Summary of the dielectric process conditions
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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The main objective of this study is to aid in the advancement and commercialisation of a CMOS process to enable the production of signal-level 4H-SiC MOSFETs for high-temperature digital and analog applications. Therefore, we report on the electrical characterisation and performance of 4H-SiC n- and p-channel MOSFETs that have been fabricated using different, commercially relevant dielectric process treatments. The samples labelled as HV06, CR25 and CR27 were fabricated using the process conditions detailed in Table 1. The aim of this work is to establish which oxidation process technique provides the best characteristics for a complementary CMOS process.
The metal–oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is one of the most important devices for integrated circuits in microprocessors and semiconductor memories, as well as being a very important power device. Due to this, it is becoming increasingly important to understand and advance the characteristics of 4H-SiC MOSFETs for both power device applications and signal-level devices. MOSFETs have several attractive features, which make them ideal for use in analog switching, high-input-impedance amplifiers, microwave amplifiers and digital integrated circuits.
The features include the following:
Higher input impedance than bipolar transistors, which allows the input impedance to be more readily matched to the standard microwave system.
Negative temperature coefficient at high current levels – more uniform temperature distribution over the device area and prevents the FET from thermal runaway or second breakdown that can occur in the bipolar transistors.
The device is thermally stable, even when the active area is large or when many devices are connected in parallel.
FETs do not suffer from minority carrier storage as there is no forward-biased p–n junction and consequently have higher large-signal switching speeds.
The MOSFET is usually referred to as a majority carrier or unipolar device because the current in a MOSFET is predominantly transported by carriers of one polarity. As shown in Figure 1, a MOSFET is a four-terminal device made up of a source, drain, gate and substrate or body. Figure 1 shows an n-channel MOSFET, which is made up of a p-type substrate into which two n+ regions are formed, the source and drain and a gate electrode which is usually made of doped polysilicon or metal and is separated from the substrate by a thin insulating film known as the gate dielectric.
Schematic representation of a simple n-MOSFET
When a low voltage is applied to the gate electrode that is insufficient to form an inversion layer at the surface, there is no conduction in the channel, which corresponds to two p–n junctions situated back to back. This results in a high resistance and electrical isolation between the source and drain contacts. If a sufficiently large bias is applied to the gate electrode, a surface inversion layer will be formed between the source and drain, which will form a conductive channel through which a current can flow. The conductance of the channel can be modulated by varying the voltage applied to the gate electrode. Conduction in n-channel devices is based on the flow of electrons, and the channel becomes more conductive with increasing positive bias on the gate, whilst p-channel devices are controlled by hole conduction and are more conductive with a more negative gate bias. Enhancement-mode (or normally off) devices have a low transconductance at zero gate bias and require an applied gate voltage to form a conductive channel. Their counterpart, depletion-mode (or normally on) devices, are conductive when a zero bias is applied to the gate of the device, and a gate voltage must be applied to turn the channel off. Devices can either have a surface inversion channel or a buried channel. Buried channel devices are based on bulk conduction and are, therefore, free of surface effects such as scattering and surface defects resulting in better carrier mobility. The physical distance between the gate and the channel is larger and also dependent on gate bias, leading to lower and variable transconductance.
In a long-channel MOSFET, at low drain voltage and for a given gate voltage, the drain current is given by
where
The field effect mobility
where
In 4H-SiC MOSFETs, the values of the field effect mobility extracted from the
By combining equations 2 and 3, an expression that relates the experimental field effect mobility and the inversion carrier mobility can be derived [2]:
The conductivity
where
The carrier mobility is principally how quickly an electron or hole can move through a semiconductor under the influence of an applied electric field and is affected by the frequency of collisions with lattice defects and impurities. The probability of scattering is inversely proportional to the carrier mean free time and the mobility. A carrier moving through a semiconductor crystal can be scattered by a vibration of the lattice, which increases for high temperatures when the thermal agitation of the lattice becomes higher. Scattering can also be due to lattice defects (e.g. ionised impurities) and is prominent at low temperatures since atoms are less thermally agitated and the thermal motion of the carriers is also slower. Higher scattering arises because a slow moving carrier is likely to be scattered more significantly by an interaction with a charged ion than a carrier with a larger velocity. If the carrier mobility in a material is reduced, the conductivity of the material will reduce and hence the resistivity will increase and channel current will reduce. As it is widely known that 4H-SiC MOSFETs exhibit low channel mobility and hence low current, it is of great importance to analyse the mechanisms that are contributing to the reduced channel mobility.
As previously reported [3-5], the total inversion carrier mobility in 4H-SiC MOSFETs can be described by the sum of four mobility terms using Matthiessen’s rule which is often incorporated in simulation tools, such as the Synopsys suite by means of the Lombardi mobility model [6,7]:
As previously stated, the measured field effect mobility will not correspond to the true inversion mobility due to the presence of interface trapped charges. However, the main interest in silicon carbide technology is in the development of devices with higher functionality, and so the experimental device characteristics of the modelled mobility mechanisms will be equated to the field effect mobility using equation 7. Therefore, each of the scattering mechanisms considered here (
where
At low electric fields, the carrier mobility in a semiconductor is a function of the temperature and the total doping concentration, which is referred to as the bulk or low-field mobility,
where
The second term in equation 7 is the acoustic phonon mobility,
where
Surface roughness scattering is due to the scattering of mobile carriers by imperfections in the SiC surface and is known to cause severe degradation of the surface mobility at high electric fields [8, 15, 16]. The carrier mobility determined from surface roughness scattering may be calculated using equation 10:
wher
Coulomb scattering is a result of carrier interactions with ionised impurities, which are most commonly a product of interface traps at the semiconductor–dielectric interface. Coulomb scattering is believed to dominate carrier mobility at low electric fields and is calculated using equation 11 [4]:
where
wher
Figure 2 shows a schematic plot of the contributions of the three scattering mechanisms that have been discussed here:
Schematic representation of the field effect mobility in an n-type MOSFET channel
The current status of MOSFET technology is still plagued by low channel mobility and oxide reliability issues due to issues with the 4H-SiC/dielectric interface, which is believed to be due to an unoptimised dielectric formation and post-oxidation anneal procedure. There has been a significant amount of research into the effects of varying the post-oxidation anneal conditions, including the use of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus anneal environments, which have previously been used to passivate interface traps in silicon technology. This has led to advances in the capabilities of the technology, and MOSFET field effect mobilities of over
Complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices fabricated using the three gate dielectrics summarised in Table 1 were examined using electrical characterisation techniques. The remaining process steps utilised in their fabrication were identical. The main aim of this investigation is to highlight the benefits and potential issues of each processing technique on the electrical performance of the devices under test.
The CMOS test structures reported here were fabricated on a 100 mm, Si face, 4° off axis, 4H SiC n+ wafer with a doped epitaxial layer. N- and p-type regions and the source and drain regions were formed by ion implantation. The implants were annealed at high temperature with the surface protected by a carbon cap. A thick field oxide and a thin gate dielectric region were then formed and doped polysilicon gate electrodes. Nickel-based contacts were then formed on the doped regions and a refractory metal interconnect was deposited and patterned. Next, a thin nickel top layer was applied to protect the pads from oxidation during probe testing at elevated temperatures. Finally, an oxide layer was deposited for final passivation and scratch protection, and openings were made for bond pads. A schematic of the device cross section is shown in Figure 3.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
HV06 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | Dry oxidation at 1200 C | \n\t\t\tO2 950 C N2 1200 C | \n\t\t
CR25 | \n\t\t\tDry oxidation at 1200C with phosphorous anneal and strip | \n\t\t\tDeposited undoped oxide | \n\t\t\tH2O 875 C N2 1100 C | \n\t\t
CR27 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | Dry oxidation stub oxide Deposited phosphorous doped | \n\t\t\tSteam 950 C | \n\t\t
Summary of the dielectric process conditions
Schematic cross section of the completed transistor structures
In the following subsections, the current-voltage characteristics are extracted and explored for the three different dielectric samples (HV06, CR25 and CR27) on both n-channel and p-channel 4H-SiC MOSFETs. This involved the extraction of the field effect mobility
The data shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the
The increase in current with temperature observed in Figures 4.a, 5.a and 6.a for the three samples is due to the decrease of occupied interface traps with an increasing temperature, which is an agreement with the density of interface traps data extracted from capacitor test structures fabricated monolithically with the MOSFETs. As the density of interface traps decreases with increasing temperature, at a given gate voltage, more carriers are available for conduction in the channel. This finding also supports previous work conducted in the field [14].
(a)
(a)
(a)
The observed reduction in threshold voltage with temperature is also evident for each of the transistors across the temperature range and values extracted using linear interpolation of the
The observed shift in threshold voltage with temperature is due to the reduction in the surface band bending required for inversion, which is due to the increase in intrinsic carrier concentration and the decrease in band gap energy with an increase in temperature as described previously [20].
Variation of MOSFET threshold voltage with temperature
However, a change at the interface and within the depletion layer can also act to modify the gate voltage as
where
The data in Figure 8 shows the variation in subthreshold slope (
where
Variation of extracted subthreshold slope with temperature, for 400x1.5 μm n-channel MOSFETs
This observed in subthreshold slope with temperature is in agreement with the change in interface trap density with temperature that was witnessed in capacitor test structures for both the CR25 n-type and p-type MIS capacitors that were analysed using Terman analysis. This change is most likely due to the change in
Variation of extracted interface trap density (
The data in Figures 10(a),\n\t\t\t\t11(a) and 12(a) show the variation in field effect mobility with electric field
(a)
(a)
(a)
Figures 10(b),\n\t\t\t\t11(b) and 12(b) show the Coulomb mobility values that were fitted to the measured characteristics using equation 11. As shown by the data, all of the devices show an increase in Coulomb mobility with increasing temperature, which suggests that the effect of Coulomb scattering reduces with an increase in temperature. The data sets also show that the electric field at which the mobility increases from zero (the λ parameter in equation 12) does not show a significant variation with temperature; however, the Φ term used to describe the change in mobility with electric field does, especially for the HV06 data.
Surface roughness mobility (
At high electric fields, the extracted values of
The data shown in Figure 15 shows the theoretical acoustic phonon mobility
Predicted
The data in Figure 16 shows the variation in the peak field effect mobility with temperature for the three dielectrics studies. It is apparent that sample HV06 consistently shows the lowest channel mobility, whilst CR27 shows the most significant variation with temperature, giving the highest mobility at temperatures above 350 K. The main limiting factor that is witnessed across all of the samples is that of severely low surface roughness mobility, which acts to dominate the device mobility characteristics from electric fields above 1 MV cm-1. The extracted surface roughness mobility reported here for all three dielectric processes is approximately an order of magnitude lower than other 4H-SiC MOSFETs that have previously been reported, which showed field effect mobility of consistently over 20 cm2 V-1 s-1 at high electric fields [8, 22-25].
Variation of peak field effect mobility (
The data in Table 2 shows the fitting parameters used to generate the mobility plots for the n-channel FETs reported here.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
298 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.0×1017\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.81 | \n\t\t\t3.20 | \n\t\t
348 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5.0×1022\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.67 | \n\t\t\t3.40 | \n\t\t
398 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.9×1022\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.58 | \n\t\t\t3.58 | \n\t\t
448 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t7.4×1024\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.00 | \n\t\t\t3.70 | \n\t\t
498 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5.8×1022\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.65 | \n\t\t\t4.28 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
298 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.3×1062\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t9.84 | \n\t\t\t5.88 | \n\t\t
348 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.5×1070\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t11.1 | \n\t\t\t7.00 | \n\t\t
398 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t9.3×1070\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t11.2 | \n\t\t\t7.92 | \n\t\t
448 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t8.8×1065\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t10.4 | \n\t\t\t6.32 | \n\t\t
498 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.1×1062\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t9.84 | \n\t\t\t8.23 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
298 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.9×1020\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.29 | \n\t\t\t5.11 | \n\t\t
348 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t6.1×1024\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.02 | \n\t\t\t5.65 | \n\t\t
398 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5.8×1030\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.99 | \n\t\t\t6.42 | \n\t\t
448 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.5×1034\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5.54 | \n\t\t\t6.23 | \n\t\t
498 | \n\t\t\t1×107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.3×1034\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5.53 | \n\t\t\t8.98 | \n\t\t
Fitting parameters to the mobility models used to describe the behaviour of n-channel MOSFET structures
The data in Figures 17, 18 and 19 show the
(a)
(a)
(a)
The change in threshold voltage with temperature is also shown for each of the transistors across the temperature range by the data in Figure 20. The threshold voltage of a MOSFET can be calculated using equation 13 [21], and as with the n-channel devices, CR27 shows a reduction (i.e. becoming closer to zero) in
Threshold voltage as a function of temperature for 1.5 μm gate length p-channel MOSFETs
The increase in current with temperature that can be observed from the data shown in Figures 17(a),\n\t\t\t\t18(a) and 19(a) for the three dielectrics studied is due to the decrease of occupied interface traps with an increase in temperature, which is an agreement with
The data in Figure 21 shows the variation in subthreshold slope (
Subthreshold slope as a function of temperature for 1.5 μm gate length p-channel MOSFETs
The data shown in Figures 22, 23 and 24 show the variation of
(a)
(a)
(a)
The data in Figures 22, 23 and 24 show the
Peak field effect mobility (
The data in Figures 22(b),\n\t\t\t\t23(b) and 24(b) show the Coulomb mobility mechanism that was fitted to the measured characteristics using equation 11. As shown by the data in the figures, all of the devices (HV06, CR25 and CR27) show an increase in mobility with increasing temperature, which suggests that the effect of Coulomb scattering reduces with increasing temperature due to the reduction of interface trapping effects with increasing temperature. The same phenomenon was also witnessed in the equivalent n-channel MOSFETs, which suggest that the dominant mobility mechanisms are dominated by the processing of the gate dielectric for both the n- and p-channel devices.
At high electric fields, the extracted
The data in Table 3 shows the fitting parameters used to generate the mobility plots for the p-channel FETs reported here.
This indicates that there is something common to all three dielectric processes that consistently act to reduce the surface roughness mobility. This could be due to the topography of the 4H-SiC epitaxial layer that was used for the fabrication of the devices or could potentially be a contribution of surface damage due to the ion implantation doping or the post-implantation anneal process that was used to form the n-type regions that are employed across all of the p-channel devices. In order to establish if this is the true cause, an investigation of the surface morphology using a technique such as atomic force microscopy is required, with measurements performed after the implantation and anneal process to measure the surface roughness, which could then be correlated to the measured electrical characteristics of the devices. A limited amount of data is available from a similar study conducted on n-channel 4H-SiC MOSFETs to establish the impact of the morphological and electrical properties of the SiO2–4H-SiC interface on the mobility behaviour of 4H-SiC MOSFETs. The results indicated that a higher mobility can be observed in devices with a larger root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of the channel surface, possibly due to lower values of
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
298 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.7×1034\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5.9 | \n\t\t\t5.0 | \n\t\t
348 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t7.2×1028\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5.0 | \n\t\t\t3.7 | \n\t\t
398 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t6.2×1027\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.8 | \n\t\t\t2.6 | \n\t\t
448 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.5×1027\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.7 | \n\t\t\t3.3 | \n\t\t
498 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.5×1023\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.0 | \n\t\t\t4.1 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
298 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.2×1019\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.6 | \n\t\t\t2.7 | \n\t\t
348 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t8.3×1015\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.0 | \n\t\t\t2.1 | \n\t\t
398 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2×1011\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.2 | \n\t\t\t2.0 | \n\t\t
448 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.1×1015\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.8 | \n\t\t\t2.1 | \n\t\t
498 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.4×1013\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.5 | \n\t\t\t3.4 | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t||
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
298 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t10.0×1021\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.1 | \n\t\t\t9.1 | \n\t\t
348 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.2×1019\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.6 | \n\t\t\t6.4 | \n\t\t
398 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.2×1018\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.4 | \n\t\t\t6.0 | \n\t\t
448 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.4×1018\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.4 | \n\t\t\t6.2 | \n\t\t
498 | \n\t\t\t1 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.2 ×106\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.9×1014\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.7 | \n\t\t\t4.1 | \n\t\t
Fitting parameters to the mobility models used to describe the behaviour of p-channel MOSFET structures
The data in Figure 28 shows the predicted values for the mobility limited by acoustic phonon scattering
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t \n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
28 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (pyro) SiO2 (pyro + NO) | \n\t\t\t10×150 | \n\t\t\t6.2 30.4 | \n\t\t\t5.8 2.7 | \n\t\t\t47 51 | \n\t\t\t7.1×1011 1.3×1011 | \n\t\t
29 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (dry) SiO2 (dry +NO) | \n\t\t\t120×400 | \n\t\t\t4 30 | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t |
30 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (dry + NO) | \n\t\t\t320×40 | \n\t\t\t34 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | 125 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
31 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (POCl3 POA) | \n\t\t\t30×200 | \n\t\t\t89 | \n\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t56 | \n\t\t\t9×1010\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
32 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (POCl3 PDA) | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | 108 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | 45 | \n\t\t\t5×1011\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
33 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (P2O5 POA) | \n\t\t\t150×290 | \n\t\t\t72 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t | 3×1011\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
34 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (N2O POA) | \n\t\t\t150×290 | \n\t\t\t55 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t | 3×1011\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
35 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (N2O PDA) | \n\t\t\t40×16 | \n\t\t\t40 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | 30 | \n\t\t\t7.2×1011\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
36 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (N2O POA) | \n\t\t\t140×50 | \n\t\t\t49 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | 54 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
37 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (NO) SiO2 (2hr N plasma) SiO2 (4hr N plasma) | \n\t\t\t200×200 | \n\t\t\t31 22 34 | \n\t\t\t1.6 1.6 2.0 | \n\t\t\t65 50 48 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t |
38 | \n\t\t\tn-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 with Na contam | \n\t\t\t400×400 | \n\t\t\t90 | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t |
39 | \n\t\t\tp-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (pyro) SiO2 (pyro + NO) | \n\t\t\t10×150 | \n\t\t\t5.5 5.6 | \n\t\t\t-8.5 -6.4 | \n\t\t\t47 51 | \n\t\t\t8.9×1011 1.3×1011 | \n\t\t
40 | \n\t\t\tp-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (N2O) | \n\t\t\t100×200 | \n\t\t\t10 | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t | 47 | \n\t\t\t1×1012\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
41 | \n\t\t\tp-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (pyro+wet+Ar) | \n\t\t\t100×150 | \n\t\t\t15.6 | \n\t\t\t-4.2 | \n\t\t\t45 | \n\t\t\t2×1012\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
42 | \n\t\t\tp-FET | \n\t\t\tSiO2 (N2O) | \n\t\t\t4×150 | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\t-6 | \n\t\t\t38 | \n\t\t\t1×1012\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Comparison of 4H-SiC MOSFET characteristics
Low-frequency noise (1/
Schematic diagram of the low-frequency noise measurement set-up
The low-frequency noise measurements were conducted using a Stanford Research 760 FFT at 298 K, and the current-voltage characteristics that were used to normalise the characteristics were conducted on a Keithley 4200 SCS semiconductor analyser. A schematic of the measurement set-up is shown in Figure 29.
The normalised 1/
Figures 30(b), 31(b) and 32(b) show the variation of normalised noise power spectrum (NNPSD) at 10 Hz as a function of
CR27 exhibits the lowest noise characteristics of the three samples, which suggests that CR27 has the highest quality interface as there is a very low noise contribution from carrier mobility fluctuations at the interface, which suggests that the oxide also has the lowest trap density in the oxide out of the three dielectric samples. This is also in agreement with the findings of the
(a) NNPSD–f characteristics and (b) NNPSD at 10 Hz as a function of
In general, the frequency dependence of the NNPSD is described by equation 16:
where
(a) NNPSD–f characteristics and (b) NNPSD at 10 Hz as a function of
(a) NNPSD–f characteristics and (b) NNPSD at 10 Hz as a function of
Variation of the frequency exponent as a function of gate overdrive for 400×1.5 μm n-channel MOSFETs
The 1/
(a) NNPSD–f characteristics and (b) NNPSD at 10 Hz as a function of
(a) NNPSD–f characteristics and (b) NNPSD at 10 Hz as a function of
(a) NNPSD–f characteristics and (b) NNPSD at 10 Hz as a function of
As with the n-channel devices, CR27 exhibits the lowest noise characteristics of the three p-channel samples, supporting the hypothesis that the quality of the silicon carbide–oxide interface is highest in this sample.
Variation of the frequency exponent as a function of gate overdrive for 8000×1.5μm p-channel MOSFETs
The data in Figure 37 shows the variation of the frequency exponent as a function of gate overdrive (
The contrast between the distribution of the trapping states extracted from the 1/
The focus of this chapter was on the investigation of the electrical characteristics and device performance parameters of the 4H-SiC n- and p-channel MOSFETs that had undergone a range of dielectric process treatments to establish the suitability of conventional oxidation and deposited dielectrics for the realisation of complementary metal–oxide semiconductor circuits. The investigation into the temperature-dependent electrical characteristics of the devices demonstrated that all of the devices showed similar characteristics across the measured temperature range including an increase in
The CR27 samples for both n- and p-channel MOSFETs exhibit the highest field effect mobility characteristics, suggesting that a thin thermally grown oxide provides improved interfacial characteristics. This was further validated by the 1/
All three dielectrics in both the n- and p-channel devices showed severely high mobility limiting surface roughness scattering during strong inversion and high electric fields, which suggests that a process parameter – which is consistent amongst all three dielectrics and both the n- and p-channel devices – is causing high surface roughness in the channel, which is acting to degrade the channel mobility. In order to improve the device characteristics, a major focus should be given to increasing the surface roughness mobility of the samples. There is a strong trend across all of the examined samples of extremely low surface roughness mobility from applied electric fields of 1 MV cm-1 onwards, which is consistent across all of the processed samples and much lower than other reported devices. This is also consistent between the n- and p-channel devices, which suggests that it is inherent in the process technique used in both devices. This suggests that process contributions that are acting to degrade the surface roughness mobility of the devices is a major factor which is consistent across all of the samples. This suggests that the severely low
An investigation into the 1/
Finally, an investigation into the impact of the threshold voltage-adjust ion implantation procedure on the device characteristics was investigated for the CR27 n-channel MOSFETs. The findings showed that the increasing nitrogen dose was successful in acting to reduce the device threshold voltage; however, the nitrogen implant within the p-well also acts to improve the low electric field mobility characteristics of the n-channel 4H-SiC MOSFETs as an increased dose of nitrogen during the implant acts to reduce the effects of Coulomb scattering and therefore increase Coulomb mobility.
Soybean has a strategic position as a source of vegetable protein and functional food that has been affordable to all levels of society. Soy products such as tempe, tahu, soy milk, soy sauce, chips and so on are needed every day of the year. To meet the demand for raw materials for the processing industry, Indonesia needs around 2.2 million tons of soybean raw materials per year. Meanwhile, domestic soybean production is currently only able to meet 30–40% of national needs [1].
The national soybean productivity achieved by farmers in Indonesia only reaches 1.80 t / ha, while the potential national soybean productivity can reach 2.5 t/ha [2]. One of the factors causing low soybean productivity is the high pest attack. Pest attacks on soybean plants can reduce yields up to 80%, even puso if no control measures are taken [1]. According to Oerke [3], the loss of soybean yields due to pest attacks can reach 26–29%.
In the tropics, there are about 60 types of insects that can cause significant leaf damage in soybeans [4]. Meanwhile in India, there are about 150 species of insects that can cause serious damage to soybeans from planting to harvest [5].
Pests on soybean plants are classified into pests that destroy leaves and pests that destroy pods. Pests that destroy soybean leaves include whitefly (
In Indonesia, armyworms,
The Anjasmoro variety has a purple hypocotyl color, purple epicotyl color, white stem coat color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, light brown ripe pods, and yellowish brownish hilarity of seeds. This variety also has oval leaf shape, wide leaf size, deterministic growth type, flowering age 35–39 days, pod ripe age 82–92 days, plant height 64–68 cm, number of branches 2–5 branches, has a large seed size (weight of 100 seeds 14.8–15.3 g). The seeds contain 41.8–42.1% protein, 17.2–18.6% fat content, and are not resistant to falling. Anjasmoro variety is moderate to leaf rust, and the pods do not break easily [19]. Meanwhile, according to Hendrival et al. [6], Anjasmoro variety has 83.38 pods, 24.69 empty pods, 173.27 seeds per plant and 3.81–9.39%
Argomulyo variety has purple hypocotyl, brown fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat, bright white hilarity of seeds, deterministic growth type, flowering age 35 days, age at harvest 80–82 days, plant height 40 cm, number of branches per plant 3–4 stems from the main stem, has a large seed size (weight 100 seeds 16.0 g), has a seed yield of 1.5–2.0 t ha −1, has a protein content of 39.4%, contains fat, 20.8%, has a fall resistance property [19]. In addition, the Argomulyo variety is tolerant of leaf rust disease and this variety is suitable for soy milk as raw material. Meanwhile, according to Poniman et al. [20], the Argomulyo variety had the number of pods filled with 79.00, the weight of 100 seeds was 15.38 g, and the percentage of pod damage caused by pod borer attack was 13.11%.
According to the description of the soybean variety [19], the Grobogan variety has a determinitic growth type, purple hypocotyl color, purple epicotyl color, brown stem coat color, purple flower color, dark brown pod color, lanceolate leaf shape and hilarity brown seed color, plant height 50–60 cm, flowering age 30–32 days, mature pods 76 days, have large seed size (weight 100 seeds, 18 g), potential seed yields 3.40 t/ha, and an average seed yield of 2.77 t ha−1. The seeds have a fat content of 18.4% and a protein content of 43.9%. It is well adapted to several different growing environmental conditions, has pods that are not easily broken, and at harvest 95–100% of the leaves are shed (Figure 1).
Appearance of Grobogan (a), Argomulyo (b), and Anjasmoro (c) varieties. Source: Fattah et al. [
The Burangrang variety has purple hypocotyls, yellowish brown fur, purple flowers, yellow seeds, bright hilium seeds, oblong leaves, pointed tips, deterministic growth type, number of branches 1–2 branches, flowering age 35 days, pod age cook 80–82 days, plant height 60–70 cm, large seeds (weight of 100 seeds 16 g), seed yields range from 1.6–2.5 t ha−1, have 39% protein content, 20% fat content, not easy to fall down, tolerant of leaf rust disease. This variety is suitable for soy milk, tempe, and tahu [19].
Dering variety has a deterministic growth type, flowering age 35 days after planting and 81 days after planting, plant height 57 cm, brown fur, oval leaf shape, purple hypocotyl color, purple epicotyl color, purple flower color, brown pod skin color., yellow seed coat color, dark yellow hilium seed color, white cotyledon color, resistant to falling, the number of branches 3–6 stems per plant [19]. Meanwhile, according to Poniman et al. [20], the Dering variety has medium seed size (100 seeds 10.7 g weight), the potential yield of seeds is 2.80 t ha−1, the average seed yield is 2.0 t ha−1, the seeds contain 34.2% protein and 17.1% fat content. Furthermore, it was said that the variety was resistant to pod borer (
According to Poniman et al. [20], the Gema variety has a deterministic type of growth with light brown coat color, purple cotyledon color, purple hypocotyl color, green epicotyl color, and white cotyledon color. Furthermore, it is said that this Gema variety has a plant height of 55 cm, has a medium seed size (100 seeds weight 11.90 g), a flowering age of 35 days, a harvest age of 73 days, a potential yield of 3.06 t ha−1, an average seed yield. 2.47 t ha−1, brown pod color, purple flower color, round seed shape, light yellow seed coat color, and brown hilium color. The seeds have a protein content of 39.07% and a fat content of 19.11%. The Gema variety is sensitive to leaf virus (CMMV) and moderate to rust disease [19]. In addition, these varieties are also somewhat susceptible to pod suckers, somewhat resistant to pod borer, and moderate to armyworm pests (Figure 2) [19].
Appearance of Gema (a), Burangrang (b), and Dering (c) varieties. Source: Fattah et al. [
The Deja-2 variety has a deterministic growth type, ± 37 days of flowering, ± 80 days of maturity, purple hypocotyl color, purple epicotyl color, green leaf color, purple flower color, brown coat color, light brown pod skin color, seed coat color. Yellow, yellow cotyledon color, brown hilum color, oval leaf shape, medium leaf size, 3 branches per plant, the number of pods per plant ±38 pods, ± 52.3 cm plant height, lying with resistance to collapse, pod breaking with the pods are not easily broken, the size of the seeds is large, the weight of 100 seeds is ±14.8 grams, the shape of the seeds is oval, the potential yield is 2.75 t ha−1, the average yield is ±2.38 t ha−1, the protein content is ±37.9%, fat content ±17.2%, susceptible to armyworm pests, mildly resistant to pod borer, somewhat resistant to pod suckers, and somewhat resistant to leaf rust disease (Figure 3) [19].
Dena-1 (a), Deja-1 (b), and Dega-1 (c) varieties. Source: Fattah et al. [
According to the description of the soybean variety [19], the Dena-1 variety has a deterministic growth type, purple flower color, purple fur color, purple hypocotyl color, green epicotyl color, and yellow-yellowish pod skin color. Flowering age 33 days, pod ripe age 78 days, oval leaf shape, number of branches 12 branches per plant, growth type determinant, flowering age ± 33 days, maturity ±78 days, hypocotyl purple color, green epicotyl color, green leaf color, purple flower color, brown fur color, yellowish brown pod skin color, yellow seed coat color, green cotyledon color, brown hilum color, oval leaf shape, medium leaf size, branching 3 branches per plant, number of pods planted ±29, plant height ± 59.0 cm, slightly resistant to falling apart, pods breaking easily, large seed size, weight of 100 seeds ±14.3 grams, oval seed shape, potential yield of 2.9 t ha−1, average yield ±1.7 t ha−1, protein content ±36.7% DM, fat content ±18.8% DM, resistance to pests, resistance to leaf rust disease, susceptible to pod sucker
Has a deterministic growth type, ± 29 days of flowering, ± 71 days of maturity (69–73 days), purple hypocotyl, purple epicotyl color, green leaf color, purple flower color, brown coat color, light brown pod skin color, yellow seed coat, purple cotyledons, brown hilum color, oval leaves, medium-sized leaves, branching from 1 to 3 branches/plant), number of pods per plant ±29 pods, plant height ± 53 cm, resistant to falling, resistant to breaking pods, have a large seed size, weigh 100 seeds 22.98 g, have a potential yield of 3.98 t ha−1, have a protein content of 37.78% DM, a fat content of 17.29%, are resistant to leaf rust disease [19]. According to Poniman et al. [20], the Dega-1 variety had 27.75 pods per plant, 100 seeds 21.38 g weight, and was somewhat resistant to pod borer attack.
The Detam-1 variety has a deterministic growth type, hypocotyl purple color, green epicotyl color, purple flower color, light brown hair color, dark brown pod skin color, black seed coat color, and yellow cotyledon color, slightly round leaf shape, and brightness of shiny seed coat. This variety also has a plant height of 58 cm, a flowering age of 35 days, a pod ripe age of 84 days, has a large seed size (100 seeds weight 14.84 g), has a potential yield of 3.45 t ha−1 and an average yield of 2 seeds. 2. 51 t ha−1, the seeds have a protein content of 45.36% and a fat content of 33.06%. The nature of resistance to pests, sensitive to armyworms and somewhat resistant to pod suckers and other properties are somewhat sensitive to drought (Figure 4) [19].
Seed color of the Detam-2 (a), Anjasmoro (b), and Argomulyo (c) varieties. Source: Fattah et al. [
Adult insects (imago) lay eggs in clusters containing about 350 eggs and covered in fine hairs. The total eggs laid by one female insect in one life cycle are around 2000–3000 eggs [23]. Meanwhile, according to Schreiner [24],
The eggs that almost hatch, turn brown in color and enlarge like fish eggs (Figure 5b). According to Kalshoven [23], the almost hatched eggs turn brown and get bigger. Then hatch into larvae 3–5 days. Meanwhile, Ahmad et al. [26], the eggs hatched 3 days after being laid by the female
Eggs in groups covered with hairs from female imgo (a) and eggs that are ready to hatch (b). Source: Fattah, Ilyas [
The newly hatched larvae feed from the leaves occupied by the eggs in groups (Figure 6a), then spread by using threads that come out of their mouths and are used to move from plant to plant. Armyworm larvae have different colors. The newly hatched larvae are light green, the sides are dark brown or brownish black and the last instar larvae have dark black necklaces (crescent moons) on the fourth and tenth abdominal segments. On the dorsal lateral side there is a yellow stripe, the larval stage consisting of 5 instars which lasts 20–46 days [23].
Instar-1 larvae (newly hatched) (a), and instar-4 larvae (b). Source: Fattah [
The last instar larvae enter the soil, then become inactive larvae (Pra pupa) (Figure 7a). Then it turns into a pupa (without a cocoon (Figure 7b). The pupa is in the ground with a depth of 0–3 cm [28]. The pupa is reddish-brown, weighing about 0.341 g per pupa [29]. The pupal stage ranges from 8 to 11 days [17].
Prepupa phase (a) and pupa phase (b) of
Pupa in the soil will change to the next phase to become butterfly insects (Imago) (Figure 8). The life cycle of
Imago (female)
The young larvae (instar-1 and instar-2) damage the leaves by leaving remnants on the upper (transparent) epidermis and leaf bones. The rates of armyworm infestation differ between plant types and between varieties. In susceptible plants provide better growth for pests. Conversely, resistant varieties will give poor growth and development of armyworm pests. The results of research by Shahout et al. [30], of several types of plants tested on
Damage and yield loss due to armyworm attack is determined by the level of the pest population, the stage of insect development, the phase of plant growth, and the type of soybean varieties. Pest attacks on susceptible varieties will cause very significant losses. Leaf defoliation due to armyworm attack when it occurs during the full flowering phase and pod formation phase will result in greater yield losses than attacks in the full pod filling phase (Figure 9) [17].
Symptoms of leaf damage due to
Symptoms of damage to leaves due to
The level of damage to soybean leaves due to
The rate of loss of soybean seeds due to
The difference in the level of loss of soybean seeds due to
The national economic threshold set by the Government in the use of insecticides for the control of
Based on the results of Fattah’s research [35] from the results of data analysis, it was found that the average yield loss in Anjasmoro variety was around 130 kg, the total cost (Cost) was IDR 2,340,000 per ha, then the economic threshold (AE) for Anjasmoro was 2.25 tails. Larvae per plant or 2.0 larvae per plant. Furthermore, the economic threshold (ET) was found in the Argomulyo variety, if the average yield loss per hectare was 105 kg, then the economic threshold (ET) for Argomulyo variety was 2.78 larvae per plant or 3.0 larvae per plant. The economic threshold (ET) for Grobogan variety if the average yield loss is 91 kg per ha, then the economic threshold value is 3.21 larvae per plant or 3.0 larvae per plant [35].
According to Fattah [35] the economic threshold (ET) value of Anjasmoro variety (2 larvae plant−1) is lower than Argomulyo (3.0 larva plant−1) and Grobogan (3.0 larva plant−1), this is due to the variety Anjasmoro is more sensitive to armyworm attacks than Argomulyo and Grobogan. This is consistent with Fattah and Hamka [31], the attack rate of
The pod sucker
According to Manurung et al. [38], the level of pod sucking pest
The pod borer
The level of damage to pods due to
The
South Sulawesi Province is one of the centers for soybean development in Indonesia. Farmers develop new high yielding varieties such as Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Grobogan, Dering, Gema, Deja-2, Dena-1 Dega-1, Detap-1, and Detam-1. The level of leaf damage caused by
I thank all my fellow researchers at the South Sulawesi Agricultural Technology Research Center (BPTP) who have provided moral support so that the paper which is part of the book can be completed. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Ir. Abdul Wahid, MS as the head of the South Sulawesi Agricultural Technology Research Center, who has provided assistance in the form of morals and in the form of finance.
All authors claim to have no conflicts of interest.
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\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
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In recent years, the application of these fluids in electronic cooling systems seems prospective. In the present study, the laminar mixed convection heat transfer of different water–copper nanofluids through an inclined ribbed microchannel––as a common electronic cooling system in industry––was investigated numerically, using a finite volume method. The middle section of microchannel’s right wall was ribbed, and at a higher temperature compared to entrance fluid. The modeling was carried out for Reynolds number of 50, Richardson numbers from 0.1 to 10, inclination angles ranging from 0° to 90°, and nanoparticles’ volume fractions of 0.0–0.04. The influences of nanoparticle volume concentration, inclination angle, buoyancy and shear forces, and rib’s shape on the hydraulics and thermal behavior of nanofluid flow were studied. The results were portrayed in terms of pressure, temperature, coefficient of friction, and Nusselt number profiles as well as streamlines and isotherm contours. The model validation was found to be in excellent accords with experimental and numerical results from other previous studies.",book:{id:"5150",slug:"electronics-cooling",title:"Electronics Cooling",fullTitle:"Electronics Cooling"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Safaei, Marjan Gooarzi, Omid Ali Akbari, Mostafa\nSafdari Shadloo and Mahidzal Dahari",authors:[{id:"178854",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Safaei",slug:"mohammad-reza-safaei",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Safaei"},{id:"179807",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Safdari Shadloo",slug:"mostafa-safdari-shadloo",fullName:"Mostafa Safdari Shadloo"},{id:"179809",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahidzal",middleName:null,surname:"Dahari",slug:"mahidzal-dahari",fullName:"Mahidzal Dahari"},{id:"179813",title:"MSc.",name:"Marjan",middleName:null,surname:"Goodarzi",slug:"marjan-goodarzi",fullName:"Marjan Goodarzi"},{id:"185093",title:"MSc.",name:"Omid",middleName:null,surname:"Ali Akbari",slug:"omid-ali-akbari",fullName:"Omid Ali Akbari"}]},{id:"5184",doi:"10.5772/6180",title:"From the Lab to the Real World: Affect Recognition Using Multiple Cues and Modalities",slug:"from_the_lab_to_the_real_world__affect_recognition_using_multiple_cues_and_modalities",totalDownloads:3784,totalCrossrefCites:39,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:null,book:{id:"3789",slug:"affective_computing",title:"Affective Computing",fullTitle:"Affective Computing"},signatures:"Hatice Gunes, Massimo Piccardi and Maja Pantic",authors:null},{id:"5197",doi:"10.5772/6167",title:"Generating Facial Expressions with Deep Belief Nets",slug:"generating_facial_expressions_with_deep_belief_nets",totalDownloads:3730,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:49,abstract:null,book:{id:"3789",slug:"affective_computing",title:"Affective Computing",fullTitle:"Affective Computing"},signatures:"Joshua M. 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The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research framework. The purpose of this section is to indicate how the research was conducted throughout the study periods.",book:{id:"8511",slug:"cyberspace",title:"Cyberspace",fullTitle:"Cyberspace"},signatures:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew",authors:[{id:"292841",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassu",middleName:null,surname:"Jilcha Sileyew",slug:"kassu-jilcha-sileyew",fullName:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew"}]},{id:"70973",title:"Social Media, Ethics and the Privacy Paradox",slug:"social-media-ethics-and-the-privacy-paradox",totalDownloads:2572,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Today’s information/digital age offers widespread use of social media. The use of social media is ubiquitous and cuts across all age groups, social classes and cultures. However, the increased use of these media is accompanied by privacy issues and ethical concerns. These privacy issues can have far-reaching professional, personal and security implications. Ultimate privacy in the social media domain is very difficult because these media are designed for sharing information. Participating in social media requires persons to ignore some personal, privacy constraints resulting in some vulnerability. The weak individual privacy safeguards in this space have resulted in unethical and undesirable behaviors resulting in privacy and security breaches, especially for the most vulnerable group of users. An exploratory study was conducted to examine social media usage and the implications for personal privacy. We investigated how some of the requirements for participating in social media and how unethical use of social media can impact users’ privacy. Results indicate that if users of these networks pay attention to privacy settings and the type of information shared and adhere to universal, fundamental, moral values such as mutual respect and kindness, many privacy and unethical issues can be avoided.",book:{id:"8423",slug:"security-and-privacy-from-a-legal-ethical-and-technical-perspective",title:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective",fullTitle:"Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective"},signatures:"Nadine Barrett-Maitland and Jenice Lynch",authors:[{id:"311821",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nadine",middleName:null,surname:"Barrett-Maitland",slug:"nadine-barrett-maitland",fullName:"Nadine Barrett-Maitland"},{id:"311822",title:"Ms.",name:"Jenice",middleName:null,surname:"Lynch",slug:"jenice-lynch",fullName:"Jenice Lynch"}]},{id:"76652",title:"Internet of Things and Machine Learning Applications for Smart Precision Agriculture",slug:"internet-of-things-and-machine-learning-applications-for-smart-precision-agriculture",totalDownloads:706,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Agriculture forms the major part of our Indian economy. In the current world, agriculture and irrigation are the essential and foremost sectors. It is a mandatory need to apply information and communication technology in our agricultural industries to aid agriculturalists and farmers to improve vice all stages of crop cultivation and post-harvest. It helps to enhance the country’s G.D.P. Agriculture needs to be assisted by modern automation to produce the maximum yield. The recent development in technology has a significant impact on agriculture. The evolutions of Machine Learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have supported researchers to implement this automation in agriculture to support farmers. ML allows farmers to improve yield make use of effective land utilisation, the fruitfulness of the soil, level of water, mineral insufficiencies control pest, trim development and horticulture. Application of remote sensors like temperature, humidity, soil moisture, water level sensors and pH value will provide an idea to on active farming, which will show accuracy as well as practical agriculture to deal with challenges in the field. This advancement could empower agricultural management systems to handle farm data in an orchestrated manner and increase the agribusiness by formulating effective strategies. This paper highlights contribute to an overview of the modern technologies deployed to agriculture and suggests an outline of the current and potential applications, and discusses the challenges and possible solutions and implementations. Besides, it elucidates the problems, specific potential solutions, and future directions for the agriculture sector using Machine Learning and the Internet of things.",book:{id:"9977",slug:"iot-applications-computing",title:"IoT Applications Computing",fullTitle:"IoT Applications Computing"},signatures:"R. Sivakumar, B. Prabadevi, G. Velvizhi, S. Muthuraja, S. Kathiravan, M. Biswajita and A. Madhumathi",authors:[{id:"331479",title:"Prof.",name:"R.",middleName:null,surname:"Sivakumar",slug:"r.-sivakumar",fullName:"R. Sivakumar"},{id:"346727",title:"Dr.",name:"B.",middleName:null,surname:"Prabadevi",slug:"b.-prabadevi",fullName:"B. Prabadevi"},{id:"346729",title:"Dr.",name:"G.",middleName:null,surname:"Velvizhi",slug:"g.-velvizhi",fullName:"G. Velvizhi"},{id:"346730",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",middleName:null,surname:"Muthuraja",slug:"s.-muthuraja",fullName:"S. Muthuraja"},{id:"346731",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kathiravann",slug:"s.-kathiravann",fullName:"S. Kathiravann"},{id:"346732",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",middleName:null,surname:"Biswajita",slug:"m.-biswajita",fullName:"M. Biswajita"},{id:"346733",title:"Dr.",name:"A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madhumathi",slug:"a.-madhumathi",fullName:"A. Madhumathi"}]},{id:"56541",title:"Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)",slug:"routing-protocols-for-wireless-sensor-networks-wsns-",totalDownloads:5817,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are achieving importance with the passage of time. Out of massive usage of wireless sensor networks, few applications demand quick data transfer including minimum possible interruption. Several applications give importance to throughput and they have not much to do with delay. It all rest on the applications desires that which parameter is more favourite. The knowledge of network structure and routing protocol is very important and it should be appropriate for the requirement of the usage. In the end a performance analysis of different routing protocols is made using a WLAN and a ZigBee based Wireless Sensor Network.",book:{id:"6038",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-insights-and-innovations",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks - Insights and Innovations"},signatures:"Noman Shabbir and Syed Rizwan Hassan",authors:[{id:"206600",title:"Mr.",name:"Noman",middleName:null,surname:"Shabbir",slug:"noman-shabbir",fullName:"Noman Shabbir"},{id:"206601",title:"Mr.",name:"Syed Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",slug:"syed-rizwan-hassan",fullName:"Syed Rizwan Hassan"}]},{id:"50065",title:"Heat Pipes for Computer Cooling Applications",slug:"heat-pipes-for-computer-cooling-applications",totalDownloads:5192,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"There is an increasing demand for efficient cooling techniques in computer industry to dissipate the associated heat from the newly designed and developed computer processors to accommodate for their enhanced processing power and faster operations. Such a demand necessitates researchers to explore efficient approaches for central processing unit (CPU) cooling. Consequently, heat pipes can be a viable and promising solution for this challenge. In this chapter, a CPU thermal design power (TDP), cooling methods of electronic equipments, heat pipe theory and operation, heat pipes components, such as the wall material, the wick structure, and the working fluid, are presented. Moreover, we review experimentally, analytically and numerically the types of heat pipes with their applications for electronic cooling in general and the computer cooling in particular. Summary tables that compare the content, methodology, and types of heat pipes are presented. Due to the numerous advantages of the heat pipe in electronic cooling, this chapter definitely leads to further research in computer cooling applications.",book:{id:"5150",slug:"electronics-cooling",title:"Electronics Cooling",fullTitle:"Electronics Cooling"},signatures:"Mohamed H.A. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. She is a member of Slovenian Biochemical Society, The Endocrine Society, European Association of Veterinary Anatomists and Society for Laboratory Animals, where she is board member.",institutionString:"University of Ljubljana",institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",biography:"Dr. Fonseca-Alves earned his DVM from Federal University of Goias – UFG in 2008. He completed an internship in small animal internal medicine at UPIS university in 2011, earned his MSc in 2013 and PhD in 2015 both in Veterinary Medicine at Sao Paulo State University – UNESP. Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"350704",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Camila",middleName:"Silva Costa",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"camila-ferreira",fullName:"Camila Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/350704/images/17280_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at the Fluminense Federal University, specialist in Equine Reproduction at the Brazilian Veterinary Institute (IBVET) and Master in Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction at the Fluminense Federal University. She has experience in analyzing zootechnical indices in dairy cattle and organizing events related to Veterinary Medicine through extension grants. I have experience in the field of diagnostic imaging and animal reproduction in veterinary medicine through monitoring and scientific initiation scholarships. I worked at the Equus Central Reproduction Equine located in Santo Antônio de Jesus – BA in the 2016/2017 breeding season. I am currently a doctoral student with a scholarship from CAPES of the Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences) at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) with a research project with an emphasis on equine endometritis.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain.Dr. Satué is accredited as a Private University Doctor Professor, Doctor Assistant, and Contracted Doctor by AVAP (Agència Valenciana d'Avaluació i Prospectiva) and currently, as a full professor by ANECA (since January 2022). To date, Katy has taught 22 years in the Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery at the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in undergraduate courses in Veterinary Medicine (General Pathology, integrated into the Applied Basis of Veterinary Medicine module of the 2nd year, Clinical Equine I of 3rd year, and Equine Clinic II of 4th year). Dr. Satué research activity is in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry, and Immunology in the Spanish Purebred mare. She has directed 5 Doctoral Theses and 5 Diplomas of Advanced Studies, and participated in 11 research projects as a collaborating researcher. She has written 2 books and 14 book chapters in international publishers related to the area, and 68 scientific publications in international journals. Dr. Satué has attended 63 congresses, participating with 132 communications in international congresses and 19 in national congresses related to the area. Dr. Satué is a scientific reviewer for various prestigious international journals such as Animals, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology, among others. Since 2014 she has been responsible for the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the CEU-Cardenal Herrera University Veterinary Clinical Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"439435",title:"Dr.",name:"Feda S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aljaser",slug:"feda-s.-aljaser",fullName:"Feda S. Aljaser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"428600",title:"MSc.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"García-Alarcón",slug:"adriana-garcia-alarcon",fullName:"Adriana García-Alarcón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428599",title:"MSc.",name:"Gabino",middleName:null,surname:"De La Rosa-Cruz",slug:"gabino-de-la-rosa-cruz",fullName:"Gabino De La Rosa-Cruz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428601",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"juan-carlos-campuzano-caballero",fullName:"Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. 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The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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