Comparison of some widely used DNA markers.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7561",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Beekeeping - New Challenges",title:"Beekeeping",subtitle:"New Challenges",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book comes to fill a void in beekeeping research worldwide since it addresses a series of issues of great contingency such as the problem and control of varroa, the management of the American foulbrood, management of hives to perform an adequate transhumance, and the way of handling Brazilian beekeeping.It is a text that is aimed at scientists, producers, undergraduate and graduate students, companies, and the general public who handle hives at a professional or amateur level that have from one to many hives.The book corresponds to the authors' experience of many years who with their contributions will improve the productive activity of beekeeping in the world concert.",isbn:"978-1-83880-476-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-467-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-477-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76953",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"beekeeping-new-challenges",numberOfPages:86,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1c47c831256fe10ff19fb10f490930fc",bookSignature:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7561.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4164,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 1st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 19th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 18th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/193813/images/system/193813.png",biography:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz received an Agricultural Engineering degree from the Austral University of Chile in 1986 and a Doctor of Agricultural Engineering with a mention in Plant Protection from the Polytechnic University of Madrid in 1994. He has worked on more than seventeen research projects on agricultural entomology, biodiversity, and beekeeping. He has published eighty-five scientific articles in national and foreign specialty journals. He has written one book and five book chapters in his specialty. In addition, he has been editor of four books on applied entomology. He has presented more than 100 works in different national and international scientific congresses on entomology and beekeeping. He has directed more than eighty undergraduate and graduate degree theses. He is a member of the scientific communities of beekeeping and entomology and has continued to organize more than twenty scientific congresses and seminars in his specialty. He is a reviewer for scientific journals and books. He has been president and director of different scientific societies and advisor to the Chilean Beekeeping Network, where he is also a consultant to the Latin American Beekeeping Federation for the congresses held in different countries. He is also an advisor to private companies in the agricultural sector on beekeeping and pest control issues.",institutionString:"University of La Frontera",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of La Frontera",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"332",title:"Melittology",slug:"entomology-melittology"}],chapters:[{id:"67687",title:"Introductory Chapter: Actuality and Trends of Beekeeping Worldwide",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86890",slug:"introductory-chapter-actuality-and-trends-of-beekeeping-worldwide",totalDownloads:722,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ramón Rebolledo Ranz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67687",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67687",authors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz"}],corrections:null},{id:"63316",title:"Sequencing the Movements of Honey Bee Colonies between the Forage Sites with the Microeconomic Model of the Migratory Beekeeper",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80540",slug:"sequencing-the-movements-of-honey-bee-colonies-between-the-forage-sites-with-the-microeconomic-model",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A beekeeper who moves his honeybee colonies from one forage site to another during the productive season does not passively follow a prefixed sequence, but must create one by comparing a wide range of forage sites. How can migratory beekeeper sequence the movements of his honeybee colonies from one forage site to another? The microeconomic model formalized in Section 3 offers a solution to this question. The model assumes that the migratory beekeeper is following, in conditions of certainty, a profitability target under the constraint that the time taken up by each sequence of sites is less than or equal to the duration of the honeybee colonies’ annual biological cycle. Each forage site that the honeybee colonies visit contributes not just to the profitability but also to the sustainability of the sequence to which it belongs. Replacing one or more forage sites within a sequence therefore simultaneously affects the levels of profitability and sustainability. In Section 4, the sustainability of the sequence will be explained in terms of the characteristics of the sites, their agro-environmental context, the honey bee well-being and the timing and duration of the placement period of the honeybee colonies on the site.",signatures:"Luciano Pilati and Paolo Fontana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63316",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63316",authors:[{id:"254966",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciano",surname:"Pilati",slug:"luciano-pilati",fullName:"Luciano Pilati"},{id:"256655",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",surname:"Fontana",slug:"paolo-fontana",fullName:"Paolo Fontana"}],corrections:null},{id:"68519",title:"Prevention and Control of American Foulbrood in South America with Essential Oils: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85776",slug:"prevention-and-control-of-american-foulbrood-in-south-america-with-essential-oils-review",totalDownloads:848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"American foulbrood (AFB) is the most severe bacterial disease that affects honey bees, having a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. AFB’s causative agent is Paenibacillus larvae. AFB kills infected honey bee larvae; however, it eventually leads to the collapse of the entire colony when left untreated. The infection takes place by the ingestion of the spores with the food provided by adult worker bees to the larvae. In South America (SA) the disease was first described in 1989 in Argentina, constituting the first sanitary challenge for beekeepers to overcome. Prevention and control measures of AFB in SA countries generally include vigilance for early diagnosis, isolation of apiaries with cases of AFB, and multiplication of healthy colonies with hygienic queens, among others. The extensive use of tetracycline hydrochloride in Argentina has led to the development of resistant P. larvae isolates. In this context, the development of alternative and effective methods for the control and prevention of AFB disease is crucial. Currently, alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of AFB are being studied, mainly based on essential oils.",signatures:"Sandra Rosa Fuselli, Pablo Gimenez Martinez, Giselle Fuentes, Rosa María Alonso-Salces and Matías Maggi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68519",authors:[{id:"75037",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",surname:"Alonso-Salces",slug:"rosa-maria-alonso-salces",fullName:"Rosa Maria Alonso-Salces"},{id:"87315",title:"Prof.",name:"Matias",surname:"Maggi",slug:"matias-maggi",fullName:"Matias Maggi"},{id:"255771",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sandra Rosa",surname:"Fuselli",slug:"sandra-rosa-fuselli",fullName:"Sandra Rosa Fuselli"},{id:"258742",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Gimenez Martinez",slug:"pablo-gimenez-martinez",fullName:"Pablo Gimenez Martinez"},{id:"263902",title:"BSc.",name:"Giselle",surname:"Fuentes",slug:"giselle-fuentes",fullName:"Giselle Fuentes"}],corrections:null},{id:"63494",title:"Virulence of Varroa destructor in Colonies of Honey Bee Apis mellifera",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81018",slug:"virulence-of-em-varroa-destructor-em-in-colonies-of-honey-bee-em-apis-mellifera-em-",totalDownloads:661,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although Varroa mite infestation of honeybee is widespread throughout the world, data about the level of infestation in the bees of our area are inadequate. Varroa mite infestation was first detected in Iraq in the mid-1980s. A large investigation was carried out to determine Varroa infestation level in the apiaries of Duhok Province, Northern Iraq. Otherwise, this study aimed to clarify the parasitic effect of the mite Varroa destructor on the mandibular and hypopharyngeal glands of Apis mellifera. A total of 1000 samples of adult workers of different ages from more than 20 separated apiaries were collected from August to the end of October 2013. Caped brood, drone and worker brood, from five apiaries were examined. A total of 450 newly emerged workers from three separated apiaries of the same area were collected during the late summer 2013. Effects of Varroa infestation on mandibular glands and hypopharyngeal glands of newly emerged workers of honeybees were investigated. High level of the infestation was found in all apiaries of Dohuk region and may act as a risk factor to the bee health. Results showed significant differences in the size of hypopharyngeal gland acini of newly emerged workers infested with one to three mites compared to noninfested newly emerged workers, while only newly emerged workers infested with three mites showed significant differences in the size of mandibular glands as compared to noninfested newly emerged workers. Management strategies of the mid- and late summer treatment are necessary to keep the mite population at low levels before and during the period when the winter bees emerge. Considerable numbers of Varroa mites can be controlled inside bee colonies without chemicals by removal of drone pupae or sometimes if necessary removing generations of worker pupae before emergence as adults. Using movable screened bottom boards in the opposite side of the hive entrance for the observation and counting naturally felled down Varroa mites were very beneficial in this area during hot summer periods.",signatures:"Zahra Naeef Ayoub",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63494",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63494",authors:[{id:"252577",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zahra",surname:"Ayoub",slug:"zahra-ayoub",fullName:"Zahra Ayoub"}],corrections:null},{id:"63218",title:"Beekeeping in Brazil: A Bibliographic Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80548",slug:"beekeeping-in-brazil-a-bibliographic-review",totalDownloads:894,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Brazil presents favorable conditions for beekeeping, having a suitable climate; native flowering plants with great potential for the production of honey, pollen, propolis, and royal jelly; and bees adapted to our conditions, tolerant to the main apicultural diseases and highly productive. Through the meliponiculture, the conservation of mainly native forest areas is allowed; therefore, they are the best environments for the creation of native bees and production of by-products of the beehive with quality. The stingless bees are very sensitive to any disturbance due to anthropogenic action. A systematic bibliographical review was carried out in different electronic databases, through descriptors referring to beekeeping in Brazil. The identification of articles and their inclusion occurred between January 2018 and April 2018. The bibliographic research was conducted in the following electronic databases: (1) Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), (2) Public Library of Science (PLOS) Biology, and (3) ScienceDirect. In order to help in the process of standardization of bee products and traceability of the production chain, it was possible to draw a profile of the main bioactive substances of the beehive products of Brazil. It was also possible to relate the benefits of an adequate management of beekeeping and meliponiculture in Brazil.",signatures:"Karuane Saturnino da Silva Araújo, Bruno Machado Araújo, Diego Carvalho Viana, Jailson Honorato, Virlane Kelly Lima Hunaldo, Ila Raquel Mello Cardoso, Dark Luzia dos Santos Neto, Leonardo Moreira de Oliveira, Eline Pacheco, Cláudia Lima Dias, Ivaneide de Oliveira Nascimento, Djany Souza Silva, Gerbeli de Mattos Salgado, José de Ribamar Macedo Costa, Jaisane Santos Melo Lobato and Sandra Maria Botelho Mariano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63218",authors:[{id:"191224",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Karuane",surname:"Araújo",slug:"karuane-araujo",fullName:"Karuane Araújo"},{id:"195971",title:"Prof.",name:"Dark Luzia",surname:"Neto",slug:"dark-luzia-neto",fullName:"Dark Luzia Neto"},{id:"219745",title:null,name:"Diego",surname:"Viana",slug:"diego-viana",fullName:"Diego Viana"},{id:"257527",title:"MSc.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Araújo",slug:"bruno-araujo",fullName:"Bruno Araújo"},{id:"257528",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"leonardo-oliveira",fullName:"Leonardo Oliveira"},{id:"257529",title:"MSc.",name:"Eline",surname:"Pacheco",slug:"eline-pacheco",fullName:"Eline Pacheco"},{id:"257530",title:"MSc.",name:"Ila Raquel",surname:"Cardoso",slug:"ila-raquel-cardoso",fullName:"Ila Raquel Cardoso"},{id:"265829",title:"Dr.",name:"Jailson",surname:"Honorato",slug:"jailson-honorato",fullName:"Jailson Honorato"},{id:"265833",title:"Dr.",name:"Virlane Kelly",surname:"Hunaldo",slug:"virlane-kelly-hunaldo",fullName:"Virlane Kelly Hunaldo"},{id:"265834",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Lima Dias",slug:"claudia-lima-dias",fullName:"Claudia Lima Dias"},{id:"268711",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivaneide De Oliveira",surname:"Nascimento",slug:"ivaneide-de-oliveira-nascimento",fullName:"Ivaneide De Oliveira Nascimento"},{id:"268712",title:"MSc.",name:"Djany Souza",surname:"Silva",slug:"djany-souza-silva",fullName:"Djany Souza Silva"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8929",title:"Modern Beekeeping",subtitle:"Bases for Sustainable Production",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cbf5aca68ed2c6690ad99f68aaaddcaf",slug:"modern-beekeeping-bases-for-sustainable-production",bookSignature:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8929.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8109",title:"Arthropods",subtitle:"Are They Beneficial for Mankind?",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55116f0344314d5aa595b035d7d401a1",slug:"arthropods-are-they-beneficial-for-mankind-",bookSignature:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8109.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5163",title:"Beekeeping and Bee Conservation",subtitle:"Advances in Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc469ff4d2cf6651cfdbf3c5cf90a469",slug:"beekeeping-and-bee-conservation-advances-in-research",bookSignature:"Emerson Dechechi Chambo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5163.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94059",title:"Dr.",name:"Emerson",surname:"Dechechi Chambó",slug:"emerson-dechechi-chambo",fullName:"Emerson Dechechi Chambó"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79245",slug:"corrigendum-to-mcam-and-its-isoforms-as-novel-targets-in-angiogenesis-research-and-therapy",title:"Corrigendum to: MCAM and its isoforms as novel targets in angiogenesis research and therapy",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79245.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79245",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79245",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79245",chapter:{id:"53335",slug:"mcam-and-its-isoforms-as-novel-targets-in-angiogenesis-research-and-therapy",signatures:"Jimmy Stalin, Lucie Vivancos, Nathalie Bardin, Françoise Dignat-\nGeorge and Marcel Blot-Chabaud",dateSubmitted:"June 1st 2016",dateReviewed:"November 8th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192897",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stalin",fullName:"Jimmy Stalin",slug:"jimmy-stalin",email:"jimmy.stalin@unige.ch",position:null,institution:{name:"University Hospitals Geneva Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"195979",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Vivancos",fullName:"Lucie Vivancos",slug:"lucie-vivancos",email:"lucie.vivancos@chuv.ch",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195980",title:"Prof.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Bardin",fullName:"Nathalie Bardin",slug:"nathalie-bardin",email:"nathalie.bardin@univ-amu.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195981",title:"Prof.",name:"Francoise",middleName:null,surname:"Dignat-George",fullName:"Francoise Dignat-George",slug:"francoise-dignat-george",email:"francoise.dignat-george@univ-amu.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195982",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Blot-Chabaud",fullName:"Marcel Blot-Chabaud",slug:"marcel-blot-chabaud",email:"marcel.blot-chabaud@laposte.net",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"53335",slug:"mcam-and-its-isoforms-as-novel-targets-in-angiogenesis-research-and-therapy",signatures:"Jimmy Stalin, Lucie Vivancos, Nathalie Bardin, Françoise Dignat-\nGeorge and Marcel Blot-Chabaud",dateSubmitted:"June 1st 2016",dateReviewed:"November 8th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192897",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stalin",fullName:"Jimmy Stalin",slug:"jimmy-stalin",email:"jimmy.stalin@unige.ch",position:null,institution:{name:"University Hospitals Geneva Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"195979",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Vivancos",fullName:"Lucie Vivancos",slug:"lucie-vivancos",email:"lucie.vivancos@chuv.ch",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195980",title:"Prof.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Bardin",fullName:"Nathalie Bardin",slug:"nathalie-bardin",email:"nathalie.bardin@univ-amu.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195981",title:"Prof.",name:"Francoise",middleName:null,surname:"Dignat-George",fullName:"Francoise Dignat-George",slug:"francoise-dignat-george",email:"francoise.dignat-george@univ-amu.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195982",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Blot-Chabaud",fullName:"Marcel Blot-Chabaud",slug:"marcel-blot-chabaud",email:"marcel.blot-chabaud@laposte.net",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"2220",leadTitle:null,title:"Reinforcement Learning",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Brains rule the world, and brain-like computation is increasingly used in computers and electronic devices. Brain-like computation is about processing and interpreting data or directly putting forward and performing actions. Learning is a very important aspect. This book is on reinforcement learning which involves performing actions to achieve a goal.\r\nThe first 11 chapters of this book describe and extend the scope of reinforcement learning. The remaining 11 chapters show that there is already wide usage in numerous fields. Reinforcement learning can tackle control tasks that are too complex for traditional, hand-designed, non-learning controllers. As learning computers can deal with technical complexities, the tasks of human operators remain to specify goals on increasingly higher levels. This book shows that reinforcement learning is a very dynamic area in terms of theory and applications and it shall stimulate and encourage new research in this field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-3-902613-14-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5821-9",doi:"10.5772/54",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"reinforcement_learning",numberOfPages:434,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"8a1290de1769ec93ed92327f93a9a4bb",bookSignature:"Cornelius Weber, Mark Elshaw and Norbert Michael Mayer",publishedDate:"January 1st 2008",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2220.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:98499,numberOfWosCitations:80,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitations:75,numberOfTotalCitations:185,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:null,secondStepPassed:null,areRegistrationsClosed:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"130979",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Weber",slug:"cornelius-weber",fullName:"Cornelius Weber",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/130979/images/system/130979.jpg",biography:"Cornelius Weber received the Diploma degree in physics, from the University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany, and the Ph.D. degree in computer science with the Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, in 2000.He is a Laboratory Manager with the Knowledge Technology Group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. He was a Post-Doctoral Fellow of Brain and Cognitive Sciences with the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. From 2002 to 2005, he was a Research Scientist of Hybrid Intelligent Systems with the University of Sunderland, Sunderland, U.K. He was a Junior Fellow with the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, until 2010. His current research interests include computational neuroscience with a focus on vision, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Hamburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"130981",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Elshaw",slug:"mark-elshaw",fullName:"Mark Elshaw",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/130981/images/system/130981.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mark Elshaw has been a Researcher for 15 years in three different research groups: The Hybrid Intelligent Systems Group (University of Sunderland), the Speech and Hearing Group (Sheffield University) and Intelligent Computation Group (Coventry University). He has worked on and been part of the successful management team for UK and EU funded projects, and disseminated research findings via 30+ peer reviews publications, outreach events and numerous project reports. He has also edited 3 computational neuroscience books, organised conferences and seminars, helped in the creation of successful funding proposals, and is reviewer for various conferences and journals. He was part of the team who won the British Computer Society intelligent machine prize for a bio-inspired robot.",institutionString:"University of Sunderland",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"191052",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"N. Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Mayer",slug:"n.-michael-mayer",fullName:"N. Michael Mayer",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191052/images/system/191052.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Chung Cheng University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"522",title:"Neural Network",slug:"computer-and-information-science-artificial-intelligence-neural-network"}],chapters:[{id:"670",title:"Neural Forecasting Systems",slug:"neural_forecasting_systems",totalDownloads:6438,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[null]},{id:"671",title:"Reinforcement Learning in System Identification",slug:"reinforcement_learning_in_system_identification",totalDownloads:4665,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[null]},{id:"672",title:"Reinforcement Evolutionary Learning for Neuro-Fuzzy Controller Design",slug:"reinforcement_evolutionary_learning_for_neuro-fuzzy_controller_design",totalDownloads:4079,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"673",title:"Superposition-Inspired Reinforcement Learning and Quantum Reinforcement Learning",slug:"superposition-inspired_reinforcement_learning_and_quantum_reinforcement_learning",totalDownloads:4704,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[null]},{id:"674",title:"An Extension of Finite-state Markov Decision Process and an Application of Grammatical Inference",slug:"an_extension_of_finite-state_markov_decision_process_and_an_application_of_grammatical_inference",totalDownloads:3771,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"675",title:"Interaction Between the Spatio-Temporal Learning Rule (Non Hebbian) and Hebbian in Single Cells: A Cellular Mechanism of Reinforcement Learning",slug:"interaction_between_the_spatio-temporal_learning_rule__non_hebbian__and_hebbian_in_single_cells__a_c",totalDownloads:3854,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"676",title:"Reinforcement Learning Embedded in Brains and Robots",slug:"reinforcement_learning_embedded_in_brains_and_robots",totalDownloads:4319,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[null]},{id:"677",title:"Decentralized Reinforcement Learning for the Online Optimization of Distributed Systems",slug:"decentralized_reinforcement_learning_for_the_online_optimization_of_distributed_systems",totalDownloads:4763,totalCrossrefCites:5,authors:[null]},{id:"678",title:"Multi-Automata Learning",slug:"multi-automata_learning",totalDownloads:4366,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"679",title:"Abstraction for Genetics-Based Reinforcement Learning",slug:"abstraction_for_genetics-based_reinforcement_learning",totalDownloads:5614,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"680",title:"Dynamics of the Bush-Mosteller Learning Algorithm in 2x2 Games",slug:"dynamics_of_the_bush-mosteller_learning_algorithm_in_2x2_games",totalDownloads:4233,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"681",title:"Modular Learning Systems for Behavior Acquisition in Multi-Agent Environment",slug:"modular_learning_systems_for_behavior_acquisition_in_multi-agent_environment",totalDownloads:3991,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"682",title:"Optimising Spoken Dialogue Strategies within the Reinforcement Learning Paradigm",slug:"optimising_spoken_dialogue_strategies_within_the_reinforcement_learning_paradigm",totalDownloads:3302,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"683",title:"Water Allocation Improvement in River Basin Using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning Approach",slug:"water_allocation_improvement_in_river_basin_using_adaptive_neural_fuzzy_reinforcement_learning_appro",totalDownloads:4247,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"684",title:"Reinforcement Learning for Building Environmental Control",slug:"reinforcement_learning_for_building_environmental_control",totalDownloads:4258,totalCrossrefCites:7,authors:[null]},{id:"685",title:"Model-Free Learning Control of Chemical Processes",slug:"model-free_learning_control_of_chemical_processes",totalDownloads:5197,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"686",title:"Reinforcement Learning-Based Supervisory Control Strategy for a Rotary Kiln Process",slug:"reinforcement_learning-based_supervisory_control_strategy_for_a_rotary_kiln_process",totalDownloads:5161,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"687",title:"Inductive Approaches Based on Trial/Error Paradigm for Communications Network",slug:"inductive_approaches_based_on_trial_error_paradigm_for_communications_network",totalDownloads:3671,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"688",title:"The Allocation of Time and Location Information to Activity-Travel Sequence Data by Means of Reinforcement Learning",slug:"the_allocation_of_time_and_location_information_to_activity-travel_sequence_data_by_means_of_reinfor",totalDownloads:3586,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"689",title:"Application on Reinforcement Learning for Diagnosis Based on Medical Image",slug:"application_on_reinforcement_learning_for_diagnosis_based_on_medical_image",totalDownloads:5832,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[null]},{id:"690",title:"RL Based Decision Support System for u-Healthcare Environment",slug:"rl_based_decision_support_system_for_u-healthcare_environment",totalDownloads:4226,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[null]},{id:"691",title:"Reinforcement Learning to Support Meta-Level Control in Air Traffic Management",slug:"reinforcement_learning_to_support_meta-level_control_in_air_traffic_management",totalDownloads:4246,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2284",title:"Real-World Applications of Genetic Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d5fc65bd034c0bc5384716fa643d336",slug:"real-world-applications-of-genetic-algorithms",bookSignature:"Olympia Roeva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2284.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109273",title:"Dr.",name:"Olympia",surname:"Roeva",slug:"olympia-roeva",fullName:"Olympia Roeva"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2182",title:"Advances in Character Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"edc63da347b581b507d9fdc17e75ba44",slug:"advances-in-character-recognition",bookSignature:"Xiaoqing Ding",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2182.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21641",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoqing",surname:"Ding",slug:"xiaoqing-ding",fullName:"Xiaoqing Ding"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6187",title:"Advanced Applications for Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7fb38ad3b189551aa9a91eaa3da04d1",slug:"advanced-applications-for-artificial-neural-networks",bookSignature:"Adel El-Shahat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6187.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193331",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",surname:"El-Shahat",slug:"adel-el-shahat",fullName:"Adel El-Shahat"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5127",title:"New Applications of Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1538fa08bb762c6c5de80b228c9324d",slug:"new-applications-of-artificial-intelligence",bookSignature:"Pedro Ponce, Arturo Molina Gutierrez and Jaime Rodriguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5127.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143594",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Ponce",slug:"pedro-ponce",fullName:"Pedro Ponce"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8725",title:"Visual Object Tracking with Deep Neural Networks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0ba384ed4b4e61f042d5147c97ab168",slug:"visual-object-tracking-with-deep-neural-networks",bookSignature:"Pier Luigi Mazzeo, Srinivasan Ramakrishnan and Paolo Spagnolo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17191",title:"Dr.",name:"Pier Luigi",surname:"Mazzeo",slug:"pier-luigi-mazzeo",fullName:"Pier Luigi Mazzeo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"12715",title:"Hybrid Type Method of Numerical Solution Integral Equations and its Applications",doi:"10.5772/10500",slug:"hybrid-type-method-of-numerical-solution-integral-equations-and-its-applications",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/12715.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12715",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12715",totalDownloads:1569,totalViews:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:31,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 30th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/12715",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/12715",book:{id:"402",slug:"numerical-simulations-applications-examples-and-theory"},signatures:"D.G. Arsenjev, V.M. Ivanov and N.A. Berkovskiy",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"402",type:"book",title:"Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"Applications, Examples and Theory",fullTitle:"Numerical Simulations - Applications, Examples and Theory",slug:"numerical-simulations-applications-examples-and-theory",publishedDate:"January 30th 2011",bookSignature:"Lutz Angermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/402.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-440-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5555-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:41,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"13342",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutz",middleName:null,surname:"Angermann",slug:"lutz-angermann",fullName:"Lutz Angermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"610"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12694",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Simulation of the Bump-on-Tail Instability",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-the-bump-on-tail-instability",totalDownloads:2498,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Magdi Shoucri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13289",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdi",middleName:null,surname:"Shoucri",fullName:"Magdi Shoucri",slug:"magdi-shoucri"}]},{id:"12695",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Simulation of the Fast Processes in a Vacuum Electrical Discharge",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-the-fast-processes-in-a-vacuum-electrical-discharge",totalDownloads:2624,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Igor Uimanov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13296",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Uimanov",fullName:"Igor Uimanov",slug:"igor-uimanov"}]},{id:"12696",type:"chapter",title:"3-D Quantum Numerical Simulation of Transient Response in Multiple-Gate Nanowire MOSFETs Submitted to Heavy Ion Irradiation",slug:"3-d-quantum-numerical-simulation-of-transient-response-in-multiple-gate-nanowire-mosfets-submitted-t",totalDownloads:2849,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniela Munteanu and Jean-luc Autran",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14152",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Luc",middleName:null,surname:"Autran",fullName:"Jean-Luc Autran",slug:"jean-luc-autran"},{id:"14602",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Munteanu",fullName:"Daniela Munteanu",slug:"daniela-munteanu"}]},{id:"12697",type:"chapter",title:"Two-Fluxes and Reaction-Diffusion Computation of Initial and Transient Secondary Electron Emission Yield by a Finite Volume Method",slug:"two-fluxes-and-reaction-diffusion-computation-of-initial-and-transient-secondary-electron-emission-y",totalDownloads:1830,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gilles Damamme and Asdin Aoufi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13333",title:"Dr.",name:"Asdin",middleName:null,surname:"Aoufi",fullName:"Asdin Aoufi",slug:"asdin-aoufi"},{id:"14136",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilles",middleName:null,surname:"Damamme",fullName:"Gilles Damamme",slug:"gilles-damamme"}]},{id:"12698",type:"chapter",title:"Control of Photon Storage Time in Photon Echoes using a Deshelving Process",slug:"control-of-photon-storage-time-in-photon-echoes-using-a-deshelving-process",totalDownloads:1973,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Byoung Ham",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"4870",title:"Dr.",name:"Byoung",middleName:"S.",surname:"Ham",fullName:"Byoung Ham",slug:"byoung-ham"}]},{id:"12699",type:"chapter",title:"Waveguide Arrays for Optical Pulse-Shaping, Mode-Locking and Beam Combining",slug:"waveguide-arrays-for-optical-pulse-shaping-mode-locking-and-beam-combining",totalDownloads:2194,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J. Nathan Kutz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13811",title:"Prof.",name:"J. Nathan",middleName:null,surname:"Kutz",fullName:"J. Nathan Kutz",slug:"j.-nathan-kutz"}]},{id:"12700",type:"chapter",title:"Monte Carlo Methods to Numerically Simulate Signals Reflecting the Microvascular Perfusion",slug:"monte-carlo-methods-to-numerically-simulate-signals-reflecting-the-microvascular-perfusion",totalDownloads:2763,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edite Figueiras, Luis F. Requicha Ferreira, Frits F.m. De Mul and Anne Humeau",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14210",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Humeau",fullName:"Anne Humeau",slug:"anne-humeau"},{id:"14211",title:"Prof.",name:"Edite",middleName:null,surname:"Figueiras",fullName:"Edite Figueiras",slug:"edite-figueiras"},{id:"14212",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis F.",middleName:null,surname:"Requicha Ferreira",fullName:"Luis F. Requicha Ferreira",slug:"luis-f.-requicha-ferreira"},{id:"14213",title:"Prof.",name:"Frits F.M.",middleName:null,surname:"De Mul",fullName:"Frits F.M. De Mul",slug:"frits-f.m.-de-mul"}]},{id:"12701",type:"chapter",title:"Generation and Resonance Scattering of Waves on Cubically Polarisable Layered Structures",slug:"generation-and-resonance-scattering-of-waves-on-cubically-polarisable-layered-structures",totalDownloads:1498,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Lutz Angermann and Vasyl Yatsyk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13342",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutz",middleName:null,surname:"Angermann",fullName:"Lutz Angermann",slug:"lutz-angermann"},{id:"14145",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasyl",middleName:"Vasylyovych",surname:"Yatsyk",fullName:"Vasyl Yatsyk",slug:"vasyl-yatsyk"}]},{id:"12702",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Modeling of Reflector Antennas",slug:"numerical-modeling-of-reflector-antennas",totalDownloads:3527,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oleg Yurtcev and Yuri Bobkov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13776",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Yurtcev",fullName:"Oleg Yurtcev",slug:"oleg-yurtcev"},{id:"14424",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Bobkov",fullName:"Yuri Bobkov",slug:"yuri-bobkov"}]},{id:"12703",type:"chapter",title:"Modeling of Microwave Heating and Oil Filtration in Stratum",slug:"modeling-of-microwave-heating-and-oil-filtration-in-stratum",totalDownloads:1908,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Sergey Sysoev and Anatoli Kislitsyn",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13297",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sysoev",fullName:"Sergey Sysoev",slug:"sergey-sysoev"}]},{id:"12704",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Simulation of Elastic-Plastic Non-Conforming Contact",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-elastic-plastic-non-conforming-contact",totalDownloads:2221,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Sergiu Spinu, Gheorghe Frunza and Emanuel Diaconescu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14148",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergiu",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Spinu",fullName:"Sergiu Spinu",slug:"sergiu-spinu"},{id:"14151",title:"Prof.",name:"Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Frunza",fullName:"Gheorghe Frunza",slug:"gheorghe-frunza"},{id:"23858",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Diaconescu",fullName:"Emanuel Diaconescu",slug:"emanuel-diaconescu"}]},{id:"12705",type:"chapter",title:"Simulating the Response of Structures to Impulse Loadings",slug:"simulating-the-response-of-structures-to-impulse-loadings",totalDownloads:4138,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francesco Caputo and Alessandro Soprano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"9956",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Caputo",fullName:"Francesco Caputo",slug:"francesco-caputo"},{id:"10618",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Soprano",fullName:"Alessandro Soprano",slug:"alessandro-soprano"}]},{id:"12706",type:"chapter",title:"Inverse Methods on Small Punch Tests",slug:"inverse-methods-on-small-punch-tests",totalDownloads:2798,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ines Penuelas, Covadonga Betegon, Cristina Rodriguez and Javier Belzunce",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13367",title:"Dr.",name:"Inés",middleName:null,surname:"Peñuelas",fullName:"Inés Peñuelas",slug:"ines-penuelas"}]},{id:"12707",type:"chapter",title:"Laser Shock Peening: Modeling, Simulations, and Applications",slug:"laser-shock-peening-modeling-simulations-and-applications",totalDownloads:5446,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Y.b. Guo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13814",title:"Dr.",name:"Y.B.",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Y.B. Guo",slug:"y.b.-guo"}]},{id:"12708",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical and Physical Simulation of Pulsed Arc Welding with Forced Short-Circuiting of the Arc Gap",slug:"numerical-and-physical-simulation-of-pulsed-arc-welding-with-forced-short-circuiting-of-the-arc-gap",totalDownloads:3115,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oksana Shpigunova and Anatoly Glazunov",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14204",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:null,surname:"Shpigunova",fullName:"Oksana Shpigunova",slug:"oksana-shpigunova"},{id:"14312",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Glazunov",fullName:"Anatoly Glazunov",slug:"anatoly-glazunov"}]},{id:"12709",type:"chapter",title:"Mathematical Modelling of Structure Formation of Discrete Materials",slug:"mathematical-modelling-of-structure-formation-of-discrete-materials",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lyudmila Ryabicheva and Dmytro Usatyuk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14071",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lyudmila",middleName:null,surname:"Ryabicheva",fullName:"Lyudmila Ryabicheva",slug:"lyudmila-ryabicheva"},{id:"23941",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmytro",middleName:null,surname:"Usatyuk",fullName:"Dmytro Usatyuk",slug:"dmytro-usatyuk"}]},{id:"12710",type:"chapter",title:"Simulation Technology in the Sintering Process of Ceramics",slug:"simulation-technology-in-the-sintering-process-of-ceramics",totalDownloads:3647,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Bin Lin, Feng Liu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Liping Liu and Xueming Zhu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13791",title:"Prof.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Bin Lin",slug:"bin-lin"},{id:"14384",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Feng Liu",slug:"feng-liu"},{id:"14385",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaofeng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiaofeng Zhang",slug:"xiaofeng-zhang"},{id:"23956",title:"Dr.",name:"Liping",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Liping Liu",slug:"liping-liu"},{id:"23957",title:"Dr.",name:"Xueming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Xueming Zhu",slug:"xueming-zhu"}]},{id:"12711",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Plasma Jet during Deposition of Coatings",slug:"numerical-and-experimental-investigation-of-two-phase-plasma-jet-during-deposition-of-coatings",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Viktorija Grigaitiene, Romas Kezelis and Vitas Valincius",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14566",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktorija",middleName:null,surname:"Grigaitiene",fullName:"Viktorija Grigaitiene",slug:"viktorija-grigaitiene"},{id:"14626",title:"Dr.",name:"Romualdas",middleName:null,surname:"Kezelis",fullName:"Romualdas Kezelis",slug:"romualdas-kezelis"},{id:"15530",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitas",middleName:null,surname:"Valincius",fullName:"Vitas Valincius",slug:"vitas-valincius"}]},{id:"12712",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Simulation - a Design Tool for Electro Hydraulic Servo Systems",slug:"numerical-simulation-a-design-tool-for-electro-hydraulic-servo-systems",totalDownloads:4612,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Teodor Costinel Popescu, Daniela Vasiliu and Nicolae Vasiliu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13602",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodor Costinel",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",fullName:"Teodor Costinel Popescu",slug:"teodor-costinel-popescu"},{id:"24012",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Vasiliu",fullName:"Daniela Vasiliu",slug:"daniela-vasiliu"},{id:"24013",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolae",middleName:null,surname:"Vasiliu",fullName:"Nicolae Vasiliu",slug:"nicolae-vasiliu"}]},{id:"12713",type:"chapter",title:"Applications of the Electrohydraulic Servomechanisms in Management of Water Resources",slug:"applications-of-the-electrohydraulic-servomechanisms-in-management-of-water-resources",totalDownloads:3353,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Teodor Costinel Popescu, Daniela Vasiliu, Nicolae Vasiliu and Constantin Calinoiu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13602",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodor Costinel",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",fullName:"Teodor Costinel Popescu",slug:"teodor-costinel-popescu"},{id:"24012",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Vasiliu",fullName:"Daniela Vasiliu",slug:"daniela-vasiliu"},{id:"24013",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolae",middleName:null,surname:"Vasiliu",fullName:"Nicolae Vasiliu",slug:"nicolae-vasiliu"},{id:"24014",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Calinoiu",fullName:"Constantin Calinoiu",slug:"constantin-calinoiu"}]},{id:"12714",type:"chapter",title:"A General Algorithm for Local Error Control in the RKrGLm Method",slug:"a-general-algorithm-for-local-error-control-in-the-rkrglm-method",totalDownloads:1876,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Justin Prentice",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"2548",title:"Dr.",name:"Justin",middleName:"Steven",surname:"Prentice",fullName:"Justin Prentice",slug:"justin-prentice"}]},{id:"12715",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid Type Method of Numerical Solution Integral Equations and its Applications",slug:"hybrid-type-method-of-numerical-solution-integral-equations-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:1569,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"D.G. Arsenjev, V.M. Ivanov and N.A. Berkovskiy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12716",type:"chapter",title:"Advanced Numerical Simulation for the Safety Demonstration of Nuclear Power Plants",slug:"advanced-numerical-simulation-for-the-safety-demonstration-of-nuclear-power-plants",totalDownloads:2212,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"G.B. Bruna, J.-C. Micaelli, J. Couturier, F. Barre and J.P. Van Dorsselaere",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14024",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Bruna",fullName:"Giovanni Bruna",slug:"giovanni-bruna"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"12",title:"Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"Examples and Applications in Computational Fluid Dynamics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"numerical-simulations-examples-and-applications-in-computational-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Lutz Angermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13342",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutz",surname:"Angermann",slug:"lutz-angermann",fullName:"Lutz Angermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12611",title:"Numerical Simulation in Steady Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids in Pipes with Circular Cross-Section",slug:"numerical-simulation-in-steady-flow-of-non-newtonian-fluids-in-pipes-with-circular-cross-section",signatures:"F.j. Galindo-rosales and F.j. Rubio-hernández",authors:[{id:"13304",title:"Dr.",name:"F.J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rubio-Hernández",fullName:"F.J. Rubio-Hernández",slug:"f.j.-rubio-hernandez"},{id:"13434",title:"Dr.",name:"F.J.",middleName:null,surname:"Galindo-Rosales",fullName:"F.J. Galindo-Rosales",slug:"f.j.-galindo-rosales"}]},{id:"12629",title:"Numerical Simulation on the Steady and Unsteady Internal Flows of a Centrifugal Pump",slug:"numerical-simulation-on-the-steady-and-unsteady-internal-flows-of-a-centrifugal-pump",signatures:"Wu Yulin, Liu Shuhong and Shao Jie",authors:[{id:"13313",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulin",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yulin Wu",slug:"yulin-wu"}]},{id:"12612",title:"Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulence with Scalar Transfer around Complex Geometries Using the Immersed Boundary Method and Fully Conservative Higher-Order Finite-Difference Schemes",slug:"direct-numerical-simulation-of-turbulence-with-scalar-transfer-around-complex-geometries-using-the-i",signatures:"Kouji Nagata, Hiroki Suzuki, Yasuhiko Sakai and Toshiyuki Hayase",authors:[{id:"13266",title:"Prof.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Nagata",fullName:"Koji Nagata",slug:"koji-nagata"},{id:"13991",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Hiroki Suzuki",slug:"hiroki-suzuki"},{id:"13992",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuhiko",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",fullName:"Yasuhiko Sakai",slug:"yasuhiko-sakai"},{id:"23730",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Hayase",fullName:"Toshiyuki Hayase",slug:"toshiyuki-hayase"}]},{id:"12613",title:"Preliminary Plan of Numerical Simulations of Three Dimensional Flow-Field in Street Canyons",slug:"preliminary-plan-of-numerical-simulations-of-three-dimensional-flow-field-in-street-canyons",signatures:"Genbao Zhang, Weiya Chen and Zhiyong Liang",authors:[{id:"13781",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhiyong",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Zhiyong Liang",slug:"zhiyong-liang"},{id:"14339",title:"Dr.",name:"Genbao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Genbao Zhang",slug:"genbao-zhang"},{id:"14340",title:"Dr.",name:"Weiya",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Weiya Chen",slug:"weiya-chen"}]},{id:"12630",title:"Advanced Applications of Numerical Weather Prediction Models - Case Studies",slug:"advanced-applications-of-numerical-weather-prediction-models-case-studies",signatures:"Pak Wai Chan",authors:[{id:"13264",title:"Prof.",name:"Pak Wai",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",fullName:"Pak Wai Chan",slug:"pak-wai-chan"}]},{id:"12614",title:"Hygrothermal Numerical Simulation: Application in Moisture Damage Prevention",slug:"hygrothermal-numerical-simulation-application-in-moisture-damage-prevention",signatures:"Eva Barreira, João Delgado, Nuno Ramos and Vasco Freitas",authors:[{id:"13295",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuno",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",fullName:"Nuno Ramos",slug:"nuno-ramos"},{id:"17110",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",fullName:"João Delgado",slug:"joao-delgado"},{id:"23770",title:"Prof.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Barreira",fullName:"Eva Barreira",slug:"eva-barreira"},{id:"23771",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasco",middleName:null,surname:"Peixoto de Freitas",fullName:"Vasco Peixoto de Freitas",slug:"vasco-peixoto-de-freitas"}]},{id:"12615",title:"Computational Flowfield Analysis of a Planetary Entry Vehicle",slug:"computational-flowfield-analysis-of-a-planetary-entry-vehicle",signatures:"Antonio Viviani and Giuseppe Pezzella",authors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella"},{id:"14946",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Viviani",fullName:"Antonio Viviani",slug:"antonio-viviani"}]},{id:"12616",title:"Numerical Simulation of Liquid-Structure Interaction Problem in a Tank of a Space Re-Entry Vehicle",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-liquid-structure-interaction-problem-in-a-tank-of-a-space-reentry-vehicle",signatures:"Edoardo Bucchignani, Giuseppe Pezzella and Alfonso Matrone",authors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella"},{id:"14940",title:"Dr.",name:"Edoardo",middleName:null,surname:"Bucchignani",fullName:"Edoardo Bucchignani",slug:"edoardo-bucchignani"},{id:"14941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Matrone",fullName:"Alfonso Matrone",slug:"alfonso-matrone"}]},{id:"12617",title:"Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Injection Moulding",slug:"three-dimensional-numerical-simulation-of-injection-moulding",signatures:"Florin Ilinca and Jean-françois Hétu",authors:[{id:"13636",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin",middleName:null,surname:"Ilinca",fullName:"Florin Ilinca",slug:"florin-ilinca"},{id:"13773",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-François",middleName:null,surname:"Hétu",fullName:"Jean-François Hétu",slug:"jean-francois-hetu"}]},{id:"12618",title:"Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Hydrodynamic Analysis in Commonly Used Biomedical Devices in Biofilm Studies",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-fluid-flow-and-hydrodynamic-analysis-in-commonly-used-biomedical-devices-in-",signatures:"Robert J. Martinuzzi and M. Mehdi Salek",authors:[{id:"13856",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Salek",fullName:"Mohammad Mehdi Salek",slug:"mohammad-mehdi-salek"},{id:"14326",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert J.",middleName:null,surname:"Martinuzzi",fullName:"Robert J. Martinuzzi",slug:"robert-j.-martinuzzi"}]},{id:"12619",title:"Comparison of Numerical Simulations and Ultrasonography Measurements of the Blood Flow through Vertebral Arteries",slug:"comparison-of-numerical-simulations-and-ultrasonography-measurements-of-the-blood-flow-through-verte",signatures:"Damian Obidowski and Krzystof Jozwik",authors:[{id:"13738",title:"Dr.",name:"Damian",middleName:null,surname:"Obidowski",fullName:"Damian Obidowski",slug:"damian-obidowski"}]},{id:"12620",title:"Numerical Simulation of Industrial Flows",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-industrial-flows",signatures:"Hernan Tinoco, Hans Lindqvist and Wiktor Frid",authors:[{id:"14130",title:"Dr.",name:"Hernan",middleName:null,surname:"Tinoco",fullName:"Hernan Tinoco",slug:"hernan-tinoco"}]},{id:"12621",title:"Numerical Simulation of Contaminants Transport in Confined Medium",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-contaminants-transport-in-confined-medium",signatures:"Kais Charfi and Mohamed Safi",authors:[{id:"14270",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Safi",fullName:"Mohamed Safi",slug:"mohamed-safi"},{id:"14500",title:"Dr.",name:"kais",middleName:null,surname:"Charfi",fullName:"kais Charfi",slug:"kais-charfi"}]},{id:"12622",title:"Experimental and Theoretical Modelling of 3D Gravity Currents",slug:"experimental-and-theoretical-modelling-of-3d-gravity-currents",signatures:"Michele La Rocca and Allen Bateman",authors:[{id:"14206",title:"Dr.",name:"Allen Bateman",middleName:null,surname:"Pinzon",fullName:"Allen Bateman Pinzon",slug:"allen-bateman-pinzon"},{id:"14477",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"La Rocca",fullName:"Michele La Rocca",slug:"michele-la-rocca"}]},{id:"12623",title:"Numerical Simulation of Sediment Transport and Morphological Change of Upstream and Downstream Reach of Chi-Chi Weir",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-sediment-transport-and-morphological-change-of-upstream-and-downstream-reac",signatures:"Keh-Chia Yeh, Sam S.Y. Wang, Hungkwai Chen, Chung-Ta Liao, Yafei Jia and Yaoxin Zhang",authors:[{id:"13505",title:"Dr.",name:"Keh-Chia",middleName:null,surname:"Yeh",fullName:"Keh-Chia Yeh",slug:"keh-chia-yeh"}]},{id:"12624",title:"Model for Predicting Topographic Changes on Coast Composed of Sand of Mixed Grain Size and Its Applications",slug:"model-for-predicting-topographic-changes-on-coast-composed-of-sand-of-mixed-grain-size-and-its-appli",signatures:"Takaaki Uda and Masumi Serizawa",authors:[{id:"13491",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Uda",fullName:"Takaaki Uda",slug:"takaaki-uda"}]},{id:"12625",title:"Numerical Simulation of Spark Ignition Engines",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-internal-combustion-engines",signatures:"Arash Mohammadi",authors:[{id:"13643",title:"Dr.",name:"Arash",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",fullName:"Arash Mohammadi",slug:"arash-mohammadi"}]},{id:"12626",title:"Advanced Numerical Simulation of Gas Explosions for Assessing the Safety of Oil and Gas Plant",slug:"advanced-numerical-simulation-of-gas-explosions-for-assessing-the-safety-of-oil-and-gas-plants",signatures:"Kiminori Takahashi and Kazuya Watanabe",authors:[{id:"14352",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiminori",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Kiminori Takahashi",slug:"kiminori-takahashi"}]},{id:"12627",title:"Numerical Simulation of Radiolysis Gas Detonations in a BWR Exhaust Pipe and Mechanical Response of the Piping to the Detonation Pressure Loads",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-radiolysis-gas-detonations-in-a-bwr-exhaust-pipe-and-mechanical-response-of-",signatures:"Mike Kuznetsov, Alexander Lelyakin and Wolfgang Breitung",authors:[{id:"13275",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Kuznetsov",fullName:"Mike Kuznetsov",slug:"mike-kuznetsov"},{id:"14376",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Lelyakin",fullName:"Alexander Lelyakin",slug:"alexander-lelyakin"},{id:"14377",title:"Dr.",name:"Wolfgang",middleName:null,surname:"Breitung",fullName:"Wolfgang Breitung",slug:"wolfgang-breitung"}]},{id:"12628",title:"Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation on Interaction Process of Plasma Jet and working Medium",slug:"experimental-investigation-and-numerical-simulation-on-interaction-process-of-plasma-jet-and-working",signatures:"Shan-heng Yan, Qi Zhang, Na Zhao and Yong-gang Yu",authors:[{id:"13658",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong-Gang",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Yong-Gang Yu",slug:"yong-gang-yu"},{id:"13660",title:"Dr.",name:"Na",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Na Zhao",slug:"na-zhao"},{id:"14220",title:"Prof.",name:"Shan-Heng",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Shan-Heng Yan",slug:"shan-heng-yan"},{id:"14221",title:"Dr.",name:"Qi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Qi Zhang",slug:"qi-zhang"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2141",title:"Finite Volume Method",subtitle:"Powerful Means of Engineering Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0664f831a342fdbcf1fe496e9885f161",slug:"finite-volume-method-powerful-means-of-engineering-design",bookSignature:"Radostina Petrova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118470",title:"PhD.",name:"Radostina",surname:"Petrova",slug:"radostina-petrova",fullName:"Radostina Petrova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2207",title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:"From Theory to Industry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a2002ed6e06f8cb36ad55b57aab57e5",slug:"numerical-simulation-from-theory-to-industry",bookSignature:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykhaylo",surname:"Andriychuk",slug:"mykhaylo-andriychuk",fullName:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2274",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:"Algorithms, Techniques and Implementations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"116c1be2754eb60e90b4ad3642546291",slug:"fuzzy-logic-algorithms-techniques-and-implementations",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2274.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3194",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"240e32819f5a408715331a202e7971b4",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3194.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3832",title:"Computational and Numerical Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44c51ee67bb45c4a080ece19bd0f6a08",slug:"computational-and-numerical-simulations",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3832.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81753",title:"New Frontier of Plant Breeding using Gamma Irradiation and Biotechnology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104667",slug:"new-frontier-of-plant-breeding-using-gamma-irradiation-and-biotechnology",body:'Nowadays, agriculture has changed dramatically compared to the past. Technologies have played an important role that can be applied to use in almost every aspect of the agricultural value chain from production to consumption. The world population is currently around 7.9 billion and is expected to reach 10 billion in 2050 [1]. To feed the expected world population, the production of food will need to increase to meet the global food demand. Improved agricultural production through plant breeding, is one of the key solutions to sustainable development for supporting the growing global population. Plant breeding refers to the development of plant cultivars suitable for agricultural cultivation. In nature, natural selection is responsible for the survival of plants, based on their characteristics. Plants with low survival quality would be eliminated naturally. High-quality plants can be crossed and matched up using farmers’ knowledge and expertise. Gregor Mendel, the modern genetics pioneer, did research based on the principles of genetic theories. Later, radiation and chemical mutagens were developed to help induce genetic mutation more rapidly than natural evolution.
Mutations involve changes in the genetic material (DNA) of cells and can be passed on to offspring through the cell division process. Mutations may be associated with the loss of a gene or structural changes within a gene, which is called gene mutation or point mutation. Chromosome-related mutations can involve changes in the number of chromosomes, exchange of chromosomes, and the disappearance/addition of a segment of a chromosome.
Gene Mutation
Gene mutation or point mutation is a chemical change in a gene involving only a few nucleotides bases in a gene that affects some genetic changes in that gene.
Chromosome Mutation
Chromosome mutation is the change in the number or the structure of the chromosomes.
Changes in the Structure of Chromosomes
A missing or duplication part of the chromosome can cause a number of genes to be changed as well. The effects of these changes vary greatly depending on the type of gene and the number of genes involved.
Changes in Chromosome Number
Usually, plants have diploid chromosome numbers, an increase or decrease can occur only on certain chromosomes called aneuploidy, for example, 2n + 1 or 2n – 1. In case of increase or decrease of chromosomes sets, it is called polyploidy.
Mutagen can be divided into three types, which are as follows:
Physical mutagen: Radiation such as X-rays, gamma rays, ion beams, electron beams, and neutron particles.
Chemical mutagen: Chemicals that cause mutations in genes or chromosomes. These chemical substances are ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), diethyl sulfate (dES), ethyleneimine (EI), N-ethyl-N-Nitrosourea (ENU).
Biological mutagen: Genetic disruption might be the result of the virus and bacteria.
Comparatively, gamma and X-ray irradiation can be used to induce changes in seeds or other reproductive organs of the plant, such as branches, buds, stems, bulbs, and corm because they can penetrate into the internal tissues better than chemicals and also the method does not lead to chemical waste [2].
It has been over 100 years since Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Many scientists have learned and discovered the evidence of this theory that relates to a genetic mutation. Furthermore, they have found ways to induce and utilize mutations. The development of genomic study helps enhance the plant mutagenesis in crop improvement more efficiently. The mutant traits, such as dwarfing, sterility, disease and pest resistance, change of metabolites content, and many others, were shown in many species from crops to ornamentals by mutation induction. The need for plant breeding has been demonstrated usually by combining genetic modifiers to change the original mutant phenotype to become a significant breeding target. The mutagenesis technique is one of the apparatus that has resulted in many impressive mutant varieties. The number of such varieties is high across economic plant species, including vegetatively propagated species [3, 4].
Mutation techniques have been used widely in efforts to create new plant varieties that are more resistant to biotic and abiotic stress. The effects induced by physical and chemical mutagens can be similar to the natural mutation in major crops. The use of
Genetic variation is a prerequisite for plant breeding required to obtain useful traits for crop improvement. Often, the desired variation is either decreasing or disappearing over time. Moreover, spontaneous mutations occur at a very low rate that cannot be used in plant breeding for creating and developing new plant varieties. Therefore, the increase in mutation rate needs to be enhanced by the induction of genetic variability using mutagen treatments, such as gamma-ray, X-ray, fast neutron, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), and sodium azide, among others.
Plant breeders recognize the importance of ionizing radiation in plant breeding research programs. The technique has been tried out since 1930 and became accepted around 1950 because it solved some problems that standard conventional plant breeding methods could not. The two main advantages of irradiation are—1) some crops, especially cereal crops, have undergone extensive breeding that in some areas and could not be advanced from existing germplasm or strains, some characteristics, such as disease resistance, were rarely found in natural plants. 2) the increase in world population destroyed native plants because the farmer’s plant only improved the cultivation of plant species that have a disadvantage in terms of having a narrow genetic background. The use of radiation induces mutations in plants is one way to solve the problem of variability in plant species by inducing the desired characteristics that are not found in genetic sources. Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and neutron rays, can cause damage to genetic material and lead to phenotypic changes. Any propagated parts of plants can be irradiated, including seeds, buds, shoots, and stolon. However, seeds are most commonly used and most convenient. Radiation-induced mutations occur randomly, but their rate of occurrence could be made higher than spontaneous mutations. Evolution and practical plant mutation breeding both depend on genetic variation. Desired characteristics are selected and the obtained mutants are investigated and screened criteria essentially include the direct or integrated study of morphological variability, alteration of physiological and biochemical parameters, gene expression analysis, etc., under different degrees of stress conditions. Before conducting any plant mutation breeding experiment, one has to define the desired characteristics. The screening for such characteristics can be done
Plant breeding is the development of plant species to have better characteristics than the original variety and to meet human needs. Plant breeding can be used for many different purposes, such as to increase productivity, nutritional value, to withstand inappropriate cultivation conditions disease and insect resistance, for enhanced appearance, etc. Plant breeding methods are as follows.
Conventional plant breeding is the development or improvement of plant varieties by using conservative tools for manipulating plant genomes within the natural genetic boundaries of the species. The common methods for breeding self-pollinated species include mass selection, pure line selection, pedigree, bulk population, single seed descent, backcrossing, multiline and composite [7].
Natural mutations may occur, whereas at low rates and over a lengthy period. In this way, the mutation\'s induction takes less time than a spontaneous mutation. To induce mutations, mutagens must be used. The most commonly used mutagens are chemicals, but it is not safe for workers and the environment. Irradiation is another popular mutagen used to induce mutations.
Advantages of plant propagation by tissue culture are as follows:
It can increase the volume of plants in large quantities in less time than normal propagation. This saves space and labor used for propagation.
Disease-free plants can be obtained. Diseases are caused by fungi or bacteria infecting seeds or other propagation. In tissue culture, plant parts are sterilized before being cultured on a tissue culture medium. If there is mold and bacteria on it, it will show and can be removed.
The process of induced mutation in plants by irradiation and tissue culture
Study the appropriate tissue culture medium.
Plant tissue culture should be studied in a formula that is appropriate for the species and parts of the plants tested to enable the plants to grow well. and expand the number appropriately with strong plants.
Irradiation
Two methods of irradiation combined with tissue culture can be performed [8]
Irradiated plant parts such as seeds, lateral buds, shoots, and branches. Then the plant parts are sterilized and tissue cultured. The disadvantage of this method is that the plant becomes contaminated with microorganisms after tissue culture, resulting in less plant tissue than in reality.
Irradiated plant parts, such as seeds, lateral buds, shoots, and branches. Then the plant parts are sterilized and tissue cultured. The disadvantage of this method is that the plant becomes contaminated with microorganisms after tissue culture has fewer plants than the number of plants that should have been the chances of selecting a mutant will also be less.
Irradiation can be done in two ways: 1. Acute irradiation is the irradiation of a high dose in a short time or irradiation at a high dose rate, 2. Chronic irradiation is the irradiation of a low dose and uses a long time or irradiation at a low dose rate (Figure 1).
Plant tissue before irradiation is called M0V0, with M standing for meiotic and V for vegetative, when irradiated, it is called M1V1 generation. New plants or new shoots from M1V1 generation are called M1V2 generation. It can be subcultured to the next-generations, called M1V3, M1V4, M1V5, and so on (Figure 2).
Selection of mutations by tissue culture technique
(left) Gammator and (right) Gamma room at Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (Public Organization).
M1V0 - M1V3 generation.
After irradiation of plant tissue, the tissue is subcultured to M1V2 generation. In M1V2 generation, there can be genetic differences in new plants or new shoots that can be divided into three groups: 1. The original species, 2. The group of tissues that are all mutated is called a solid mutant, and 3. The group in which the mutated and normal tissues are combined is called a chimera [8]. The occurrence of chimera in different layers of plant cells affects different plant phenotypes, as illustrated in Figure 3.
Shows mutation characteristics and phenotypic expression. (A-B) has a mutation at the L2 layer (shown in yellow and red, respectively) causing phenotypic mutation along the leaf margins. (C-D) has a mutation at L1, L2, and L3 layers, which are often characterized as being unstable. (C) Sectorial are traverse all layers of the shoot meristem. (D) Non-patterned sectorial are variegated appearance.
The size and frequency of sectoring are a function of transposon (or other mutagens) activity and the rate of cell division [9]. Tissue culture can help in the separation of mutated and normal sections by subculture. The mutated section is cultured, and the subculture continues until the solid mutant is obtained (Figure 4).
Selection of mutations by tissue culture technique.
Examples of research on plant breeding by radiation in combination with tissue culture.
Study on the effect of gamma irradiation on tissue culture of aquatic plant “
Characteristics in the M1V4 generation of
Mutation’s breeding on tissue culture of Curcuma hybrid “Laddawan.” The experiment revealed that morphological variations in the M1V2 generation were observed at 50 Gy gamma irradiation treatment samples with variegated leaves and light green leaves were observed (Figure 6).
Characteristics in the M1V2 generation of Curcuma hybrid ‘Laddawan’, (A) normal plant, (B) variegated leaves, and (C) light green leaves [
The use of tissue culture techniques to assist in the selection of mutations in tissue culture of bromeliad “
Characteristics in M1V3 generation on tissue culture of
Besides the traditional tissue culture method, another tissue culture method may increase the number of plant tissues in a shorter time. This is called the TIB (Temporary Immersion Bioreactor) System. This system has a container that separates the liquid tissue culture medium and plant parts into two parts, each with a tube connected to allow the liquid tissue culture medium to be pushed back and forth with air pressure from an air pump. The condition inside the bottle was aseptic by filtering the air entering the bioreactor with a filter with a pore size of 0.2 μm plant This prevents the plant from drowning in liquid food all the time [13].
The working principle is divided into four phases as follows [14]:
Stationary phase: Systemic tissue is normal in culture parts and media parts with liquid food.
Immersion phase: It is the stage of air pressure to deliver liquid food to flood the plant tissues in the culture part at the specified time
Drain phase: Allowing liquid food to flow back into the vessels below by gravity.
Ventilation phase: The phase of air pressure into the vessels above (Figure 8).
Bioreactor, (top) vertical sample vessels, and (below) horizontal sample vessels.
The temporary immersion bioreactor system is a fast automated system. Therefore, the use of labor in the work is reduced. In addition, the container capacity of the bioreactor system temporarily sinks and can increase by 4–5 times. Thus, increasing the volume per area can also reduce the area of the tissue culture room down. Therefore, the temporary immersion bioreactor system is a new and suitable plant propagation system. It can replace the traditional plant tissue culture system (solid medium) and can be used in industrial plant production [15].
According to the article mentioned above, chemical and physical mutagens can cause genetic material alteration and have been widely used in plant mutation breeding. Variety identification or classification is an important step for plant breeding including the investigation of genetic variation and relatedness which are critical aspects of the maintenance of biodiversity. The identification method often uses genetic markers as a specific identifier that have been developed and used as a modern technique for characterization genotypes of organisms. A genetic marker is divided into three types [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].
Morphological marker
This marker is a physiological indicator that can be observed through general appearance and can be observed in morphological traits, such as plant height, canopy width, flower color, size or shape of the flower, flowering time, harvesting time, etc. It may be called naked-eyed polymorphism. These traits are mainly expressed by the controlling gene, so they can be used as a genetic marker. However, this marker has limited use, due to the morphology of plants often varying according to the changing environment, thus, the observed traits may cause errors in species identification. In addition, some plants are closely related species, the external characteristic comparison cannot be easily distinguished. Therefore, other indicators are required to improve the species classification accuracy.
Protein marker
The development of protein markers is to help identify the differences of plant species using different protein molecules which are components of plants to be examined. Protein markers are widely used to verify genetic purity for seed production. However, protein markers also have important limitations. The number of genes or proteins used for testing is small and genes that use for investigation must be expressed. Therefore, the investigation is necessary to select the optimal plant tissue and growth stage from gene expression. Moreover, the expression effect depends on the environment as well. This results in increasing the chance of the variation detecting in protein levels being undervalued. In addition, the use of protein markers in plant species detection is also limited because proteins are products of gene expression. It was found that the environment influences the expression of genes. If the environment is not suitable for plant growth, some genes cannot be expressed and proteins cannot be synthesized. Therefore, the results may vary and the classification between species that are closely related to each other can be impossible.
DNA marker
DNA marker is a DNA sequence that is used as a unique marker of an organism and can be inherited by the next generation. Each plant species has its own unique arrangement of nucleotides or polymorphisms of the DNA molecule that makes difference. So, it can be used as a marker to construct DNA profiles and assign the breeding lines to the various heterotic groups as well as variety identification. Using DNA as a marker to identify varieties of organism genetic material pattern which has a unique pattern to each individual can be done by a molecular and genetic technique which are commonly known as DNA profiling or DNA fingerprint. DNA markers can be classified into three types according to the principles and techniques used for development.
Hybridization based marker
This marker is developed based on the hybridization principle, which is the process of combining DNA probe and DNA target with complementary base pairs, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
Polymerase chain reaction-based marker
DNA markers are developed based on the principle of the rapid amplification of DNA as known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), such as randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR).
Sequence-based marker
A developed marker based on the identification of nucleotides in DNA, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Figure 9).
The overview of genetic markers [
Sometimes protein markers and DNA markers can refer to molecular markers. Molecular markers are a very useful tool to assess genetic diversity and relationships. The application of molecular markers in plant mutation breeding can help to accelerate the breeding program, increase accuracy and save cost and labor. They can apply to the study of genetic diversity, phylogeny, polymorphism analysis, and cultivar identification [24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. These markers have their own advantages and disadvantages, the appropriate marker selection depends on the purpose of use, the specific of each marker, facility, financial, time and knowledge. The comparison of some widely used DNA markers is shown in Table 1 [19, 29, 30].
Technique | RFLP | RAPD | AFLP | SSR | ISSR | SNP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amount of required DNA | 10 μg | 20 ng | 50-100 ng | 50 ng | 50 ng | 50 ng |
Quality of required DNA | High | High | High | Low | Low | Very high |
Reproducibility | High | High | Medium | High | Medium-High | High |
Genome abundance | High | Very high | Very high | Medium | Medium | High |
Polymorphism level | Medium | Very high | High | High | High | High |
Cost | High | Low | High | High | High | Variable |
Comparison of some widely used DNA markers.
The development of DNA technology has grown rapidly over the past 10 years. There is a lot of new knowledge that can be applied widely in agriculture especially in plant breeding with an important purpose to create new varieties with good characteristics, such as high yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and unfavorable conditions resistance. DNA markers are constantly being developed. It is widely used to identify the difference or diversity of organisms whether in terms of quantity or quality trait and is applied as a tool by plant breeders in many fields. Examples of the application of DNA markers in plant breeding are identification and purification of plant varieties, genetic assessment, genetic linkage mapping construction, and gene mappings, such as quantitative trait locus (QTL) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) [31, 32, 33, 34, 35]. DNA markers can distinguish more accurately and precisely than using plant morphology which often varies according to the environment. While protein marker is also limited, as it is based on gene expression. The advantages of DNA markers are as follows:
High accuracy – DNA marker is a tool that directly selects the desired plant genotype. Therefore, it is more accurate and precise than the selection from phenotypes that are related to the environment.
Large number of markers available for use
Constant results – The use of DNA marker to help in cultivar selection can be performed at every stage of plant growth and can use seed or tissue from any parts to be examined due to DNA remaining unchanged. Therefore, plant breeders can select the mutants at an early stage, which shortens the selection process. That plant can continue to grow. This is useful in cases when MAS is used because
Nondestructive – This is because only a small part of the plant is collected for DNA extraction and examined using the DNA marker. The interested mutant that is investigated can continue growing. There is no need to replant.
Inheritance classification – Some DNA markers, RFLP and SSR, are codominant markers that can be distinguished by both heterozygous and homozygous genotypes. While some DNA marker, such as RAPD, is not possible to distinguish between heterozygous genotype and homozygous genotype.
Able to select many desired characteristics simultaneously – The use of DNA markers can help select multiple desired traits at the same time and during the early growth stage. It saves time, labor, cost, and planting area.
Rapid population growth, environmental pollution, and climate change have greatly affected human survival on Earth. The unsustainability of food, medicine, herb, and fuel supply chains is becoming a major problem for people around the world. Agricultural crops are very important to provide food, which is one of the most basic needs of human beings. How to feed the world’s consumption poses great challenges to farmers and policymakers. To date, the method of artificial mutagenesis to obtain new biological cultivars, therefore, becomes a major challenge for breeders, and developing strategies to increase the genetic variability has demanded the attention of several research groups. The first paper on the technology of irradiation for mutation breeding employed X-rays in inducing mutations in maize and barley by Stadler in 1928 [36]. The first commercial mutant crop generated by irradiation technology is
Category | Records |
---|---|
Crop plants | 1,592 |
Ornamental plants | 711 |
Others | 1,088 |
Total | 3,391 |
The categories of FAO/IAEA mutant varieties database.
Pie chart showing the percentage of categories plant data on FAO/IAEA mutant variety database.
Gamma irradiation mutagenesis technology has been widely used in crop mutation for a long time, partly due to restrictions on other techniques, such as hybridization, cross-breeding, and transgenic plants. Gamma radiation is able to penetrate the target material thoroughly and cause DNA damage in the chromosome. The DNA damage is difficult to repair effectively and correctly, leading to the generation of mutant plant varieties. To date, the IAEA reported that there are nearly 300 gamma irradiators from around the world [39].
Many crops, such as food, herbal medicine, flower, and ornamental, have been created using gamma irradiation mutagenesis technology for trait improvement. This can support food security, through enhanced characteristics, or increased resistance to environmental stress. Many plant varieties have been developed using gamma irradiation and have been released and widely cultivated worldwide.
Food crops are most important for human survival. Many countries around the world are looking for techniques to improve crop diversity. The mutagenic effects of gamma-rays in plants have been a particularly important issue concerned by the breeders. There are many mutated crops varieties were reported in the FAO/IAEA database (Table 3). Wheat, rice, and soybean are the most important crops for the breeders, about 22%, 19%, and 15%, respectively, resented in mutated crop varieties in the database (Figure 11). The strategies for genetic improvement of the crops are the increase in production, improvement of nutrition, and higher resistance to unfavorable conditions, such as drought and salinity. However, the high-yield crops are considered by the breeders. Both total doses, dose rate and multiple biological endpoints on crops after exposure to gamma-ray were investigated. The rice seeds of the non-waxy variety ‘Toyonishiki’ were exposed to 20 kR of gamma-ray. Two out of 20,000 panicles produced on these plants had waxy grain, and one of these brought forth a new commercial variety, “Miyuki-mochi.” The yield of the new variety was reduced by 8% as compared with the original variety, but the heading date, culm length, panicle length, and the number of panicles of the new variety were almost the same as those of the original variety. If compared with the old leading waxy variety, “Shinano-mochi,” “Miyuki-mochi” is superior in yield by 15% and has high resistance to lodging and rice blast [40]. The seeds of five Japanese rice cultivars were irradiated with 250 Gy of gamma-ray (over 20 hr) and five high-yielding mutants were obtained [41]. High salinity in the soil is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to the reduction of rice yield. The seeds of “Dongan” rice were exposed to gamma-ray and selected for salt tolerance. They introduced the systemic procedures for the selection of salt tolerance rice plant mutants, and two promising mutant lines, ST-87 and ST-301, were finally selected [42].
Common name of crop plants | Records |
---|---|
Wheat | 265 |
Rice | 230 |
Soybean | 182 |
Barley | 106 |
Maize | 89 |
Groundnut | 79 |
Mungbean | 39 |
Chickpea | 27 |
Pea | 30 |
Lentil | 19 |
Sugarcane | 13 |
Sorghum | 18 |
Others | 117 |
List of mutated crop plant varieties from FAO/IAEA mutant varieties database.
Pie chart showing the percentage of crop plants on FAO/IAEA mutant variety database.
Medicinal plants are important for disease prevention and in human healthcare for a long time. To date, numerous studies have been carried out globally to verify their efficacy and some of the findings have led to the production of plant-based medicines. The global market value of medicinal plant products exceeds $100 billion per annum [43]. Medicinally important plants are enhancement of secondary metabolite production, both
Flowering plants and ornamental plants are two types of plants held in a special place in the history of humanity since ancient times. The sight of beautiful fresh flowers has a positive effect on the viewer. The use of such plants for decorative and aesthetic purposes has grown in floriculture. The report on the global market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges of flower, and the ornamental plant has been closely monitored and it is poised to grow by 27.18 billion dollars during 2021–2025 [45]. The mutation of flowering and the ornamental plant has become more successful owing to additional changes in phenotypic characteristics, heterozygous nature, and high mutation frequency producing a large number of new plant varieties. Gamma irradiation mutagenesis was used to improve the phenotype of flower and ornamental plants for a long time. In 1954, the first mutant propagated variety was released as a tulip variety with better flower shade and arrangement [46]. To date, there are various ornamental plants were recorded in FAO/IAEA mutant varieties database (Table 4). The three most of release mutant plants were chrysanthemum, rose, and dahlia (Figure 12). During 1970–1997, FAO/IAEA mutant varieties database shows the list of officially released mutant flower and ornamental plants induced by gamma irradiation, as shown in Table 5 [47]. The effect of exposure to gamma irradiation on different economically important flowers and ornamental plants is summarized in Table 6 [48].
Common name of ornamental plants | Records |
---|---|
Chrysanthemum | 285 |
Rose | 67 |
Dahlia | 36 |
Carnation | 28 |
Alstroemeria | 35 |
Begonia | 18 |
Azalea | 15 |
White lupin | 14 |
Hibiscus | 14 |
Tulip | 9 |
Achimenes | 8 |
Canna lilies | 8 |
Scotch broom | 9 |
Lily | 6 |
Others | 82 |
List of ornamental plant varieties from FAO/IAEA mutant varieties database.
Pie chart showing the percentage of ornamental plants on FAO/IAEA mutant variety database.
Scientific name | Common name | Mutant variety | Country of release | Year of release | Main improved characters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dhalia | Adagio | France | 1970 | Flower color | |
Bichitra | India | 1978 | Plant architecture | ||
Huanghuan | China | 1978 | Shortness | ||
Jyoti | India | 1978 | Plant architecture | ||
Meiguizi | China | 1989 | Flower color | ||
Twilight | India | 1978 | Plant architecture | ||
Carnation | Bonitas | GDR | 1985 | Semi dwarfness | |
Chaichompon | Thailand | 1983 | Flower color | ||
Galatee lonvego | France | 1982 | Fusarium | ||
Loncerda | France | 1983 | Fusarium | ||
Maiella lonchabi | France | 1982 | Fusarium | ||
Scrlet Bell | Japan | 1983 | Flower color | ||
Sim Feu Follet | France | 1972 | Flower color | ||
Gerbera | Raisa | Poland | 1993 | Flower color | |
Gladiolus | Shobha | India | 1988 | Flower color | |
Tambani | India | 1991 | Flower color | ||
Hibiscus | Anjali | India | 1987 | Flower color | |
Purnima | India | 1979 | Variegated leaves | ||
Lotus | Dandinyuge | China | 1997 | Flower color | |
Dianezhuang | China | 1983 | Earliness | ||
Rose | Beijingzhichun | China | 1990 | Flower color | |
Beiyumudan | China | 1986 | Flower color | ||
Bridal Sonya | Japan | 1985 | Flower color | ||
Caiyemingxin | China | 1986 | Leaf morphology | ||
Paula | USA | 1960 | Flower color | ||
September wedding | Canada | 1983 | Flower color |
List of officially released mutant flowering and ornamental plants from FAO/IAEA mutant varieties database [47].
Common name | Scientific name | Applied dosages | Treated materials | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orchid | 10 to 200 Gy | Protocorm-like bodies | Untreated orchids’ survival rate and weight were higher compared to treated plants | |
Tuberose | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 Gy | Bulbs | Variegated leaves and mutant cultivars were found with 20 Gy | |
Tuberose | 2 and 4 KR | Bulbs | Early sprouting, early spike emergence, and 50% flowering were noticed at 2 kR than 4 kR | |
Gladiolus | 15, 30, 45, and 60 Gy | Corms | Low doses of gamma irradiation encouraged the vase life of a flower and changed floret colors | |
Gladiolus | 0.5 to 5.0 kR | Corms | Earliest sprouting was observed in 3.0 kR | |
Gladiolus | 25, 40, 55 and 70 Gy | Corms | Spike length, number, and size of florets were decreased at 70 Gy | |
Gladiolus | 1 to 7 kR | Corms | 2 and 3 kR proved better stimulation overall treatment | |
Gerbera | 1.5, 2, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 Gy | In vitro shoots | In radiated plants with 5 Gy doses showed moderate resistance to powdery mildew | |
Hibiscus | 10, 15, 20, and 25 Gy | Nodal segments | 5 Gy was effective for controlling Phytoplasma and the survival rate of plants | |
Marigold | 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy | Seeds | 20 Gy changed disk color and 40 Gy changed floret and disk color | |
Sunflower | 100 to 900 Gy | Seeds | 100 and 200 Gy have a positive effect on plant height and root length, LD 50 have found at 500 Gy | |
Blushing philodendron | 70, 100, 150Gy | Rooted cuttings | The color composition of leaves ranged from 0–10% dark bluish-green, 60–90% strong yellow-green and 10–30% brilliant greenish-yellow | |
Gerbera Daisy | 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 Gy | Seeds | Gradual formation of a number of shoot and fresh weight was declined by increasing irradiation | |
Bougainvillea | 500 to 2000 Krad | Stem cuttings | Survival rate was 94% at 500 Krad and at 2000 Krad sprouting was delayed | |
Chrysanthemum | 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 Gy | Shoot culture | Flower color was detected by 10 Gy irradiation | |
Chrysanthemum | 10, 15, and 20 Gy | Flower bud | 10 and 15 Gy can be used for inducing genetic variability | |
Chrysanthemum | 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 Gy | Shoot culture | Nuclear DNA content was comparatively less at low dose rates |
Effect of exposure of gamma irradiation on different economically important flowers and ornamental plants during 2008–2019 [48].
The technology of radiation, especially gamma irradiation is a faster tool and environmentally friendly. Plant biotechnology, both tissue culture and molecular biology, plays an important role in shortening the time of mutation breeding. Roughly, tissue culture is new mutant lines synthesized and molecular biology is an analyzed tool. Most of the studies on mutagenesis in plants are using gamma-ray with changes in some characteristics that disappeared in the parents. For developing new plant varieties applying gamma radiation or chemical mutagen to
And all of these are rapidly artificial evolution by humans.
The authors declare no conflict of interest
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11910",title:"Frontiers in Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc53a7599a61ed04a0672a7bca81e9c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajendrachari Shashanka, Dr. Kiran Kenchappa Somashekharappa, Dr. Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegouda and Dr. Shamanth Vasanth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11910.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11922",title:"Watermarking - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"611776f7f3cc9951a8956d2e3d535a8e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11517",title:"Phase Change Materials - Technology and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b7a5f2631db5e49399539ade1edf264",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manish K Rathod",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11517.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"236035",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Rathod",slug:"manish-rathod",fullName:"Manish Rathod"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11932",title:"New Materials and Enhanced Performance of Sodium-Ion Batteries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75c27a6f2739e8af817bace95b0e50d6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Fatma SARF",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11932.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"245850",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fatma",surname:"SARF",slug:"fatma-sarf",fullName:"Fatma SARF"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11528",title:"Maintenance Management - Current Challenges, New Developments, and Future Directions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a3e4ad5806a77b0e930fbd4cb191bee2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Germano Lambert-Torres, Dr. Erik Leandro Bonaldi and Dr. Levy Ely Oliveira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11528.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",surname:"Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11486",title:"Climate Change - Recent Observations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"741543ff220f5cf688efbf12d3e2f536",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Terence Epule Epule",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11486.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"348146",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Terence Epule",surname:"Epule",slug:"terence-epule-epule",fullName:"Terence Epule Epule"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11509",title:"Wireless Power Transfer - Perspectives and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f188555eee4211fc24b6cca361983149",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kim Ho Yeap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11509.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"126825",title:"Dr.",name:"Kim Ho",surname:"Yeap",slug:"kim-ho-yeap",fullName:"Kim Ho Yeap"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11760",title:"Applications and Use of Diamond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2edcf9a24450d8655e756e1080defe32",slug:null,bookSignature:"Mr. Evgeniy Lipatov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11760.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21254",title:"Mr.",name:"Evgeniy",surname:"Lipatov",slug:"evgeniy-lipatov",fullName:"Evgeniy Lipatov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:174},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"36",title:"Food Science",slug:"food-science",parent:{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:16,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:367,numberOfWosCitations:777,numberOfCrossrefCitations:477,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1261,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"36",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10237",title:"Innovation in the Food Sector Through the Valorization of Food and Agro-Food By-Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c3a5a3c7f7999d68f04ae49ff0553f3d",slug:"innovation-in-the-food-sector-through-the-valorization-of-food-and-agro-food-by-products",bookSignature:"Ana Novo de Barros and Irene Gouvinhas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10237.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"260510",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Novo de Barros",slug:"ana-novo-de-barros",fullName:"Ana Novo de Barros"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6972",title:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bc6f95dc8630c9a8be84bb46286c445",slug:"soybean-for-human-consumption-and-animal-feed",bookSignature:"Aleksandra Sudarić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6972.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21485",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sudarić",slug:"aleksandra-sudaric",fullName:"Aleksandra Sudarić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9020",title:"Food Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ec2cdd3d6127695e24ca587a854e6a9",slug:"food-processing",bookSignature:"Romina Alina Marc, Antonio Valero Díaz and Guiomar Denisse Posada Izquierdo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"275077",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Romina Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Marc",slug:"romina-alina-marc",fullName:"Romina Alina Marc"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8544",title:"Food Preservation and Waste Exploitation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"510c0be10ee47559ddfd296740e24517",slug:"food-preservation-and-waste-exploitation",bookSignature:"Sonia A. Socaci, Anca C. F?rca?, Thierry Aussenac and Jean-Claude Laguerre",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8544.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191241",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sonia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Socaci",slug:"sonia-a.-socaci",fullName:"Sonia A. Socaci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8311",title:"Nutraceuticals",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51994c7d3887b9ecd6926b4967a4fdfb",slug:"nutraceuticals-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"María Chávarri Hueda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150285",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"Chávarri Hueda",slug:"maria-chavarri-hueda",fullName:"María Chávarri Hueda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8313",title:"Food Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f34f0100db8038cd838a4a03fb56de6a",slug:"food-engineering",bookSignature:"Teodora Emilia Coldea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220490",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Teodora Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Coldea",slug:"teodora-emilia-coldea",fullName:"Teodora Emilia Coldea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8625",title:"Whey",subtitle:"Biological Properties and Alternative Uses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"449a36f43c9a30ae4d43f9775599e8ac",slug:"whey-biological-properties-and-alternative-uses",bookSignature:"Isabel Gigli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175679",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Gigli",slug:"isabel-gigli",fullName:"Isabel Gigli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7332",title:"Some New Aspects of Colloidal Systems in Foods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0dd822267e027684bd3ff53da4f2ef41",slug:"some-new-aspects-of-colloidal-systems-in-foods",bookSignature:"Jafar M. Milani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91158",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jafar",middleName:"Mohammadzadeh",surname:"Milani",slug:"jafar-milani",fullName:"Jafar Milani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6878",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aaeaec7ab2b300434df9061448772e57",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",bookSignature:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo and Ángel de la Cruz Pech-Canul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227052",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Lidia",middleName:null,surname:"Solís-Oviedo",slug:"rosa-lidia-solis-oviedo",fullName:"Rosa Lidia Solís-Oviedo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7337",title:"Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a01ad0ca780f39f3aefd09f00cd0b7a3",slug:"legume-seed-nutraceutical-research",bookSignature:"Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez and Alfonso Clemente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7337.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6761",title:"Generation of Aromas and Flavours",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32cb87c823ee53fcbff7ecb2e944d4b9",slug:"generation-of-aromas-and-flavours",bookSignature:"Alice Vilela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6761.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181011",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Vilela",slug:"alice-vilela",fullName:"Alice Vilela"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:16,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38355",doi:"10.5772/48167",title:"Protein-Based Edible Films: Characteristics and Improvement of Properties",slug:"protein-based-edible-films-characteristics-and-improvement-of-properties",totalDownloads:5979,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:89,abstract:null,book:{id:"1128",slug:"structure-and-function-of-food-engineering",title:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering",fullTitle:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering"},signatures:"Thawien Wittaya",authors:[{id:"139906",title:"Dr.",name:"Thawien",middleName:null,surname:"Wittaya",slug:"thawien-wittaya",fullName:"Thawien Wittaya"}]},{id:"38363",doi:"10.5772/48678",title:"Pulsed Electric Fields for Food Processing Technology",slug:"pulsed-electric-fields-for-food-processing-technology",totalDownloads:29443,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:72,abstract:null,book:{id:"1128",slug:"structure-and-function-of-food-engineering",title:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering",fullTitle:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering"},signatures:"Maged E.A. Mohamed and Ayman H. Amer Eissa",authors:[{id:"147638",title:"Dr.",name:"Maged",middleName:"E. A.",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"maged-mohammed",fullName:"Maged Mohammed"}]},{id:"56975",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70653",title:"Metabolic Processes During Seed Germination",slug:"metabolic-processes-during-seed-germination",totalDownloads:6165,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Seed germination is crucial stage in plant development and can be considered as a determinant for plant productivity. Physiological and biochemical changes followed by morphological changes during germination are strongly related to seedling survival rate and vegetative growth which consequently affect yield and quality. This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. Elozeiri",authors:[{id:"207241",title:"Dr.",name:"Awatif",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"awatif-ali",fullName:"Awatif Ali"}]},{id:"62738",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79550",title:"The Role of UV-Visible Spectroscopy for Phenolic Compounds Quantification in Winemaking",slug:"the-role-of-uv-visible-spectroscopy-for-phenolic-compounds-quantification-in-winemaking",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:52,abstract:"Phenolic compounds are bioactive substances present in a large number of food products including wine. The importance of these compounds in wine is due to their large effect on the organoleptic attributes of wine. Phenolic compounds play a crucial role in the colour as well as mouthfeel properties of wines. UV-visible spectroscopy appears as a suitable technique for the evaluation of phenolic compounds’ properties and content. The ability of the phenolic ring to absorb UV light and the fact that some of the phenolic substances are coloured compounds, i.e. show absorption features in the visible region, make UV-visible spectroscopy a suitable technique to investigate and quantify grape and wine phenolic compounds. A number of analytical techniques are currently used for phenolic quantification. These include both simpler approaches (spectrophotometric determinations) as well as more complex methodologies such liquid chromatography analysis. Moreover, a number of spectroscopy applications have also been recently reported and are becoming popular within the wine industry. This chapter reviews information on the UV-visible spectral properties of phenolic compounds, changes occurring during wine ageing and also discusses the current UV-visible based analytical techniques used for the quantification of phenolic compounds in grapes and wine.",book:{id:"6878",slug:"frontiers-and-new-trends-in-the-science-of-fermented-food-and-beverages",title:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages",fullTitle:"Frontiers and New Trends in the Science of Fermented Food and Beverages"},signatures:"Jose Luis Aleixandre-Tudo and Wessel du Toit",authors:[{id:"250919",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Aleixandre-Tudo",slug:"jose-luis-aleixandre-tudo",fullName:"Jose Luis Aleixandre-Tudo"},{id:"261223",title:"Prof.",name:"Wessel",middleName:null,surname:"Du Toit",slug:"wessel-du-toit",fullName:"Wessel Du Toit"}]},{id:"38354",doi:"10.5772/48453",title:"Oxygen Scavengers: An Approach on Food Preservation",slug:"oxygen-scavengers-an-approach-on-food-preservation",totalDownloads:16139,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:null,book:{id:"1128",slug:"structure-and-function-of-food-engineering",title:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering",fullTitle:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering"},signatures:"Renato Souza Cruz, Geany Peruch Camilloto and Ana Clarissa dos Santos Pires",authors:[{id:"144206",title:"Dr.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"renato-cruz",fullName:"Renato Cruz"},{id:"144215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Clarissa",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"ana-clarissa-pires",fullName:"Ana Clarissa Pires"},{id:"144219",title:"MSc.",name:"Geany",middleName:null,surname:"Camilloto",slug:"geany-camilloto",fullName:"Geany Camilloto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"38363",title:"Pulsed Electric Fields for Food Processing Technology",slug:"pulsed-electric-fields-for-food-processing-technology",totalDownloads:29444,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:72,abstract:null,book:{id:"1128",slug:"structure-and-function-of-food-engineering",title:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering",fullTitle:"Structure and Function of Food Engineering"},signatures:"Maged E.A. Mohamed and Ayman H. Amer Eissa",authors:[{id:"147638",title:"Dr.",name:"Maged",middleName:"E. A.",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"maged-mohammed",fullName:"Maged Mohammed"}]},{id:"66671",title:"Extraction and Purification of Pectin from Agro-Industrial Wastes",slug:"extraction-and-purification-of-pectin-from-agro-industrial-wastes",totalDownloads:2721,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"With the advent of science and technology, agro-industrial wastes are converted into various value-added products to meet the demands of increasing population. In recent years, natural polymers have evoked tremendous interest due to easy conversion into value-added products. Apart from various natural polymers, pectin occupied a prominent place due to diverse pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Excess utilisation of pectin, the gap between production and demand is widening. To fulfil this gap various techniques are adopted for obtaining high yield pectin from various agro-industrial wastes. This chapter will be focusing on extraction and purification of pectin from various agro-industrial wastes, considered as main environmental pollutants.",book:{id:"8504",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",title:"Pectins",fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",authors:null},{id:"69396",title:"Soybean Amino Acids in Health, Genetics, and Evaluation",slug:"soybean-amino-acids-in-health-genetics-and-evaluation",totalDownloads:1383,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Soybean is an important source of protein and amino acids for humans and livestock because of its well-balanced amino acid profile. This chapter outlines the strengths and weaknesses of soybean as a complete amino acid source as well as the relative importance of individual amino acids. Special attention is paid to the sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. Breeding and genetic engineering efforts are summarized to highlight previous accomplishments in amino acid improvement and potential avenues for future research. Agronomic properties and processing methods that affect amino acid levels in soybean food and feed are also explained. A brief introduction into current amino acid evaluation techniques is provided. By understanding the complexities of amino acids in soybean, protein quality for humans and livestock can be maximized.",book:{id:"6972",slug:"soybean-for-human-consumption-and-animal-feed",title:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed",fullTitle:"Soybean for Human Consumption and Animal Feed"},signatures:"William Monte Singer, Bo Zhang, M.A. Rouf Mian and Haibo Huang",authors:[{id:"308970",title:"Mr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Singer",slug:"william-singer",fullName:"William Singer"},{id:"309005",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"bo-zhang",fullName:"Bo Zhang"},{id:"310776",title:"Dr.",name:"M.A. Rouf",middleName:null,surname:"Mian",slug:"m.a.-rouf-mian",fullName:"M.A. Rouf Mian"},{id:"310777",title:"Dr.",name:"Haibo",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"haibo-huang",fullName:"Haibo Huang"}]},{id:"56975",title:"Metabolic Processes During Seed Germination",slug:"metabolic-processes-during-seed-germination",totalDownloads:6166,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Seed germination is crucial stage in plant development and can be considered as a determinant for plant productivity. Physiological and biochemical changes followed by morphological changes during germination are strongly related to seedling survival rate and vegetative growth which consequently affect yield and quality. This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. Elozeiri",authors:[{id:"207241",title:"Dr.",name:"Awatif",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"awatif-ali",fullName:"Awatif Ali"}]},{id:"51587",title:"Casein Proteins: Structural and Functional Aspects",slug:"casein-proteins-structural-and-functional-aspects",totalDownloads:4815,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:"Mammalian milk is a complex fluid mixture of various proteins, minerals, and lipids, which play an important role in providing nutrition and immunity to the newborn. Casein proteins, which form about 80% of the bovine milk proteins, form large colloidal particles with calcium phosphate to form casein micelles, which for many years have been an important subject of interest. Casein micelles are composed of four main types of proteins: αS1‐casein, αS2‐casein, β‐casein, and k‐casein. These constituent casein proteins lack well‐defined secondary and tertiary structure due to large amount of propyl residues. These micelles are being extensively studied because of their importance in functional behavior of milk and various milk products. However, the exact structure and nature of these casein micelles are still under debate. These different casein proteins possess different functional properties due to their primary amino acid sequence.",book:{id:"5060",slug:"milk-proteins-from-structure-to-biological-properties-and-health-aspects",title:"Milk Proteins",fullTitle:"Milk Proteins - From Structure to Biological Properties and Health Aspects"},signatures:"Mohd Younus Bhat, Tanveer Ali Dar and Laishram Rajendrakumar\nSingh",authors:[{id:"178323",title:"Dr.",name:"Laishram R",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"laishram-r-singh",fullName:"Laishram R Singh"},{id:"183444",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Younus",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"md.-younus-bhat",fullName:"Md. Younus Bhat"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"36",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",abstract:"The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in the number of poor people around the world and led to the risk of food insecurity on a global scale. Even in Thailand, a country where food production exceeds domestic demand, the COVID-19 pandemic affects food security. The increased unemployment and the consequent loss of income resulting from the pandemics undermine food accessibility and affordability for many people. This chapter addresses the problem of food insecurity in Thailand during and after the COVID-19 crisis. It provides an analysis of the current status of food insecurity and food system resilience in Thailand and suggests solutions. It also proposes the adoption of a “Food Self-Sustained Community (FSSC)” model, which refers to the concept of building food security in a community. By planning and designing in advance, a community can switch its normal form of production seamlessly to a self-sufficiency model that prepares it for future crises, so that the community can produce enough food for all members without relying on sources outside the community.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak"},{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate: The Case of Montado/Dehesa System",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate-the-case-of-montado-dehesa-system",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",abstract:"Climate change contributes to the environmental pressures that the Montado/Dehesa systems are experiencing, leading to an impoverishment of the floristic composition of the understorey. The strongly acidic soils of these systems are associated with nutrient deficiencies, nutritional disorders and the toxicity of metals, especially Mn and Al; these problems are discussed with emphasis on the antagonism between Fe and Mn and the relationship between K concentration and Mg uptake and concentration. The potential for the use of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis to increase biological nitrogen fixation and avenues for research are discussed. The co-colonization of the roots of legumes with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the effects on P and Mn uptake are discussed. A better understanding of the relationships between soil pH, organic matter content (SOM), microbial community, soil P content and the plant strategies to mobilize it, as well as plant effects on the soil solution concentrations of Mn, is important for the management of these systems. The increase of biological nitrogen fixation in these systems, through the breeding of tolerant cultivars to acidic soils and a stepwise legumes enrichment, alongside soil fertility management, may contribute to increasing biomass production, SOM content and overall ecological plasticity.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Fernando Teixeira"},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:79,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",abstract:"Rusts are plant diseases caused by obligate fungi parasites. They are usually host-specific and cause greater losses of yields in crops, trees, and ornamental plants. Wheat is a staple food crop bearing losses specifically due to three species of rust fungi namely leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), stem rust (Puccinia graminis), and yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis). These diseases are usually inspected manually by a human being but at a large scale, this process is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to human errors. Therefore, there is a need for an effective and efficient system that helps in the identification and classification of these diseases at early stages. In the present study, a deep learning-based CNN (i.e., VGG16) transfer learning model has been utilized for wheat disease classification on the CGIAR image dataset, containing two classes of wheat rust disease (leaf rust and stem rust), and one class of healthy wheat images. The deep learning models produced the best results by tuning the various hyper-parameters such as batch size, number of epochs, and learning rate. The proposed model has reported the best classification accuracy rate of 99.54% on 80 epochs using an initial learning rate from 0.01 and decayed to 0.0001.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal"},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",abstract:"Our world is incredibly diverse and beautiful, everything we do has an impact on the environment, and our actions are intertwined. Recognizing how our actions affect the Earth on a global scale means, we need to change the way we do things. We must ensure that the value society derives from our actions comes at a low cost to the environment. A sustainable strategy to establish a resilient food system is to ensure that human demand for the Earth’s resources for food is kept within the supply of these resources. While more than 800 million people worldwide suffer from chronic malnutrition, our food systems emit roughly a third of all greenhouse emissions. Also, over 80% of our biodiversity gets lost. Hence, scaling up food system is simply not an option to feed nine to ten billion people by 2050 as we will need to produce more food in the next four decades than all of history’s farmers have harvested in the last eight thousand years. Therefore, rather than upscaling, the global food systems require transformation. Four critical aspects of this transformation include: “Boosting the small; Transforming the Big; Losing Less; and Eating Smarter.” Examining these four areas more deeply, it becomes evident that, while new technology will be critical to the transformation, government involvement, as well as better financial and behavioral change from residents and consumers, will be required. This chapter focuses on these four pillars that make up the global food system transformation for resilience.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu"},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:67,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",abstract:"This chapter reports on the coping strategies employed by households in the event of food insecurity shocks and the nexus between the types of coping strategies and resilience to food insecurity in one of the food-stressed woreda from Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia. The households use various consumption-based coping strategies that run from compromising the quality of food-to-food rationing. Repeatedly occurring food shortage has also forced some households to employ resilience erosive coping mechanisms such as selling reproductive assets. Such coping strategies have an important implication on the household’s capacity to cope with the future food insecurity-related shocks, with a statistically significant relationship between the nature of coping strategies utilized in response to previous food insecurity-related shocks and the household’s resilience to upcoming shocks. Coordinating crises management based on humanitarian intervention with households’ livelihood assets protection and resilience strengthening is the major policy implication of this study.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu"},{id:"80753",title:"Toward Safe Food Systems: Analyses of Mycotoxin Contaminants in Food and Preventive Strategies Thereof for Their Formation and Toxicity",slug:"toward-safe-food-systems-analyses-of-mycotoxin-contaminants-in-food-and-preventive-strategies-thereo",totalDownloads:64,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101461",abstract:"Mycotoxin contaminants in food pose a threat to human and animal health. These lead to food wastage and threaten food security that is already a serious problem in Africa. In addition, these affect trading and especially affect incomes of rural farmers. The broad impacts of these contaminants require integrated solutions and strategies. It is thus critical to not only develop strategies for analysis of these toxins but also develop removal and preventive strategies of these contaminants to ensure consumer safety and compliance with regulatory standards. Further within the aim of promoting food safety, there is need for operational policy framework and strategy on the management of these contaminants to promote their mitigation. This chapter discusses integrated strategies for monitoring and control of mycotoxin contamination in food matrices to promote their mitigation and build resilient food systems in Africa and thus reinforce efforts to reach sustainable food security.",book:{id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg"},signatures:"Dikabo Mogopodi, Mesha Mbisana, Samuel Raditloko, Inonge Chibua and Banyaladzi Paphane"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:10},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Marketing",value:88,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:7,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8430",title:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8430.jpg",slug:"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",hash:"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Adipose Tissue - An Update",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. Reviews on specialized areas of animal science are also welcome.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:41,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:68,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:74,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:99,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:120,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:202,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression"},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/83080",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"83080"},fullPath:"/profiles/83080",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()