Cooling down time and temperature for Case 1 and Case 2 operating scenarios.
\r\n\t
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In particular, the formations of paraffin/wax and hydrate at low temperature and high pressure conditions in a deep water production system are critical to manage when transporting fluids from the reservoirs to the host facilities. The wax present in hydrocarbon fluids is mainly comprised of high molecular weight paraffinic compounds that are crystalline in nature. The wax can drop out of the crude oil at the wax appearance temperature (WAT) and deposit in the subsea systems during the production operations when the fluid temperature is lower than WAT. Below the pour point, the wax can gel and solidify resulting in restricting the flow and plugging the subsea system. Likewise, the hydrates can form and deposit in the subsea systems when the produced hydrocarbon gas and water mix at low temperature and high pressure (for example, see for review [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]).
The cooling down of a subsea production system in a shut-in process is another complex transient heat transfer problem. In this process, the fluid flow stops and heat transfer occurs between the subsea production system and the surrounding environment through the pipe wall, and the system eventually reaches to low ambient seawater temperatures. The rate at which the temperature drops with time becomes important to manage paraffin/wax deposition, hydrate formation and their solidifications in such subsea production systems.
When the operating temperatures are low, the cold spots can appear at inadequately insulated or uninsulated sections of the subsea structures and equipment including jumpers, flowlines, risers, manifolds, field joints, water stops, bulkheads and valves, among other components. Therefore, the subsea production systems should be sufficiently insulated for the wax and hydrate controls during both the normal operation and the shut-in operation. The shut-in operation normally requires a minimum cooldown time. Generally, the cooldown time is the period when the fluid temperature reaches the wax deposition temperature or hydrate formation temperature at the operating pressures during the shut-in operation. During this period the operator has to decide the remedial actions such as to commence chemical inhibition, depressurization and hot oil circulation to prevent plugging of the subsea production systems [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Note that in this study, the cooldown time is the time when the fluid temperature reaches the pour point in the shut-in operation to prevent wax gelling/solidification in any part of the production system.
In this chapter, a subsea production system is considered typical to the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The production system consists of a pipe-in-pipe (PIP) flowline, a flexible riser, insulated jumpers, subsea structures and equipment. The flowline, riser and jumpers of this system are adequately insulated so that they can operate above the pour point and WAT during normal operations and provide a minimum cooldown time of 12 h to prevent any cold spots (low temperature conditions) and wax gelling/solidification during the shut-in operations.
The objective of this chapter is to investigate the cooldown time and cold spots (low temperature conditions) of the above assumed production system. The cold spots can arise due to uninsulated or inadequately insulated parts of the subsea structures and equipment, such as water stops and valves, during the shut-in operations.
The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the subsea field layout typical to the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Section 3 describes the properties of the PIP flowline, dry and wet insulations for retaining heat in the subsea production system. This section also describes the design basis and the operating constraints. Section 4 presents the method and procedure employed to perform the cold spot analysis at different locations of the subsea production system. Section 5 presents simulation results for the cooldown time and cold spots of the subsea production system including subsea structures and equipment. Section 6 presents the conclusion of this study.
Figure 1 shows the sketch of a subsea production system typical to the GoM. The system consists of a well with corresponding wellbore and wellhead (WH), four manifolds (MF1, MF2, MF3 and MF4), and eight jumpers (J1–J8). The manifolds are connected to a flowline and a riser leading to a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) facility. RBGL indicates the location of a riser base gas lift. Practically, the manifold MF1 has production from two wells, while each of MF2, MF3 and MF4 has production from a single well.
A Schematic of the subsea production system.
The total length of the flowline is approximately 17 km. The wellheads are located in water depth of about 1450 meter. The ambient seabed temperature is approximately 3.5°C. The flowline system consists of (2628.9 mm (8.625-inch) × 3886.2 mm (12.75-inch)) PIP flowline. The riser is a 2133.6 mm (7-inch) flexible riser starting from the riser base. The jumpers have 2628.9 mm (8.625-inch) stainless steel outside diameter (OD) with the glass syntactic polyurethane (GSPU) wet insulation. The subsea hardware such as the water stops is placed at the spacings of 700 meter, and equipment valves are added at the manifolds and RBGL.
The PIP insulation is a passive non-chemical solution for flow assurance problems and does not need input of work and heat. Heat retention is achieved by surrounding the pipeline with materials that offer a high resistance to heat transfer with low thermal conductivity.
In a PIP system, a pipe is inserted inside another pipe. A dry insulation material, such as aerogel, is placed in the created intermediate annulus and is protected by the outer pipe from hydrostatic pressure and water penetration. Having a low thermal conductivity, aerogel allows the design of pipelines with the overall heat transfer coefficient (UID-value) significantly low without compromising the overall external dimensions of the PIP system. For the case of a rigid outer pipe, an air gap exists between the outside diameter surface of the insulation and inside diameter of the outer pipe adding to the heat resistance of the system. In the recent past, PIP flowline systems have been used for a number of deep water projects [1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Figure 2 shows a typical PIP flowline section with the various layers of dry insulation [1].
Pipe-in-pipe insulation section of a pipe.
In this study, the PIP insulation material is considered to be aerogel. The centralizer spacing at every stalk length is set about 2.2 m specified for aerogel thickness requirement for the reeled pipeline. The function of centralizer is to support the inner pipe centralized within the outer pipe to prevent possible damage to the PIP thermal insulation and transfer loads between the inner and outer pipes.
Wet insulation does not require any input of energy such as work and heat. For example, glass syntactic polyurethane (GSPU) is the typical subsea wet insulation material. It can be used to retain heat in the jumpers and hardware providing UID-values greater than 1.0 W/m2.K [1, 12]. The wet insulation is directly coated to steel pipes and placed on the seabed exposed to seawater.
In this study, the GSPU wet insulation is used along with fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) and three-layer polyethylene (3LPE) coatings for jumpers and equipment. Thermal conductivities of GSPU, FBE and 3LPE are 0.16, 0.3 and 0.4 W/m.K, respectively. Figure 3 shows the schematic of a typical wet insulated pipe section [2].
A wet insulated pipe section.
Here, the PIP flowline insulation consists of 18.3 mm steel, 15 mm aerogel, 18.3 mm air, 19.1 mm steel and 3 mm 3LPE. The riser has the coating of 2133.6 mm flexible pipe. Jumpers are insulated with 1066.8 GSPU.
For the above flowline configuration and insulation, the UID-values of PIP flowline, flexible riser and wet insulated jumpers are 1.0, 3.5 and 2.9 W/m2.K, respectively. These UID-values yield the required cooldown time of 12 h based on pour point of the waxy crude oil, that is, when the fluid temperature is equivalent to the wax pour point temperature during the shut-in operation.
The UID-values of water stops and valves are determined using their typical configurations and GSPU insulation as discussed below.
The crude oil comprises of waxy oil, gas and produced water with 33° API gravity. The wax appearance temperature and pour point/wax deposition temperature of the fluid are 29 and 18°C, respectively. The total liquid production is approximately 19,300 STBPD (stock tank barrel per day) with associated gas of 13 MMSCFD (million standard cubic feet per day), equally distributed to five wells. The watercut is approximately 10% by volume and gas to oil ratio (GOR) is 750 SCF/STB (standard cubic feet/standard barrel). The hydrate curve is determined from the fluid composition without any inhibitor. Note that the crude oil was characterized up to C80+ components and the PVT properties were determined using a multiphase software, PVTsim Nova 3. The composition of C18+ components was found to be greater than 11 mole%, indicating the presence of wax with wax content of 3–6 wt%.
For the assumed design and operation constraints of the jumpers, flowline and riser and their insulations, the required cooldown time should be 12 h for maintaining the fluid temperature above the wax gelling/solidification temperature, i.e., above the wax pour point temperature of 18°C. The normal arrival pressure and the ambient temperature at FPSO are set to be 19 bar and 19°C, respectively. Since the hydrate temperature of the fluid is always lower than the pour point, 12 h cooldown time is sufficient to manage the hydrate deposition during the shut-in operations.
The cold spot and cooldown analyses were performed using the multiphase flow simulator OLGA 2016.2.1. The software uses a finite difference numerical scheme to solve mass, energy and momentum balances for multiphase fluid flow in a pipeline. The model accounts for the energy transfer between adjacent pipe segments, and inner pipe and surrounding. The fluid properties, hydrate dissociation curve and WAT were obtained from PVTsim Nova 3, which is a versatile equation of state modeling software.
The PIP flowline system was shut down via a linear ramp-down of the topsides valve on the facility and flow sources in the flowline closing simultaneously in 45 s. Steady state initial conditions were applied prior to the ramp-down. The cold spots were investigated at water stops and subsea equipment valves locations of the assumed subsea production system for several cases. However, the results for only two selected operating cases are presented below.
Case 1 forms the base case providing sufficient insulations to PIP flowline, flexible riser and insulated jumper system without the water stops and equipment valves. In this case, the fluid temperature is always maintained above the wax appearance temperature (WAT) during the normal operations. In this case, the fluid temperature can be maintained above the pour point for up to 12 h (cooldown time) in the shut-in operations. Since the wax deposition issue dominates over the hydrate formation issue in this subsea production operation (that is the hydrate temperatures are always lower than 18°C pour point), only the pour point was utilized in determining the cooldown time.
In this case, a typical equipment such as the water stop was added to the flowline to isolate a section of flooded annulus by preventing water passage to the adjacent PIP sections during installation and normal operations. The actual configuration of a water stop is shown in Figure 4 [13]. A simplified water stop assembly used in this analysis is shown in Figure 5.
Water stop configuration (TEKSEAL® Mechanical Clamp).
A simplified water stop configuration.
The two ends of the water stop consist of Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR), which is the expected configuration so long as the middle steel section of the water stop does not touch the carrier pipe during normal operations. The middle part consists of the stainless steel with 3 mm coated 3LPE. This situation may occur if the middle steel section of the water stop touches the carrier pipe during normal operations. The HNBR material has good stability from thermal aging and is suitable for a water stop seal [9].
The water stops were placed at 700 meter intervals of PIP flowline assuming concentric layers surrounding the flowline with three segments of equal length 220 mm and thickness 33.3 mm (annular gap between inner and outer pipes). The water stops were placed in the annulus of inner pipe and carrier pipe without any air gap. The thermal conductivity, specific heat and density of HNBR are 0.24 W/m.K, 0.25 J/kg.K and 1000 kg/m3, respectively. In this study, a conservative case of the water stop configuration has been assumed.
In addition to the water stop, the typical subsea equipment valves were added at the manifolds and RBGL to assess the impact of cold spots on temperature. Such structures are commonly encountered in a subsea field development. The valves were insulated up to the bonnet but uninsulated on the actuator and pressure transmitters. The uninsulated valve section was accounted for by inserting a section of pipe with equivalent length of the valve bonnet diameter into the subsea hardware piping. The uninsulated subsea valve accumulators and pressure transmitters are modeled as cylindrical pipe segments. Figure 6 shows the schematic of a valve insulation at the RBGL manifold. The similar configuration of equipment valves was assumed at other manifolds. All equipment valves were placed on the main flowline. The insulated sections of the valves used 1066.8 mm (3.5 inch) GSPU.
A schematic of a valve insulation at RBGL manifold.
This section summarizes results for the above two different operating scenarios.
Figure 7 shows the fluid temperature variation with length of the flowline production system without any water stops and equipment valves. Also shown in the figure are WAT and pour point. The calculated UID-values of PIP flowline, flexible riser and wet insulated jumper are 1.0, 3.5 and 2.9 W/m2.K, respectively. For each shut-in scenario, the lowest fluid temperature lies close to the riser base because of the higher UID-value (less heat retention) of the flexible riser. Here, 0 h indicates results at steady state, while 4, 8, 12 and 24 h indicate the results for different shutdown times (hour).
Temperature vs. distance of flowline/riser/jumper system during shutdown.
Figure 8 shows pressure and temperature conditions for the normal and shut-in operations along with WAT, pour point and hydrate formation conditions. The results for the normal operation (0 h) show that the fluid temperature in the production system remains above WAT (29°C), pour point (18°C) and hydrate temperature. During shut-in operation, the fluid temperature remains above 18°C until 12 h shutdown time. However, the fluid cools below the wax pour point quickly after 12 h shutdown, and the fluid temperature lies in the wax gel region for 24 h shutdown.
Pressure vs. temperature of flowline/riser/jumper system during shutdown.
The above results suggest that the combination of PIP flowline, flexible riser and wet insulated jumpers yields the cooldown time of 12 h, which can be sufficient to efficiently prevent cold spot (low temperature) problems arising from the wax gelling/solidification in the subsea production system.
In this case, the PIP flowline, flexible riser and wet insulated jumper system of Case 1 was assumed to include water stop seal assembly (HNBR with steel) and subsea equipment valves at manifolds and RBGL.
In order to check the overall performance of this system, it is first important to assess the impact of the assumed insulations on UID-values of water stop and equipment. Figure 9 shows UID-values at water stops and equipment valves locations. For water stops the UID-value is greater than 50 W/m2.K, and that for valves the UID-value is greater than 300 W/m2.K. For such extremely large UID-values compared to those of Case 1 system, the cold spots can be expected at the water stops and equipment valves locations.
UID-values for flowline/riser/jumper with water stops and valves.
Figure 10 shows the temperature variation as a function of length of the production system with water stops and equipment valves for the normal and shut-in operation scenarios. The sections of the pipe near and at the location of water stops and equipment valves are seen to cool much faster than those of the flowline/riser/jumper system. Due to the large UID-values of the stainless steel, the cooldown temperature at the water stops locations has lowered substantially (large downward spikes in temperature).
Temperature vs. distance of flowline/riser/jumper system with water stops and equipment valves during shutdown.
Figure 11 shows the variation of pressure with temperature during the shut-in operation. It shows the cooling temperature of the sections of flowline near and at locations of uninsulated and inadequately insulated equipment valves. The cold spots are not seen during normal operations because of the fact that only a small portion of the equipment is uninsulated, still maintaing the sufficient retention of heat. Because of the inadequate insulation of subsea water stops and equipment valves, however, the cold spots appear to yield only 8 h cooldown time, which is much less than the required 12 h cooldown time for shut-in operations. In this case, 8 h cooldown is not sufficient to take remedial actions, especially for unplanned shutdowns. However, if feasible to insulate the entire equipment valve system with 1066.8 mm (3.5 inch) GSPU (without causing any installation and operation issue), it could provide the required cooldown time of 12 h.
Pressure vs. temperature of flowline/riser/jumper system with water stops and equipment valves during shutdown.
Table 1 shows the summary of cooldown time achieved for Case 1 and Case 2 operating scenarios. As the table shows, Case 2 system cools down to 15°C after 12 h cooling time and cannot meet the cooldown time requirement of 12 h for the shut-in operations.
Shut-in operation | Cooldown temperature (°C) | |
---|---|---|
Time (h) | Case 1: flowline, riser and jumpers | Case 2: flowline, riser and jumpers with water stops/equipment valves |
0 | 43 | 42 |
4 | 37 | 23 |
8 | 32 | 19 |
12 | 27 | 15 |
24 | 18 | 11 |
Cooling down time and temperature for Case 1 and Case 2 operating scenarios.
The assumed PIP flowline/flexible riser/wet insulated jumper system of the base case provides sufficient insulation for maintaining the fluid temperature above the wax pour point and hydrate deposition temperatures. This system could achieve the required cooldown time of 12 h, which is sufficient to keep the production system out of the wax gel formation region and avoid any cold spot (low temperature) in the shut-in operations.
When the water stops (HNBR + Steel) and partly insulated equipment valves were added to the PIP flowline/flexible riser/wet insulated jumper system, there appears no major issue of the cold spots during the normal operations. However, for the shut-in operations, the system shows cold spots (low temperature conditions) at the hardware (water stop and equipment valves) locations and can barely yield the cooldown time of 8 h. These results suggest that the uninsulated section of the equipment valves at manifolds should be adequately insulated in order to prevent any cold spots in the production system during the shut-in operations, even though the flowline, riser and jumpers are sufficiently insulated.
It is recommended to insulate the subsea hardware as much as possible. If the subsea structures and equipment cannot be sufficiently insulated due to installation and/or any other manufacturing reasons, it is recommended to manage the shut-in operations in 8 h and take preventive measures for wax gel formation/solidification. Typical actions to control wax deposition/solidification can be to maintain high operating temperature, inject chemical inhibitors, circulate hot oil and prepare for the pigging of the subsea production system. Such actions along with the recent subsea processing technologies can help reduce both capital and operating costs significantly, especially during the shut-in operations.
In the future study, the sensitivity analysis will be performed using different types of the crude oils with varying ratios of paraffinic hydrocarbons relevant to the deep water production systems.
Keshawa Shukla would like to thank the Subsea Engineering Program under EASA for investing his time and effort and Petroleum Engineering Department for giving access to the multiphase flow simulators at College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station to contribute this chapter to the book which are gratefully acknowledged. Mayank Labh is a graduate student in Subsea Engineering (EASA) and has partly contributed to this work during his Directed Study. The open access publishing fees for this article have been covered by the Texas A&M University Open Access to Knowledge Fund (OAKFund), supported by the University Libraries and the Office of the Vice President for Research.
No potential conflict of interest.
Dietary supplements are defined in the United States as products that contain one or more dietary ingredient such as vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, and amino acids and are intended to supplement the diet [1]. In other countries dietary supplements are named differently including natural health products, complementary medicines, food supplements, and others [2]. Nonetheless, “dietary supplements” is a general term for products that mostly contain herbs, botanicals, proteins, and/or vitamins and minerals that are used with the intention to promote health. Despite the legal framework, dietary ingredients are often used and recommended for treating or preventing diseases. In this chapter, “dietary supplements” will be used as a general term to encompass several dietary ingredients.
Usage of dietary supplements has increased this last two decades [2]. From herbs, proteins, to vitamins and minerals, consumers are interested in self-treatment and preventing diseases [3]. Often using information from the internet to self-prescribe, many consumers believe that natural products are safe, while many others avoid using these products because of the lack of an approval process by health officials in many countries. Many dietary supplements provide significant benefits to health [4]. However, the lack of guidance from health professionals can be problematic.
Dietary supplements are likely safe when used as prescribed [4, 5]. But, when combined with drugs and disease, these products can interact and cause side effects [6, 7]. Some of the steps to evaluate the safe use of dietary ingredients is to know their mechanism of action, clinical effect, and consumers’ medical history. For example, an ingredient that induces liver enzymes will reduce the effect of a drug that is metabolized by these same enzymes. This can be life threating if the patient depends on this drug for normal function.
Due to the benefits that several of these dietary ingredients provide, it is important to evaluate their safety for wide spread recommendation. Particularly due to times of pandemic such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [8], ways to prevent disease severity and to be used as adjunct treatments are needed. Several dietary ingredients have been reported to be effective against COVID-19 in review articles. For this book chapter, 30 review articles and meta-analysis were evaluated for the selection of the dietary ingredients herein discussed. The selection criterium was based on the number of articles that cited the ingredients as being effective as well as the commonality and accessibility of the ingredients across the globe. Vitamins and minerals were excluded due to their safety being extensively researched. Because COVID-19 severity is worse among patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, the safety use of these ingredients in the context of these comorbidities are presented here.
COVID-19 is a respiratory infection caused by the virus named “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) [8]. COVID-19 is a novel disease officially declared as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020 [9, 10]. SARS-CoV-2 has infected 98.2 million people worldwide and caused 2.1 million deaths as of January 24th, 2021 [11]. COVID-19 is characterized by dry cough, fever, and fatigue symptoms in adults while in children rhinorrhea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are also present [10]. SARS-CoV-2 binds directly to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for subsequent entry into cells [10, 12]. Infected cells respond to the virus by generating pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that sometimes lead to a cytokine storm which aggravates the disease [10, 12, 13]. Those with certain underlying health conditions such as respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes as well as older individuals seem to be at a higher risk for developing severe complications from the infection [14, 15]. Because SARS-CoV-2 has approximately 80% genomic homology with SARS-CoV-1, the virus that caused the 2002–2003 epidemic, many research studies have proposed the use of treatments that were effective against SARS-CoV-1 [9]. Current treatments for COVID-19 used in the clinics are ACE2 inhibitors, corticosteroids, chloroquine, anti-inflammatory tocilizumab, comostat, protease inhibitors (lopivavir and ritonavir), and RNA polymerase inhibitors (remdesivir, favipiravir) [16]. Some of the established protocols are: no treatment for mild cases besides acetaminophen for fever; hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin for moderate cases; tocilizumab or sarilumab for worsening respiratory function; and remdesivir, convalescent plasma, corticosteroids for respiratory failure. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen are not recommended due to potential increase in ACE2 expression [17]. Lastly, it has been suggested that reduction in cholesterol decreases viral mRNA [18]. Thus, treatments that reduce cholesterol in addition to antivirals, anti-inflammatories, and respiratory support should be beneficial in managing COVID-19.
As noted above, patients with heart disease and diabetes are more likely to develop severe COVID-19. Thus, many of these patients will be given medications for COVID-19 on top of the current heart/diabetes medications they take. For example, patients continue to take ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) during COVID-19 infection [17]. Furthermore, these are the patients more likely to benefit from dietary ingredients that assist in preventing or treating COVID-19. Due to multiple treatments at once, the likelihood of drug–drug and drug-herb interaction in these patients is high. Drug treatments for heart disease include several types: anticoagulants, antiplatelets, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, cholesterol lowering, diuretics, and vasodilators [19]. For diabetes main medication classes include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, metformin, and glitazones [20]. The metabolism of some commonly prescribed of these medications are listed in Table 1. As noted, the most common cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in the metabolism of these drugs are CYP3A4, followed by CYP2C9, 2D6, and 2C8 [21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Approximately half of them are primarily excreted via the kidneys.
Drug categories | Liver metabolism | Renal excretion | References |
---|---|---|---|
ACE inhibitors:
|
|
| [21, 22] |
ARBs:
|
|
| [22] |
Hydroxychloroquine | Partially metabolized | Slowly excreted by the kidneys | [21] |
Protease inhibitor, ritonavir | CYP3A4 and 2D6 inhibitor | Minimal renal excretion | [16, 23] |
RNA polymerase inhibitor, remdesivir | CES1 to form active metabolite | ~50% renal excretion | [22] |
Corticosteroids and anti-inflammatories
|
|
| [21, 24] |
Antiplatelet, clopidogrel | CYP 2C19 forms active metabolite | ~50% excreted in urine | [22] |
Beta blocker, atenolol | Minimal metabolism | Major renal excretion | [21] |
Cholesterol lowering:
|
|
| [22, 25] |
Diuretic, spironolactone | Extensive metabolized | Major renal excretion | [22] |
Sulfonylureas
|
|
| [21, 22, 25] |
Meglitinides, repaglinide | Metabolized by CYP3A4 | Minimal renal excretion | [21] |
Metformin | Minimal metabolism | ~90% renal excretion | [22] |
Glitazones, pioglitazone | Metabolized by CYP2C8 | ~15–30% renal excretion | [21] |
Metabolism and excretion of some common medications used in COVID-19, heart disease and diabetes.
Echinacea has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects that seems to be promising against COVID-19 [13, 26]. Several studies have investigated the benefits of echinacea in treating and preventing respiratory tract infections such as the common cold, but not for other health purposes [27]. No studies have yet been completed on echinacea and COVID-19 [28]. A meta-analysis including 17 clinical trials found that echinacea is safe and effective in preventing or treating viral infections. In a separate analysis including 12 clinical trials, echinacea showed to decrease or not change pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with cytokine storm (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and increase or not change anti-inflammatory or immune-stimulatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-2, IL-8, IL-3, and IFN-γ). These effects are beneficial during infections since immune stimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects are needed but pro-inflammatory cytokines can aggravate the disease. Adverse events were mild with the most common reported being insomnia, gastrointestinal, and anxiety. One case of serious erythema was reported. Most studies included healthy participants and echinacea dose and method of extraction were quite variable making it difficult to evaluate safety in patients with comorbidities [28].
Not many studies have investigated the effects of echinacea in diabetes. In Wistar rats, 33 days of echinacea root extract showed hypoglycemic activity similar to glibenclamide. No safety parameters were investigated [29].
Almost no studies have evaluated the effects of echinacea on heart conditions such as hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. In one study with 374 elderly, 349 reported to use over-the-counter drugs and 43 reported to use herbal medicine. Echinacea was the most common herbal therapy used while aspirin, acetaminophen, laxatives, antiacids, and vitamins were the most common over-the-counter drugs [31]. This single study suggests the potential for interaction of echinacea with drugs.
In a review article, echinacea was considered to have a high or medium evidence for efficacy and safety [32]. Debatable concern of hepatotoxicity with echinacea when used for more than 8 weeks has been raised [6]. On the other hand, echinacea has shown hepatic and renal protection against toxins in rats with no effect by itself on liver and kidney parameters including AST, ALT, ALP, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine [33]. No toxicity was found in rats and mice after oral or intravenous injection of
In vivo pharmacokinetics in 12 healthy men and women,
Echinacea is likely safe when taken short-term, up to 8 weeks, in healthy adults. Unknown safety in patients with diabetes or heart disease. Caution should be taken when combining with medications metabolized by CYP3A, 1A2, and 2C9 enzymes.
Licorice root is used as a flavoring agent in food in many countries. In the United States, anise oil is often used for this purpose. Licorice is promoted as a dietary supplement for digestion, cough, infections, and others [40]. Frequently recommended by herbalists, licorice has recently shown to be the herb most frequently used for COVID-19 treatment [41, 42]. Several review articles have discussed the potential effectiveness of licorice in treating COVID-19 for its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, and expectorant effects [9, 10, 12, 13, 14]. Some in vitro studies showed that the active component glycyrrhizin inhibits the replication of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [43, 44]. Other in vitro studies showed that glycyrrhizin may prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry by binding to ACE2 receptors and other protein targets [45, 46]. Clinical trials of licorice use during COVID-19 are ongoing. Daily doses range from 250 mg 25% extract (62.5 mg glycyrrhizin) for 10 days to 2.28 g 3% extract (70 mg glycyrrhizin) for 7 days [47, 48].
Not many studies have investigated the effects of licorice in diabetes. In a clinical trial with 58 overweight and obese but otherwise healthy volunteers, 1.5 g licorice extract (<0.01% glycyrrhizin) for 8 weeks decreased insulin and HOMA-IR without side effects [49]. In cell cultures, de-glycyrrhizinated or regular licorice showed to be a potential therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy [50]. In diabetic mice, licorice hydrophobic flavonoids demonstrated abdominal fat-lowering and hypoglycemic effects [51].
Cases of hypokalemia and hypertension have been reported after daily ingestion of licorice tea or after short-term high dose [52, 53, 54]. In one case patient was combining licorice with the glucocorticoid medication fludrocortisone [55]. The active components of licorice, glycyrrhizinates, inhibit the enzyme responsible for inactivating cortisol and bind to mineralocorticoid receptors resulting in reversible hyper-mineralocorticoid effects [56]. A meta-analysis with 18 clinical trials found that chronic daily intake of 100 mg glycyrrhizin increases systolic and diastolic blood pressure [57]. In another meta-analysis including 26 clinical trials and 985 subjects, mainly healthy and overweight but some with hypercholesterolemia, found licorice to reduce body weight and BMI but increase diastolic blood pressure. Licorice was given as licorice flavonoid oil with a dose range of 300 mg to 1.8 g/day for 2–16 weeks [58]. In a dose–response relationship investigation in healthy men and women, licorice root with 108 or 217 mg of glycyrrhizin per day for 4 weeks caused no adverse events. However, licorice with 380 and 814 mg glycyrrhizin caused headache, arterial hypertension, hyperkalemia, and peripheral edema. One individual had a family history of hypertension [59]. Lastly, a similar study compared adverse events in patients with hypertension versus normotensive individuals during 100 g licorice containing 150 mg glycyrrhetinic acid per day for 4 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were slightly increased in normotensive (3.5 and 3.6 mmHg) but significantly greater increase in hypertensive patients (15.3 and 9.3 mmHg). Increase in urinary cortisol correlated with the rise in blood pressure [60]. These data suggest that glycyrrhizin at dose >200 mg/day short-term and > 100 mg/day long-term in patients or healthy individuals can cause reversible hyperkalemia and hypertension.
Despite licorice being a substance generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in the United States [61] and regarded as having a high safety profile because it is consumed as food [32], licorice can cause hypertension and hypokalemia in a dose-dependent manner [57]. However, safe dose will vary depending on licorice’s composition and the underlying medical conditions. Those with hypertension, heart or kidney disease are more sensitive to licorice toxicity [40]. In a study involving 360 subjects, no clinically significant change in renal function (potassium, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels) were found in 98.3% of the subjects after ~19 days of ~8 g licorice per day taken as dietary supplements that contained other ingredients. The remaining 1.7% of subjects developed hyperkalemia [62]. In a safety and toxicity study with 39 healthy female and male volunteers aged 19–40 years old, glycyrrhizic acid was administered at 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg body weight daily for 8 weeks. A no-effect level of 2 mg/kg was found and applying a 100-safety factor, the acceptable daily intake of 0.2 mg/kg body weight was proposed. This is equivalent to 12 mg glycyrrhizic acid/day for a 60-kg person [63]. Similarly, based on review of in vivo and clinical evidence, an acceptable daily intake has been proposed to be 0.015–0.229 mg glycyrrhizin/kg body weight [64]. The acceptable daily intake without a safety factor is equivalent to 120 mg glycyrrhizic acid. This dose could be considered safe if used short-term in a situation of high benefit versus risk.
A safe daily dose for short-term use consists of licorice with less than 100 mg glycyrrhizin. For daily long-term use a dose of 12 mg glycyrrhizin has been proposed. COVID-19 studies are using short-term doses of <100 mg glycyrrhizin per day. Caution should be taken when combining licorice with medications. Licorice inhibits several cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, and 2C19. Only
Turmeric has antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects that might benefit COVID-19 patients [10, 13]. It has also been hypothesized that the antioxidant effects of turmeric benefit diabetic patients during COVID-19 infection [67]. However, some has expressed concerns that curcumin, the main active component of turmeric, might increase the expression of ACE2 and worsen COVID-19 infection as well as increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and worsen COVID-19 in patients with cytokine storm [26]. In the contrary, curcumin binds to viral S protein and the viral attachment sites of the ACE2 receptor protein to inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV2 [18, 68]. In addition, curcumin has shown to reduce inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients. In a clinical study with 40 COVID-19 patients, curcumin given as nano-curcumin at 160 mg/day for 14 days reduced the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β as well as clinical manifestations (fever, cough, dyspnea, headache, chest radiography, lymphocyte, white blood cells, and platelets count) in comparison to placebo-treated group. Both groups were taking atorvastatin, bromhexine, and betaferon concomitantly with 5–15% of them having diabetes, cardiovascular disease or renal disease. These results suggest the effectiveness and safety of curcumin in COVID-19 patients with underlying medical conditions [69].
In clinical trials with type 2 diabetic patients, curcuminoids from 250 mg/day for 9 months to 1 g/day for 3 months improved glycemic control, β-cell function, insulin resistance, and reduced inflammatory cytokines with no major adverse effects. Minor side effects included diarrhea, constipation, vertigo, and itching. Some clinical and preclinical studies also showed that curcumin improve biomarkers of liver and kidney damage [70]. In a clinical trial on 46 patients with diabetic nephropathy, 1.5 g curcumin for 16 weeks improved 24-h urine analysis for albuminuria with no change in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, fasting blood sugar, 2-h postprandial blood sugar, lipid profile, serum albumin, and hemoglobin A1C in comparison to placebo and baseline [71].
A recent meta-analysis found that turmeric or curcumin have no effect on diastolic blood pressure and minor effect on systolic blood pressure when taken for longer than 12 weeks [72]. A meta-analysis that included 7 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, prehypertension, and dyslipidemia) found turmeric powder at 2–2.4 g/day for 1–2 months, turmeric extract with 0.6–1.9 g curcuminoids/day for 2–6 months, or curcumin at 70–80 mg/day for 2–3 months were effective in reducing serum LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Adverse events reported were abdominal pain, nausea, dyspepsia, constipation, and hot flushes. Hot flushes were also reported in the placebo group. In 3 of the trials patients were kept on their medications during the study; however, only one trial disclosed the name of the concomitant drug treatment (metformin) [73].
Turmeric has GRAS status in the United States [74]. Through a toxicological assessment, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has recommended curcumin daily intake be ≤3 mg/kg body weight per day (180 mg/day in 60 kg individuals) [75]. In 2–year oral feed studies, turmeric oil at 79–85% curcumin showed no biological significantly differences in hematology, clinical chemistry (liver and kidney function markers), and urinalysis parameters, but showed to potentially cause carcinogenicity in mice and rats especially in females at doses ≥100 mg/kg body weight in rats and 300 mg/kg body weight in mice [76]. However, the EFSA concluded that curcumin is not carcinogenic and studies have demonstrated the benefits of curcumin as an adjunct treatment of cancer [77]. High daily dose of curcumin might cause hepatotoxicity. In rats, 25 and 100 mg/kg body weight for 90 days of curcumin induced liver injury through the generation of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as reduced antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes SOD and GST [78]. Similarly, 5% turmeric via diet for 90 days in female Wistar rats and 0.2% turmeric via diet in female Swiss mice was hepatotoxic. Human equivalent dose for these rodent studies ranged from 250 mg curcumin/day to 1 g–50 g turmeric/day [79, 80].
Turmeric constituents have shown to inhibit p-glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo models [81]. Inhibition of p-glycoprotein can lead to increased bioavailability of drugs [82]. Curcumin is primarily eliminated in the feces with little renal excretion in a rat study [76]. In a pharmacokinetics study with healthy adults, turmeric reduced the bioavailability of the beta-blocker talinolol [83]. Curcumin was safe and effective when combined with glyburide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Better cholesterol and glycemia control without hypoglycemic side effects were observed. Curcumin increased AUC but did not change Cmax of glyburide [84]. In rats, curcumin increased the Cmax, AUC0-t and half-life of amlodipine – an antihypertensive drug [85]. Amlodipine is metabolized by CYP3A4 in humans [86]. Curcumin inhibits several hepatic CYP enzymes including 3A4, 1A2, 2B6 (competitive type of inhibition), 2D6 and 2C9 (non-competitive inhibition) in human recombinant cytochrome P450s [87]. However, it is been suggested that these effects are not clinically significant due to poor bioavailability of curcumin. In fact, in a pharmacokinetics study in healthy volunteers, 4 g curcuminoids +24 mg piperine to enhance bioavailability did not affect Cmax, AUC, clearance, or half-life of drugs metabolized by CYP3A, CYP2C9, and UGT, SULT conjugation enzymes [88].
Turmeric is safe and effective at doses ≤250 mg curcumin/day. Higher doses are associated with hepatotoxicity and potentially carcinogenicity. Doses as low as 70–250 mg curcuminoids/day has shown to be effective in metabolic disorders and COVID-19. Although turmeric inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes, these effects seem to be clinically negligible. Caution when taken with drugs that are substrates of p-glycoprotein in order to avoid drug overdose. Although turmeric has hypoglycemic effects and might cause side effects such as fainting when combined with antidiabetic medications, this combination has shown to be safe in clinical trials.
Several clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate
In a meta-analysis including 11 randomized clinical trials with 860 hypertensive or normotensive individuals,
One of the main active constituents in
The combination of several dietary ingredients might be desirable when their main mechanisms of action and clinical effects differ. For example, combination of an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immunostimulant, and bronchodilator herbs might be recommended. Safety combination of black seed and turmeric has been demonstrated in a clinical study.
Echinacea | None | None | Scarce: positive effect in 1 preclinical study | Induces CYP3A, inhibits CYP1A2, and CYP2C9 | [27, 28, 29, 36, 38] |
Licorice | Positive effects in vitro and 2 ongoing clinical trials | Negative effects in several clinical trials showing hypertension and hyperkalemia | Scarce: positive effects in 1 clinical, 1 preclinical, and 1 in vitro study | Safe dose <100 mg glycyrrhizin. Inhibits CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, and 2C19. Only | [45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66] |
Turmeric | Positive effects in vitro and 1 completed clinical trial | Positive effects in several clinical trials | Positive effects in several clinical trials | Safe dose ≤250 mg. Inhibits p-glycoprotein and not clinically significant inhibition of P450 enzymes | [68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 88] |
Black seed | Positive effects in vitro | Positive effects in several clinical trials | Positive effects in several clinical trials | Inhibits CYP2C9 | [94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114] |
Summary of level of evidence for efficacy and safety of echinacea, licorice, turmeric, and black seed in COVID-19, heart disease, and diabetes.
All the four dietary ingredients discussed herein are safe for use short-term as in a setting of treating a disease. However, some might not be safe when taken long-term. For example, no safety data was found for echinacea in heart disease and diabetes. Long-term use of low dose or short-term use of high dose licorice can cause reversible hypertension. Hepatotoxicity might occur with long-term use of turmeric >250 mg/day. Lastly, all of these four dietary ingredients are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to some extent. Mostly they inhibit CYP2C9, 1A2 and 2B6. Caution with echinacea because it induces CYP3A4 and turmeric because it inhibits it.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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This chapter will elaborate the progress of the application of microfluidic technology in the utilization of CO2, including the mechanism of mass transfer for CO2 in microreactors, the advantages of microfluidics in oil and gas analysis, and the fundamentals of microfluidics in CO2 flooding, oil recovery improvement, and CO2 sequestration.",book:{id:"5099",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics-new-applications-in-biology-energy-and-materials-sciences",title:"Advances in Microfluidics",fullTitle:"Advances in Microfluidics - New Applications in Biology, Energy, and Materials Sciences"},signatures:"Taotao Fu",authors:[{id:"177065",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Taotao",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"taotao-fu",fullName:"Taotao Fu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51263",title:"High and Efficient Production of Nanomaterials by Microfluidic Reactor Approaches",slug:"high-and-efficient-production-of-nanomaterials-by-microfluidic-reactor-approaches",totalDownloads:2622,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter overviews different approaches for the synthesis of nanostructured materials based on alternative methodologies to the most conventional and widespread colloidal wet chemical route and with a great potential applicability to large-scale and continuous production of nanomaterials. 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A variety of strategies for synthesizing inorganic and polymeric nanoparticles are presented and compared, including continuous flow, gas–liquid segmented flow and droplet-based microreactors",book:{id:"5099",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics-new-applications-in-biology-energy-and-materials-sciences",title:"Advances in Microfluidics",fullTitle:"Advances in Microfluidics - New Applications in Biology, Energy, and Materials Sciences"},signatures:"Victor Sebastian Cabeza",authors:[{id:"177071",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Sebastian",slug:"victor-sebastian",fullName:"Victor Sebastian"}]},{id:"52333",title:"Advances in Low Volume Sample Analysis Using Microfluidic Separation Techniques",slug:"advances-in-low-volume-sample-analysis-using-microfluidic-separation-techniques",totalDownloads:1733,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"During the last decades, a great interest has been shown for miniaturised separation techniques. The use of microfluidic techniques fulfills the constant needs for increasing sample throughput and analysis sensitivity, while reducing costs and sample volume consumption. In this chapter, three microfluidic separation techniques will be addressed: capillary electrophoresis, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. A special attention will be paid to miniaturised liquid chromatography, with a deep investigation of its advantages compared with classical liquid chromatography. Sample preparation adapted to low volumes (a few µl) will also be discussed.",book:{id:"5099",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics-new-applications-in-biology-energy-and-materials-sciences",title:"Advances in Microfluidics",fullTitle:"Advances in Microfluidics - New Applications in Biology, Energy, and Materials Sciences"},signatures:"Virginie Houbart and Marianne Fillet",authors:[{id:"177056",title:"Prof.",name:"Marianne",middleName:null,surname:"Fillet",slug:"marianne-fillet",fullName:"Marianne Fillet"}]},{id:"29687",title:"Robust Extraction Interface for Coupling Droplet-Based and Continuous Flow Microfluidics",slug:"robust-extraction-interface-for-coupling-droplet-based-and-continuous-flow-microfluidics",totalDownloads:2274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1792",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics",title:"Advances in Microfluidics",fullTitle:"Advances in Microfluidics"},signatures:"Xuefei Sun, Keqi Tang, Richard D. Smith and Ryan T. Kelly",authors:[{id:"111896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Kelly",slug:"ryan-kelly",fullName:"Ryan Kelly"},{id:"111900",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuefei",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"xuefei-sun",fullName:"Xuefei Sun"},{id:"135791",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"richard-smith",fullName:"Richard Smith"},{id:"135792",title:"Dr.",name:"Keqi",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"keqi-tang",fullName:"Keqi Tang"}]},{id:"51262",title:"Electroosmotic Flow Pump",slug:"electroosmotic-flow-pump",totalDownloads:2494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Electroosmotic flow (EOF) pumping has been widely used to manipulate fluids such as liquid sample reagents in microfluidic systems. In this chapter, we will introduce the research progress on EOF pumps in the fields of microfluidic science and technology and briefly present their microfluidic applications in recent years. The chapter focuses on pump channel materials, electrodes, and their fabrication techniques in microfluidics.",book:{id:"5099",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics-new-applications-in-biology-energy-and-materials-sciences",title:"Advances in Microfluidics",fullTitle:"Advances in Microfluidics - New Applications in Biology, Energy, and Materials Sciences"},signatures:"Meng Gao and Lin Gui",authors:[{id:"176994",title:"Prof.",name:"Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Gui",slug:"lin-gui",fullName:"Lin Gui"},{id:"177064",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",slug:"meng-gao",fullName:"Meng Gao"}]},{id:"51878",title:"Application of Microfluidics in Stem Cell Culture",slug:"application-of-microfluidics-in-stem-cell-culture",totalDownloads:2178,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, we review the recent developments, including our studies on the microfabricated devices applicable to stem cell culture. We will focus on the application of pluripotent stem cells including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. In the first section, we provide a background on microfluidic devices, including their fabrication technology, characteristics, and the advantages of their application in stem cell culture. The second section outlines the use of micropatterning technology in stem cell culture. The use of microwell array technology in stem cell culture is explored in the third section. In the fourth section, we discuss the use of the microfluidic perfusion culture system for stem cell culture, and the last section is a summary of the current state of the art and perspectives of microfluidic technologies in stem cell culture.",book:{id:"5099",slug:"advances-in-microfluidics-new-applications-in-biology-energy-and-materials-sciences",title:"Advances in Microfluidics",fullTitle:"Advances in Microfluidics - New Applications in Biology, Energy, and Materials Sciences"},signatures:"Shinji Sugiura, Kohji Nakazawa, Toshiyuki Kanamori and Kiyoshi\nOhnuma",authors:[{id:"83549",title:"Dr.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ohnuma",slug:"kiyoshi-ohnuma",fullName:"Kiyoshi Ohnuma"},{id:"177083",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Sugiura",slug:"shinji-sugiura",fullName:"Shinji Sugiura"},{id:"177084",title:"Prof.",name:"Kohji",middleName:null,surname:"Nakazawa",slug:"kohji-nakazawa",fullName:"Kohji Nakazawa"},{id:"177085",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanamori",slug:"toshiyuki-kanamori",fullName:"Toshiyuki Kanamori"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"697",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/149029",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"149029"},fullPath:"/profiles/149029",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()