Simulation parameters for QoS.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5814",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Dental Anatomy",title:"Dental Anatomy",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The book "Dental Anatomy" is one of the most important and basic areas of dentistry. This book is a collection of nine chapters divided into five sections as follows: \n\r\n\tArtificial neural networks (ANNs) are called neural networks (NNs). They are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. Neural networks are widely used in different industries, from eCommerce to vehicle building. The most frequent example of the artificial neural network application is personalizing the purchaser’s experience in e-Commerce. For instance, Amazon, AliExpress, and other eCommerce platforms use AI to show the related and recommended products. There are various types of neural networks being used, including Convolutional neural networks, Recurrent neural networks, and Long and short terms memory networks. Such neural networks could be applied in various applications such as image recognition, facial recognition, speech recognition, language translation, audio generation, and time-series prediction. This book reviews the past development, new perspectives, and application of such neural networks. It could provide a great understanding of the current state of neural networks and work out the frameworks for developing neural networks in the future.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-222-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83769-994-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-223-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",bookSignature:"Dr. Chi Leung Patrick Hui",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",keywords:"Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Neural Networks, ANN, CNN, RNN, LSTM, Image Recognition, Text Recognition, Language Translation, Voice Generation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning, and holder of four registered patents: ‘’Thermosensitive poloxamer hydrogel for atopic dermatitis treatment”, “Development Method of Making Double Layers maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells,” “Intelligent Monitoring System and Method on Diaper,” and “RFID Passive Tags Anti-counterfeiting System” of Chinese Herbal Medicine onto Cotton Fabric. Dr. Hui is a member of The British Computer Society.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/22866/images/system/22866.jpg",biography:"Chi-Leung Hui gained an MSc in Technological Economics from the University of Stirling, UK in 1988, an MSc in Information Systems from the Hong Kong Polytechnic in 1992, an MSc(Eng.) in Computers in Manufacturing from the University of Hong Kong in 1995, a PhD from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in 1999, a LLB (Hons) from the University of Wolverhampton, UK in 2004, a LLM degree in information technology and intellectual property law from the University of Hong Kong in 2008, and Diploma in Marketing from the Chartered Institute of Marketing, UK, in 1988 and the Certified Diploma in Finance and Accounting from The Chartered Association of Certified Accountants, UK, in 1991. He is a Chartered Engineer and is a chartered member of both the British Computer Society and the Chartered Institute of Marketing. He has published over 50 refereed journal papers such as Textile Research Journal, Computers in Industry, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Expert Systems with Application and IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics – Parts A and C and refereed conference papers. Dr Hui is an Associate Professor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Visiting Scholar at the Hang Seng University of Hong Kong.",institutionString:"Hong Kong Polytechnic University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Hong Kong Polytechnic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"67574",title:"Wireless Communications Challenges to Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANET)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86544",slug:"wireless-communications-challenges-to-flying-ad-hoc-networks-fanet-",body:'The mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have evolved significantly in recent decades, where the differential of this type of network is the independence of a centralized infrastructure to organize flow, a router or switch, for example, so if any device present in this network is disconnected or damaged, it can automatically adjust to a new topology, and the routing tables are updated [1].
From the freedom provided by the MANETs, several other devices have started to be connected to the Internet in addition to cell phones, tablets, and notebooks, so that together with wireless sensor networks (WSN), they can play an essential role in the development of applications aimed at Internet of things (IoT) [2].
Among these devices, stand out cars, other types of cars and the highway itself in which they are, i.e., using a MANET network to connect them is the first step toward the creation of autonomous vehicles, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET), for further study, see [3, 4, 5].
They represent a major advance in mobile network technology in general, since several routing protocols have been developed or adapted for this type of network [6]. In addition, maintaining the quality of service (QoS) even at the high speed that the vehicles reach is one of the main challenges to be overcome in this area.
More recently, because of the popularization and cost reduction of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) [7, 8, 9, 10, 11] have emerged, which are networks composed only of aerial devices that can communicate between UAV-to-UAV and other ground-based UAV-to-ground devices. According to [12] UAVs can be divided into UAVs of high-altitude and long-range and medium-range, small drones and mini drones, the first two being military. In this chapter only the small drones and mini drones will be addressed.
The FANETs can operate either independently and by transmitting the flow received from land-based devices to a remote server or can also support other types of networks, for example, via satellite or cellular, if they are overloaded or unavailable as shown in Figure 1.
FANET replacing LTE antenna.
Therefore, such technology can play an essential role in the next generation of cellular networks, offering future support to 5G networks [13, 14], which it will reach very high speed and minimum latency, but due to the higher frequency in which they operate, the range is limited in relation to 4G. Thus, FANETs present themselves as a low-cost, scalable solution for maintenance and expansion of the Internet infrastructure worldwide, and it is essential to research, simulate, and validate their utility in different applications, taking into account the limitations of both UAVs and network itself.
In this chapter the main challenges for the implementation of FANETs in Section 2 will be addressed; in Section 3 the applications that can use the FANETs will be discussed and classified according to their characteristics, and Section 4 will address several available routing protocols and their advantages and limitations. Finally, Section 5 will demonstrate simulations of FANET behavior in different scenarios and routing protocols with data transmission and video.
Despite several advances in recent years, FANET networks still have restrictions that may be critical to their operation depending on the application. The main one is energy consumption [15, 16, 17] because it limits the flight time of the drones, the speed of connection, and the range of the signal transmitted by them, so the challenges that need to be overcome to make FANET a reality involve primarily the search for solutions to these limitations, and in addition other factors can affect the performance of the network as the mobility and storage capacity of the drones. Possible solutions to these challenges will be discussed below.
Directional antennas: Most router antennas are omnidirectional, that is to say that the signal transmitted by them is sent equally in all directions, but when using these same antennas in drones, the results may not be very efficient as regards the quality of the antenna and energy consumption. Therefore, new antennas have been developed with beamforming technology [18, 19]; this change allows the transmitted signal to be directed to a specific area close to the UAV as shown in Figure 2. In this way the signal quality at the specific location is significantly better, and the energy consumption of the UAV is also reduced. However, it is still relatively a new technology and still needs to be better evaluated and implemented.
UAV signal beamforming.
Mobility: One of the biggest differentials of UAVs is the high mobility and speed variation they have, which allows them to access hard-to-reach places and travel long distances in a short time, depending on the UAV model.
Thus, regardless of the mode of operation of the drones being both fully autonomous and controlled by a base station, it is necessary that critical information for the mobility of one or more drones is transmitted to the other drones in the network or to the base station as prevention alerts collision, GPS, flight time, environmental and climatic conditions, as well as the transmission of drone drive commands if they are controlled by a base station (Figure 3).
UAV communication scheme.
Routing protocols: Routing protocols are the brain of FANETs and control all flow both between UAVs and other devices connected to them, and although there are already several routing protocols available, these protocols sometimes cannot cope with mobility and the speed of the UAVs which causes a high rate of errors in the connection and until the drop of the network in certain cases. In this way, new protocols were developed with the focus on mobile ad hoc networks, with FANETs being one of them, and just like beamforming, these protocols are still being tested but at a later stage. Because the evaluation of routing protocols is one of the main research focuses in FANETs, it will be addressed in more depth in Section 4.
Due to its physical and architectural characteristics, there are several applications for FANETs. Some of them are mentioned in different scenarios.
In some cases of disasters, a human being may encounter obstacles that prevent the analysis of the entire affected area. In this situation, it is possible to use FANETs to evaluate the scenario completely [7].
There are several possibilities for the use of FANETs in agriculture such as complete crop evaluation, plant health analysis, and mapping of possible areas for planting expansion (Figure 4) [7].
FANET applications.
In rescue situations where conventional mobile networks are damaged, the FANETs can be used to search for hostages in the affected area. And, because of the size of the UAVs, it is possible to access places in which a human would have difficulty [9].
Sensor networks are mainly used for data collection and can be used together with FANETs in various situations [20]. Due to the ease of the UAVs to access any location without great difficulties, there will be an improvement in the performance of the networks when evaluating the scenarios in which they are applied [9].
With the use of FANETs, it is possible to analyze constructions, verify their progress and their quality, and also evaluate in advance the conditions of the environment to be used for the work in order to prevent possible calamities [7].
In order to reduce their costs and improve the quality of their services, some companies already idealize the use of UAVs for product delivery [7]. The service will be done autonomously through the implementation of an intelligent system in the UAVs [21].
The FANETs are widely used by military personnel primarily for communication between soldiers or between their barracks. It also can be used in civil operations to maintain the security of society [9].
Due to some characteristics such as high mobility, the constant changes in network topology, unpredictable environmental and climatic factors, and energy consumption, the communication of nodes in FANETs becomes a challenge [7]. The nodes represent communication points in the networks, being computers, servers, or, in the case of FANETs, UAVs [22]. Therefore, in order for the network to have the desired performance, it is necessary that the routing protocols are adequate to handle various scenarios and conditions [23]. Here are the three types of protocols used in FANETs, which are proactive, reactive, and hybrid (Figure 5).
Ad Hoc Routing Protocols.
Proactive protocols are those that update their routing tables at fixed time intervals. This feature allows the packets to be sent faster through the network because the nodes already know the changes in the routes [23]. The disadvantage of this type of protocol is the need for greater bandwidth to make constant updates [7]. The two main proactive protocols for FANETs are:
The OLSR is a specific protocol of ad hoc networks, and it has the main characteristic to select some nodes of the network to act as relays, called multipoint relay (MPR) [24]. The purpose of this mechanism is to avoid flooding in the network, caused by the excess of packets received by each node [25].
In the DSDV protocol, in addition to the information of the network itself, the routing tables contain a sequence of numbers that changes according to the network topology [3]. These numbers are sent to all the nodes of the network, keeping them always updated, in order to avoid loops occurring between the nodes [23].
Unlike the proactive ones, the reactive protocols only establish communication in the network when requested by the nodes [7]. Due to this feature, routing tables are only updated when there are packets to be sent [23]. Therefore, since it is necessary for the node to search the route before sending the package, the time to complete the entire process until the delivery is made becomes greater [9]. For use in FANETs, the following protocols are proposed:
The AODV protocol first makes the discovery of routes when necessary to send a packet and stores that route, just after the packet is sent to its destination [26]. In addition, because it is a mobile network protocol, if there is a connection interruption, the maintenance of routes starts to update the routing tables and thus maintains the communication between the nodes [24].
The DSR is a widely used protocol in multi-hop wireless networks, and it has the feature of its source node storing the entire route up to the destination node [24]. As the AODV, the DSR protocol also performs route discovery when there is a need for communication between two nodes to send packets [27]. And it performs maintenance of routes if there is a change in the topology of the network and communication is interrupted [24].
The hybrid protocols are the combination of reactive and proactive protocols, using the best resources of each, being used mainly for large networks [24]. They are based on the concept of zones, where proactive protocols are used for intra-zone routing (nodes within the same zone) and reactive routing protocols are used for inter-zone routing [23]. The main protocols of this type are:
In this protocol, each node has a different zone, so the neighboring node zones overlap [24]. In intra-zone routing, proactive protocols are used to maintain the routes; due to this, if the source and destination nodes are in the same zone, packet sending is done immediately [23]. Already in the inter-zone routing, we use reactive protocols to find the routes and maintain them [23].
The TORA protocol is characterized by each node of the network maintaining only the routing information of its neighbors updated [23]. Because it is a highly adaptive protocol, its reactions to network topology changes are reduced in order to minimize the propagation of control messages, so the network does not look for new routes when there is no need [24]. The TORA mainly uses reactive protocols but also uses proactive protocols in some situations [23].
The performance of FANET networks can be analyzed through computer simulations. In order to correctly evaluate these network types, two scenarios were simulated to simulate different transmission types, and each one used three of the aforementioned routing protocols: AODV, OLSR, and DSDV [28].
The network simulator 3 (NS-3) software was used for the construction of simulation scenarios based on C++ language [29]. Each simulation has specific parameters that constitute different situations for this type of network. The details of each scenario were defined according to Tables 1 and 2.
Simulation 1: UDP flow on a FANET network with UAVs | |
---|---|
Parameter | Value |
Simulation time | 60 s |
Simulation area | 400 × 400 × 400 m2 |
UAVs’ quantity | 4 |
UAVs’ speed | 0–15 m/s |
Mobility model | Gauss-Markov |
Transmission range | 40 m |
MAC protocol | IEEE 802.11a |
Routing protocols | OLSR, AODV, and DSDV |
Transport protocol | UDP |
Internet protocol | IPv4 |
Maximum transmission rate | 100 kbps |
Packet size | 512 bytes |
Simulation parameters for QoS.
Simulation 2: Streaming video on a FANET network with UAVs | |
---|---|
Parameter | Value |
Time simulation | 80 s |
Simulation area | 400 × 400 × 100 (L × P × A) m2 |
UAVs’ quantity | 1 |
UAVs’ speed | 0–15 m/s |
Mobility model | Gauss-Markov |
Transmission range | 40 m |
MAC protocol | IEEE 802.11b |
Routing protocols | OLSR, AODV, and DSDV |
Transport protocol | TCP |
Internet protocol | IPv4 |
Application | Evalvid |
Video | st_highway_cif.st |
Simulation parameters for QoE.
The scenario of Table 1 is to evaluate the performance of packet flow between UAVs and a server; this type of application is very common in a network of sensors for data collection or monitoring. In this scenario, all drones send data to the server at the same time and vice versa.
The scenario in Table 2 seeks to evaluate the performance of a video transmission between a drone and a server; this type of application is widely used in disaster monitoring and rescue in locations inaccessible by the ground. In this scenario, a drone flies on a certain space while transmitting a video to the server on the ground.
Different types of simulation parameters were considered for each of the analyzed scenarios. In simulation 1, three network performance parameters were considered: packet received rate, delay, and network throughput. In simulation 2, only a few parameters were considered in relation to simulation 1, the received packet rate and the delay. However, the video transmission that occurs in this scenario requires specific quality of experience (QoE) parameters to be analyzed, such as structural similarity (SSIM), signal peaks (PSNR), and video quality metrics (VQM).
This parameter is defined by the ratio between the number of packets that are sent and the number of packets that are actually received at the destination. The final fee is displayed as a percentage based on total packets sent.
This parameter is defined by the amount of time a packet takes to traverse from the source to the destination in a transmission. Several factors directly influence this parameter, such as the routing protocols and the transmission rate of the network.
This parameter is defined by the bandwidth of a transmission between two nodes of a network over time. It is generally expressed in bits/sec.
It is a method used to measure the similarity between two images, determining the quality of the image received in the transmission [30]. In simulation 2, because it is a video, each frame receives a specific value. The SSIM metric was developed to extract structural characteristics of images, configuring the proximity between the pixels as a key factor to quantify the structures and to approach the visual quality of the images.
It is defined by the ratio between the signal power and the noise introduced by the transmission thereof [31]. In the case of video transmission, this noise influences the fidelity of the video representation at the destination. The PSNR is an approximation of human perception of the quality of reconstruction and is generally measured in decibels (dB).
This parameter is defined by the perceptual defect measurements of various video deficiencies, such as blur, rough motion, overall noise, block distortion, and color distortion. These measures are combined into a single metric that provides an overall quality forecast [32].
In order to obtain the data, it is essential to organize and manipulate this data in a correct way, in order to analyze the performance of each parameter individually, considering the relation between them. In both scenarios, the flow monitor capture library [33] was used, which enabled the capture of the discrete-time performance parameters in each stream in the simulation scenario.
It was necessary to treat the data of the video transmission made by Evalvid in simulation 2 to extract the metrics of the network as delay and loss of packages. In order to obtain the PSNR and SSIM metrics, it was necessary to use the MSU Video Quality Measurement Tool (MSU VQMT), which reconstructs the transmitted video and compares it with the original Evalvid library video [34].
Comprising four UAVs and one server, the scenario simulates UDP packet flow between the server and the UAVs, which is initially in the server sense for UAVs (download) and UAVs for the server (upload).
Two graphs were generated for each analyzed parameter, one for upload flow and the other for download flow. Each displayed data represents the average of all the flows captured at that instant of time. After 60 seconds of simulation, all the performance parameters were analyzed.
The received packet rate had similar results in both directions of flow. Figure 6 shows the performance in the upload; the OLSR had the best performance, remaining above 70% in most of the simulation; on the other hand, the DSDV showed the worst performance, remaining below 40% in almost all the simulation.
Received packets in upload.
In the download flow, the protocols had similar results throughout the transmission. The biggest difference between them can be seen in stability, especially the OLSR, which has remained stable close to 70% in most of the transmission. The AODV protocol exhibits poor performance in the initial simulation period, due to the reduced routing table of the protocol, which updates according to the need for transmission (Figure 7).
Received packets in download.
The resulting delay in the upload flow was noticeable only in the OLSR protocol, due to the common overhead of the proactive protocols [25]. On the other hand, in the download flow, the result was equivalent in all the protocols, concentrating the greater delays at the beginning and the end of the transmission. Despite the high mobility of the drones, the delay had good results in download flow, in which no routing protocol exceeded 60 ms, as can be seen in Figures 8 and 9.
Delay packets in upload.
Delay packets in download.
The protocols performed differently depending on the flow direction. In the upload flow, shown in Figure 10, the OLSR had the highest average bandwidth between the protocols tested; on the other hand, the AODV and DSDV stabilized below half of the available maximum bandwidth, damaging the packet delivery, as previously seen in Figure 6. In the download flow, all the protocols have stabilized over time, since there being only one transmitter and several receivers, the packet flow became simpler, improving the overall performance of the protocols (Figure 11).
Throughput in upload.
Throughput in download.
Comprised of one UAV and one server, simulation 2 performs a video transmission between the server and the sleeping device. With the help of the Evalvid utility for NS-3, it was possible to analyze performance parameters and quality of experience (QoE) in all frames of the video, resulting in a detailed capture of protocol performance in this scenario. One was generated for each performance parameter, and four graphs for each QoE parameter.
The AODV and OLSR protocols had similar results along the transmission, with a higher performance in the first 17 seconds, followed by a significant decay due to the mobility of the FANET. The DSDV had the worst performance, as a result of an even greater decline, with no significant stability (Figure 12).
Received packets in video application.
The delay was well-designed in all protocols, which stabilized throughout the transmission. The main factor that contributed to the result shown in Figure 8 was the implementation of the Aar WiFi Manager function in simulation 2, an algorithm that works on the physical layer of the NS-3, which controls the transmission rate in the network [35]. With values below 3 ms in most of the transmission, the delay cannot be considered one of the reasons for packet loss (Figure 13).
Delay in video application.
Figure 14 shows the mean SSIM in each protocol, which may have values of maximum 1 and have a minimum of 0.994 and a maximum of 0.998, highlighting a very low variation in transmission quality.
SSIM average values.
Figures 15, 16, and 17 show the SSIM value in each frame of the video, further emphasizing the similarity in performance between the protocols. Thus, the routing protocols did not interfere directly in this metric; this was due to the direct connection between drone and server during the simulation, without the need to perform much jumps in the network.
SSIM to AODV protocol.
SSIM to OLSR protocol.
SSIM to DSDV protocol.
The PSNR shows the relationship between signal and video noise where a higher ratio means better quality. According to Figure 18, the DSDV obtained the best result, well above the other protocols, which are almost 7 dB difference, a significant value in this metric because it is a logarithmic scale.
PSRN average values.
The resulting VQM of Figure 19 composes a correlation between seven different video quality parameters. The results show a low correlation coefficient in the AODV and OLSR protocol tests of slightly more than 0.4 between the original and transmitted videos. With the DSDV protocol, the resultant was even worse, with a value <0.05 correlation. In visual perception, this disparity results in a significant loss in video quality, something that was not shown in the other QoE parameters.
VQM average values.
The evolution of the FANETs will allow a new range of application of this network, making several other devices connected to the Internet, such as sensors, cars, etc. Soon, FANETs will be essential for the construction of interim air networks. The applications discussed in this chapter have demonstrated the high flexibility of such networks, such as the use in rescue and monitoring, smart grids, etc. The challenges present in the FANETs are limited to problems in energy efficiency and routing protocols as seen in the simulations.
Due to the high mobility and flexibility of the UAVs, it is difficult to guarantee efficiency in all cases; simulations 1 and 2 have shown that proactive protocols are more efficient in scenarios that communicate with an onshore server but may not be the case in limited broadcasts or mobile server, which may have longer delays due to the frequent updating of the routing tables and the high mobility of the UAVs, which cause frequent loss of connection.
The authors also acknowledge the financial support by PROPESP/UFPA.
The central nervous system controls autonomic function in several areas. These areas are interconnected and then distributed throughout the neuroaxis. The area is called the central autonomous network (CAN); they control many other functions, of which the tasks of arousal and respiration are included [1]. One of the main outputs of this integrated network is mediated by preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Hierarchically, the central autonomous control area has been arranged. The delivery of interoceptive information to the forebrain and the mediation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and micturition reflex systems are regulated by the medullary and lower pons areas. The solitary tract nucleus (NTS), the reticular formation of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (VLM), rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM), including the caudal raphe nucleus, medullary respiratory group, parabrachial nucleus (PB), and pelvic organ stimulation center (Barrington Nucleus) belong to this area [1, 2].
Autonomic control by modulating pain, response to stress, behavioral stimuli, and motor responses is integrated by areas in the upper pons and midbrain. These areas include the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus/ pedunculopontine nucleus (PPT/PPN), and the locus coeruleus (LC) [3]. The hypothalamus takes over the generators of integrated autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral response patterns. This is done to ensure homeostasis and adaptation of the body to the environment. Hypothalamic autonomic output mainly comes from the paraventricular nucleus (PVH), dorsomedial nucleus (DMH), and lateral hypothalamic regions, including the orexin-synthesizing group of neurons (Orx, also known as hypocretin, Hcrt). The midcingulate cortex, anterior insular cortex, and amygdala are core areas of the telencephalon that control autonomic functions. Although the functional anatomy of the central control of autonomic function has been best characterized in experimental animals, several functional neuroimaging studies show that many of the same areas are activated during autonomic responses in humans [3, 4].
Autonomic functions are controlled by areas of the brain whose input is received and integrated from four main sources: interoceptive, humoral, limbic, and circadian. Spinal afferents relay information about interoceptive input from visceral, pain, and thermal receptors via ascending projections to lamina I of the dorsal horn or via cranial nerve afferents relayed in the NTS. The central autonomic regions, directly or indirectly, are reached by humoral signals from blood (such as glucose or cytokine levels) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, such as pH) via the circumventricular sensory organs. It is also the main neurotransmitter (sometimes along with the inhibitory amino acid glycine) of the circuits that control respiration and the sleep-wake cycle [5]. Autonomic, respiratory, and arousal circuits are modulated in state-dependent function by cholinergic, monoaminergic, and peptidergic influences from the brainstem, basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and local interactions mediated by local interactions by nitric oxide (NO), purines, endocannabinoids, and other signals [5, 6].
Sympathetic neurons and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are the final effectors of the control center for autonomic function and are cholinergic. These neurons stimulate the excitatory signal of autonomic ganglia and enteric neurons through ganglion-type nicotinic receptors. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are in the thoracolumbar spinal cord in segments T1 to L2, primarily in lamina VII, which forms the intermediolateral column (IML) and forms separate functional units that are selectively activated in response to different stimuli [5]. Sympathetic output is critical for maintaining blood pressure, local regulation of blood flow, thermoregulation, and response to exercise and internal or external stressors [5, 6]. Preganglionic sympathetic axons terminate in the paravertebral, prevertebral, terminal ganglia, and the adrenal medulla [6]. Norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter in postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Except for the postganglionic sympathetic nerves, which innervate the sweat glands, they are cholinergic nerves and vasodilators in muscles and coronary arteries. From a functional point of view, the parasympathetic output can be further subdivided into outputs to cranial effectors via cranial nerves III, VII, and IX, output to the thoracic and abdominal viscera mediated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), and outputs from the pelvic organs (bladder, rectum, and sexual organs) from sacral preganglionic neurons [4, 6]. Organ-specific reflexes are mediated by sympathetic output. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the most parasympathetic ganglion and enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons. Noncholinergic neurons also mediate parasympathetic output, releasing NO and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) [6].
Two conventionally divided subtypes of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, are defined as peripheral efferent fibers. Recent studies have revealed the presence of general visceral afferent fibers. The autonomic innervation of the larynx had been veiled; however, recent studies have identified the autonomic nerve fibers in the larynx and illuminated the distribution of autonomic innervation [5, 6].
The postganglionic neurons of the laryngeal sympathetic nervous system have their cell body mainly in the superior cervical ganglion. The preganglionic neurons originate in the gray matter of the upper thoracic spinal cord. Sympathetic innervation of the larynx had been considered to be innervated along with superior or inferior laryngeal arteries and veins [6]. However, study by Hisa
Many noradrenergic nerve fibers are contained in the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The supraglottic and subglottic submucosal glands received the noradrenergic nerve fibers from the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve, respectively [7]. The external branch of superior laryngeal nerve supplies noradrenergic fibers to the cricothyroid muscle, while other intrinsic muscles received noradrenergic fibers from the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The noradrenergic nerve fibers in the superior laryngeal nerve originated from the superior cervical ganglion. Noradrenergic nerve fibers are contained in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Noradrenergic nerve fibers originate from the middle cervical ganglion and superior cervical ganglion via the vagus nerve [7, 9].
The parasympathetic nervous system plays a major role in the motor control of mucus secretion in the larynx. The cell body of the postganglionic neuron is present in the intralaryngeal ganglion [9]. As Yoshida
Heart rate (HR) is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity result in beat-by-beat variations in heart rate; therefore, these variations reflect autonomic nervous system activity. Heart rate variability (HRV) is pathological, like ischemic heart disease, and decreased variability predicts poorer outcomes. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the result of the interaction between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and sinoatrial node (SAN) activity; experts then assume that HRV is a surrogate marker for autonomic nerve dysfunction [11]. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the fluctuation in the time interval between adjacent heartbeats. HRV is thought to reflect the heart’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances by detecting and rapidly responding to unpredictable stimuli. HRV measures neurocardiac function produced by heart-brain interactions and a dynamic nonlinear autonomic nervous system activity. HRV is an emergent response from interconnected regulatory systems working at various time scales that aids individuals in adapting to environmental and psychological stresses. Autonomic balance, blood pressure, gas exchange, intestinal motility, heart, rhythm, and vascular tone are all regulated by HRV (which refers to the diameter of blood vessels that regulate blood pressure) [11, 12, 13].
A healthy heart is not a metronome. Healthy heart oscillations are complex and nonlinear. The nonlinear system variability provides the flexibility to quickly adapt to an uncertain and changing environment. Optimal HRV status is always associated with health and self-regulation capacity, as well as adaptability or resilience of an individual. Higher levels of HRV, mediated by the vagal nerve at rest, were strongly associated with the performance of executive functions such as attention and emotional processing by the prefrontal cortex. The processing of afferent information by the intrinsic cardiac nervous system can modulate frontocortical activity and influence human executive and cognitive functions at higher levels [11].
HRV analysis is one of the modalities that can be used to assess overall cardiac health, especially with regard to the state of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for regulating heart activity and rhythm. HRV refers to the variation of the pulse interval or is related to the response to instantaneous changes in heart rate. Normal variability in heart rate is modulated by the autonomic nervous regulation of the heart and circulatory system. The balance mechanism of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system branch of the autonomic nervous system then control the heart rate. Increased sympathetic or reduced parasympathetic activity will cause accelerated cardiac activity; conversely, low sympathetic activity or high parasympathetic activity can cause cardiac deceleration. The degree of variability in heart rate can provide information about the function of neural control of heart rate and the ability of the heart to respond to changing conditions [11, 12, 13].
The classic measurement of HRV can be calculated from the electrocardiogram (ECG) i.e., at R-R intervals and consensus guidelines regarding appropriate indicators are available. Arroyo-Carmona
HRV can be measured by pulse photoplethysmography (PPG) method with finger plethysmogram (FPG). Measurement only takes about 20 minutes. The research of Lu
Vagal nerve is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system and is one of the most important nerves in the body. Altered vagal nerve activity caused by impaired autonomic regulation was thought to be responsible for several clinical entities related to laryngology diseases, such as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), chronic cough (CC), and vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) [15].
Esophageal sphincter and gastrointestinal tract are innervated by the vagal nerve; therefore, deteriorated vagal nerve function may be an important factor in LPR regarding the incompetence of esophageal sphincter. Chronic inflammation in the larynx is also thought to be responsible in the occurrence of vagal neuropathy, a condition where laryngeal mucosa is in the hyposensitive and hypersensitive state simultaneously. This mechanism is thought to contribute in the pathogenesis of CC and VCD. Since CAN also plays an important role in regulating sleep-wake cycle, it is known that hypoxia and apnea during sleep will alter the neural modulation in the CAN through some neurotransmitters. These theories have supported the evidence on where autonomic nerve dysfunction could contribute in several laryngology diseases and SDB [1, 9, 15].
LPR is an inflammatory condition of the upper gastrointestinal tract associated with the direct and indirect effects of the retrograde flow of gastroduodenal contents, which can cause morphological changes in the upper aerodigestive tract. LPR causes many laryngeal diseases. Reflux laryngitis, subglottic stenosis, granulomas, laryngeal carcinoma, contact ulcers, and vocal cord nodules are caused by LPR. Because the signs and symptoms of LPR are nonspecific and may be manifestations of other etiologies, e.g., infection, voice abuse, allergies, smoking, inhalation of irritants, alcoholism, and nonpathological changes, patients with LPR may experience prolonged and generalized suffering if their physician is unable to make a diagnosis [16, 17].
Coughing, hoarseness, and globus pharyngeus (a lump sensation in the throat) are the most prevalent symptoms. Hoarseness is a symptom that usually starts in the morning and improves over the day. Belafsky
Belafsky
LPR and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are considered as a continuum of similar basic pathophysiological mechanisms with some overlapping symptoms. The long-standing controversial differences between the two diseases still exist today. Most patients with throat complaints related to LPR deny the classic symptoms of GERD, especially heartburn. On the other hand, many LPR patients report no endoscopic findings of esophagitis, and the severity of esophagitis based on endoscopic examination is not related to the level of symptoms and signs of LPR. LPR and GERD are disease entities that are both caused by the retrograde flow of gastric contents, but the pathogenesis of these two conditions is different even though they are interrelated. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and gastrointestinal tract are innervated by the vagal nerve, and the pathogenesis of GERD itself mainly involves the presence of lesions in LES. According to research, the vagal nerve regulates the parasympathetic regulation of the gastrointestinal system. The malfunction of the LES and the transiently increased relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter seen in GERD, which results in an increased amount of gastric acid going back into the esophagus, appear to be caused by decreased vagal nerve activity induced by inadequate autonomic regulation [18, 20, 21].
It is also known that there is a relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and the incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias, as one of the disorders of the autonomic system in GERD patients. This phenomenon has been described as a gastrocardiac syndrome. The severity of esophageal inflammation is not related to the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system itself, given that the presence of vagal dysfunction has been observed in those with or without severe esophageal inflammation. Several studies have suggested that this parasympathetic dysfunction is not only a consequence of esophageal inflammation, but also a major factor in the etiopathogenesis of GERD. Disturbances in autonomic nervous system activity affect the temporary contraction and relaxation of LES, which then causes GERD and affects its severity [15, 16, 22].
Decreased vagal nerve activity, caused by impaired autonomic regulation, appears to be responsible for the dysfunction of LES and the increased transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) seen in GERD, which results in the increased volume of gastric acid reflux to the esophagus. The exact stimulus and mechanism underlying TLESR are still debatable, although it is currently thought that TLESR and experimentally induced relaxation of the LES are controlled by neural feedback involving the vagal nerve. The TLESR is triggered by the nerve stimulation of the pharynx, and the relaxation of the LES is triggered by the stimulation of the superior laryngeal and vagal nerves. In addition, gastric distention can also trigger TLESR, but is then inhibited or controlled by vagal efferent and vagal afferent pathways. Most of the sensory neurons that innervate the LES are integrated in the vagal nodular ganglion. There are two things to note before concluding that TLESR is mediated by the vagal pathway. The first is related to vagal efferent fibers that modulate the occurrence of TLESR and the relaxation of the LES; it is still not known whether these two processes are mediated by the same fibers. Second, nonvagal pathways also contribute to the control of the LES. Experimental studies in experimental animals have shown that there is a contribution from spinal afferent innervation in cats, and the relaxation of the LES has also been shown to involve the vagospinal pathway in ferrets. In general, the published literature is consistent with the motion that LES regulation is primarily based on vagal afferent - vagal efferent (vagovagal) reflex mechanisms [15, 16].
In 1980, Heatley
The study of Wang
Wang
LPR is an inflammatory condition in the upper gastrointestinal tract associated with the direct and indirect effects of exposure to reflux of gastroduodenal contents and can cause morphological changes in the upper aerodigestive tract. The etiology of this disease is multifactorial, the diagnosis is still a challenge in itself, and the pathogenesis aspect has not been conclusively explained. This has an impact on the management of patients and the burden of health financing. Autonomic nerve dysfunction is thought to play a role in the occurrence of LPR. It is known that decreased vagal nerve activity caused by autonomic dysregulation is responsible for GERD, but whether the same pathomechanism associated with autonomic dysfunction occurs in LPR requires further research [25, 27].
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by an episodic collapse of the upper airway during sleep, resulting in the periodic reduction or pause in ventilation and hypoxia, hypercapnia, or awakening from sleep. The prevalence in the general population is estimated to be 3% in women and 10% in men with ages ranging from 30 to 49 years [28, 29]. Overnight polysomnography is required to document the frequency of respiratory events, apnea, and hypopnea during sleep in OSA diagnosis. Obstructive apnea is the complete (>90%) or nearly complete cessation of airflow for more than 10 seconds during sleep despite ventilation efforts. Hypopnea is a decrease in airflow of at least 30% followed by a decrease in oxygen saturation of at least 3% or awakening from sleep. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was defined as the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. OSA criteria are the occurrence of AHI at least five events per hour. Therefore, traditionally, AHI is categorized based on the number of events per hour. AHI in the mild category is 5–15 AHI events per hour, the moderate category means 16–30 events per hour, while the severe category is more than 30 events per hour [28, 29, 30, 31].
Events in which 15 or more AHIs per hour were associated with a decrease in psychomotor speed are equivalent to 5 years of aging. The higher the AHI, the lower the subjective quality of life. Untreated OSA triples the risk of motor accidents compared to the general population. Most importantly, OSA was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly stroke, hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease, even after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and other risk factors. In addition, OSA patients also tend to increase the risk of heart arrhythmias, including atrioventricular block, ventricular tachycardia, and sinus bradycardia [29, 30, 31].
In healthy individuals, hypoxia (i.e., decreased oxygen levels with an arterial pO2 of less than 60 mmHg) causes chemoreceptor activation and triggers tachycardia and an increase in blood pressure. Hypoxia and hypercapnia increase the incidence of hyperventilation (resulting in an increased distribution of oxygen to the peripheral blood), and increased sympathetic efferent activity resulting in vasoconstriction to redistribute oxygenated blood flow. Baroreflex activation in healthy individuals eliminates the increase (reduction) in sympathetic activity caused by hypoxia, which can lead to vagal activation and bradycardia [29, 32, 33].
Convergent evidence obtained from studies with neuromuscular sympathetic nerve activity, plasma catecholamine levels, and analyses of heart rate variability suggests that in patients with OSA, hypoxia and apnea trigger a cascade of excitability that results in an acute elevation of efferent sympathetic activity during sleep when maintained over a prolonged period of time. Over time, it can induce the chronic sustained elevation of the sympathetic outflow regulatory point during wakefulness. This has implications for a higher risk of chronic hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Excessive sympathetic outflow, in turn, causes baroreflex-mediated cardiovagal efferent activity and bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and ventricular tachycardia, potentially resulting in sudden cardiac death. The incidence of arousal during obstructive apnea is associated with sleep fragmentation and further sympathetic efferent activity, leading to peripheral vasoconstriction and sudden increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate [ 29, 32, 33].
Upper airway collapse during sleep resulting in obstructive apnea causes changes in intrathoracic pressure resulting in myocardial stretching of the heart chambers and changes in the transmural pressure gradient, particularly affecting the atria. It can also cause atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias. In addition to hypoxia and apnea, other mechanisms may be associated with sympathetic efferent overactivity that develops in OSA patients. Obesity, apart from mechanically obstructing the airway and causing OSA, is also responsible for increasing sympathetic afferent activity through mechanisms of leptin, insulin, angiotensin, and cytokines. On the other hand, many OSA patients are not obese. Studies with animal models have confirmed carotid chemoreceptor hypersensitivity due to intermittent hypoxia that contributes to the pathogenesis of OSA in humans. Overactivation of the nucleus in the CNS induces neural changes that increase excitatory impulses to the rostral ventrolateral medulla and maintain high sympathetic tone independently of peripheral sensory signals [32, 33, 34].
During sleep, the frequency of TLESR decreases because the stimulus is thought to be associated with gastric distension. During a person’s sleep, there is no eating or chewing process, resulting in a reduction in saliva production and a decrease in neuromuscular coordination activity in the swallowing process; this will have implications for the lengthening of the esophageal clearance so that there will be a longer contact between the irritant refluxate and the esophageal mucosa (prolonged contact). This phenomenon then underlies a new entity called sleep-related GERD. Although the frequency of TLESR decreases during sleep, transient relaxation has been observed to occur during cortical arousals in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). These findings also corroborate the results of Gottesmann’s study regarding the association of sleep disorders with the incidence of autonomic dysfunction through the modulation of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Gottesmann found that TLESR is vagal mediated and can be inhibited by GABA-b. Lang
This EDR consists of several subtypes of pathways that can be evoked through pressure inflation-related stimuli (slow air and rapid air stimulation) instead of volume on mechanoreceptors in the mucous or muscular layers of the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. In the slow air distention pathway, a secondary peristaltic reflex (2P) will occur, which then stimulates the esophago-UES contraction reflex (EUCR); this pathway will certainly play a role in preventing reflux episodes from occurring. Meanwhile, through the rapid air distention pathway, four other reflex pathways [esophago-UES relaxation reflex (EUSR), esophago-glottal closure reflex (EGCR), esophago-esophageal contraction reflex (EECR), and esophago-hyoid distraction reflex (EHDR)] will be activated and strongly suspected to play a role in the occurrence of belching. Lang
Sleep disturbances in GERD patients have been shown to induce changes in visceral perception and pain threshold. This investigation showed that in GERD patients with sleep disturbances documented by actigraphy, acid-infusion-induced chest pain was markedly exacerbated after three nights of sleep deprivation. These functions are modulated by afferent branches of the vagus nerve. Gottesmann also found that low levels of GABA in the CNS will affect a person’s sleep quality. This would have implications for decreasing slow waved sleep and increasing paradoxical sleep (fragmentation and arousals) [35]. These observations prompted Chen and Orr to conduct a study to test the hypothesis that changes in autonomic function play a role in the pathogenesis of GERD. They achieved it by using spectral analysis of heart rate variability during their study’s esophageal infusion of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. This study proves that the infusion of water and acid can cause a decrease in vagal tone in GERD patients compared to normal [36, 37, 38].
Cough is the most common complaint of patient admitting to hospital. In the United States, as many as 27–30 million cases of cough are found in primary care each year [39]. Chronic cough is estimated to occur in 10–20% of the general population, and an important cause of morbidity in 3–40% of the population [39, 40]. The coughing process consists of a complex process; there are: (1) afferent pathways: sensory nerve fibers (branches of the vagus nerve) located in the ciliated epithelium of the upper airway; (2) central pathway (cough center): a central coordinating region for coughing that located in the upper brain stem and pons; and (3) efferent pathway: stimuli from the cough center travel to the diaphragm, abdominal wall, and muscles via the vagus, phrenic, and spinal motor nerves. The nucleus retroambigualis of the phrenic and spinal motor nerves transmits these stimuli to the inspiratory and expiratory muscles, while the ambiguous nucleus of the laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve transmits to the larynx [40]. Coughing is a physiological reaction of the body that can produce intrathoracic pressure up to 300 mmHg and particle velocities of up to 800 kilometers/hour. While these pressures and velocities are important on mucus clearance, they are also responsible for many of the complications such as exhaustion, insomnia, headache, dizziness, musculoskeletal pain, hoarseness, excessive perspiration, urinary and fecal incontinence, to rib fractures [41]. Based on cough duration, it is classified into three subtypes: acute (less than 3 weeks, usually due to viral upper respiratory tract infection), subacute (3–8 weeks), and chronic (more than 8 weeks) [39, 40]. Chronic cough is often associated with smoking. Chronic smokers are three times more likely to have a chronic cough than nonsmokers [41]. Chronic coughs are more difficult to diagnose and require an examination by a specialist for further evaluation.
Sensory neuropathy or autonomic dysfunction of the laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve can also lead a chronic cough manifestation. The autonomic dysfunction of the vagus nerve puts the laryngeal mucosa in a hyposensitive and hypersensitive state. The most common cause of this symptom is laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) [42]. Another etiology of neuropathy is viral infection, especially in the upper respiratory tract. However, it is very difficult for the clinician to determine the etiology because of the atypical clinical symptoms and limited diagnostic modalities. Cough can be mediated by the detection of irritant stimuli in the airway by vagal sensory nerve fibers leading to cough induction via the brainstem without any conscious control or regulation. In neurogenic cough, there was an increase of cough reflex at brainstem level or central sensitization [39, 43].
Because of its neurogenic pain-like characteristic, some of the neuromodulator treatments were considered as a potential therapeutic option for neuropathy cough therapy. Neuromodulator therapy such as gabapentin, pregabalin, and amitriptyline, along with other agents such as baclofen and tramadol [44]. The study by Lee and Woo [45] examined 28 patients with suspected recurrent/superior laryngeal nerve neuropathy. All patients were given gabapentin therapy, with an initial dose of 100 mg/day, which then gradually increased to a maximum of 900 mg/day for 4 weeks. Overall, 68% of patient showed improvement of cough complaints and sensory neuropathy after therapy, especially in the group with clear signs of motor neuropathy.
Chronic cough due to post viral vagal neuropathy is one of the conditions that become the differential diagnosis in cases with unclear etiology. This type of cough is included in the neurogenic cough and is one of the symptoms of laryngeal hypersensitivity syndrome. This theory was originally stated by Morrison
Paradoxical vocal cord movement (PVCM) is a laryngeal disorder, an inappropriate adduction of the vocal cords during inhalation and sometimes exhalation that affects respiratory function and serves as a mimicker of asthma. Vocal cord dysfunction can be difficult to treat as the condition is often underpredicted and misdiagnosed as asthma or other airway disorder and causing inappropriate treatment [46].
The vocal cords normally open (abduction) into a V opening, called the glottic chink during inspiration and close (adduction) into a narrower V shape during expiration. The contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle allows the outward rotation of the arytenoid on the cricoid cartilage opening the airway during inspiration. Passive relaxation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle during expiration, causing adduction of the vocal cords and close the laryngeal airway, with thyroarytenoid muscle movement supports and provides positive pressure at the end of expiration and prevents bronchial collapse [46, 47], while the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle allows inward rotation of the arytenoid on the cricoid cartilage, closing the laryngeal airway during deglutition, vocalization, and expiration.
The term of PVCM is laryngeal dyskinesia when there is adduction of the vocal cords during inspiration, thereby restricting the airway opening leading to episodic dyspnoea, wheezing and/or stridor, so that it is usually mistaken for asthma. Direct visualization by using laryngoscopy of the vocal cords while the patient is having symptoms is the gold standard for diagnosing PVCM [46]. The etiology of PVCM is unclear but has been hypothesized triggered by a psychological, neurological, or physiological component. Laryngopharyngeal reflux, GERD, croup disease, or exposure to toxic inhalants were suspected as PVCM triggers [47]. In a study by George
PVCM is defined as voice disorder in the absence of organic pathology and suspected have association with autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Study of Helou
A study of Morrison
The LAR is also called the glottal closure reflex, which is a protective mechanism of the larynx to prevent material entering the upper respiratory system. The muscle that plays a role in this mechanism is the thyroarytenoid muscle, which responds to mechanical stimuli and chemical irritants in the laryngeal mucosa. LAR is mediated by the brain stem, which is an involuntary reflex innervated by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve as an afferent and the recurrent laryngeal nerve as an efferent component [51]. In patients with LAR disorder, laryngeal hypersensitivity, chronic cough, and vocal cord dysfunction also might be found [43].
Episodes of PCVM can be triggered by the irritation of the laryngeal mucosa, as in tobacco abuse, allergic laryngitis, viral illness, and untreated sleep apnea, making treatment more difficult. Irritation of the vocal cords can be directly caused by rhinosinusitis and the resulting postnasal drip. However, inflammation can also occur indirectly due to the release of inflammatory mediators [47]. Patients with PVCM usually present with shortness of breath (stridor or wheezing) that appears suddenly and worsens rapidly to apnea and aphonia. Complaints appear for a few seconds but can continue for several minutes before disappearing. Attacks can occur at any time, even during sleep. Complaints of wheezing are usually more common during inspiration than expiration [46, 47].
In acute attacks, patients with PVCM can show signs such as upper airway obstruction, namely shortness of breath, stridor, respiratory muscle retraction, difficulty in speaking, and anxiety and even loss of consciousness. Some typical symptoms such as a feeling of suffocation in the neck or throat, more difficult to inhale than exhale, partial response or no response to inhalation [47]. At the time of an acute attack, patients with PVCM may show signs such as upper airway obstruction, namely shortness of breath, stridor, respiratory muscle retraction, difficulty in speaking, and anxiety and even loss of consciousness [52]. Auscultation should be performed on the neck and lungs to exclude lower respiratory disorders, i.e., asthma and other pulmonary diseases. On auscultation of the neck, wheezing or stridor will be found, especially during inspiration [53].
The diagnosis of PVCM requires flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy as the gold standard, and vocal cord movement is observed when breathing. Typical findings in PVCM are paradoxical movement of the vocal cords, adduction on inspiration, and narrowing of the glottis during acute attacks. Complete adduction of the vocal cords during inspiration with or without formation of a small posterior diamond shaped, known as posterior chink, is the pathognomonic of PVCM. These findings may also be present during expiration [47, 53]. The differential diagnosis of PVCM is laryngeal edema, vocal cord paresis, laryngeal or tracheal neoplasms, subglottic stenosis, aspiration of foreign bodies, laryngomalacia or tracheomalacia, laryngeal granulomas, and laryngeal spasm [54].
Management of PVCM requires a multidisciplinary approach. Mentally support by calming the patient or reassurance can reduce symptoms significantly. The patient is directed to inhale slowly through the nose and exhale through the mouth [46, 55]. There is no standard pharmacologic management of PVCM besides that used to control comorbid conditions. Medical therapy such as benzodiazepines can also be given to patients with PVCM who have an acute attack. The management of chronic PVCM through breathing exercises, supportive counseling, can be effective. Laryngeal control therapy (LCT) given by a speech pathologist can reduce symptoms in the long term [55]. Proton pump inhibitor therapy and lifestyle modifications can also be given to patients with PVCM associated with an irritated larynx due to gastric acid reflux. The recommended PPI that can be given is omeprazole 20 mg or lansoprazole 30 mg 2 times per day for 3–6 months or for child dose of 1 mg/kg/time given two times per day [55].
Altered vagal nerve activity caused by impaired autonomic regulation may appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of laryngeal clinical manifestation and have an impact in person’s quality of life. This often leads to high economic and social burdens on patients due to delay in diagnosis, numerous tertiary care referrals, and lack of effective medications. The degree of dysfunction may have correlation with disease severity. Impaired autonomic regulation in the larynx was thought to be responsible for clinical entities, such as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), chronic cough (CC), and paradoxical vocal cord movement (PVCM). Treating the underlying specific conditions and symptoms are needed, and research with a large series of subjects and application of autonomic modulation as a therapeutic target is recommended in the future.
These Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\\n\\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\\n\\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\\n\\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\\n\\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\\n\\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\\n\\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\\n\\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\\n\\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\\n\\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\\n\\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\\n\\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\\n\\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\\n\\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\n\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\n\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"11"},books:[{type:"book",id:"12278",title:"Sustainable Manufacturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"051c582f32a434c25c68f100451ab89b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12278.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12279",title:"Quality Assurance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4da651771e4d6d0267749bc57ac7a67c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12279.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12280",title:"New Research on Railway Engineering and Transport",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6da96f4a0f65ed41591ee0344289308e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12280.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12274",title:"Compressors- Various Types and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"73fe5190e69d696a48c60badb20604d8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12274.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12275",title:"Disturbance Rejection Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aac133fe8cfbe1b3a27b3ab7af2a9b8b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12275.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12276",title:"Model Predictive Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b1b027a69634409af865d64c406fd6b9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12276.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12277",title:"Drying Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7460f9a0416725d16471e18690a67776",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12277.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12129",title:"Sewage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6fff2b63704671294bdce4d0468646a5",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12129.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12027",title:"Optical Fiber",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"479f515bddf75aa9857e4f0ccf3e7c74",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12030",title:"Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c72e8ef86d70bb4f35a3b70ff698427",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12030.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12036",title:"Cavitation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fe6ce782b772a652a98f3b7de143b6af",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12036.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12039",title:"Advances in 3D Printing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fe8827f28fcc56e13b3f0cb6ffda2b71",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12039.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:83},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:24},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"106",title:"Natural Disaster",slug:"natural-disaster",parent:{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:190,numberOfWosCitations:419,numberOfCrossrefCitations:300,numberOfDimensionsCitations:626,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"106",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8979",title:"Tsunami",subtitle:"Damage Assessment and Medical Triage",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c1406cbfe8404151d13f3d7236d38fa",slug:"tsunami-damage-assessment-and-medical-triage",bookSignature:"Mohammad Mokhtari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8979.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52451",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhtari",slug:"mohammad-mokhtari",fullName:"Mohammad Mokhtari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9983",title:"Flood Impact Mitigation and Resilience Enhancement",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ce1f62165377d01892a7c7f1b17e43c9",slug:"flood-impact-mitigation-and-resilience-enhancement",bookSignature:"Guangwei Huang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9983.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"262657",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangwei",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"guangwei-huang",fullName:"Guangwei Huang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8011",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:"Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43ca8c43ab0963f6c43350764f696b63",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-exposure-response-and-resilience",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6821",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:"Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"855e55f0cd51410f7013bb47181d3321",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-assessment-and-vulnerability-reduction",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6018",title:"Flood Risk Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1c40b989aeffdd119ee3876621fa35d",slug:"flood-risk-management",bookSignature:"Theodore Hromadka and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5499",title:"Earthquakes",subtitle:"Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a02b8c4079277fc2301b3fac46856ca4",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",bookSignature:"Taher Zouaghi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39860",title:"Dr.",name:"Taher",middleName:null,surname:"Zouaghi",slug:"taher-zouaghi",fullName:"Taher Zouaghi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3507",title:"Natural Disasters",subtitle:"Multifaceted Aspects in Management and Impact Assessment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3608e266119f43880a9067fc25deaa4c",slug:"natural-disasters-multifaceted-aspects-in-management-and-impact-assessment",bookSignature:"Olga Petrucci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76678",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Petrucci",slug:"olga-petrucci",fullName:"Olga Petrucci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3088",title:"Updates in Volcanology",subtitle:"New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16d9b1a78c646969f6405d7e17039df5",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",bookSignature:"Karoly Nemeth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3088.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"600",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",subtitle:"Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e97caba8487382025a1e70eb85e4e390",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"863",title:"Natural Disasters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d03632c95c81e3de1eba473b9975204",slug:"natural-disasters",bookSignature:"Sorin Cheval",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123456",title:"Dr.",name:"Sorin",middleName:null,surname:"Cheval",slug:"sorin-cheval",fullName:"Sorin Cheval"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"31818",doi:"10.5772/28441",title:"Comprehensive Monitoring of Wildfires in Europe: The European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS)",slug:"comprehensive-monitoring-of-wildfires-in-europe-the-european-forest-fire-information-system-effis-",totalDownloads:4529,totalCrossrefCites:71,totalDimensionsCites:162,abstract:null,book:{id:"600",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",fullTitle:"Approaches to Managing Disaster - Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts"},signatures:"Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz, Ernst Schulte, Guido Schmuck, Andrea Camia, Peter Strobl, Giorgio Liberta, Cristiano Giovando, Roberto Boca, Fernando Sedano, Pieter Kempeneers, Daniel McInerney, Ceri Withmore, Sandra Santos de Oliveira, Marcos Rodrigues, Tracy Durrant, Paolo Corti, Friderike Oehler, Lara Vilar and Giuseppe Amatulli",authors:[{id:"73894",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"San-Miguel-Ayanz",slug:"jesus-san-miguel-ayanz",fullName:"Jesús San-Miguel-Ayanz"},{id:"126055",title:"MSc.",name:"Ernst",middleName:null,surname:"Schulte",slug:"ernst-schulte",fullName:"Ernst Schulte"},{id:"126056",title:"Dr.",name:"Guido",middleName:null,surname:"Schmuck",slug:"guido-schmuck",fullName:"Guido Schmuck"},{id:"126057",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Camia",slug:"andrea-camia",fullName:"Andrea Camia"},{id:"126058",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Strobl",slug:"peter-strobl",fullName:"Peter Strobl"},{id:"126059",title:"Mr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Liberta",slug:"giorgio-liberta",fullName:"Giorgio Liberta"},{id:"126060",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Giovando",slug:"cristiano-giovando",fullName:"Cristiano Giovando"},{id:"126061",title:"BSc.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Boca",slug:"roberto-boca",fullName:"Roberto Boca"},{id:"126062",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Sedano",slug:"fernando-sedano",fullName:"Fernando Sedano"},{id:"126063",title:"Dr.",name:"Pieter",middleName:null,surname:"Kempeners",slug:"pieter-kempeners",fullName:"Pieter Kempeners"},{id:"126064",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"McInerney",slug:"daniel-mcinerney",fullName:"Daniel McInerney"},{id:"126066",title:"BSc.",name:"Ceri",middleName:null,surname:"Whitmore",slug:"ceri-whitmore",fullName:"Ceri Whitmore"},{id:"126068",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Santos De Oliveira",slug:"sandra-santos-de-oliveira",fullName:"Sandra Santos De Oliveira"},{id:"126070",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"marcos-rodrigues",fullName:"Marcos Rodrigues"},{id:"126072",title:"MSc.",name:"Tracy",middleName:null,surname:"Durrant",slug:"tracy-durrant",fullName:"Tracy Durrant"},{id:"126073",title:"MSc.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Corti",slug:"paolo-corti",fullName:"Paolo Corti"},{id:"126074",title:"MSc.",name:"Friderike",middleName:null,surname:"Oehler",slug:"friderike-oehler",fullName:"Friderike Oehler"},{id:"126075",title:"Dr.",name:"Lara",middleName:null,surname:"Vilar",slug:"lara-vilar",fullName:"Lara Vilar"},{id:"126076",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Amatulli",slug:"giuseppe-amatulli",fullName:"Giuseppe Amatulli"}]},{id:"41478",doi:"10.5772/51387",title:"Monogenetic Basaltic Volcanoes: Genetic Classification, Growth, Geomorphology and Degradation",slug:"monogenetic-basaltic-volcanoes-genetic-classification-growth-geomorphology-and-degradation",totalDownloads:6142,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:141,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Gábor Kereszturi and Károly Németh",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"}]},{id:"38733",doi:"10.5772/51270",title:"An Overview of Mud Volcanoes Associated to Gas Hydrate System",slug:"an-overview-of-mud-volcanoes-associated-to-gas-hydrate-system",totalDownloads:3970,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Umberta Tinivella and Michela Giustiniani",authors:[{id:"151612",title:"Dr.",name:"Umberta",middleName:null,surname:"Tinivella",slug:"umberta-tinivella",fullName:"Umberta Tinivella"},{id:"151614",title:"Dr.",name:"Michela",middleName:null,surname:"Giustiniani",slug:"michela-giustiniani",fullName:"Michela Giustiniani"}]},{id:"52565",doi:"10.5772/65511",title:"Earthquake Prediction",slug:"earthquake-prediction",totalDownloads:2025,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Among the countless natural disasters, earthquakes are capable to inflict vast devastation to a large number of buildings and constructions at the blink of an eye. Lack of knowledge and awareness on earthquake as well as its comeback is conspicuous and results in disaster; leading to bitter memories. Therefore, earthquake forecast has been a polemical study theme that has defied even the most intelligent of minds. In this chapter, an attempt was made to do an extensive overview in the area of the earthquake prediction as well as classifying them into the main strategies comprising short‐, immediate‐, and long‐term prediction. An example of each strategy was carried out by mentioning their corresponding approaches/algorithms, such as ΔCFS, CN, MSc, M8, ANN, FFBPANN, KNN, GRNN, RBF, and LMBP; depending on the importance of each strategy. Based on these, it was concluded that, after the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake with M9.0, the current orientation of the Headquarters for earthquake Research Promotion of MEXT in Japan declare that, their mission would be long‐term statistical forecast of seismicity. Even, it is claimed that they do not emphasize on short‐term forecasting. Besides, intermediate‐term estimations are not capable to be used for prevention of all damages and protect all human life, but they may be utilized to undertake certain affordable activities to decrease damage, losses, and modify postdisaster relief. And, despite the long‐term prediction is more concerned by researchers, there is no certain satisfactory level to content them. De facto, the made covenant of 1970 that investigators will be capable to forecast/predict ground excitations within a decade, still remains unmet.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Khaled Ghaedi and Zainah Ibrahim",authors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi"},{id:"196228",title:"Prof.",name:"Zainah",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"zainah-ibrahim",fullName:"Zainah Ibrahim"}]},{id:"52524",doi:"10.5772/65425",title:"Earthquakes and Structural Damages",slug:"earthquakes-and-structural-damages",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41664",title:"Volcanic Natural Resources and Volcanic Landscape Protection: An Overview",slug:"volcanic-natural-resources-and-volcanic-landscape-protection-an-overview",totalDownloads:3724,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Jiaqi Liu, Jiali Liu, Xiaoyu Chen and Wenfeng Guo",authors:[{id:"60000",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiaqi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jiaqi-liu",fullName:"Jiaqi Liu"}]},{id:"31815",title:"Disaster Management Based on Business Process Model Through the Plant Lifecycle",slug:"disaster-management-based-on-business-process-model-through-the-plant-lifecycle",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"600",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",fullTitle:"Approaches to Managing Disaster - Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts"},signatures:"Yukiyasu Shimada, Teiji Kitajima, Tetsuo Fuchino and Kazuhiro Takeda",authors:[{id:"70197",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Shimada",slug:"yukiyasu-shimada",fullName:"Yukiyasu Shimada"},{id:"82055",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchino",slug:"tetsuo-fuchino",fullName:"Tetsuo Fuchino"},{id:"82056",title:"Prof.",name:"Teiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kitajima",slug:"teiji-kitajima",fullName:"Teiji Kitajima"},{id:"121284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",slug:"kazuhiro-takeda",fullName:"Kazuhiro Takeda"}]},{id:"52524",title:"Earthquakes and Structural Damages",slug:"earthquakes-and-structural-damages",totalDownloads:3345,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]},{id:"41478",title:"Monogenetic Basaltic Volcanoes: Genetic Classification, Growth, Geomorphology and Degradation",slug:"monogenetic-basaltic-volcanoes-genetic-classification-growth-geomorphology-and-degradation",totalDownloads:6142,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:141,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Gábor Kereszturi and Károly Németh",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"}]},{id:"62769",title:"Disaster Mitigation Model of Eruption Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia",slug:"disaster-mitigation-model-of-eruption-based-on-local-wisdom-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Kelud is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia and suffered a major eruption in 2014. Although they are not part of the super volcano, the impact of the eruption is extraordinary. However, the eruption is not too worrying for the surrounding community. The lack of disaster victims caused by the eruption in 2014 became a successful representation of disaster mitigation models owned by local communities in answering the eruption problem. The easy evacuation process and quickly post-eruption rehabilitation illustrate a pattern of environmental adaptation around the volcano. This discussion focuses on how the people behavior around the volcano in responding to the challenge of eruption? How the role of local government in preparing the community in the face of an eruption, and what actions are done so that the rehabilitation process can take place quickly? To answer all these questions, the researchers collected relevant data through observation, documentation, and interviews with the local communities and local government representatives directly involved in disaster mitigation measures. In addition, the researchers also revealed local traditions that are considered capable of supporting the process of preparing the community in answering the eruption challenges and becoming part of disaster mitigation in the volcanic region.",book:{id:"6821",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-assessment-and-vulnerability-reduction",title:"Natural Hazards",fullTitle:"Natural Hazards - Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction"},signatures:"Eko Hariyono and Solaiman Liliasari",authors:[{id:"214360",title:"Dr.",name:"Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Hariyono",slug:"eko-hariyono",fullName:"Eko Hariyono"},{id:"219699",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliasari",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"liliasari-s",fullName:"Liliasari S"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"106",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Marketing",value:88,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:7,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8430",title:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8430.jpg",slug:"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",hash:"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Adipose Tissue - An Update",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard tissue, Peri-implant soft tissue, Restorative materials, Prosthesis design, Prosthesis, Patient satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"