness on the burr formation during machining of aged aluminum alloys. In this chapter, the influence of heat treatment on the burr formation during drilling of Al-Si-Mg (A356] cast alloys is investigated. In order to study this effect systematically, the aluminium alloys were heat-treated to produce different precipitation states they were later machined under controlled conditions. This work was carried out in order improve part quality of drilled hole.
A set of experiments were carried out on a high speed 3-axis CNC milling machine-tool (Power: 50 kW, Speed: 28000 rpm, Torque: 50 Nm). The cutting tool used is non-coated high speed steel twist drills (3/8 stub drill bright finish with 118 point angle). It should be mentioned here that a group of drills with the same batch were used throughout the tests in order to ensure uniformity of geometry, microstructure and properties for the cutting tools. The parts used for the experiment were rectangular blocks of A356 cast aluminum alloy 300 x100 x 20 mm in size, mounted on a special machining fixture. Cutting forces were measured using a three-axis table dynamometer (Kistler 9255-B). The tested material was A356 aluminum alloy which chemical composition is given in Table 1. Drilling tests were conducted at different cutting conditions as shown in Table 2. Experiments were repeated four times and the average values of burr sizes were used for further analysis. The burr height was recorded using Mitutoyo Height Gauges with a sensitivity of 0.0005 in (13 µm).
\n\t\t\t | Si % | \n\t\t\tMg % | \n\t\t\tFe % | \n\t\t\tCu % | \n\t\t\tMn % | \n\t\t\tZn % | \n\t\t\tAl | \n\t\t
A356 | \n\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\t0.35 | \n\t\t\t0.2 | \n\t\t\t0.2 | \n\t\t\t0.1 | \n\t\t\t0.1 | \n\t\t\tBalance | \n\t\t
Chemical composition of A356 alloy
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Material | \n\t\t\tA356 (300 mm x100 mm x 20 mm) | \n\t\t
Tool | \n\t\t\tHSS twist drill-9.525 mm diameter , 118o point angle | \n\t\t
Speed | \n\t\t\t60, 180, 300 m/min | \n\t\t
Feed | \n\t\t\t0.15, mm/rev | \n\t\t
Depth of cut | \n\t\t\t3 mm | \n\t\t
Lube | \n\t\t\tNone | \n\t\t
Machining parameters used
The properties of aluminum casting alloys can be improved through the appropriate control of several metallurgical factors involved in the production of these castings [70]. Aging treatment is usually applied to improve the strength and hardness of the castings. Aging temperature and aging time are the two variables which control the characteristics of the phases precipitated during the aging treatment, and they ultimately also control the mechanical and machinability properties of the alloys. The A356 alloys were received in as-cast condition (T0), and the samples were then divided into five groups as follows: (i) two blocks in as-cast condition (T0); (ii) two blocks in T4 condition (Solution Heat-Treated " SHT "+Quenching); (iii) two blocks in T61 condition (SHT+Quenching+Artificial aging at 155°C for 5 hours); (iv) two block in T62 condition (SHT+Quenching+Artificial aging at 180°C for 5 hours); and (v) two blocks in T7 condition (SHT+Quenching+Artificial aging at 220°C for 5 hours). All the samples were solution heat-treated at 540˚C, for solution times of 8 hours. The solution-treated samples were then quenched in warm water (60˚C) to room temperature. For each given condition, all the samples were solution heat-treated and quenched at the same time leaving only the other conditions, such as natural and artificial aging time, as variables as shown in Figure 10. Figure 11 summarizes the hardness measurement implemented on the A356 aluminum alloy. The hardness measurements reveal that the peak hardness value varies between 85HRE and 90 HRE. Hence, it is believed that aging at 155˚C for 5 hours produces almost the same precipitation hardening as aging at 180˚C for 5 hours. Then hardness tends to decrease upon further aging. The variations of hardness when exposed to different aging temperatures are correlated with the number of Mg2Si phases in which the hardness increases with an increase in the number of Mg2Si phases.
Different heat treatment conditions applied to the A356 alloy
Evolution of the changes in the hardness values result in the heat treatment conditions
Figures 12-13 show the effects of different heat treatments on the burr heights with various cutting speed and feed rate during machining A356 aluminum alloys in dry conditions. To emphasize the effect of heat treatments on the material properties and its effects on the burr height thus, the case study will be focused on dry conditions. The experimental results reveal that the A356-T61 aluminum alloy in peak aging condition produces the lowest burr height than other alloys, whereas the A356-T0 and A356-T4 in cast and SHT conditions were produced the highest level of burr formation. Generally, it is also observed that aging at low temperature, 155 oC, was observed to produce the lowest level of the burr formation while the aging at higher temperatures, 180°C, and 220°C, respectively, are accompanied with an increase in the burr heights. The lowest level of burr height was observed in peak aging conditions A356-T61 alloy may be explained based on the fact that burr formation is closely related to the hardness of the workpiece, as well as to the deformability of the matrix around the Si particles. Thus, when the workpiece made of the A356-T61 alloy is hard (i.e. high tensile properties), thereby resisting deformation, and the work material is also difficult to deform in the shear zone ahead of the cutting edge and on the tool surface in such a way that the Si particles are secured firmly in position. Consequently, the particles have a strongly abrasive action on the tool cutting edge resulting in a high cutting force as well as in low level of burr formation.
Influence of the heat treatments on the burr formation during the drilling of the A356 aluminum alloy with diffiren feed rate at (a) as-cast alloy condtion (T0), (b) T4 (c) T61 (d) T62 (e) T7 conditions
Influence of the heat treatments (T0, T4, T61, T62 and T7) and the cutting speed on the burr height during the dry drilling of the A356 alloy with feed rate 0.15 mm/rev.
Burr removal is a non-value added process [3] and might represent as much as 30 percent of the cost of finished parts [2]. As deburring is non-productive and costly finishing process, it should be minimized or avoided. Any material leading to limited burr formation is therefore advantageous. Recent studies and literature have pointed out tremendous issues related to burr formation and deburring operations, including: [1] small finger injuries for assembly workers; [2] source of debris (bits of burrs) during operation, thereby reducing the life time of the machined part; [3] changing parts resistance and reduction of tool life and efficiency [44]; [4] presentation of hazard in handling of machined parts, which can interface with subsequent assembly operations ; and [5] the burrs that are adhered to the work part may become loose during operation, and consequently cause difficulties and damage.
Gillespie [2] has identified 122 deburring and edge finishing processes. To better select them, several classifications were proposed in [2, 15, 34]. The work of Gillespie [2] is the most complete work, encompassing all deburring methods, from manual deburring to high technology finishing systems using CNC and industrial robots. He [2] classified deburring processes under following categories of [1] Mechanical deburring processes; [2] Thermal deburring processes; [3] Chemical deburring processes and [4] Electrical deburring processes.
Manual deburring is still known as the most widely used operation for many reasons, including extreme flexibility, low cost and lack of technology needed. According to [2], manual deburring is associated with wasting of time and asset, fatigue, frustration, etc. Moreover, in most of industrial sectors, manual deburring is implemented in dry conditions by non-qualified operators. This consequently increases the waste rate and delay in production lines.
Bonded abrasive deburring
The power driven brush tools have a wide range of applications in deburring, cleaning, descaling, polishing, edge blending and texturizing of the metal work parts. The brush deburring is considered as a fast, safe, simple, relatively inexpensive, and flexible deburring method, which could be also adaptable to manual or automatic equipment with little operator interference. The rotary action in brushing allows a great variety of driving motor and fixtures to be employed. The brush deburring involves several environmental, health and safety considerations, including particle and dust emission when using dry sanding of metal and plastic parts. The generation of new burr, new changes on the work part size, fatigue life and residual stress are the main disadvantages and side effects of brush deburring. As described in [2], brush deburring method is widely used for deburring of aluminum work parts, such as cylinder heads (see Figure 14). The main process variables involved in brush deburring include, brush style, brush design and materials, face width, coolant, brush rotational speed, burr size, burr location and work part material.
Burr edges before (a) and after brush deburring(b) of AA 6061-T6 [
Due to growing demands on higher production rate, improved quality and less labour and production cost, particular interest has been paid to use of NC/CNC machines for precise deburring and chamfering of holes, flat and curved surfaces. The NC/CNC machines can brush the machined parts by simply attaching the brushing tools (miniature or large scales) in a tool holder. It also allows the machine to change the tooling conditions and begins the cutting operations and simultaneously taking the advantage of over 1000 standard cutting tools, thus providing great flexibility. Other benefits of NC/CNC machines include prevention of repetitive motions in hand deburring, and lost time due to work-related injuries which may lead to a major cost saving in production line [2]. When using NC/CNC machines, it is also possible to pick up a movable water jet nozzle and traverse it around the machined part edges for deburring and edge finishing (see Figure 15). However this method can be used on the aluminum work parts which require reasonable but not complete burr removal [3]. A polishing/deburring machine is developed in [72], consisting of two subsystems. The first subsystem is a five-axis machine for tool/part motion control and the second subsystem is a compliant tool head for tool force control. Both subsystems are designed based on the tripod principle. According to experimental results, high precision automated polishing/deburring on aluminium work parts was observed. As pointed out in [3], NC/CNC machines may not produce high quality cast or forged surfaces. The main concerns when using NC/CNC machines are comprehensively presented in [2].
High pressure water jet deburring of aluminum cylinder heads [
Robots can operate with no time limit; reproduce the same motions accurately; can process workpieces faster than humans; they can use heavier; higher-powered tools for faster finishing; they can work in hazardous; noisy and ergonomically unsuitable situations for humans. Robotic deburring is used to reduce the work load and guarantee an adequate workpiece quality level. Robotic applications fall into three general areas [1] simple-shape deburring and chamfering, [2] contouring and [3] sensor-controlled countering. A framework for robotic deburring applications in various industrial sectors was proposed in [73]. The use of robots for deburring operation was reported in [74, 75]. Robotic deburring of gearbox casting made from aluminum alloys is presented in [76]. In [77], an on-line industrial robot path generation method has been developed and implemented to generate robot paths for deburring cast aluminum wheels. This method could automatically generate six degree of freedom (DOF) tool paths for an accurate and efficient deburring process. Kazerooni [78] presented robotic deburring using tungsten cemented carbide rotary files. He introduced robot-position uncertainties in deburring and a feed-back system working according to the prescribed controlled strategy. Experimental verifications on aluminum work parts have shown satisfactory results. Dornfeld [79] introduced the fundamental principles of acoustic emission (AE) applications in chamfering and deburring operations and verified his approach through experimental works on 6061-T6 aluminum alloys. Hirabayashi
The development of aluminum alloys is often conditioned by aeronautical requirements, but still aluminum is considered as a suitable candidate for several applications in other sectors. However, through growing demands on part quality, functional performance and global competition, special attention has been paid to burr formation which appears to be one of the major troublesome impediments to machinability, part quality and high productivity of aluminium alloys.
In this chapter, overview of machining burr classifications and formation mechanisms as well as factors governing burr formation were presented. Furthermore, the effects of heat treatments on burr formation during drilling of aluminium alloys were presented, followed by introducing the most highly used mechanical deburring processes on aluminum work parts.
This work has led us to conclude that:
There is a substantial need to reduce, prevent and eliminate burrs. Considering that the burr formation is inevitable phenomenon in machining operations, particular attention should be paid to burr control rather than burr avoidance. The main benefit would be to reduce the needs of deburring operations. However, using deburring operations in some cases is still mandatory.
Most aluminium alloys, whether wroughts or casts, can experience burr formation during machining processes; The shape and the size of this burr will depend on the alloy composition and conditions, its mechanical properties, but also on type of machining operation, tooling used, machining parameters, and machining conditions and strategies. Using very low feed rates on a material with high ductility may generally lead to higher burr size.
Development of simulation models of burr formation processes, coupled with advanced cutting force and temperature modeling algorithms, capable of indicating the interaction and dependencies of factors governing burr formation is suitable approach for better understating of factors governing each individual machining operation.
The knowledge of each deburring method and the requirements of the finished products, in addition to burr size, mainly burr thickness are major parameters for correct selection of deburring method. For many cases, combination of several deburring processes is required to gain better results. Therefore, developing the links between burr sizes and deburring methods and deburring difficulty is a benefial approach for better selection of deburring methods, which infact reduce the non-desirable expenses.
This work has received financial supports from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), consortium for Research and Innovation in Aerospace in Quebec (CRIAQ), and Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies (FQRNT) by the intermediary of the Aluminium Research Centre Canada-REGAL.
Potassium has a great importance within the cell as it is one of the main determinants of membrane potential in nervous and muscle cells (both skeletal and cardiac). Therefore, it is not surprising that in humans potassium blood levels are strictly controlled and even slight deviations from the physiological range can cause severe clinical conditions.
The amount of potassium in the human body is 3000–4000 mEq (corresponding to 50–55 mEq/Kg). Potassium levels in the extracellular fluid are quite low (roughly 70 mEq corresponding to 2% of the amount absorbed through the intestine) while the majority of K+ (98%) is stored in the body tissues under a tight hormonal control. This great gap between extracellular fluid and tissues is responsible of the restricted range of K+ levels in the plasma (3.5–5.5 mEq/L) that is maintained through the following mechanisms:
Activity of Na-K ATPase. The Na-K pump actively extrudes three Na+ from the cells exchanging them with two K+ that enter the cells against gradient [1]. Such mechanism makes it possible the preservation of the physiological electrolyte concentration as well as the maintenance of the normal volume of extracellular fluid. It is also essential for the solute passage through renal and intestinal epithelia.
Elimination of potassium dietary intake through feces and urine.
A scheme of potassium intake, absorption and elimination is reported in Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of K+ intake, fluxes, storage and elimination.
Potassium intake from diet is mainly due to the consumption of K+-rich food such as bananas, avocados, grapes and salmon, among others. Once introduced in the body as food, potassium is rapidly conveyed towards intestine, where it is absorbed for its majority (90%). It has been suggested that absorption in the intestine is a passive process, guided by electrochemical gradients differently from the one taking place in the kidney [2].
Insulin is one of the main regulators of potassium homeostasis, modulating the exchange between extracellular fluid and tissues such as muscle, through the activation of the Na- K ATPase [3]. Moreover, in muscular tissue during exercise, a rise in potassium levels causes the stimulation of Na-K ATPase thus enhancing K+ uptake [4], although the primary upregulation of the ATPase is due to adrenergic stimulation.
From the extracellular fluid, K+ is also conveyed towards kidney where in physiological conditions it is partly reabsorbed and for the major portion eliminated with urine (90%) in the distal renal tubule, directed by mineralocorticoids and Na-K ATPase. The mechanisms of K+ renal reabsorption are outside the scope of this chapter and can be deepened in several reviews (see for example [5]).
K+ distribution across plasma-membranes is regulated by pancreatic hormones, acid–base homeostasis alterations and by the autonomous nervous system. Moreover, potassium itself regulates somehow its own excretion and redistribution through the stimulation of insulin and aldosterone secretion as well as the increase of Na-K ATPase activity in the distal nephron. On the whole, K+ homeostasis is due to the interaction of two different systems, one based on K+ cellular uptake and the other based mainly on renal excretion and, at a minor extent, on gastrointestinal elimination. These two systems have an important difference since the redistribution of potassium between intra- and extra-cellular compartments occurs rapidly (it takes minutes) while renal response to K+ variations in plasma is quite slow (it takes hours to be activated and days to be completed). Moreover, since the biological effects depend on the ratio between the external and the internal K+ concentration, the regulation of the internal distribution must be extremely efficient. A tight association exists between pH and kaliemia, therefore acidosis causes an increase of potassium plasma level while alkalosis induces hypokalemia. Another pathological condition that might cause hyperkalemia is the increase of osmolarity (due to hyperglycemia and hypernatremia).
Cancer patients are characterized by complex alterations encompassing the whole organism. Among them electrolyte disorders represent quite frequent complications in such patients [6, 7] and are mainly due to alterations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium plasma levels. In the majority of the patients these unbalances are asymptomatic but in some subjects they can contribute to worsen the clinical conditions and therefore must be treated. The electrolyte derangements adversely affect survival [8] and can disrupt cancer treatment [9, 10, 11]. There are many potential causes of electrolyte derangements in cancer patients that might be related either to a particular cancer or to any specific therapy. Actually, the picture might be even more complicated since these electrolyte disorders can be primary or secondary and active treatment can improve prognosis.
In cancer patients both a reduction (hypokalemia) or an increase (hyperkalemia) in potassium levels might be observed.
Hypokalemia is a condition of low K+ plasma levels (< 3.5 mEq/L) that might have different causes in cancer patients. The principal causes of hypokalemia are reported in Table 1.
Decreased K+ intake | Starvation | ||
Clay ingestion | |||
Redistribution into cells | Acid-Base | ||
Metabolic alkalosis | |||
β2 adrenergic agonists | |||
α adrenergic antagonists | |||
Vitamin B12 or folic acid | |||
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor | |||
Other | Pseudo-hypokalemia | ||
Hypothermia | |||
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis | |||
Barium toxicity | |||
Integumentary loss (sweat) | |||
Other | Amphotericin B | ||
Liddle’ s syndrome | |||
Hypomagnesemia |
Main causes of hypokalemia.
The causes primarily represented in cancer patients are indicated in bold.
In cancer patients, the main cause of hypokalemia is a reduced K+ intake due to malnutrition and malabsorption. In particular cases (i.e. Neuroendocrine Tumors), hypokalemia could be provoked by secretive diarrhea that causes potassium losses [12, 13]. Other tumors cause hypokalemia with the ectopic secretion of hormones (cortisol, ACTH and mineralocorticoids) [14].
In other cases, hypokalemia could be a secondary effect of cancer therapy, since some agents might cause diarrhea or vomiting thus leading to K+ loss. Different cancer therapy agents (such as cisplatin, anti-EGFR agents and mTOR inhibitors, for instance) could induce renal damage associated to hypokalemia due to K+ loss caused by tubular toxicity. For this reason, before starting therapy, renal function should be evaluated in order to prevent additional renal damage [15].
Also, the simultaneous treatment with different agents (for example thiazide diuretics and glucocorticoids) might lead to hypokalemia because they promote potassium renal losses. Finally, the concomitant presence of endocrine dysfunctions might cause hypokalemia due to glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids excess [14, 16].
Hyperkalemia is a condition of increased K+ plasma levels (> 5.5 mEq/L). The principal causes of hyperkalemia are reported in Table 2.
Decreased distal flow | ||
Decreased K+ secretion | ||
Impaired Na+ reabsorption | ||
Primary hypoaldosteronism | ||
Secondary hypoaldosteronism | ||
Enhanced Cl− reabsorption | Gordon’s syndrome | |
Cyclosporine |
Main causes of hyperkalemia.
The causes primarily represented in cancer patients are indicated in bold.
Clinical features | Laboratory findings | Associated tumors | References |
---|---|---|---|
Muscle weakness; Peripheral edema; Hypertension; Weight gain; Centripetal fat distribution | Hypokalemia (<3.0 mEq); High cortisol baseline level (>29 μg/dL); Urinary free cortisol level > 47 μg/24 h Midnight ACTH level > 100 ng/L | Neuroendocrine lung tumors; Small cell lung cancer; Thymoma; Medullary thyroid cancer; Gastrointestinal tract cancer; Ovarian cancer; Pancreatic cancer; Adrenal cancer | [26, 27, 28, 29] |
Main features of Cushing syndrome.
The main causes of hyperkalemia in cancer patients are represented by reduced renal elimination caused by renal failure and redistribution within extracellular compartment.
In cancer patients there are different conditions than can induce hyperkalemia [1]. For instance, highly proliferative tumors can develop lysis syndrome after anticancer therapy, thus causing hyperkalemia. As in the case of hypokalemia, also treatment with chemotherapeutic agents such as platinum compounds might lead to hyperkalemia due to renal injury. Patients treated with a combination of drugs (i.e. potassium sparing diuretics, NSAIDs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) might develop hyperkalemia. Also, the occurrence of concomitant disease (i.e. diabetes mellitus, sepsis, renal failure) or the need of parenteral nutrition might cause hyperkalemia [17, 18]. An important cause of hyperkalemia is represented by Tumor Lysis Syndrome, a serious condition characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperuricemia and hyperazotemia (Figure 2).
Schematic diagram of tumor lysis syndrome.
TLS generally occurs within 72 hours from the therapy beginning and it is due to necrosis and subsequent release of cell content into the bloodstream [19]. In particular, there is an increase of potassium, phosphate and uric acid plasma levels while calcium levels are reduced. As a consequence, calcium phosphate precipitates in renal tubules, thus causing kidney injury and failure. Renal injury causes a worsening of metabolic disorders and hyperkalemia that can lead to arrhythmias, seizures, weakness and muscle cramps. Some cancer patients have a higher risk of developing TLS: for example, patients with a large tumor burden, rapidly growing tumors and tumors highly responsive to therapy (either standard chemotherapy, hormonal, radiation and targeted therapy). All these factors should be carefully evaluated before starting the treatment [20]. TLS generally occurs after a week of treatment but it can also develop spontaneously, for example in childhood cancers [21]. Moreover, patients suffering from additional renal dysfunctions have a higher risk of developing TLS.
Other causes of hyperkalemia in cancer patients are represented by adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) due to metastases in the adrenal gland especially in patients with advanced tumor of the breast and lung. Nevertheless, although the frequency of adrenal metastases is high, adrenal failure is rare due to the use of corticosteroids [22].
According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Dictionary of Cancer Terms, https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms) a paraneoplastic syndrome is defined as follows: “A group of symptoms that may develop when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal function of surrounding cells and tissue”. This definition implies that a cancer patient may develop symptoms that are not directly attributable to tumor invasion or compression [23]. Paraneoplastic syndromes may have impact on different organs, such as endocrine, neurologic, hematologic, rheumatologic and dermatologic systems. Such group of disorders may be due to the ectopical secretion of hormones and peptides (endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes) or immune cross-reactivity (neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes) [24].
The only endocrine paraneoplastic syndrome involving K+ alteration is Cushing syndrome, characterized by hypercortisolism [25]. The syndrome is caused by the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin-releasing factor from tumor cells [26, 27] followed by cortisol secretion from the adrenal glands. The main features of Cushing syndrome are reported in Table 3.
In contrast to other paraneoplastic syndromes (i.e. syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and hypercalcemia), patients often develop Cushing syndrome’s symptoms before cancer is diagnosed. Moreover, the reappearance of Cushing syndrome may precede tumor recurrence [24].
The multi-gene family of potassium channels is made of several subfamilies (Figure 3): calcium-activated channels, voltage-gated channels, inward rectifiers and two-pore domains (reviewed in [30, 31]).
Potassium channels subfamilies.
Calcium-activated potassium channels are represented by two classes of proteins: “small- and intermediate- conductance” (SK) and “high-conductance” (BK) potassium channels. SK channels assemble as tetramers and each monomer is composed by six transmembrane domains (S1-S6) with a central pore in the S5-S6 region. Similarly, BK channels are organized as tetramers with α and β subunits; in this case the pore is formed by α subunits.
Voltage-gated potassium channels are composed by four subunits (each constituted by six transmembrane domains termed S1-S6) surrounding an aqueous pore. In these channels, the pore (P) is formed by a loop between S5 and S6. S4 domain acts as voltage sensor.
Inward rectifier potassium channels are tetramers, with each monomer characterized by only two transmembrane domains linked by a P-loop.
The last subfamily is represented by Two-pore domains channels, made of four transmembrane domains with two regions forming the aqueous pores.
Among ion channels, those selective for K+ channels are the most frequently de-regulated in cancers. Several reports have been published over the years, highlighting K+ channels’ relevance in human solid cancers [31]. For example, in colorectal cancer the presence of the transcripts of
Several members of the Two Pore Domain family have been shown to be overexpressed in human tumors [62]. Quite recently,
Potassium is one of the most important mineral for humans, therefore its homeostasis is under tight control. Alterations of potassium homeostasis are frequent in cancer patients as well as alterations in potassium channels, and the clinical management of such patients must take into account the possibility for the patient of developing hypo- and hyperkaliemia to define a proper protocol of treatment.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Implications for parent education and prevention of risks for early and excessive exposure to digital technologies are discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",authors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"},{id:"193901",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ingrassia",slug:"massimo-ingrassia",fullName:"Massimo Ingrassia"}]},{id:"45773",doi:"10.5772/57003",title:"Cultural Variations in Parenting Styles in the Majority World Evidences from Nigeria and Cameroon",slug:"cultural-variations-in-parenting-styles-in-the-majority-world-evidences-from-nigeria-and-cameroon",totalDownloads:5078,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Esther F. 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Very young children are regular users of smartphones and tablet, so their early digital engagement poses new challenges to parent-child relationships and parental role. First, the chapter introduces the “digital parenting” construct, moving through the literature from “traditional” parenting styles to more recent studies on “parental mediation,” that is, the different behaviors parents adopt to regulate children’s engagement with the Internet and digital media. Second, the chapter reviews empirical researches on different parental mediation practices (active or restrictive behaviors) and how they are adjusted according to the child’s characteristics (age, digital competences, etc.) or parent’s media competence and beliefs. Finally, from a bidirectional perspective of parent-child relationships, the chapter discusses the role of youths’ social involvement, communication, self-disclosure, and digital skills on parent’s beliefs and practices. Implications for parent education and prevention of risks for early and excessive exposure to digital technologies are discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",authors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"},{id:"193901",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ingrassia",slug:"massimo-ingrassia",fullName:"Massimo Ingrassia"}]},{id:"72823",title:"Helicopter Parenting and Adolescent Development: From the Perspective of Mental Health",slug:"helicopter-parenting-and-adolescent-development-from-the-perspective-of-mental-health",totalDownloads:951,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Helicopter parenting is a unique form of parenting style that is generally described as highly intensive and highly involved with the children. A particular parenting style influences all phases of development and life style of adolescent. Helicopter parents overly protect their children from the difficulties by setting some set of instructions without consideration of the uniqueness of their children. Recent literature has got huge attention on this parenting style and debating the pros and cons on the development of child. Higher life satisfaction and better psychological wellbeing have been found in the children of highly intrusive parents. When there are positive effects of helicopter parenting, there are negative outcome and impacts that have also been studied. The difficulties in emotional regulation, academic productivity, and social skills among children raised by helicopter parenting have been reported in the literature. Low self-efficacy, lack of trust on peers, and alienation from peers have also been associated with helicopter parenting. The chapter highlights the associated aspects of childhood and adolescence, raised by helicopter parenting. As parents have their own concern about raising their children in certain manner, it is important to understand the underlying mechanism of parenting style. Therefore, this chapter also describes the theoretical framework. The associated mental health issues and supportive psychological intervention to be also discussed.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Deepika Srivastav and M.N. 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Building solid healthy relationships at this stage of their lives is of utmost importance to help them cope with the changes and challenges they are experiencing. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the parent-adolescent relationship in the substance dependency field. The focus is on the relationship between parents and their adolescents who have a substance use disorder. Parenting adolescents poses its own set of challenges, making it difficult to build and maintain healthy parent-adolescent relationships. We argue that although adolescent substance use disorder has been extensively researched, the relationship between parents and adolescents with substance use disorder has surprisingly not received the same attention. It is this gap that this chapter seeks to address. With this in mind, the ecological systems theory was employed here to shed light on the importance and significance of developing healthy parent-adolescent relationships. The findings show that the parent-adolescent relationship primarily informs the daily living of both the parents and the adolescents. The parent-adolescent relationship is therefore very important as it represents whole-family functioning.",book:{id:"9043",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",title:"Parenting",fullTitle:"Parenting - Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective"},signatures:"Faith Mathibela and Rebecca Mmamoagi Skhosana",authors:[{id:"317920",title:"Mrs.",name:"Faith",middleName:null,surname:"Mathibela",slug:"faith-mathibela",fullName:"Faith Mathibela"}]},{id:"56390",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sociology of Knowledge and Epistemological Paradox of Globalization",slug:"introductory-chapter-sociology-of-knowledge-and-epistemological-paradox-of-globalization",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"5924",slug:"epistemology-and-transformation-of-knowledge-in-global-age",title:"Epistemology and Transformation of Knowledge in Global Age",fullTitle:"Epistemology and Transformation of Knowledge in Global Age"},signatures:"Zlatan Delić",authors:[{id:"31746",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatan",middleName:null,surname:"Delic",slug:"zlatan-delic",fullName:"Zlatan Delic"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"276",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral health, Dental care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic imaging, Early diagnosis, Oral cancer, Conservative treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive dental care, Complementary therapies, Holistic health",scope:"\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Dr.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - 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