Families of earthworms of India with genera and number of species.
\r\n\t
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Dr. Yu is a holder of 90 journal papers, with an h index of 21, is a member of A& WA (USA) and AAAR (USA), and is the holder of 24 registered patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"188972",title:"Prof.",name:"Mingzhou",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",slug:"mingzhou-yu",fullName:"Mingzhou Yu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188972/images/system/188972.jpg",biography:"Mingzhou Yu is now a Professor at China Jiliang University and a Guest Professor at Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science. He received his PhD degree from Zhejiang University in 2008 with the major fluid mechanism. During the time period between 2009 and 2012, he moved to Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany, as a Alexander von Humboldt researcher where he worked with Prof. Gerhard Kasper and Dr. Martin Seipenbusch. Since 2013, he joined Prof. Junji Cao's research group as a guest Professor at Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Chinese Academy of Science. During the time period between 2013 and 2016, he worked in The Hongkong Polytechnic University and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain, as a research associate or postdoc researcher. He is now leading a Aerosol Science and Technology Laboratory supported by Zhejiang Special Provincial Support in CJLU. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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The credit for naming the first earthworm species in the Indian subcontinent goes to Templeton [1], when he discovered
Presently, 451 valid species/subspecies of earthworms under 71 genera are known from the Indian territory, including the islands of Andaman, Nicobar and Lakshadweep which have reported 9 families described in Table 1 (as per Brinkhurst and Jamieson’s classification of Oligochaeta, and Gates [33] classification of Megascolecidae), Endemism, both at genera and species level, is very high; about 71% of genera and 89% of species are endemic. Some exotic peregrine species of earthworms are also found, and these are now widespread in disturbed habitats following deforestation and intensive cultivation practices.
Sl No. | Family | Genus (No) | Species (No)* |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Acanthodrilidae | 03 | 43 |
2. | Almidae | 02 | 5 |
3. | Eudrilidae | 01 | 1 |
4. | Lumbricidae | 09 | 16 |
5. | Megascolecidae | 14 | 149 |
6. | Moniligastridae | 03 | 85 |
7. | Ocnerodrilidae | 08 | 17 |
8. | Octochaetidae | 30 | 134 |
9. | Rhinodrilidae | 01 | 1 |
Total families: 9 | 71 | 451 |
Families of earthworms of India with genera and number of species.
Species incertae sedis: 8.
India is located 8.4–37.6°N latitude with covered area 3,287,797 km2 and is rich country as far as its biodiversity is concerned. Considering the past geological history of the Indian subcontinent excluding (Burma, Nepal, and Pakistan) has been divided into six well-defined physiographic regions depending upon topography, climate, and vegetation viz. Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, and Northeast ranges, Indo-Gangetic Plains, Central high lands, Peninsular plateaus, and Western Ghats including Sahyadri and Nilgiri hills (Table 2).
Family | Genus | Number of valid species |
---|---|---|
Acanthodrilidae | 1 | |
41 | ||
1 | ||
Total | 43 | |
Almidae | 1 | |
4 | ||
Total | 5 | |
Eudrilidae | 1 | |
Total | 1 | |
Lumbricidae | 1 | |
3 | ||
1 | ||
2 | ||
1 | ||
2 | ||
1 | ||
3 | ||
2 | ||
Total | 16 | |
Megascolecidae | 13 | |
1 | ||
4 | ||
8 | ||
33 | ||
10 | ||
2 | ||
10 | ||
56 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
2 | ||
7 | ||
1 | ||
Total | 149 | |
Moniligastridae | 1 | |
73 | ||
11 | ||
Total | 85 | |
Ocnerodrilidae | 1 | |
1 | ||
1 | ||
2 | ||
5 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
5 | ||
Total | 17 | |
Octochaetidae | 1 | |
3 | ||
1 | ||
7 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
5 | ||
6 | ||
23 | ||
1 | ||
19 | ||
2 | ||
6 | ||
1 | ||
7 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
15 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
3 | ||
1 | ||
1 | ||
5 | ||
2 | ||
1 | ||
3 | ||
2 | ||
3 | ||
10 | ||
Total | 134 | |
Rhinodrilidae | 1 | |
Total | 1 |
Earthworms of India with valid number of species.
Earthworms of India belong to 9 families that may be identified with the following key:
1 | Inconspicuous male pores | 2 |
Conspicuous male pores | 3 | |
2 | Clitellum flared into wings; zygolobic prostomium; setae in regular rows body | |
Clitellum not flared; irregular arrangement of setae in caudal segments | ||
3 | Male pores in front of segment 15 | 4 |
Male pores behind segment 15 | 5 | |
4 | Male pores at segment 13 or 15 | |
Male pores at intersegment grove 10/11 | ||
5 | Without dorsal pores | 6 |
With dorsal pores | 7 | |
6 | Thin whitish worms, female pore tiny close to mid-ventral lines or at | |
Robust, dark-colored, female pore large slits close to lateral margins of segment 14, Male Pore on 17 | ||
7 | Prostate tubular, holonephric | |
Prostate tubular, meronephric | ||
Prostate racemose, meronephric |
The characteristic features of each genus with available known species and their type locality are described in the library.
Male pores minute between apertures of
Female pore at or slightly median to
Lumbricine, widely paired setae.
Spermathecae one pair, diverticulate.
Size 10–35 mm.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Montpellier, France.
Male pores in xviii, xix, or xx.
Three pairs of kidney-shaped extramural calciferous glands.
Dorsal pores present behind clitellum.
Intestinal origin xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, or xviii.
Spermathecae 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 pairs in some or all of vi–xii.
41 species recorded from India.
Male pores in xviii, biprostatic
Female pores in xiv.
Spermathecal pores at vii/viii/ix.
Genital markings oval unpaired, median usually in xi/xx, and sometimes in xii/xiii/xiv.
Prostate tubular.
Spermathecae paired in vii and ix with club-shaped diverticulum.
Without typhlosole, calciferous, and supra-intestinal gland.
Known to occur in mud with large content of organic matter and salt on seashores and margins of estuaries and brackish water lakes.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is French Riviera.
Male pore Inconspicuous (not clearly visible), difficult to recognize and intraclitellar behind segment xvi.
Lumbricine
Clitellum annular and laterally flared into wings.
Seminal vesicles in ix–xii.
Four species recorded in India.
Male pore in xiii segment.
Lumbricine
Four pair seminal vesicle.
Multiple Spermathecae (4-5) and adiverticulate.
Presence of genital markings in xxi–xxvi.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Varadiam, Thrissur dist., Kerala, India.
Male pores minute paired on segment xvii, penes retractable copulatory chamber.
Female pores paired, large transverse slits, close to sides of the body on segment xiv.
Lumbricine closely paired.
Color reddish to purple or dark purplish.
Y-shaped gland present that opens through own porophore into the copulatory chamber.
Dorsal pores absent.
Only one species found in India.
Type locality is St. Helena Island, South Atlantic.
Male pores in xv.
Male tumescences confined to median half of
Female pores in xiv, slightly lateral to
Holandric, seminal vesicles in xi, xii.
Tubercula pubertatis and TP glands absent.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Deer Garden, Copenhagen.
Male pore inconspicuous and transverse slits on usually much elevated glandular area, which occupy xiv–xvi.
Prostomium epilobic.
Spermathecal pore at most three pairs or pairs of groups in
Seminal vesicles four pairs in ix–xii.
Tubercula pubertatis absent.
Three species recorded in India.
Color reddish.
Length 23–46 mm.
Lumbricine.
Clitellum saddle-shaped segments xxiv–xxx.
Tubercula pubertatis absent.
Male pores on segment xv.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Mount Lebanon, New York-New England, USA.
Male pores at the bottom of equatorial clefts at or bear m
Female pores at xiv just lateral to
Tubercula pubertatis longitudinal bands of translucence slightly depressed just lateral to
Spermathecal pores in
Color dark red to slate.
Size 20–60 mm.
Two species recorded in India.
Male pores in xv between
Spermathecal pores ix/x/xi.
Clitellum covers six segments in xxvii–xxxi.
Tubercula pubertatis xxviii–xxx or only xxix–xxx.
Genital tumescence surrounds setae
Dark red, pale ventrally.
Size 20–100 mm.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Paris, France.
Distinctive striped appearance because of alternating segmental bands of red and yellow color along the entire length of the body.
Male pore on segment xv.
Clitellum covering from segment xxvi to segment xxxii.
Tubercula pubertatis on segment xxviii–xxx.
Spermathecal pore two pairs, close to together on the upper side, in intersegment furrow ix/x, and x/xi.
Two species recorded in India.
Male pores in xv at or somewhat below
transverse cleft.
Tubercula pubertatis longitudinally band like, uninterrupted by intersegment furrows.
Color reddish brown with golden tinge.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Paris, France.
Dark pigmented.
Male pore inconspicuous and without glandular area.
Spermathecal pore of two pairs in ix/x and x/xi in
Seminal vesicles of three pairs in ix, xi, and xii.
Three species recorded in India.
Male pores with large glandular area which encroach xiv and xvi.
Female pore just lateral to
Tubercula pubertatis fused to form wall.
Spermathecal pore two pairs in ix/x or x/xi in the region of
Four pairs of seminal vesicles in ix–xii.
Two species recorded in India.
Male pore paired in xviii (rarely xix) discharging directly onto the surface.
Female pore single rarely paired on xiv.
Spermathecal pores paired (bithecal), occasionally numerous, or single between iv/v and viii/ix.
Prostate racemose.
Copulatory pouches absent.
Spermathecae usually paired, rarely multiple or single.
Thirteen species recorded in India.
Male pores on small conical papillae, which touch each other in the middle line.
Spermathecal pores unpaired and at the median in vii/viii and viii/ix.
Clitellum xiv–xvii (four segments).
Gizzard in v.
Prostate a compact glandular mass (racemose).
Penial setae absent.
Length 92 mm.
Color gray.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Thrissur, Kerala, India.
Male pores paired in xviii.
Megameronephridia absent.
Four species recorded in India.
Male pores in xviii (combined with prostatic pores).
Female pore in xiv.
Spermathecae bidiverticulate with two small digitiform diverticula arising from lateral and median faces of the duct.
Intestinal caeca and supra-intestinal glands absent.
Meronephric: one pair enteronephric meganephridia with preseptal funnels from the region of xx.
Eight species recorded in India.
Male pores in xviii.
Female pore in xiv.
Spermathecal pores 1–5 pairs between segments iv and ix, lateral to mid-ventral.
Penial setae present.
Thirty-three species recorded in India.
Male pores (combined with prostatic pores paired) within copulatory pouches on xviii rarely on xix or xx.
Female pore single rarely paired in xiv.
Clitellum annular xiv–xvi.
Spermathecal pores usually large transverse slits, rarely small paired, occasionally single or multiple between iv/v and ix/x.
Meronephric, nephridia absent from the spermathecal ducts.
Prostate gland racemose.
Ten species recorded in India.
Male pores in seminal grooves confined to xvii.
Female pores anteromedian to
Calciferous glands unstalked and not constricted off from the esophagus.
Calciferous lamellae within lateral swellings of esophagus in viii–xii.
Dorsal pores present from region viii/ix–ix/x.
Pigment lacking.
Prostate strap-shaped.
Spermathecal pores paired lateral to mid-ventral.
Two species recorded in India.
Male pores in xviii.
Spermathecal pores 1, 2, or 3 pairs, the last in viii/ix, lateral to mid-ventral.
Very close to
Ten species recorded in India.
Male pores (combined with prostatic pores) paired on xviii.
Female pore intraclitellar and median.
Spermathecal pores paired, lateral to mid-ventral.
Dorsally pigmented reddish to blackish, ventrally nonpigmented.
Holonephric: nephridia with preseptal funnels and postseptal loops that open in their own segments to the exterior through epidermal apertures.
Typhlosole, intestinal and supra-intestinal glands absent.
Ovaries are fan-shaped with several egg strings.
Fifty-six species recorded in India.
Male pores paired within copulatory pouches in xviii.
Gizzard present between vii/viii and ix/x.
Copulatory pouches present often with secretory diverticulate.
Meronephric, nephridia always present on spermathecal ducts.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Darnley Island, Torres Strait, Australia
Male pores paired in xviii small on a porophore.
Preclitellar genital markings absent.
Postclitellar genital markings present or absent when present paired on xviii or xviii/xix.
Spermathecal pore five pairs in iv/v/vi/vii/viii/ix.
Spermathecae present or absent when present five pairs in vi–x with a duct as long as the ampulla, diverticulum usually shorter than duct, and ampulla combined.
Single species recorded in India.
Male pores on circular porophores in xviii.
Perichaetine, setae never excessively crowded ventrally, creeping sole absent.
Crescentric genital markings absent.
First dorsal pore between iv/v and xii/xiii.
Two species recorded in India.
Male pores in xvii and in seminal grooves that extend into another segment.
Quadrithecal pores at vi/vii–vii/viii.
Gizzzard in vi.
Discrete calciferous glands stalked in viii–xii, ix–xii, x–xii.
Intestinal caeca and supra-intestinal glands absent.
Meroic, V-shaped, exoic micronephridia on parietes from iv and especially numerous in clitella segments.
Prostate strap-shaped extending through several segments, duct short, soft, and joined entally by the sperm duct.
Spermathecae each with a diverticulum shorter than the main axis.
Seven species recorded in India.
Male pores in
Single pair of the tubular racemose prostate in xviii.
Three pairs extramural calciferous glands in xiii, xiv, and xv.
Intestine begins in xvi.
Meronephric, enteronephric tufts in v, caudally with numerous preseptal nephrostomal funnels on each side in each segment corresponding with post septal exonephric avesiculate micromeronephridia.
Megameronephridia absent.
Spermathecae one pair in viii with single elevate diverticulum.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Gundar Shola, Palni Hills, Tamil Nadu, India.
Two pairs of male pores xi/xii and xii/xiii.
Female pores at or just lateral to
Spermathecae adiverticulate.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality in Tingpai, Myitkyina district, Myanmar.
Male pores at or near x/xi.
Female pores at or just behind xi/xii.
Spermathecal pores at vii/viii.
Spermathecae without a stalked glandular mass in the association.
Seventy-one species recorded in India.
Male pores in x/xi.
Spermathecae with a bifid muscular atrial chamber, each horn of which bears a lobulated glandular mass.
11 species recorded in India.
Male pores in papillae just behind eq/xvii.
Copulatory chambers in xvii into which sperm duct open.
Gizzard in vii and ventromedian calciferous gland in ix and x.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is River Hatti at Madapur, Coorg, S. India, and is endemic.
Male pores paired minute in seminal grooves on xviii near
Prostatic pores paired, minute at the ends of seminal grooves on xvii and xix in
Spermathecal pores paired inconspicuous in vii/viii/ix at
Genital markings paired usually presetal on xx–xxi at
Clitellum saddle-shaped.
Length 47–66 mm.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Baraila (near Jabalpur), MP, India, and is endemic.
Male pores in xvii.
Quadrithecal pores at mAB, at vii/viii–viii/ix.
Calciferous glands one pair in ix with a small central lumen a triangular in section.
A solid “clear gland” with short stalk protrusible from each prostate-pore invagiation.
Single species recoded in India.
Type locality is Thomas Isl., West Indies.
Male pores and prostatic pores approximated xvii/xviii.
Spermathecae without diverticulate on the duct, often with evaginations at the ectal end of the ampulla.
Two species recorded in India.
Male and prostatic pores in xvii.
Holonephric, large nephridia.
Dorsal pores and pigment lacking.
Five species recorded in India.
Male pores in xvii.
Seminal vesicles in xii, large.
Paired calciferous glands in ix, each with the fairly thick wall (n large canal) and a central, vertically slit like lumen, a long and slender stalk bound in a U-loop against the esophagus.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Panama.
Male pores in xvii.
Prostomium epilobic, tongue usually open but may be closed, or even unrecognizable.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Fresno, California, USA.
Male pores in xviii.
Gizzard in vii, a dendritically branched system of spaces (opening into gut lumen) in the thickened ventral wall of esophagus in ix–x.
Holonephric, avesiculate, and ducts passing parietes to
Five species recorded in India.
Male and prostatic pores paired in seminal grooves on xvii.
Two pairs of discrete intramural calciferous glands in xi–xiii.
Genital markings unpaired and median with two central translucent areas, post setal on xviii–xix, sometimes on xvi, xx, and xxi at
Type locality is found in Allahabad, UP, India, and is endemic.
Combined male and prostatic pores paired with xviii, seminal grooves absent.
Typhlosole lamelliform simple and “grid-like” thickening present at the posterior end of typhlosole.
Genital markings present.
Three species recorded in India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii.
Prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Typhlosole lamelliform, bifid ventrally at the anterior portion.
Single species recorded from Partapgarh, UP, India, and is endemic.
Combined male and prostatic pores paired, on xviii.
Intestinal caecae, supra-intestinal glands, and typhlosole absent.
Prostates paired in xviii, extending posteriorly through several segments, and vasa deferential on each side join the prostatic duct entally.
Seven species recorded from India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii, prostatic pores paired at the ends of seminal grooves on xvii, and xix.
One pair of discrete extramural calciferous gland present. Each gland bilobed, one lobe in xv and other in xvi, opening into gut in xv slightly anterior to septum xv/xvi.
Single species found in India.
Type locality is Panchgani, W. Ghats and Maharashtra, India, and is endemic.
Combined male and prostatic pores paired on xvii; seminal grooves absent.
Genital markings are circular to oval, paired, and presetal on xvi and xvii at
Spermathecal pores in paired batteries of 1-4 (polythecal) on vi/vii/viii
Single species found in India.
Type locality is Khandala, W Ghats, Maharashtra, India, and is endemic.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii or xvii/xviii; prostatic pores two pairs at the ends of seminal grooves.
esophagus with two gizzards anterior to septum viii/ix.
Each calciferous gland trilobed, a vertically reniform lobe in each of segments xv–xvii with a common duct opening into gut in xvi.
Five species recorded in India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii; prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Two pairs of discrete extramural calciferous glands in xi–xii.
Six species recorded in India.
Male pore paired just posterior to prostatic pores on xvii; seminal grooves absent.
Prostatic and male pore paired near the setal arc of xvii, discharging within vestibula or directly into the body surface.
Typhlosole lamelliform, ending posteriorly with a short series of supra-intestinal glands.
23 species recorded in India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii.
Prostatic pores paired at ends of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
One pair of discrete, extramural calciferous glands, each gland bilobed, one lobe in xv and the other in xvi, both discharging into gut through a common duct in xv close to attachment of septum xiv/xv.
Micromeronephridia astomate, enteronephric paired tufts in iii, few scattered on body wall in xiv and posteriad segments; paired, stomate, enteronephric megameronephridia in xv and posteriad segments, discharging into rectum through paired excretory canals.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Herbettu, Shimoga dist., Karnataka, India, and is endemic.
Combined male and prostatic pores two pairs on xvii or xvii/xviii and xix or xviii/xix, seminal grooves absent.
Genital markings present or absent when present with or without central apertures.
19 species recorded in India.
Male pores paired, in seminal grooves, on xviii; prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves, on xvii and xix.
Stomate megameronephridia present at least in caudal segments; micromeronephridia astomate throughout the body.
Calciferous gland one pair, each gland bilobed one lobe in xv and the other in xvi.
Two species recorded in India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii; prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Discrete calciferous glands, intestinal caeca, and supra-intestinal glands absent.
Spermathecae paired in viii and ix.
Six species recorded in India.
Male pores paired, in seminal grooves on xviii; prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Kotegehar, Karnataka, India, and is endemic.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii or xvii/xviii; prostatic pores two pairs at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix or one pair in xvii.
Three pairs discrete extramural calciferous glands in x–xii.
Paired stomata mega-meronephridia in caudal segments.
Seven species recorded in India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii; prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Prostate paired in xvii and xix extending posteriorly to two segments.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Moodabidri, Karnataka, India, and is endemic.
Male pores paired on xviii in seminal grooves, prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves, on xvii and xix.
Spermathecal pores paired in viii and ix, each with a tubular diverticulum arising from about the middle of the duct.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Travancore, Kerala, India, and is endemic.
Male pores paired on xviii in seminal grooves, prostatic pores paired at the ends of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Esophagus with a single gizzard in vi or in a space between septa iv/v and vii/viii or viii/ix or ix/x.
One pair discrete extramural asymmetrical calciferous glands opening into gut close to the attachment of septum v/vi.
Prostate paired in xvii and xix extending posteriorly to a few segments.
Fifteen species recorded in India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii, prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Esophagus with a single gizzard in a space between septa iv/v and vii/viii and one pair of discrete extramural calciferous glands.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Secunderabad, AP, India, and is endemic.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii, prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Secunderabad, AP, India, and is endemic.
Male pores (combined male and prostatic pores) paired, large slits in line with
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality in Nilambur, Malappuram dist., Kerala, India, and endemic.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii, prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Prostate two pairs in xvii and xix.
Three species recorded in India.
Combined male and prostatic pores on xviii.
Esophagus with single large gizzard in v.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Coonoor, Nilgiri Hills, South India, and is endemic.
Combined male and prostatic pores on xviii.
Three pairs extramural calciferous glands in xiv–xvi.
Single species recorded in India.
Type locality is Coonoor, Nilgiri Hills, South India, and is endemic.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii; prostatic pores paired at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Esophagus with a single gizzard in v or vi and calciferous lamellae in viii–xi.
Discrete calciferous glands and supra-intestinal glands absent.
Genital markings usually present.
Five species recorded in India.
Combined male and prostatic pores paired on xix; Seminal grooves absent.
Esophagus with two gizzards in vi and vii.
Typhlosole in the form of low ridge.
Spermathecal pores paired in vii/viii.
Genital markings present.
Spermathecae paired diverticulate.
Two species recorded in India.
Combined male and prostatic pores paired on xviii.
Esophagus with a single gizzard between septa v/vi and viii/ix.
One pair discrete intramural calciferous glands in xii.
Holandric, testes, and male funnels in x enclosed in U-shaped sacs.
Spermathecae one pair in viii, each with a median and a lateral bi or trilobed ental diverticula, duct shorter than ampulla.
Exonephric megameronephridia in each segment posterior to the supra-intestinal glands.
Single species recorded in India
Type locality is Sandakphu, Darjeeling dist., W Bengal, India, and is endemic.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii.
Prostatic pores paired at ends of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Single gizzard in vi.
One pair bilobed extramural calciferous gland is present. One lobe in xiv and other in xv.
Micromeronephridia astomate, exonephric.
Megameronephridia in caudal segments.
Prostomium tanylobic.
Three species recorded in India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii.
Prostatic pores paired at ends of seminal grooves on xvii and xix.
Prostomium prolobic to proepliobic.
Single gizzard in v.
Large extramural calciferous glands in xvi with calciferous ridges extending to xviii.
Intestinal caeca and supra-intestinal glands absent.
Typhlosole simple lamellicorn.
Penial setae present.
Micromeronephridia astomate, exonephric, small paired tufts on body wall in ii–iv on septa in v–xii, in clusters of iv–v in xiii, and posteriad segments.
Paired stomata exonephric megameronephridia lateral to micromeronephridia in xvii and posteriad segments.
Two species recorded in India.
Combined male and prostatic pores on xviii.
Esophagus with a single gizzard in v and four pairs of discrete calciferous glands in x–xiii.
Supra-intestinal glands absent.
Typhlosole simple lamelliform.
Megameronephridia absent.
Spermathecal pores paired in or close to vii/viii/ix.
Genital markings absent.
Holandric, seminal vesicles in xi and xii.
Prostate paired in xviii.
Penial setae present.
Spermathecae paired in viii and ix.
Three species recorded in India.
Male pores paired in seminal grooves on xviii or xvii/xviii or on porophores on xvii; prostatic pores two pairs at the end of seminal grooves on xvii and xix or xvii and xviii or one pair on xvii.
Esophagus with a single gizzard in v and with calciferous lamellae in in xvi.
Discrete calciferous glands, caeca, and supra-intestinal gland absent.
Typhlosole simple lamelliform.
One or two pair stomate enteronephric megameronephridia in each segment from about middle of the body to posterior end.
Testes holandric.
Spermathecae paired or unpaired.
Ten species recorded in India.
Male and spermathecal pores minute and inconspicuous.
Female pore small transverse slit at left side of mid-ventral line just in front of intersegment furrow xiv/xv.
Lumbricine in regular furrow, but enlarged and located in alternate positions on adjacent segments in tail region.
Clitellum saddle-shaped generally covering segments xv–xxii/xxiii.
Dorsal pores absent.
Calciferous glands visible through the body wall in live specimen.
Digestive system with paired “Panicled tubular” calciferous glands in vii–ix.
First Segment and snout (prostomium) often elongated as a long thin proboscis when the worm is exploring the area.
Body pale, light pink in head.
Single species found in India and is exotic in origin.
Type locality is found in Itajai, Brazil.
First systematic comprehensive earthworm database of India developed for identification of earthworms to provide a useful supplement for traditional morphological taxonomists and nonexperts in this area.
Authors are thankful to Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi for the financial support to carry out the study.
Designing electro-mechanical systems in the aerospace industry is a challenging task for many reasons. First, the programs may last decade, so when the design phase starts the design team must envisage how the product will be sustained and maintained in 20 or 30 years on. Second: reliability is a
In this context, the role of industrial engineering teams inside an aerospace company can play a decisive role in delivering the targeted requirements (time-cost-quality).
In order to do so, the industrial engineering team needs to be part of the design team from the beginning, even during offer proposition if needed. Moreover, its requirements, suggestions and strategies must not be seen as secondary or expendable to meet selected electrical or technical specification. On the contrary, if a particular feature needs to be sacrificed during design phase, this should be a technical performance that is not directly requested by the customer or end-user.
During the design flow, industrial engineering can be engaged in two possible ways:
In the final design stages to verify that the part designed by the electrical or electronic engineering team fulfills several conditions regarding physical dimensions, materials employed, interconnects, and so on. In practice, the role of the industrial engineering team is to give a “go ahead” or “modify” decision based on the outcome of a specific checklist compilation and know-how of the manufacturing process. In this context the industrial engineering members act as review body rather than participant of the design team. This approach often leads to difficulties when the production of the part ramps-up since some aspects related to manufacturing were overlooked during the design phase.
Early on the design stage to recommend manufacturing related views, propose suggestions and identify solutions that would have been probably rejected by a “purely” engineering team.
In essence, design for manufacturing (DFM) is a development & design issue, not a manufacturing topic. “D” stands for design and therefore “DFM” is a design challenge”.
The following sections contain indication on how the industrial engineering team can be effective during the design phase (i.e. implementing best practices for DFM) and in the subsequent production phase in order to proactively sustain and improve the manufacturing processes.
The following terms are often referred to in the rest of the chapter:
Industrial engineering: a team of people, or a better a division of the company, which is constantly involved in both engineering and manufacturing activities. Its essence is to act as the
Producible/Producibility: the attribute of a part that can be manufactured in a given time and cost constraint thorough industrial repeatable processes featuring a level of quality, for example, compliant with ISO9100 standards.
The design team should treat manufacturing requests and constraints as a requirement in the same way it tackles the technical requirements posed upon the item under development. Therefore, manufacturing aspects require a design strategy and a verification method.
DFM strategies can be summarized as best practices or design rule. In general, rules can be strict and often are associated with the concept of violation and penalty. An alternative way of implementing the process can be obtained by giving guidelines. The latter are less strict and provide a design philosophy rather than giving strict indications.
An important feature of designing and producing parts in the aerospace industry is that large quantities of the same part to be produced are seldom encountered, as occurs in the consumer market or semiconductor industry. Apart for very specific components, for example, transmit/receive modules inside a phased array, most other parts that compose an electro-mechanical system are usually produced in a scale of a few parts per month or even less.
Trade studies are very important in the aerospace industry. They should be carried out at the beginning of the design phase to identify the most viable solution. It is important to emphasize that the Producibility requirements have the same dignity as the electromechanical requirements expressed technical specifications and the team’s objective must be to respect ALL requirements, or identify the most balanced solution among a set of proposed viable solutions.
There are multiple ways to implement a project that fulfills the given requirements and conditions.
Radar chart helps understanding design trade options.
A typical case study is here provided with the aid of Figure 1. The goal of the team is to design a microwave electromechanical assembly fulfilling some electro-mechanical requirements listed in technical specification. Moreover, the part shell be produced within a maximum cost figure (expense of components and labor) and the design cycle shall be less than 12 months long.
Electrical requirements such as gain, noise, signal linearity and DC power consumption can be summarized in REQ_1. Thermo-mechanical requirements, such as maximum temperature of operation and the capability of withstanding certain shocks and accelerations, can be associated to REQ_2. Reliability specifications are considered in REQ_3. The term
The yellow line, in Figure 1, appears to be a solution featuring high technical merit but requiring the use of some component that is not compliant with safety constraints or export limitations. This is quantified by the low value expressed in CONST_1. On the contrary, the blue line represents a solution that complies with time and material/component prescription but features low technical merit. The green and burgundy curve represent solutions that suitably trade-off between all requirements and constraints. Some requirements may be in contrast against each other. For example, higher electrical performance may be obtained at the expense of poorer reliability or vice versa. Similarly, demanding thermomechanical requirements can be fulfilled if accepting the higher costs of using advanced materials and extra labor time. Moreover, even within the same set of requirements, for example electrical performance expressed as REQ_1 there might be some conflict. Higher gain and linearity is obtained at the expense of greater power consumption.
Typically, the identified solution will cover most of the requirements leaving unsatisfied only a minimal part. Therefore, the best solution is the one having the largest area in conjunction with no points close to the origin of the radar chart, consequently the burgundy curve in Figure 1.
The project manager must work to manage the lifetime risk of the product/program linked to the failure to meet these requirements. In the event of conflict, a trade-off must be made between the electromechanical requirements and those of producibility, privileging the latter especially for series production (items with multiplicity ≥5 for one system).
Finally, design guidelines are particularly useful in contexts where most of the assembly is performed manually, whereas rules apply where the process is highly automated and product performance is obtained by-design rather by manufacturing tuning.
Production of electrical assemblies operating at high frequency requires a set of manufacturing technologies that ranges from packaging to adhesion up to interconnects. The topic is very broad and some aspects are covered in [1]. What is important for this chapter is that several of these processes are manual. While, on one side, manual assembly can help obtain desired product performance on the other it increases tuning time since the “starting point” can be quite far apart due to the larger variability of manual processes. Moreover, at microwave frequencies, interconnects and adhesives influence electrical performance due to the parasitic effects, and therefore must be taken into account during design phase.
A best practice that greatly aids design for manufacturing topics is the manufacturing organization meeting with design engineers to discuss the latest developments in manufacturing technology. Moreover, the Industrial engineering team should periodically provide a report containing investments and improvements foreseen in manufacturing over the following 2–3 years. In this way, the company and the engineering team are well aware of advances in manufacturing and can profitably orient design choices in the future.
Eutectic die attach (brazing) is a highly controlled die attach process for high reliability, high accuracy, and high performance devices. To achieve high yield, sophisticated heating and cooling mechanisms are employed. This means controlling that the device heats and cools according to a very strict parameter line. The essence of a eutectic reaction is going from liquid to solid, using eutectic heating and cooling. Eutectic alloys for soldering are composed of Sn (tin), Pb (lead), Ag (silver) and Au (gold). When different metals are combined into alloys, a range of melting temperatures are created with varying proportions of each metal used: AuSi@363°C, AuSn@280°C. The advantage is a very high conductive (thermal and electrical) adhesion obtained at the expense of a manual and very complicate processes (a few seconds or degrees difference in the brazing oven could mean success or failure of the process). Table 1 reports key attributes of alloys for brazing microelectronic parts. Important parameters to drive the choice in microelectronic components are the electro & thermal conductivity (to determine in-package device electro-thermal performance) and melt temperature (that implies manufacturing complexity). Gold-Tin alloys (Au/Sn) are typically employed in assembly of microwave devices while Tin-Lead (Sn/Pb) is preferred for the production of digital boards.
Alloy Family | Features | Composition | Melt temp. [°C] |
---|---|---|---|
SnPb | Typically used in surface mount assembly. High bond reliability. | Sn63Pb36.7Sb0.3 | 183 |
Sn60Pb39.7Sb0.3 | 183–188 | ||
Sn62Pb36Ag2 | 179 | ||
In | Elastic interconnect | In100 | 156.7 |
In50Pb50 | 180–209 | ||
AuSn | Strong bond strength. Excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. | Au80Sn20 | 280 |
Attributes of several alloys for brazing.
Tin/Lead (Sn/Pb) based alloys are the most commonly used alloys for welding on copper, nickel or silver surfaces. The addition (optional) of a small percentage of antimony prevents the transformation of the tin (beta) phase into a tin (alpha) phase called “tin plague”, with a reduction in the volume of the alloy mass and a drastic decrease in the mechanical strength of the welded joint. Silver is added to allow soldering on silver surfaces without causing the alloy to over-dissolve the plating metal. All tin-based alloys are strongly discouraged for welding gold surfaces, due to the rapid dissolution of gold in the alloy (scavenging).
Indium-based alloys are particularly useful due to their great ductility, which attenuates or eliminates failure problems resulting from fatigue failure of welded joints, and by the lower solubility of gold in such alloys. About 1% of gold must dissolve in an indium/lead based alloy before the AuIn2 solid phase can be formed, which is stable in equilibrium with lead up to 319°C and acts as a barrier, limiting the further dissolution of gold: a thin film of gold can withstand for 15 minutes in an In50Pb50 alloy bath.
Gold/Tin (Au/Sn) alloy is specifically used to weld gold surfaces without having to use flux, due to the high gold content it contains. It is normally sufficient to use a nitrogen-based inert atmosphere during the process. This alloy is able to dissolve gold in considerable proportions (up to 1–2 microns in thickness) during a normal welding cycle lasting a few minutes, which requires that the surfaces to be gilded have a thicker plating, i.e. at least 3–4 μm.
Epoxy attach (gluing), on the other hand, is a far more easier manufacturing process than brazing. It can be very often automated and the time constraints/temperature constraints of the process are much less critical than brazing. Usually the devices is cured for 30 minutes inside a curing oven at 120°C. Nowadays, silver-loaded epoxy adhesive with high thermal and electrical conductivity are available whose electrical and thermal performance are not far from the ones obtainable with chip brazing.
The purpose of the wire bond is to create an electrical connection between an IC and some type of conductor, typically a metal trace. At lower frequencies the wire bond performs as a simple electrical contact between points and is specified at a maximum current handling. However, as frequency increases, wire bonds begin to perform as inductors. The requirements on the wire bond increase as frequency is increased. Typically, the length of the wire is limited to reduce inductance. Also, the shape of the wire bond is specified and in some cases manual accomplishment becomes unavoidable. Figure 2 depicts the equivalent electric circuit and the corresponding parasitic reactance and resistance as a function of frequency of a 1 mm/25 μm diameter wire bond. As frequency increases, the parasitic effects become large and can be compensated only by decreasing wire length, and sometimes operator skill becomes mandatory.
Bond wire simplified geometry and equivalent circuit (left) and impedance vs. frequency (right).
The effect of wire length, and therefore inductance, on a high frequency circuit is demonstrated in Figure 3. A
Bond wire length effect on a RF chain around 30 GHz.
The gain is rather flat for LEN = 300 μm (highest curve, marker P1), while it becomes quite rippled and gain drops for LEN = 800 μm (lowest curve, marker P6). Consequently, length of bond wires should be carefully controlled. Occasionally operator ability is essential to obtain the desired electrical performance.
Wire bonds can be connected using ultrasonic bonding, thermos-compression bonding, and thermosonic bonding [2]. Ultrasonic bonding uses pressure and ultrasonic vibrations from a bonding tool to create the bond between the wire and the metal surface. Thermo-compression uses pressure from the bonding tool and high temperature to create the bond. Thermosonic bonding combines ultrasonic and thermos-compression methods to create the bonds.
The choice of manual or automatic assembly is driven by a some parameters. First is the electrical and thermal requirements. In some cases, the requirements could be so stringent that only a manual process is capable of performing a very fine-tuning. For example, when temperature and heat dissipation are critical, then brazing can become the only acceptable solution. The effect of interconnect parasitic were also discussed, in the previous Section 2.1.1, and how operator support can become decisive to obtain acceptable performance, especially at GHz frequencies.
Another parameter to be accounted for is the number of parts to be produced in 1 week, 1 month or 1 year. This number plays a crucial role. If a mass production is foreseen, then manual assembly is not advised due to the lengthy and costly process associated with it. On the contrary, when very few parts are to be produced then manual process is acceptable, also because automatic assembly requires the development of programs and codes with the consequent Non Recurring Expenses (NRE) for developing them.
The paradigm of design for manufacturing can be found in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology. AM represents a key example where an advancement in production technologies enables new engineering concepts that can come to life
In the aerospace sector, AM is applied mostly on metallic parts (Aluminum, Steel, Titanium and related alloys) rather than composites (plastics) as occurs in the consumer industry. In fact, the initial investment in terms of machinery and training is very high and must be carefully accounted for in the business model.
AM in aerospace has been happening for some time now with many applications, covering everything from the creation of aircraft or helicopter parts, making lighter and more efficient engines, 3D printed turbines etc. 3D technologies generally save on time, money and create stronger, lighter, and more efficient finished products [3].
An example of AM technology and process applied to the aerospace industry is shown in Figure 4.
Metallic part optimization thanks to AM.
The part itself is not very complex, but is proves how AM can be gainfully exploited to create lighter or more complex structures than the ones previously realized with “prior” technologies.
One of the challenges of the market is the restriction of the volume of construction and the size of the product. An aircraft is made up of very large components and additive manufacturing is today limited to the volume offered by the 3D printer. Most technologies offer solutions with limited print volume, making 3D printing applicable only to small components. So, this constraint that could slow down the growth of the market. Even if so, today’s 3D technologies have already made it possible to create and qualify fairly large (approx. 30 cm) components for space [3, 4] and aviation [5]. Finally, the latest available machines (SLM500, Concept Laser Xline 20000R, EOS M 400) are capable of building even larger pieces.
Design rules can be seen as a set of physical, geometrical, chemical, mechanical limitations. They are very useful when the manufacturing process is constant and repetitive as happens in the semiconductor industries or in large scale production. This paradigm however is less stringent in the aerospace industry since there is not a mass production of items, but on the contrary, a production of a large quantity of different parts each one characterized by very small multiplicity. Moreover, while digital board assemblies can follow rules developed for the consumer market, high frequency microwave assemblies (operating at 100 MHz–30 GHz) are typical of the aerospace industry and suffer from less standardization. Consequently, for the latter guidelines rather than rules should be applied.
Anyhow, rules and guidelines should address the following features that are critical in any industrial manufacturing process:
Designing parts for “modularity”, i.e. a module is a self-contained component that is equipped with standard interfaces that allow it to be integrated into a larger system. Modularity has several benefits: the product is easy to assemble/re-assemble and most of all, in complex systems, it aids to detect quality problems or non-conformities
Designing parts to compensate for process statistics and yield, component and material deviations
Ensure the product can be assembled and manufactured using standards processes, i.e. identifiable and written in a production document or drawing without requiring ultra-specialized capabilities or different production approaches for each realized component.
Design rules are written to suit a specific production technology. In the electronics for aerospace industry important production technologies are microwave modules and digital boards.
Digital board production uses rules similar to the ones developed for consumer and telecom products, always taking into account that aerospace industry produces a relatively small amount of high-performance products as opposed to consumer market. Anyhow, well known standards can be applied, for example the IPC-2291 “Design Guideline for Printed Electronics” or IPC-2252 “Design Guide for RF/Microwave Circuit Boards” considering class 3 for the aerospace industry.
On the other hand, production of complex microwave parts is very typical to the aerospace & defense sector and seldom finds application elsewhere. This is related to the high cost involved in development and production. Design rules for these objects often end up as a few set of geometrical rules. An example of design rules applicable to hybrid microwave modules or hybrid microwave integrated circuit is given in the following:
Package dimension not to exceed a certain value so that the part can be manufactured using automatic assembly machines
Minimum distance between adjacent components, so the part can be assembled using automatic
Maximum dimension of materials and substrates to avoid cracking due to thermal expansion/compression
Metallisation and finishing of surfaces
Geometrical rules regarding thickness, angles, corner radius, shapes, etc.
Design guidelines provide indications on how to deliver a
While rules provide a PASS/FAIL criteria, often regarding geometrical or mechanical properties, guidelines provide assort of “sensible” indications so that the design has a higher probability of success. In other words, if the guidelines are followed, very limited manufacturing issues are expected later on. On the contrary, if the design team decides not to follow the guidelines, plenty manufacturing issues during the production stage should be expected.
A typical design guideline could be to avoid overcomplicating the electrical schematic, eliminating unnecessary components. Every component placed inside the schematic should answer to at least one design goal (typically performance, testability or reliability). If a component does not contribute to at least one of these “high-level” design goals, the engineering team should substantiate the reason for which it has inserted. Boothroyd and Dewhurst [6] suggests, among other topics, that unnecessary parts are those that answer “NO” to the following questions:
Does the part move relative to other parts in normal operating condition of product?
Is it necessary that the part is made of different materials or isolated from other parts such as electrical insulation, heat insulation, or vibration reduction?
Does the part have to be isolated from other parts otherwise it is impossible to assemble the products?
If the answer to all questions is “NO”, the part is unnecessary and can be integrated with other parts.
Another guideline could be to design parts so that final performance can be obtained after tuning or programming performed in reasonable time and most of all avoid using components (or electrical schematic) so that the overall module performance resides on a specific component of the module. In this case any shortcoming of the component will affect one-to-one the module’ behavior.
Design engineering team, during the initial design stages, would like to have an initial prototype to test the idea and verify in-lab any limitations that commercial CAD simulations or analysis are unable to predict.
Basically, there two types of prototyping techniques: virtual or real (fast).
Virtual prototyping relies on very accurate model-based CAD simulations. The models are often validated through a previous trial-error-correct cycle. The method is relatively inexpensive, can be very fast and deliver accurate results providing the model itself is accurate.
Additive manufacturing technologies (metal and plastic) provide fast turnaround time to realize real and fast breadboards. In this case, the prototype is real, the time constraints are guaranteed but the exercise can be expensive, compared to virtual.
The choice between real or virtual prototyping can be performed by analyzing the following parameters:
Virtual model accuracy
Available time and budget constraints
Associated Risk mitigation
If parameters 1 and 2 have higher weight then virtual prototyping appears to be the appropriate solution. On the contrary, if design uncertainties are high and risk mitigation is necessary, then real prototyping becomes useful.
The objective of a preferred part list (PPL) is to direct the user toward a limited number of component types, covering all design applications. The aim is to avoid duplication and achieve cost reduction and procurement effectiveness [7].
Consequently, you should identify a subset of typically used components to generate your custom PPL. Components belonging to the PPL should be employed “by default”, and any derogation from the list should be clearly explained and technically justified.
Definition, creation and sustainment of a PPL should be a company-funded activity and the client-related programs receive the benefit. Like any other engineering effort, the more work put in the initial stages, the less work is required on final stage.
Initial cost is only one consideration for the PPL and is compensated by the value gained over the lifetime of the product (procurement, production and maintenance). Since the cost of introducing d sustaining a PPL in a company is rather relevant at the beginning such choice must be willingly enforced and sponsored by the company’s top management (director general end director of engineering). Moreover, the director of the purchasing department has to be actively involved, since he might be tempted, over a short-term period, to prefer cheaper or readily-available parts as an alternative to the parts in PPL.
Components shall be introduced in PPL after analyzing the criteria listed in the following.
Performance history: actual field experience or extensive relevant testing.
Accessibility: parts that can be purchased from multiple sources, (vendors or/and distributors).
Alternating source: same form, fit, and function for parts, but different manufacturers’ names and part numbers. (Different manufacturers’ crossover part numbers must be equal.)
Regulatory compliance: RoHS/REACH.
Reliability figures: mean time to failures (MTTF) or mean time between failures (MTBF).
Screening: favor pre-screened or tested parts.
Life span: favor parts with higher Shelf life.
Economic order or lot quantity: Consider minimum buy.
Lead-time: consider cost vs. the desired lead time trade-off.
Bring the strategic suppliers on board the PPL project
Considering the main stages in the product’s life-cycle (from concept to maintenance), the possible savings in each phase are examined:
Research and design: Excluding a newly introduced component’s unknown performance will accelerate design validation and testing efforts. Shorter development cycles realized through less component failure issues and time taken for trouble-shooting and reworking breadboards and prototypes. Quicker proof-of-concept results. Parts used from PPL are more likely to be available, and small development quantities can be ready at-hand.
Purchasing: Material planning is more stable making part procurement less challenging. Strategic suppliers are encouraged if they is actively involved in the company’s PPL project.
Manufacturing: Less line failures using proven parts. Assembly personnel already very familiar with part handling requirements and issues.
Customer Support: Fewer returns and higher reliability. Practice with frequently used parts promotes a deeper understanding of part behavior and common failure mode and symptom identification. Customer satisfaction with longer life product and fewer returns, and fast turn-around time in repair.
The design engineer who selects the components must choose as many parts as possible from the PPL. Ideally >80% of the bill-of-materials (BOM). By selecting even a majority of the parts from the PPL, the benefits realized from the arguments presented above should be sufficient to encourage the company to validate and enforce the practice of using a PPL.
Finally, it is obvious that the PPL should be created and managed by the Industrial engineering people who are the stakeholders of the activity. In fact, PPL has a n impact on all phases of the product life-cycle. The size of PPL depends on the complexity of the typical system the company develops. For an aerospace company that designs and manufacture avionic systems (radars, electronic warfare, satellite payloads) the size of PPL could be around 2000–3000 components.
As stated many times previously, aerospace products feature high system complexity, and must provide high-performance to be delivered over time and in harsh environment and operating conditions. Consequently, the design team must take into account these aspects when designing the product. Design for Reliability, Maintenance and Test (RMT) is often referred to as design for RMT as if it were a single topic. However, different strategies are employed as clarified in the following to separately guarantee the three topics.
Design for test is a crucial aspect to guarantee the part can be efficiently produced during its life-cycle- The part must be designed so that it’s key features and characteristics are accessible and verifiable during production test. Keep in mind that in the aerospace industry, practically 100% of the realized parts are fully tested, often over temperature and in mechanically stressful condition (vibration or similar), to verify they are fully compliant to specification and free from manufacturing defects. Moreover, the test is functional and not merely structural. Manufacturing functional tests are carried out to verify that the part is working and function as expected and not just assembled correctly. Functional test on 100% realized HW parts is typical of the aerospace industry to guarantee performance and reliability of manufactured parts and is less applicable to consumer products due to the very high time and cost involved in these kind of test. Finally, aerospace modules that fail the first manufacturing test need to be analyzed and tuned so the part meets the technical specification. Given the time and cost involved in the assembly process, it is illogical that the part should be discarded if the first production test fails. Consequently, designing parts for testability greatly aids the troubleshooting phase, ensuring production people can speedily identify the shortcoming and restore the part.
Given this scenario, it is mandatory that the design team keeps into account these aspects when designing the part. The principle is to add components and interfaces to make it easier to develop and apply manufacturing tests to the designed hardware. At the same time, test engineering department should be consulted in the design phase, so they can bring provide advice and most of all start designing the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) that will be used in production phase but could also be used by the engineering team for product verification and validation. The idea underlying design for test is: Pay less now and pay more later without DFT.
Design for reliability is crucial aspect in the aerospace industry, where reliability is a must considering the mission criticality of these systems [8]. Reliability somewhat depends on the assembly process employed. One indication is to avoid those manufacturing processes that are less repeatable or controllable.
Design for maintenance shared some requirements with design for test, since any maintenance activity starts with identifying the part in failure within the system. Other aspects consist in the designing the parts in a modular way so any failed item can be easily replaced without having replace the entire system or sub-system,
Information and guidelines were provided in the previous section so industrial engineering can proactively contribute in the design team giving correct priority to manufacturing requests. While this activity strongly mitigates manufacturing risks in production stage it does not totally eliminate risks and therefore some process needs to be applied also during product manufacturing life-cycle.
Open literature refers to these processes in many ways: lean manufacturing, six sigma, continuous improvement, kaizen methods, PDCA cycle, and so on [9, 10, 11]. Each method has its uniqueness but, fundamentally, they consist in constant proactive monitoring of the manufacturing process to identify deviations in early stage, introduce improvements, observe the expected result and, if the outcome is positive, standardize the new method.
Continuous improvement can be obtained by recurrently applying the PDCA cycle to those product and process that demonstrate an intolerable defect rate or more generally deviate from the desired quality/cost/time target.
PDCA cycle consist in performing four steps as graphically visualized in Figure 5.
Plan-do-check-act cycle.
The first step (
The second step (
Ishikawa “fish bone” diagram useful for problem solving.
Ishikawa “fish bone” diagram method consists in analyzing all pertinent areas and sub-areas of a typical manufacturing process. When a quality issue arises, the industrial engineering team is notified in order to identify the root-cause of the issue and consequently propose a corrective action. This is not a simple task since there are many areas and factors to be investigated. Moreover, some of the production processes and materials may come from tier 1 suppliers and therefore occur outside the company.
Common production issues in the aerospace industry occur when information related to a specific production process is not fully written but relies on the skill of advanced operators. Therefore, a strong practice is to provide very detailed assembly instructions so that lesser skilled operators can produce the part in high quality standards.
Some issues may sometimes occur when the purchasing department, to obtain cost saving, procures a component or a material from a different supplier claiming it is equivalent form, fit and function (FFF). Rarely this is a painless change since there are always some small differences between two components identified as equivalent FFF on to the other.
Environment parameters (temperature and humidity) are rarely a cause of manufacturing deviations since the assembly process is typically carried out in clean rooms or at the least humidity/temperature controlled areas. In the aerospace industry, final assembly is performed in the company while lower level components and sub-systems may be procured from an external contractor. The same holds for some non-critical services that are occasionally outsourced. Consequently, in some cases, the investigation needs to be performed at tier 1 supplier level too in order to investigate and identify the root cause of the problem.
The final two steps are
W. Edwards Deming’s famous quote is therefore a cornerstone of this problem solving technique:
Another practice that contributes to improve product/process performance are manufacturing and engineering organizations periodically reviewing quality non conformities to determine if engineering changes are required. Creating dedicated interdisciplinary teams to perform a specific improvement project is also useful.
As stated previously, all process/product monitoring and the consequent PDCA cycle should be data driven.
A Product Manufacturing Sheet is useful from which a Product Manufacturing Figure (PMF) can be calculated. The sheet and figure are living documents and figures, in the sense that they must be periodically updated to monitor the improvement of a certain production product/process.
The Product Manufacturing Sheet contains structured information regarding its three macro-topics: design, manufacturing and purchasing.
DDP (design data package): specification, engineering drawings, data libraries, SW code, design rationale documentation, test planes, are available. List of major engineering changes ongoing, if any.
MNFR (Manufacturing and workmanship): are all the Tooling/machinery available? Personnel has been trained for the specific product? Automatic test equipment – if necessary – is available? Screening procedures are in place?
SC (SUPPLY CHAIN) quantifies on-time and on-quality purchasing of the major “buy” items that constitute the product, any obsolescence, vendor rating of the key components.
The Product Manufacturing Figure (PMF) is calculated, as indicated in Eq. (1), by summing the three previously mentioned factors, each having a weight (α, β, and γ) proportional to the importance the company gives to each factor.
The PMF is computed in the following way:
At first, the weight is set for each e parameter (the sum of the weights must be unitary). In Eq. (1), for example, α = 0.5, β = 0.25, and γ = 0.25. These weights shall remain constant all over the production process.
A figure between 0 and 100%, according to a checklist, is computed for each parameter (MNFR, DDP and SC) in Eq. (1). This figure changes in time as the three topics improve (or worsen). Checklists become handy to substantiate the figure—between 0 and 100%—associated to each parameter. Moreover, Quality Notifications can be used to obtain useful information of product non-conformities.
Consequently PMF is calculated.
PMF close to 100% indicates the part can be fully produced on-time, in-spec and on-quality. Lower values indicate that you should expect some contained derogation of one of the three parameters. PMF < 40% indicates that the product is not enough for mature for an Industrial-grade production and important improvements have to be applied to one or more of the three parameters. Furthermore, PMF is a
Evidence so the Industrial engineering team can proactively contribute to designing parts and address manufacturing issues during the design follow is provided. In this chapter, the starting point is deep knowledge and understanding of the critical technologies that apply to each manufacturing process and their impact on product assembly and performance. Once the technologies have been considered, the key-points Industrial engineering team must engage are: involvement from the early stages, definition of rules and guidelines for manufacturing.
Occasionally, the prior activities are not sufficient and some product improvement must be carried out during the production process. Specific continuous improvement activities (PDCA cycle) and also detailed tools and figure to quantify “design quality” in manufacturing have been provided.
Patrick E. Longhi would like to thank friends and colleagues at Elettronica Group in Rome (ITA) for the many fruitful and insightful technical discussions during his time spent in the company as a Microwave Design Engineer and Industrial Engineer.
The Edited Volume, also known as the IntechOpen Book, is an IntechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters.
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Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"343",title:"Seed Technology",slug:"horticulture-seed-technology",parent:{id:"38",title:"Horticulture",slug:"horticulture"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:27,numberOfWosCitations:106,numberOfCrossrefCitations:69,numberOfDimensionsCitations:163,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"343",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5218",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",subtitle:"Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cbdf379c83007e5a7341c51bcd02db9a",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",bookSignature:"Susana Araujo and Alma Balestrazzi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5218.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156799",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Araújo",slug:"susana-araujo",fullName:"Susana Araújo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"51934",doi:"10.5772/64420",title:"Seed Priming: New Comprehensive Approaches for an Old Empirical Technique",slug:"seed-priming-new-comprehensive-approaches-for-an-old-empirical-technique",totalDownloads:7984,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:115,abstract:'Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment which leads to a physiological state that enables seed to germinate more efficiently. The majority of seed treatments are based on seed imbibition allowing the seeds to go through the first reversible stage of germination but do not allow radical protrusion through the seed coat. Seeds keeping their desiccation tolerance are then dehydrated and can be stored until final sowing. During subsequent germination, primed seeds exhibit a faster and more synchronized germination and young seedlings are often more vigorous and resistant to abiotic stresses than seedlings obtained from unprimed seeds. Priming often involves soaking seed in predetermined amounts of water or limitation of the imbibition time. The imbibition rate could be somehow controlled by osmotic agents such as PEG and referred as osmopriming. Halopriming implies the use of specific salts while "hormopriming" relies on the use of plant growth regulators. Some physical treatments (UV, cold or heat,..) also provide germination improvement thus suggesting that priming effects are not necessarily related to seed imbibition. A better understanding of the metabolic events taking place during the priming treatment and the subsequent germination should help to use this simple and cheap technology in a more efficient way.',book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Stanley Lutts, Paolo Benincasa, Lukasz Wojtyla, Szymon Kubala S,\nRoberta Pace, Katzarina Lechowska, Muriel Quinet and Malgorzata\nGarnczarska",authors:[{id:"94090",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Lutts",slug:"stanley-lutts",fullName:"Stanley Lutts"},{id:"181730",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Benincasa",slug:"paolo-benincasa",fullName:"Paolo Benincasa"},{id:"181732",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukasz",middleName:null,surname:"Wojtyla",slug:"lukasz-wojtyla",fullName:"Lukasz Wojtyla"},{id:"181733",title:"Dr.",name:"Szymon",middleName:null,surname:"Kubala",slug:"szymon-kubala",fullName:"Szymon Kubala"},{id:"181734",title:"Mrs.",name:"Katzzarina",middleName:null,surname:"Lechowska",slug:"katzzarina-lechowska",fullName:"Katzzarina Lechowska"},{id:"181735",title:"Dr.",name:"Muriel",middleName:null,surname:"Quinet",slug:"muriel-quinet",fullName:"Muriel Quinet"},{id:"181736",title:"Prof.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Garnczarska",slug:"malgorzata-garnczarska",fullName:"Malgorzata Garnczarska"}]},{id:"51881",doi:"10.5772/64791",title:"Recent Advances in Seed Enhancements",slug:"recent-advances-in-seed-enhancements",totalDownloads:4605,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Seed quality is vital to sustainable crop production and food security. Seed enhancements include physical, physiological and biological treatments to overcome germination constraints by uniform stands, earlier crop development and better yields. Improved germination rates and seedling vigour are due to reduced emergence time by earlier start of metabolic activities of hydrolytic enzymes and resource mobilization. Nutrient homeostasis, ion uptake, hormonal regulation, activation of antioxidant defence system, reduced lipid peroxidation and accumulation of compatible solutes are some mechanisms conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Several transcription factors for aquaporins, imbibitions, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defence and phenylpropanoid pathway have been identified. However, the knowledge of molecular pathways elucidating mode of action of these effects, reduced longevity of primed or other physical and biological agents for seed treatments and market availability of high-quality seeds are some of the challenges for scientists and seed industry. In this scenario, there is need to minimize the factors associated with reduced vigour during seed production, improve seed storage and handling, develop high-tech seeds by seed industry at appropriate rates and integrate agronomic, physiological and molecular seed research for the effective regulation of high-quality seed delivery over next generations.",book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Irfan Afzal, Hafeez Ur Rehman, Muhammad Naveed and Shahzad\nMaqsood Ahmed Basra",authors:[{id:"180245",title:"Dr.",name:"Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Afzal",slug:"irfan-afzal",fullName:"Irfan Afzal"}]},{id:"51743",doi:"10.5772/64466",title:"Effects of Some Hormone Applications on Germination and Morphological Characters of Endangered Plant Species Lilium artvinense L. Seeds",slug:"effects-of-some-hormone-applications-on-germination-and-morphological-characters-of-endangered-plant",totalDownloads:1803,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Lilies are economically important plants because of their large and attractive flowers. Thus, many wild species of lilies have been cultivated to produce Lilium bulbs or flowers. This work was conducted to analyse the effect of hormone applications on Lilium artvinense (Syn: Lilium ponticum K. Koch., Lilium ponticum var. artvinense (Miscz.) P. H. Davis and D. M. Hend., Lilium carniolicum var. artvinense (Miscz.) P. H. Davis and D. M. Hend and Lilium pyrenaicum var. artvinense (Miscz.) V.A. Matthews) seeds on germination percentage and seedlings morphological traits. In the research, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm doses of IAA, IBA, NAA and GA3 hormones were applied to L. artvinense seeds and approximately 180 days later, the number of roots, root length, offset stem height and diameter were assessed. As a result, while the control group except 5000 ppm NNA application achieved an increase in the percentage of germination (40%) of all the applications. Germination frequency up to 100% was obtained using 5000 ppm GA3. Effects of hormone applications on other key morphological characters (rooting percentage, root height, number of scions, scion height and width) are described in terms of growth rate between 1.27 and 2.44.",book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Kerim Guney, Mehmet Cetin, Hakan Sevik and Kudret Betül Güney",authors:[{id:"93082",title:"Dr.",name:"Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Sevik",slug:"hakan-sevik",fullName:"Hakan Sevik"},{id:"166881",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Cetin",slug:"mehmet-cetin",fullName:"Mehmet Cetin"},{id:"181104",title:"Prof.",name:"Kerim",middleName:null,surname:"Guney",slug:"kerim-guney",fullName:"Kerim Guney"},{id:"181105",title:"Dr.",name:"Kudret Betül",middleName:null,surname:"Güney",slug:"kudret-betul-guney",fullName:"Kudret Betül Güney"}]},{id:"51923",doi:"10.5772/64085",title:"The Dynamics of Plant Cell Wall In Muro Modifications and its Physiological Implications on Seed Germination",slug:"the-dynamics-of-plant-cell-wall-in-muro-modifications-and-its-physiological-implications-on-seed-ger",totalDownloads:1219,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Seed germination is a complex process in which the embryo, enclosed within the surrounding tissues, must quickly switch from a maturation program to a germination‐driven developmental process that will prepare the embryo for seedling growth and establishment. The germination process initiates with water uptake by the dry seed and culminates, usually, with the radicle protrusion. The radicle emergence from the seed is a highly regulated process that involves discrete and coordinated changes in plant cell wall extensibility and rearrangements of its components, among other processes. In this chapter we will review current knowledge of the physiological process of controlled cell separation and expansion, which give the primary cell wall its plastic properties by “loosening” of the main components of the cell wall during seed germination. We will focus on the physiological importance of primary cell wall constitution and modification by the activity in muro of a broad variety of cell wall‐modifying enzymes that include hydrolases and transglycosylases, as well as non‐enzymatic processes such as expansin‐mediated loosening during seed germination.",book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Ximena Gómez‐Maqueo and Alicia Gamboa‐deBuen",authors:[{id:"115057",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"Gamboa-De Buen",slug:"alicia-gamboa-de-buen",fullName:"Alicia Gamboa-De Buen"},{id:"181871",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ximena",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Maqueo",slug:"ximena-gomez-maqueo",fullName:"Ximena Gómez-Maqueo"}]},{id:"52197",doi:"10.5772/64994",title:"Postharvesting Techniques and Maintenance of Seed Quality",slug:"postharvesting-techniques-and-maintenance-of-seed-quality",totalDownloads:2871,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Healthy seeds and grains are the demanding enterprise of the recent era for the production of high yield in the next season. The seeds must be stored for the maintenance of high-yielding crop. During storage, major losses of seeds are caused by various biological and nonbiological factors. There is a need to examine reasonable factors of these crop losses, which ultimately affect the market value and quality of the seed. The quality of seeds can be maintained by using careful postharvest handling techniques. There is need to establish the well-suited methods to assess the losses during the process and to use the best technique to minimize the loss and to ensure the quality and safety of the crop. The target is to achieve the high-quality seeds of the national and international standards that could meet the demand of the supplier. This chapter emphasizes on the aspects and postharvest techniques that are used to maintain seed quality. A comprehensive review of the better, economical, convenient, and productive methods is provided, focused on the needs of developing countries but also with relevance in more industrialized countries.",book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Zubaida Yousaf, Nadia Saleh, Asba Ramazan and Arusa Aftab",authors:[{id:"180675",title:"Dr.",name:"Zubaida",middleName:null,surname:"Yousaf",slug:"zubaida-yousaf",fullName:"Zubaida Yousaf"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51934",title:"Seed Priming: New Comprehensive Approaches for an Old Empirical Technique",slug:"seed-priming-new-comprehensive-approaches-for-an-old-empirical-technique",totalDownloads:7984,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:115,abstract:'Seed priming is a pre-sowing treatment which leads to a physiological state that enables seed to germinate more efficiently. The majority of seed treatments are based on seed imbibition allowing the seeds to go through the first reversible stage of germination but do not allow radical protrusion through the seed coat. Seeds keeping their desiccation tolerance are then dehydrated and can be stored until final sowing. During subsequent germination, primed seeds exhibit a faster and more synchronized germination and young seedlings are often more vigorous and resistant to abiotic stresses than seedlings obtained from unprimed seeds. Priming often involves soaking seed in predetermined amounts of water or limitation of the imbibition time. The imbibition rate could be somehow controlled by osmotic agents such as PEG and referred as osmopriming. Halopriming implies the use of specific salts while "hormopriming" relies on the use of plant growth regulators. Some physical treatments (UV, cold or heat,..) also provide germination improvement thus suggesting that priming effects are not necessarily related to seed imbibition. A better understanding of the metabolic events taking place during the priming treatment and the subsequent germination should help to use this simple and cheap technology in a more efficient way.',book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Stanley Lutts, Paolo Benincasa, Lukasz Wojtyla, Szymon Kubala S,\nRoberta Pace, Katzarina Lechowska, Muriel Quinet and Malgorzata\nGarnczarska",authors:[{id:"94090",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanley",middleName:null,surname:"Lutts",slug:"stanley-lutts",fullName:"Stanley Lutts"},{id:"181730",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Benincasa",slug:"paolo-benincasa",fullName:"Paolo Benincasa"},{id:"181732",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukasz",middleName:null,surname:"Wojtyla",slug:"lukasz-wojtyla",fullName:"Lukasz Wojtyla"},{id:"181733",title:"Dr.",name:"Szymon",middleName:null,surname:"Kubala",slug:"szymon-kubala",fullName:"Szymon Kubala"},{id:"181734",title:"Mrs.",name:"Katzzarina",middleName:null,surname:"Lechowska",slug:"katzzarina-lechowska",fullName:"Katzzarina Lechowska"},{id:"181735",title:"Dr.",name:"Muriel",middleName:null,surname:"Quinet",slug:"muriel-quinet",fullName:"Muriel Quinet"},{id:"181736",title:"Prof.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Garnczarska",slug:"malgorzata-garnczarska",fullName:"Malgorzata Garnczarska"}]},{id:"52197",title:"Postharvesting Techniques and Maintenance of Seed Quality",slug:"postharvesting-techniques-and-maintenance-of-seed-quality",totalDownloads:2871,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Healthy seeds and grains are the demanding enterprise of the recent era for the production of high yield in the next season. The seeds must be stored for the maintenance of high-yielding crop. During storage, major losses of seeds are caused by various biological and nonbiological factors. There is a need to examine reasonable factors of these crop losses, which ultimately affect the market value and quality of the seed. The quality of seeds can be maintained by using careful postharvest handling techniques. There is need to establish the well-suited methods to assess the losses during the process and to use the best technique to minimize the loss and to ensure the quality and safety of the crop. The target is to achieve the high-quality seeds of the national and international standards that could meet the demand of the supplier. This chapter emphasizes on the aspects and postharvest techniques that are used to maintain seed quality. A comprehensive review of the better, economical, convenient, and productive methods is provided, focused on the needs of developing countries but also with relevance in more industrialized countries.",book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Zubaida Yousaf, Nadia Saleh, Asba Ramazan and Arusa Aftab",authors:[{id:"180675",title:"Dr.",name:"Zubaida",middleName:null,surname:"Yousaf",slug:"zubaida-yousaf",fullName:"Zubaida Yousaf"}]},{id:"51881",title:"Recent Advances in Seed Enhancements",slug:"recent-advances-in-seed-enhancements",totalDownloads:4605,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Seed quality is vital to sustainable crop production and food security. Seed enhancements include physical, physiological and biological treatments to overcome germination constraints by uniform stands, earlier crop development and better yields. Improved germination rates and seedling vigour are due to reduced emergence time by earlier start of metabolic activities of hydrolytic enzymes and resource mobilization. Nutrient homeostasis, ion uptake, hormonal regulation, activation of antioxidant defence system, reduced lipid peroxidation and accumulation of compatible solutes are some mechanisms conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Several transcription factors for aquaporins, imbibitions, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defence and phenylpropanoid pathway have been identified. However, the knowledge of molecular pathways elucidating mode of action of these effects, reduced longevity of primed or other physical and biological agents for seed treatments and market availability of high-quality seeds are some of the challenges for scientists and seed industry. In this scenario, there is need to minimize the factors associated with reduced vigour during seed production, improve seed storage and handling, develop high-tech seeds by seed industry at appropriate rates and integrate agronomic, physiological and molecular seed research for the effective regulation of high-quality seed delivery over next generations.",book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Irfan Afzal, Hafeez Ur Rehman, Muhammad Naveed and Shahzad\nMaqsood Ahmed Basra",authors:[{id:"180245",title:"Dr.",name:"Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Afzal",slug:"irfan-afzal",fullName:"Irfan Afzal"}]},{id:"51388",title:"Seed Germination Technologies for Helophyte Production Used in Wastewater Treatment",slug:"seed-germination-technologies-for-helophyte-production-used-in-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:1550,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Constructed green wetlands with horizontal surface for wastewater treatment are gaining acceptance. Many countries have published innovative experiences with this technology. A great variety of wastewaters from industries have been treated. Different plant species have been tested. Seed technology development provides interesting tools to produce these species in nurseries. It is a sustainable new business. But studies on seed germination of aquatic and lacustrine plants are very few. That is why we have made the following bibliographic review. We have summarised and analysed the state of the art of this innovative topic, concluding that seed technology for multiplication of helophytes needs further experimental work. But there is enough information to produce right now, tens of different species. Significant efforts have been done. Even though it is a challenge to produce from now on, experimental results are ready to be transferred to those who are trading with this type of plants. Helophytes have a promising future as sustainable elements of the upcoming sewage equipment. Improvements on the biotechnology of these species are a worthwhile researching line. To this aim, the following revision is an essential compilation with which to begin.",book:{id:"5218",slug:"new-challenges-in-seed-biology-basic-and-translational-research-driving-seed-technology",title:"New Challenges in Seed Biology",fullTitle:"New Challenges in Seed Biology - Basic and Translational Research Driving Seed Technology"},signatures:"Trinidad Ruiz-Téllez, Francisco M. Vázquez-Pardo, José Blanco-Salas\nand F. Javier Carbonell-Espín",authors:[{id:"180723",title:"Prof.",name:"Trinidad",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz Téllez",slug:"trinidad-ruiz-tellez",fullName:"Trinidad Ruiz Téllez"},{id:"181957",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Blanco Salas",slug:"jose-blanco-salas",fullName:"José Blanco Salas"},{id:"181958",title:"Mr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Carbonell Espín",slug:"javier-carbonell-espin",fullName:"Javier Carbonell Espín"},{id:"181959",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco María",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez Pardo",slug:"francisco-maria-vazquez-pardo",fullName:"Francisco María Vázquez Pardo"}]},{id:"51642",title:"Designing Novel Breeding Strategies for Producing High-Oil Crops Based on a Molecular Understanding of Triacylglycerol Metabolism",slug:"designing-novel-breeding-strategies-for-producing-high-oil-crops-based-on-a-molecular-understanding-",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Seeds are storage organ in plants and main resource of plant oils to human civilization and the demand of plant oils are increasing yearly and expansion of the production capacity is an urgent issue worldwide. Thus, it is necessary to improve oil yields per unit area and generation of crops with high-oil content is needed. Arabidopsis thaliana plays a vital role in advancement of genetics and molecular biology in plant sciences. The forward and reverse genetic approaches with Arabidopsis have provided an overview of triacylglycerol metabolism. The elucidation of the overview contributes to understanding of spatiotemporal regulation of a metabolic flow of triacylglycerol metabolism in plant cell. This understanding sheds light on bottlenecks in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and provides novel clues for increasing seed triacylglycerol content. Recent advance in metabolic engineering approaches demonstrate several evidences that triacylglycerol metabolism is coordinated with other metabolisms. Most notably, triacylglycerol biosynthesis competes with biosynthesis of starch or seed storage proteins. 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After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. 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He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. 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