Top ten papaya production countries in 2020 [10].
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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\n\t\t\tThis type of spaces is also referred to as smart environment, smart space, intelligent environment, etc. and recently there is a growing number of research work (Cook & Das, 2004). Some smart environments are designed for supporting the users in informative ways. For example, a meeting support system (Johanson et al., 2002) and a healthcare system (Nishida et al., 2000) using distributed sensors were developed. Other smart environments are used for support of mobile robots to provide physical services. Delivery robots with ubiquitous sensory intelligence were developed in an office room (Mizoguchi et al., 1999) and a hospital (Sgorbissa & Zaccaria, 2004). The functions of mobile robot navigation including path planning (Kurabayashi et al., 2002) and localization (Han et al., 2007), (Hwang & Shih, 2009) of mobile robots were assisted by using information from distributed devices. Figure 1 shows the configuration of our iSpace which is able to support human in both informative and physical ways.
\n\t\t\tiSpace has to recognize requests from users to provide the desired services and it is desirable that the user can request the services through natural interfaces. Therefore, a suitable human-iSpace interface is needed. Gesture recognition has been studied extensively (Mitra & Acharya, 2007) and human motions are often utilized as an interface in smart environments. A wearable interface device, named Gesture Pendant, was developed to control home information appliances (Mynatt et al, 2004). This device can recognize hand gestures using infrared illumination and a CCD camera. Gesture pads are also used as input devices (Youngblood et al, 2005). Speech recognition is considered as another promising approach for realizing an intuitive human-iSpace interface. The smart environment research project described in (Scanlon, 2004) utilizes distributed microphones to recognize spoken commands.
\n\t\t\tOn the other hand, interaction can also be started by the space. If iSpace finds that a user is in trouble based on observation, for example, a mobile robot in the space would go to help the user. To realize this, human activity and behaviour recognition methods in smart environments are studied actively (Mori et al, 2007), (Oliver et al, 2004). It is also important to develop actuators including display systems, audio systems and mobile robots in order to provide services based on the observed situations.
\n\t\t\tHere both types of human-iSpace interaction mentioned above are described in the following sections. Section 2 and 3 introduce our human-iSpace interfaces - a spatial memory and a whistle interface. The spatial memory uses three-dimensional positions whereas the whistle interface utilizes frequency of sounds to activate services. Section 4 presents an information display system using a pan-tilt projector. Sections 2, 3 and 4 give also experimental results to demonstrate the developed system. Finally, a conclusion is given in section 5.
\n\t\t\tConfiguration of Intelligent Space
\n\t\t\t\tFigure 2 shows a schematic concept of the spatial memory. The spatial memory regards computerized information, such as digital files and commands, as externalized knowledge and enables human to store computerized information into the real world by assigning a 3-D position as the memory address. By storing computerized information into the real world, users can manipulate the information, as if they manipulated physical objects. For example, as shown in Figure 2, conference proceedings can be organized in front of file cabinets or special memories might be stored into the second drawer from the top.
\n\t\t\tConcept of the spatial memory
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Environmental information, such as arrangements of equipment and objects, is adopted as tags, which represent the whereabouts of externalized knowledge. Equipment placed in a working environment has visually distinguishable functions, respectively, and humans are able to recognize them easily by using their own cognitive abilities. Therefore, when real objects represent tags, they will play a role of a trigger to recall stored data and will be effective to memorize the whereabouts. In addition, the location of objects can be utilized to arrange externalized knowledge for easy recall.
\n\t\t\t\tThere have been several approaches to associate computerized information with real objects, e.g., using Radio Frequency Identification (Kawamura et al., 2007), (Kim et al., 2005) or using 2-D barcode (Rekimoto et al. 1998). The approaches are useful to recognize the objects in a physical sense. However, there is a need to directly attach a hardware tag to each object in advance, and the user can only arrange computerized information for predetermined objects. Optional properties regarding accessibility, security, and mobility are not easily changed because they depend on hardware specifications, such as antennas or cameras.
\n\t\t\t\tThere are two key differences between 3-D position-based method and hardware-tag-based method, such as 2-D barcodes. First, in the case of using 3-D position, we do not need to directly attach the hardware tag to each object, and therefore we can store information freely, if the position and the motion of human can be measured. Second, stored data manipulations, such as changing optional properties, are easier than using the hardware tag.
\n\t\t\t\tAnother important aspect of our spatial memory is that the SKT can also take a human-centric approach to store the computerized information. More specifically, let us just consider the case where the coordinate frame is defined based on the human body. We can realize transformation from a human-centric coordinate frame to the real world, since the human can also take an option to carry the SKTs with his motion so that the relative position of SKTs will not be changed, for example, “my left side 2 m away to get access to file A,” “my right side 10 m away to call my friend B.” However, of course, if the user attaches the computerized information to a real object in the initial stage, the approach on the spatial memory needs to recognize an object with a human intuitive assist to register the object to the memory.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
However, it is impossible for a human to indicate the exact position of the spatial memory address every time. To easily and robustly access an SKT by using the human indicator, it is necessary to define an accessible region for each SKT. The accessible region is also needed for the arrangement of several SKTs by distinguishing their locations from others. The size of accessible region is determined based on the accuracy of the human indicator and its action type. For example, when using a hand for the human indicator, the user can indicate more accurately than using the body position. Therefore, a small size of accessible region can be achieved when using a hand, whereas a large one will be needed for a body human indicator.
\n\t\t\t\tWe notice here that a guideline to determine the size of a human indicator using a hand has been obtained. In our previous work, we have investigated the accuracy of the human indicator (Niitsuma et al., 2004) using the user’s hand. The accuracy is defined by the indication error, which is the distance between a spatial memory address of SKT and the human indicator. Investigations of two cases of human activities were carried out, namely: 1) the case of performing only the indication task and 2) the case of performing the indication task during another task. The results show the different margin of indication error between two cases. The accuracy of case 2 is worse than case 1 because the error margin of case 2 is larger than case 1. In order to achieve both smooth access and arrangement of several SKTs, accessible region is defined as follows. The accessible region is the sphere whose origin is located at a spatial memory address of SKT, whereas the radius is determined according to human activities: the radius in the case of just the indication task was found to be about 20 cm, and the radius in the case of indicating while performing another task was found to be about 40 cm.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
Memorizing both the contents of SKTs and their whereabouts are required to utilize the spatial memory. If the users learn SKT positions and contents, they can get access to aimed SKTs quickly without errors. Namely, it can be assumed that access time will be limited only by the physical access time necessary to utilize a human indicator and indicate the position of an aimed SKT. Therefore, the accessibility of the spatial memory and the effectiveness of memorizing were investigated from the viewpoint of the time needed to access SKTs.
\n\t\t\t\tHuman subjects memorized some SKTs, which had been arranged in advance, then accessed them. The task started from the situation where each subject did not have any information about the whereabouts and ended when the subject could access all SKTs. We measured the task completion time of each subject by changing intervals of tasks; more specifically 1 h later, 3 h later, and up to 20 days later, in order to check how the subject would memorize the spatial arrangement of SKTs. We then analyzed the time variation of the task completion time. Here, the accessible region was determined as the sphere with radius of 20 cm. The experiment was carried out by six subjects (21–26 years old, science or engineering students). All subjects have used the spatial memory for about 30 min before the experiment, and they know the usage.
\n\t\t\t\tThe details of the specified task are described as follows.
\n\t\t\t\tInitialization phase
Learning phase
Test phase
The task completion time from phase 2-a to phase 3-c was measured for each subject. Figure 3 (a) shows the completion time of each subject (Subjects 1–6). The horizontal axis represents logarithmic time [h] that had passed from the experiment start time, and the vertical axis represents the completion time [s]. All subjects learned the contents and the whereabouts of seven SKTs at the first performance, which resulted in a long completion time. The completion time of the first performance of Subject 6 is the shortest because he stored all SKTs before the experiment. All subjects completed accessing all SKTs at the performance after about four weeks from the first performance as short as the second performance. Although Subject 3 required learning at the third performance, the learning time was 50% less than the first performance. After the third performance, he completed the tasks in a time as short as the other subjects did.
\n\t\t\t\tThese results show the easiness of accessing the stored SKTs by memorizing the spatial locations because almost all subjects did not require learning of SKTs after the first performance. The completion time at the last performance of all subjects became 18–24 s, which shows that the accessibility was maintained or even improved over time.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 3 (b) shows the completion time of each subject depending on the intervals between the performances in order to investigate the effectiveness of memorizing the stored SKTs. The horizontal axis represents the logarithmic interval time [h] of task executions, and the vertical axis represents the completion time [s] of each task performance. The figure shows the completion times from the second to the last performance. In the experiment, the interval between performances was increased according to the number of performances, although the interval time is not exactly the same among subjects. Thus, the last performances of all subjects are performed with an interval time of about 500 h (about 20 days).
\n\t\t\t\tThe completion times of three subjects fluctuated until the first half of the experiment, where the interval time was less than 20 h. The variations of the subjects’ completion time, however, decreases when the number of the execution times increase, and the completion times become shorter. Other subjects carried out the task in an almost fixed time through all performances. The time 18–24 of the last performances is close to the physically needed time to access SKTs. In addition, all subjects successfully completed getting access to all SKTs in the performance even after about 20 days from the first performance. As shown in Figure 3 (b), the performance after 20 days is as short as the performance of 2-h duration.
\n\t\t\t\tThe results show that the subjects were able to recall the stored SKTs without forgetting them, and accessibility of the spatial memory has been maintained or even improved even if the interval time between usages increased. Therefore, the spatial memory approach in which the access method uses the human body and the storing method tags a real environment is effective for minimizing the forgetting of stored computerized information even if time has passed since it was stored.
\n\t\t\t\tResult of the usability evaluation experiment (a) time variation of the task completion time of each subject, (b) task completion time focused on the task interval
By storing services into a space using the spatial memory, we can execute various services in iSpace. Figure 4 shows an example of a service execution using the spatial memory. In the example, the spatial memory is used for sending commands to a mobile robot. A “call robot” service was stored behind a user and the user called a mobile robot by indicating the position (Figure 4 (a)-(c)). We also developed an interface to create and delete SKTs. This interface contains a speech recognition unit and SKTs can be managed using voice commands. In the example, another “call robot” service was stored in the user-specified position by using the interface (Figure 4 (d)-(f)).
\n\t\t\t\tService execution using the spatial memory (a)request for ”call robot” service by indicating the specified position, (b)(c)execution of ”call robot” service, (d)service management by using a voice command, (e)storing the “call robot” service, (f)execution of ”call robot” service
Sound interfaces provide another method for activating services in iSpace. Although iSpace has speech recognition units as shown in the previous section, we introduce a simple but robust sound interface using a human whistling in this section.
\n\t\t\tHere we consider the frequency of sounds as a trigger to call a service, i.e. a service is provided when the system detects a sound which has the corresponding frequency. The advantages of using a whistle as an interface are that humans do not have to carry any special devices and the range of the sound can be expanded through exercises to activate different types of services depending on the pitch. In addition, it carries a long way and can be easily detected by using distributed microphones. Figure 5 shows an example of sound waveforms and their frequency spectrum for various sound sources obtained by Fourier analysis. As shown in Figure 5 (d), the sound of a whistle is considered as a pure tone and easily recognized by considering the percentage of the power of the main frequency component among the total power of the sound.
\n\t\t\tResult of frequency analysis for various sound sources (a)human voice, (b)melodica, (c)metallophone, (d)human whistle
\n\t\t\t\tFigure 6 shows an example of human-robot interaction through the sound interface. In this example, each sound denotes different commands and a mobile robot is controlled based on the commands. Here we tested various sound sources and played a sound of a different pitch for each source. As shown in the figure, the system detected the sound and the mobile robot generated the corresponding motion successfully. We note that as also shown in Figure 6, since the sound of the melodica contains rather large harmonic components, the system sometimes failed to detect the sounds. On the other hand, a whistle is robustly recognized even in the presence of environmental noise.
\n\t\t\tBy associating the frequency of sounds with services, this interface can be used to activate various services by the users.
\n\t\tSending commands to a mobile robot using various sound sources (a)recorder, (b)melodica, (c)metallophone, (d)human whistle
Based on observation of users in the space, iSpace can actively provide information which is expected to be useful for the users. Here we consider an interactive information display system using visual information. The information display system uses a projector with a pan-tilt unit, which is able to project an image toward any position according to human movement in the space. By utilizing the interactive information, many applications can be developed, for example, the display of signs or marks in public spaces, or various information services in daily life.
\n\t\t\tHowever, main issues in active projection are distortion of the projection image and occlusion of the image. These issues are addressed in the following subsections.
\n\t\t\tWhen projection direction is not orthogonal to the projection surface, projection distortion occurs. Moreover the size of the projected image depends on the distance to the projection surface. Therefore with change of the projection point it is not possible to provide a uniform image to a user. The projector provides uniform projection toward any position by compensation of the projection image by using a geometric model and inverse perspective conversion.
\n\t\t\t\tThe resize ratio for compensation of the image size is given as follows.
\n\t\t\t\twhere
Distortion is also caused by the angle between the optical axis of the projector and the projection surface. The geometrical definition is shown in Figure 7. As shown in this figure, the pan-tilt projector projects an image toward
This conversion matrix HQR is a 3×3 matrix and the degree of freedom is 8. Therefore, if four or more sets of corresponding points of
Geometrical definition of image distortion
Projection occlusion occurs when human enters into the area where the human obstructs the projection. This problem sometimes happens in active projection due to human movement or change in projection environment. Hence, by creating an occlusion area and a human (obstruction) model and judging whether they overlap with each other, occlusion can be detected and avoided.
\n\t\t\t\tWe modelled the shape of projection light and human are corn and cylinder, respectively. We judge the overlap between these two models to detect occlusion. Moreover, not only humans but also other objects including chairs and tables could cause the occlusion problem. Our occlusion avoidance algorithm can be used by considering the object shape model.
\n\t\t\t\tThe avoidance method needs to modify the projection position so that the user can easily view the image. Figure 8 shows the determination of the modified position. In the situation that the projection position is on the left side of the human model, the projection direction is moved to the left to avoid occlusion since it requires less angular variation compared to the rightward movement. On the contrary, when the projection position is on the right side of the human model, it moves to the right for the same reason. If the calculated correction angle is greater than the limit correction angle
Determination of the modified position for occlusion avoidance
We developed a visitor guidance application as an example of interactive informative services. Figure 9 shows the procedure of the visitor guidance. When iSpace detects a visitor using distributed sensors, the projector displays a guidance panel in front of the visitor. In this case, two messages “call robot” and “view map” are shown (Figure 9 (a)(b)). If the visitor stands on the “call robot,” the projector provides a message “calling robot” and a mobile robot comes toward a user (Figure 9 (c)). On the other hand, if the visitor stands on “view map,” the projector displays the map of the space in front of the visitor (Figure 9 (d)). In addition, the projector indicates the direction of the place that is selected by the visitor (Figure 9 (e)(f)).
\n\t\t\t\tGuidance application using a pan-tilt projector (a)detection of a visitor, (b)display of a guidance panel (c)“call robot” service, (d)“view map” service, (e) selection of a place where the visitor wants to go (in the “view map” service), (f)indication of the direction of the place selected by the visitor (in the “view map” service)
Intelligent Space (iSpace) is an environmental system, which has multiple distributed and networked sensors and actuators. Since a variety of sensors including cameras, microphones, laser range finders and pressure sensors are taken into account as sensor devices of iSpace, the users can interact with the space in various ways.
\n\t\t\tThe spatial memory was presented as an interface between users and iSpace. We adopt indication actions of users as operation methods in order to achieve an intuitive and instantaneous way that anyone can apply. A position of a part of user’s body which is used for operating the spatial memory is called a human indicator. When a user specifies digital information and indicates a position in the space, the system associates the three-dimensional position with the information and manages the information as Spatial-Knowledge-Tag (SKT). Therefore, users can store and arrange computerized information such as digital files, robot commands, voice messages etc. into the real world. They can also retrieve the stored information in the same way as on storing action, i.e. indicating action.
\n\t\t\tSound interfaces are also implemented in iSpace. The whistle interface which uses frequency of a human whistling as a trigger to call a service was introduced. Since a sound of a whistle is considered as a pure tone, the sound is easily detected by iSpace. As a result, this interface works well even in the presence of environmental noise.
\n\t\t\tAn information display system was also developed to realize interactive informative services. The system consists of a projector and a pan-tilt enabled stand and is able to project an image toward any position. In addition, this system can provide easily viewable images by compensating the image distortion and avoiding occlusions.
\n\t\tPapaya (
In 2020, papaya was ranked the third most-produced tropical fruit crop in the world [10]. The major producing countries include India, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Mexico, and Indonesia (Table 1). Papaya is also a highly traded fruit on international markets in fresh and processed form with the major importers being the USA, Germany, and Portugal (Table 2) [10].
Countries | Plantation area (Ha) | Production (Tones) |
---|---|---|
India | 142,000 | 6,011,000 |
Dominican Republic | 12,395 | 1,271,303 |
Brazil | 28,450 | 1,235,003 |
Mexico | 18,983 | 1,117,437 |
Indonesia | 11,404 | 1,016,388 |
Nigeria | 92,338 | 877,120 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 12,404 | 210,000 |
Colombia | 7,309 | 194,332 |
Peru | 12,359 | 186,508 |
Thailand | 4,234 | 164,360 |
Top ten papaya production countries in 2020 [10].
Countries | Import value (US$) |
---|---|
United States | $134.2M |
Germany | $33.3M |
Portugal | $24.9M |
Canada | $23.0M |
Netherlands | $15.2M |
Spain | $14.8M |
France | $12.5M |
United Kingdom | $11.6M |
Singapore | $9.1M |
Italy | $7.2M |
Top ten papaya importers in 2020 by value [10].
Papaya is a member of the Family Caricaceae of which there are six genera
Plants in the family Caricaceae are stout-stemmed trees and exudate latex-like substances. Their leaves are palmately compound or lobed. The inflorescences are axillary and cymose and the flowers usually have fused petals. The fruits consist of numerous seeds surrounded by mucilage [11]. Of all the species in the family Caricaceae, papaya (
Most species in the family Caricaceae are dioecious. One is monoecious and two,
Papaya (
The papaya Y-chromosome deviated from the X-chromosome through deletions. Male-specific regions accounted for approximately 13% of Y-chromosome and share 99.6% of identity in male (MSY) and hermaphrodite (HSY) papaya [18, 19]. It consists of four knobs like heterochromatic structure and is heavily methylated [18]. Expression of genes linked to X, Y and Yh chromosomes showed evidence of partial dosage compensation in X-link loci and a candidate gene associated with papaya sex determination and the transition to hermaphroditism, a homolog of the MADS-box protein short vegetative phase (SVG) [20, 21]. The dosage compensation of gene expression in papaya sex chromosomes was investigated further in female and male papaya and found to be at a gene by gene level. In addition, expression of most X-hemizygous genes was very low or none suggesting the role of gene silencing in controlling of transcriptional balance [22]. Recently, the landscapes of DNA methylation and transcriptomes were shown to be different in male and female papaya [23].
Using sequence information derived from papaya sex chromosomes, sex-specific primers were designed and used to screen plantlets/seedlings to identify fruit-bearing female and hermaphrodite types from males (MSY) [24]. More recently, a candidate gene, monodehydroascorbate reductase 4 (MDAR4), was identified from H-TSS No.7 line with X-chromosome mutant (3 bp deletion) resulting in all hermaphrodite progeny. MDAR4 is involved in a hydrogen peroxide scavenging pathway [25]. The marker developed from this gene has potential applications in papaya breeding, selection of potential lines for in vitro clonal propagation, and the production of high-quality commercial varieties of papaya seedlings.
Target genes related to papaya’s important agronomic traits, including tolerance/resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses and fruit quality, were explored through omics and bioinformatics [26]. The papaya genome includes NBS genes which are disease-resistant genes with nucleotide-binding site motifs in the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) and non-TIR subclasses [27]. Transcriptome profiles in young leaves of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) resistant genetically modified variety “Sunup” showed high expression of several transcription factors (TFs) including MYB, ERF, WRKY, NAC, transporter proteins, and hormone-related proteins compared to susceptible “Sunset” papaya plants [28]. Under mild drought stress, stress-responsive genes were differentially expressed in papaya tissues with genes related to cell cycle and DNA repair processes. These stress-responsive genes were up-regulated in papaya leaves and sap while genes related to hormone signaling and sucrose metabolism were up-regulated in roots. Under severe drought stress genes related to oxidation-reduction, abiotic stress responses, and hormone signaling were also found to be up-regulated in all tissues [29]. Drought tolerant papaya had more photosynthetic II (PSII) efficiency than susceptible papaya. Drought susceptible plants displayed greater leaf abscission, less turgid shoots, and lower plant growth than those of tolerant papaya. Molecular analysis identified six transcription factors including
Environmental factors including soil, temperature, and water availability are external factors that significantly impact plant growth and development. The increased demand for papaya fruit as a source of food and plant-derived products and the marginalization of land available for cultivation due to increased housing needs has pushed papaya cultivation to less productive farms or in more developed countries, expensive protective housing cultivation. Further, climate change involving prolonged periods of adverse temperatures and extremes in weather patterns are contributing to the environmental stresses on papaya cultivation. These changes are further limiting not just the productivity, but also the zones of cultivation. Traditional cultivation areas are realizing significant reductions in yield or are forced to grow alternative crops. Papaya plants have optimal cultivation temperatures of between 25°C and 30°C. Temperature, moisture, light, and wind are also major environmental factors impacting papaya production [37, 38]. Temperatures lower than 16°C and higher than 36°C for extended periods negatively impact plant growth [39]. Under these climate extremes, different plant tissue types and organs, including roots, leaves, flowers, and fruit, exhibit variations in responses [40]. The use of traditional genotypes with desired plant fitness and plant developmental stages, fruit types, and yields are being negatively impacted pushing papaya breeding programs to develop varieties that are more adaptable and stable to seasonal changes [41].
In one study, the performance of a number of papaya cultivars including Solo, Formosa, and local commercial hybrids over two harvest seasons was compared. The results indicated that the summer harvest season with average temperatures of 24.9°C and maximums of 34.2°C were more productive than winter harvests where the average temperature was 21.9°C and the minimum 13.4°C [42]. Under low temperatures (<11°C), papaya plants produced fewer new leaves with no fruit set [43]. The optimal temperature for germination of papaya pollen was between 20 and 25°C at 72–80% humidity [44]. Further, extreme temperatures below 15°C and above 30°C negatively impacted germination with rates dropping to between 0 and 56%. Upon applying heat stress to papaya plants, it was shown that plants recovered from mild (37–41°C) and moderate (46°C), but not severe (49°C) heat stress. Photosynthesis was delayed while stress volatile production was induced [45].
Water stress has also been demonstrated to negatively impact papaya growth and development. For short periods of water stress, papaya leaves become droopy. If the water shortage continues, papaya plants will drop flower buds, and delay new fruit, flower, and leaf production. Water stress also results in leaf water potential and a reduction of stomatal opening. This, in turn, reduces carbon dioxide availability and consequently photosynthesis [46]. As a result of limited water availability, seed germination in many papaya cultivars is also delayed [47]. The genotype “Golden” papaya with less chlorophyll content outperformed high chlorophyll “Alianca” papaya under limited water availability [48]. Drought tolerant papaya was shown to have greater photosynthetic II (PSII) efficiency than susceptible ones. Susceptible plants displayed greater leaf abscission, less turgid shoots, and lower plant growth than those of more tolerant ones [30].
Papaya can be grown from seeds and vegetative tissues such as cuttings, grafting, and in vitro culture. The somatic embryos and somatic tissues can also be micro-propagated [49]. In many countries including India, Bangladesh, and Malawi papaya seeds are collected by growers from open-pollinated varieties of both female and hermaphrodite types and cultivated with little or no fertilization, irrigation, insect, or pathogen control. As a result, the yield and quality generally are variable as too the phenotype. Fruits are harvested and consumed within the household and are an important source of dietary fiber [50, 51, 52].
Commercial production of papaya is traditionally done under large open-field conditions. Selected cultivars, both inbred and hybrid varieties with the desired market characteristics of fruit color, weight, size, shape, and texture, are cultivated from seedlings. The plants are well maintained being fertigated, rouged to remove both off types as well as competing for vegetation, and sprayed with pesticides, fungicides, and other protective applications against insects and pathogens which negatively impact yield. Commercial papaya plantations are either rain-fed or irrigated by furrow, drip, sprinkler, or other mechanical means [53]. Integrated farm management has been practiced in some countries and has been shown to enhance papaya fruit yields and net return for growers even when compared to traditional management techniques [54]. Papaya fruit is harvested by hand using experienced pickers or, in some more developed countries, using mechanical harvesters. Fruit can be treated before packaging for long-distance transport. The use of cold room storage provides for the extended availability of fruit in the market and allows for farmers and wholesalers to also penetrate nontraditional markets and seasons offering significantly higher returns.
Large-scale open field conditions are the preferred cultivation for most papaya commercialization as it provides large-scale production with low to medium investment and operating costs. The drawbacks are less consistent fruit quality and yields as a result of seasonal variations and unexpected weather conditions such as flooding, in addition to physical damage to fruit as a result of environmental conditions, insects, and disease. Favorable cultivation conditions for papaya plants include cultivation temperatures of between 20°C and 30°C with a relative humidity of 66%, well-drained soil with a pH of between 6.0 and 6.5, low wind, adequate irrigation, and a balanced fertigation regime preferably via a drip irrigation system. Papaya plants are sensitive to frost with yields being negatively affected both through reduced temperatures and fruit quality. Generally, plants are productive after approximately nine months of transplanting and will yield for between two and four years, depending on the variety as well as weather conditions and inputs. Papaya is susceptible to a range of diseases and pests depending on the region. Papaya ringspot disease, caused by PRSV, is one of the most severe diseases and results in significant losses. Genetically modified PRSV resistant papaya varieties have been developed and have been found to be effective in controlling the disease [55]. Resistant varieties have been developed in a number of countries both on a research and commercial basis including the United States, Australia, Taiwan, China, India, Thailand, and The Philippines. In the United States two cultivars, Rainbow and SunUp, have been released on a commercial basis [56]. More recently, the use of gene mutation technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9, has allowed the mutation of cell receptors in papaya that facilitate cell infection by PRSV (as well in a range of potyvirus susceptible plants including species of
Papaya production under protected conditions has been widely adopted using a variety of modifications applicable to local climatic conditions and cultivars used. The use of greenhouses with full climate control environments provides for year-round, high-quality fruit with maximum yields, albeit at very high capital input in addition to higher operating costs compared to open or protected field cultivation. In India, “Red Lady” papaya growing under greenhouse conditions performed well with reduced insect infestation and disease, and improved fruit quality [57, 58]. A combination of short stature cultivars and greenhouse conditions in Argentina and similar temperate regions allows for year-round papaya cultivation [59]. The use of closed plastic tunnels in the subtropical areas of Europe, including the Mediterranean and Canary Islands, has been successful in producing high yields. Similar methods have also been employed in Turkey where there is a widespread use of protected cultivation and greenhouses for a large range of crops [60]. A comparison of papaya cultivation and harvesting periods throughout the year indicated that greenhouse conditions result in the production of more uniform fruit quality in part due to a uniform season [61]. In southeastern Spain, five locally grown commercial papaya varieties were cultivated in multi-tunnel greenhouses covered with low-density polyethylene over fixed periods of 456 days and were considered a commercial success [62]. Under similar conditions and in the same region, five commercial cultivars of various geographic origins, have different plant and fruit types. Two varieties, “Siluet” and “Sensation”, have been specially selected under greenhouse conditions and are both high yielding with the fruit of optimal quality for the European market including size, shape, weight, and importantly, total soluble solids (TSS), a major factor in determining sweetness. The greenhouses, with active climate control (ACC) incorporating both cooling and heating systems, enhanced “Siluet” papaya plant growth, flowering, fruit set, and yield resulting in doubling yields with both more and heavier fruit. Additionally, fruit quality factors including skin color, acidity, and TSS were not affected. Protected cultivation and the use of greenhouses offer an affordable and cost-effective strategy for papaya cultivation, especially in regions where open field cultivation, whether due to climate, soil, or other factors, is not feasible [63]. The compactness of the protected system producing large volumes of high quality, uniform fruit, aligned with readily available packaging and transport facilities lends itself to supplying both long and short distance high-value markets.
Fruits, leaves, and seeds of papaya have a long history of human consumption and use. Fruit pulp is widely known for its nutritional value while the leaves and seeds are used in cooking in many cultures. Papaya pulp consists of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate, lipid), fiber, minerals, carotenoids, and vitamins A, B, and C. Carotenoids from papaya are more bioavailable for human nutrition than those from tomato and carrot [64]. Other papaya tissues including leaves and seeds are of high nutrition, although with reduced levels of vitamins. Phytochemical analysis of papaya pulp reveals significant levels of phenols, terpenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Papaya leaves contain alkaloids, carpain, pseudocarpain and dehyrocarpaine, choline, carposide, saponins, pro-anthocyanin, benzyl isothiocyanate, while papaya seeds contain papaya oil, carpaine, benzyl isothiocyanate, benzyl glucosinolate, glucotropacolin, benzylthiourea, hentriacontane, and β-sitostrol. Papaya oil contains oleic acid (72.5%) and palmitic acid (12.5%) [49, 65]. Caffeic acid, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, α-tocopherol, benzyl isothiocyanate (BiTC), and kaempferol have been identified in papaya, all of which have antioxidant activities and in the plant either promote antioxidant enzyme expression or reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [66]. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and oleic acid all poses anti-inflammatory activities [12, 67, 68]. Alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in papaya have been shown to inhibit the bacterial growth of
Lifestyles in the twenty-first century (and beyond) are setting strikingly different needs and demands from those of earlier periods. Twenty-first century consumers have higher expectations with respect to fruit type and quality; more flavorful, of higher nutritional value with additional benefits to both health and to the environment. Growers are constantly under pressure in meeting not just the demand for quantity but, more importantly, quality and overall consumer satisfaction. With the ready availability of papaya genomics and transcriptome databases, desired agronomic characters associated with fruit quality, yield, and plant adaptation can be identified in germplasm and incorporated into breeding programs [73, 74]. Papaya can be produced “for all seasons” using open field cultivation under favorable conditions and in protected cultivation systems and climate-controlled greenhouses regardless of climate and region.
Papaya cultivation under open field conditions offers large-scale production with low to medium capital inputs and low operating expenses, offsetting the issues of inconsistent quality and quantity due to seasonal changes, disease, and abnormal weather events. Protected cultivation and greenhouses with controlled environments provide more expensive papaya fruit year-round, but in higher yields and into markets demanding higher quality and capable of absorbing the additional costs. These conditions provide flexibility for papaya production under varying conditions and locations.
Metabolites with nutritional values such as vitamin C and carotenoids in papaya can be consumed directly because of their high concentration in papaya flesh. Metabolites extracted from papaya fruit, including Papain, an enzyme widely known and used in the food industry and cosmetics, offer additional markets for the fruit. Other metabolites including antioxidants can be purified from papaya seed, flesh, and leaves and there are other active constituent molecules that are the subject of evaluation and many no doubt many others yet to be explored. With multiple applications and the potential for the increased demand for papaya fruit and products, papaya is undoubtedly the fruit for the future.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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In this section, recent studies have been compiled which aim to extraction of plant material in high yield and quality and determine optimum conditions for this extraction process.",book:{id:"5856",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",fullTitle:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes"},signatures:"Alev Yüksel Aydar",authors:[{id:"218870",title:"Dr.",name:"Alev Yüksel",middleName:null,surname:"Aydar",slug:"alev-yuksel-aydar",fullName:"Alev Yüksel Aydar"}]},{id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1283,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Signal processing has long been dominated by the Fourier transform. 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In all cases, cyclical ups and downs depend not only on internal system cyclical processes and their factors in countries but also on the consequences of intercountry interaction. The ability to measure and predict business cycles, taking into account their mutual influence, is a prerequisite for the development of an adequate business policy of countries and their associations.",book:{id:"6703",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",title:"Statistics",fullTitle:"Statistics - Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics"},signatures:"Elena Zarova",authors:null},{id:"54366",title:"Solution of Differential Equations with Applications to Engineering Problems",slug:"solution-of-differential-equations-with-applications-to-engineering-problems",totalDownloads:6866,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Over the last hundred years, many techniques have been developed for the solution of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. While quite a major portion of the techniques is only useful for academic purposes, there are some which are important in the solution of real problems arising from science and engineering. In this chapter, only very limited techniques for solving ordinary differential and partial differential equations are discussed, as it is impossible to cover all the available techniques even in a book form. The readers are then suggested to pursue further studies on this issue if necessary. After that, the readers are introduced to two major numerical methods commonly used by the engineers for the solution of real engineering problems.",book:{id:"5513",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",title:"Dynamical Systems",fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems - Analytical and Computational Techniques"},signatures:"Cheng Yung Ming",authors:[{id:"191017",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Y.M.",slug:"cheng-y.m.",fullName:"Cheng Y.M."}]},{id:"56538",title:"Stochastic Resonance and Related Topics",slug:"stochastic-resonance-and-related-topics",totalDownloads:1718,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The stochastic resonance (SR) is the phenomenon which can emerge in nonlinear dynamic systems. In general, it is related with a bistable nonlinear system of Duffing type under additive excitation combining deterministic periodic force and Gaussian white noise. It manifests as a stable quasiperiodic interwell hopping between both stable states with a small random perturbation. Classical definition and basic features of SR are regarded. The most important methods of investigation outlined are: analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical procedures of governing physical systems or relevant Fokker-Planck equation. Stochastic simulation is mentioned and experimental way of results verification is recommended. Some areas in Engineering Dynamics related with SR are presented together with a particular demonstration observed in the aeroelastic stability. Interaction of stationary and quasiperiodic parts of the response is discussed. Some nonconventional definitions are outlined concerning alternative operators and driving processes are highlighted. The chapter shows a large potential of specific basic, applied and industrial research in SR. This strategy enables to formulate new ideas for both development of nonconventional measures for vibration damping and employment of SR in branches, where it represents an operating mode of the system itself. Weaknesses and empty areas where the research effort of SR should be oriented are indicated.",book:{id:"6128",slug:"resonance",title:"Resonance",fullTitle:"Resonance"},signatures:"Jiří Náprstek and Cyril Fischer",authors:[{id:"207472",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Naprstek",slug:"jiri-naprstek",fullName:"Jiri Naprstek"},{id:"213311",title:"Dr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"cyril-fischer",fullName:"Cyril Fischer"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"15",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83034",title:"Optimal N-of-1 Clinical Trials for Individualized Patient Care and Aggregated N-of-1 Designs",slug:"optimal-n-of-1-clinical-trials-for-individualized-patient-care-and-aggregated-n-of-1-designs",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106352",abstract:"Precision medicine typically refers to the use of genomic signatures of patients to assign more effective therapies to treat patients, or, for improved diagnosis of the early onset of a disease so that interventions can be delivered to prevent or delay the disease progression. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. 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Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/80694",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"80694"},fullPath:"/profiles/80694",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()