Measured steady-state characteristics of the established SMR-fed SynRM drive at (
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5426",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Advances in Hydrogenation Processes - Fundamentals and Applications",title:"New Advances in Hydrogenation Processes",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Hydrogen is one of the abundant elements on earth majorly in the form of water (H2O) and mainly as hydrogen gas (H2). Catalytic hydrogenation is a key reaction that has versatile applications in different industries. \nThe main objective of this book is to bring together various applications of hydrogenation through the perspective of leading researchers in the field. This book is intended to be used as a graduate-level text book or as a practical guide for industrial engineers.",isbn:"978-953-51-2870-0",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2869-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4119-8",doi:"10.5772/62820",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"new-advances-in-hydrogenation-processes-fundamentals-and-applications",numberOfPages:362,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"8297cc5b2f32051885f1f73009e69a7e",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",publishedDate:"January 25th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5426.jpg",numberOfDownloads:30737,numberOfWosCitations:41,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:55,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:116,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 26th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 23rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 21st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/2416/images/system/2416.jpg",biography:"Dr. Maryam Takht Ravanchi holds a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering. She is a researcher for a petrochemical research and\ntechnology company. Her research interests are in the fields\nof natural gas conversion, C1 chemistry, heterogeneous catalyst synthesis, membrane separation technologies, and the\nenvironment. She has about twenty years of experience in the\npetrochemical industry as a process engineer and researcher. She\nhas published seventy journal papers, seventy conference papers, seven national\npatents, and fifteen books.",institutionString:"National Petrochemical Co., Research and Petrochemical Co.",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Amirkabir University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"499",title:"Organometallic Chemistry",slug:"organic-chemistry-organometallic-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"52501",title:"Palladium‐Based Catalysts‐Supported onto End‐Functionalized Poly(lactide) for C–C Double and Triple Bond Hydrogenation Reactions",doi:"10.5772/65447",slug:"palladium-based-catalysts-supported-onto-end-functionalized-poly-lactide-for-c-c-double-and-triple-b",totalDownloads:1561,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Poly(lactide) (PLA), which is the polymer that will be discussed in this chapter, was functionalized with nitrogen containing aromatic groups by means ring opening polymerization (ROP) reactions. The obtained macroligands were successfully employed to coordinate Pd(II), which chemoselectively hydrogenated αβ–unsaturated carbonyl compounds to give the saturated counterparts as main product. The catalyst could be easily recycled upon a simple filtration process.",signatures:"Marco Frediani, Werner Oberhauser, Luca Rosi, Elisa Passaglia and\nMattia Bartoli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52501",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52501",authors:[{id:"53209",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Frediani",slug:"marco-frediani",fullName:"Marco Frediani"},{id:"53215",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Rosi",slug:"luca-rosi",fullName:"Luca Rosi"},{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"},{id:"189810",title:"Dr.",name:"Werner",surname:"Oberhauser",slug:"werner-oberhauser",fullName:"Werner Oberhauser"},{id:"194561",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Passaglia",slug:"elisa-passaglia",fullName:"Elisa Passaglia"}],corrections:null},{id:"52126",title:"Alkyne Selective Hydrogenation with Mono- and Bimetallic- Anchored Catalysts",doi:"10.5772/64866",slug:"alkyne-selective-hydrogenation-with-mono-and-bimetallic-anchored-catalysts",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Partial hydrogenation of alkynes has industrial and academic relevance on a large scale; industries such as petrochemical, pharmacological and agrochemical use these compounds as raw material. Finding an economic, active and selective catalyst for the production of alkenes through partial hydrogenation of alkynes is thus an important challenge. Mono- and bimetallic catalysts (palladium, ruthenium and nickel) were synthetized by the incipient wetness technique using gamma alumina and an activated carbon as supports. The catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma, hydrogen chemisorption, temperature-programmed reduction and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS). The objective of this work is to study 1-heptyne-selective hydrogenation using supported catalysts influenced by different factors: (a) pretreatment reduction temperature, (b) reaction temperature, (c) type of support, (d) metal loading, (e) precursor salt and (f) addition of a second metal to monometallic palladium catalyst. The Lindlar commercial catalyst, commonly used in these types of reactions, was used for comparative purposes. XPS technique allowed verifying that the presence of electron-deficient species on the catalyst surface with high metal loading affects the conversion and selectivity to the desired product. Nevertheless, the influence of geometrical effects and/or mixed active sites in the catalysts, as well as metal-metal and metal-support interactions, cannot be neglected.",signatures:"Cecilia Lederhos, Carolina Betti, Domingo Liprandi, Edgardo\nCagnola and Mónica Quiroga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52126",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52126",authors:[{id:"148671",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Lederhos",slug:"cecilia-lederhos",fullName:"Cecilia Lederhos"},{id:"154325",title:"Prof.",name:"Edgardo",surname:"Cagnola",slug:"edgardo-cagnola",fullName:"Edgardo Cagnola"},{id:"193998",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Betti",slug:"carolina-betti",fullName:"Carolina Betti"},{id:"193999",title:"MSc.",name:"Domingo",surname:"Liprandi",slug:"domingo-liprandi",fullName:"Domingo Liprandi"},{id:"194000",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",surname:"Quiroga",slug:"monica-quiroga",fullName:"Monica Quiroga"}],corrections:null},{id:"52401",title:"Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of C=O and C=N Bonds Catalyzed by [Ru(η6 arene)(diamine)] Complexes: A Multilateral Study",doi:"10.5772/65311",slug:"asymmetric-transfer-hydrogenation-of-c-o-and-c-n-bonds-catalyzed-by-ru-6-arene-diamine-complexes-a-m",totalDownloads:1539,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In these days, asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) is a very attractive method for synthesis of enantioenriched chiral compounds, especially fine chemicals such as drugs or agrochemicals. In this review, several topics related to the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones and cyclic or acyclic imines are discussed. Initially, the reaction mechanism of the ATH of ketones and imines, mainly 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline derivates, is examined. Next, typical reaction conditions, structural effects of the catalyst and a substrate, and analytical methods used for ATH monitoring and practical applications of the ATH in the chemical industry are described.",signatures:"Ondřej Matuška, Martin Kindl and Petr Kačer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52401",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52401",authors:[{id:"190932",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",surname:"Kačer",slug:"petr-kacer",fullName:"Petr Kačer"},{id:"194576",title:"MSc.",name:"Ondřej",surname:"Matuška",slug:"ondrej-matuska",fullName:"Ondřej Matuška"},{id:"194577",title:"MSc.",name:"Martin",surname:"Kindl",slug:"martin-kindl",fullName:"Martin Kindl"}],corrections:null},{id:"52449",title:"Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methane",doi:"10.5772/65407",slug:"recent-advances-in-heterogeneous-catalytic-hydrogenation-of-co2-to-methane",totalDownloads:2920,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the accelerating industrialization, urbanization process, and continuously upgrading of consumption structures, the CO2 from combustion of coal, oil, natural gas, and other hydrocarbon fuels is unbelievably increased over the past decade. As an important carbon resource, CO2 gained more and more attention because of its converting properties to lower hydrocarbon, such as methane, methanol, and formic acid. Among them, CO2 methanation is considered to be an extremely efficient method due to its high CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity. However, the CO2 methanation process requires high reaction temperatures (300–400°C), which limits the theoretical yield of methane. Thus, it is desirable to find a new strategy for the efficient conversion of CO2 to methane at relatively low reaction temperature, and the key issue is using the catalysts in the process. The advances in the noble metal catalysts, Ni-based catalysts, and Co-based catalysts, for catalytic hydrogenation CO2 to methane are reviewed in this paper, and the effects of the supports and the addition of second metal on CO2 methanation as well as the reaction mechanisms are focused.",signatures:"Zuzeng Qin, Yuwen Zhou, Yuexiu Jiang, Zili Liu and Hongbing Ji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52449",authors:[{id:"5795",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbing",surname:"Ji",slug:"hongbing-ji",fullName:"Hongbing Ji"},{id:"188601",title:"Dr.",name:"Zuzeng",surname:"Qin",slug:"zuzeng-qin",fullName:"Zuzeng Qin"},{id:"194474",title:"Mr.",name:"Yuwen",surname:"Zhou",slug:"yuwen-zhou",fullName:"Yuwen Zhou"},{id:"194475",title:"Prof.",name:"Zili",surname:"Liu",slug:"zili-liu",fullName:"Zili Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52322",title:"Hydrogenation of Polycrystalline Silicon Thin‐Film Transistors",doi:"10.5772/65210",slug:"hydrogenation-of-polycrystalline-silicon-thin-film-transistors",totalDownloads:1752,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, the behavior of hydrogen (H) atoms in polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) thin film is investigated in detail in order to evaluate and improve the quality of hydrogenated poly‐Si thin films. Hydrogenation drastically improves the Hall effect mobility, whereas excessive hydrogenation tends to degrade it. The catalytic method is useful to inhibit excessive hydrogenation and damage suffered by the electric‐field acceleration of charged particle. The H‐termination of the dangling bonds at grain boundaries can be observed indirectly or directly by chemical etching and Raman microscopy. This H‐termination appeared as the 2000 cm-1 local vibrational mode (LVM) in Raman spectra. The breaking of the Si–Si bonds by hydrogenation was detected as the 2100 cm-1 LVM. In addition, the defects generated in the plasma process exhibit multiple fine LVMs after hydrogenation. Moreover, we investigated the hydrogenation of low‐temperature (LT) poly‐Si thin‐film transistors (TFTs) from the perspective of the gettering phenomenon. The most important parameter for effective hydrogenation using H gas annealing is the rate of cooling from 400°C.",signatures:"Akito Hara and Kuninori Kitahara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52322",authors:[{id:"188567",title:"Prof.",name:"Akito",surname:"Hara",slug:"akito-hara",fullName:"Akito Hara"},{id:"194496",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuninori",surname:"Kitahara",slug:"kuninori-kitahara",fullName:"Kuninori Kitahara"}],corrections:null},{id:"53512",title:"Catalytic Hydrogenation of Benzoic Acid",doi:"10.5772/66428",slug:"catalytic-hydrogenation-of-benzoic-acid",totalDownloads:2279,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hydrogenation of benzoic acid using mono- and bimetallic catalyst of Ru, Pd, Co, and Re yielded different products. It was observed that 5% Ru/C was an active catalyst for hydrogenation of both aromatic ring and carboxylic group, while Pd/C catalyst hydrogenated only aromatic ring. Ru-Sn/Al2O3 is a chemoselective catalyst for hydrogenation of –COOH group of benzoic acid.",signatures:"Sunil B. Shinde and Raj M. Deshpande",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53512",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53512",authors:[{id:"188266",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",surname:"Shinde",slug:"sunil-shinde",fullName:"Sunil Shinde"},{id:"189343",title:"Dr.",name:"Raj",surname:"Deshpande",slug:"raj-deshpande",fullName:"Raj Deshpande"}],corrections:null},{id:"53012",title:"Hydrogenation of Zr-Based Quasicrystals",doi:"10.5772/66255",slug:"hydrogenation-of-zr-based-quasicrystals",totalDownloads:1294,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, results of our recent investigations on the hydrogenation behavior of Zr-based quasicrystalline alloys and its effect on their structural and microhardness behavior have been discussed. The microstructural changes with respect to the addition of Ti and their correlation with hydrogen storage characteristics of (Zr69.5Al7.5Cu12 Ni11)100−xTix (x = 0, 4 and 12) quasicrystalline alloys have been studied. The substitution of Ti affects the nucleation and growth characteristics of nano-quasicrystals. The grain size of quasicrystals decreases with addition of Ti. The hydrogen uptake capacity of partially quasicrystalline alloys has been improved by the addition of Ti. The alloys with x = 0, 4, and 12 absorbed 1.20 wt.%, 1.38 wt.%, and 1.56 wt.% of hydrogen, respectively. A significant effect on the structure/microstructure and mechanical behavior of (Zr69.5Al7.5Cu12Ni11)100−xTix quasicrystalline alloys due to hydrogenation has been observed. The change in the microhardness behavior has been discussed based on microstructural variation resulting to Ti addition. The study is focused on investigations of these materials to understand the structure (microstructure)-property correlations.",signatures:"Devinder Singh, Radhey Shyam Tiwari and Onkar Nath Srivastava",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53012",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53012",authors:[{id:"184180",title:"Dr.",name:"Devinder",surname:"Singh",slug:"devinder-singh",fullName:"Devinder Singh"},{id:"184181",title:"Prof.",name:"R.S.",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"r.s.-tiwari",fullName:"R.S. Tiwari"},{id:"184182",title:"Prof.",name:"O.N.",surname:"Srivastava",slug:"o.n.-srivastava",fullName:"O.N. Srivastava"}],corrections:null},{id:"53666",title:"Supported Nickel-Based Catalysts for Partial Hydrogenation of Edible Oils",doi:"10.5772/66967",slug:"supported-nickel-based-catalysts-for-partial-hydrogenation-of-edible-oils",totalDownloads:2479,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nickel-based catalysts, supported on diatomite, silica gel and perlite, with high nickel loadings, have been prepared by precipitation-deposition method. Various nickel precursor salts were used for the preparation of catalyst precursors. In the precursor state, the catalysts were characterized using nitrogen physisorption, mercury porosimetry, infrared, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The reducibility of catalyst precursors was evaluated using hydrogen temperature programmed reduction. Hydrogen chemisorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were performed with the aim of characterizing the chemical state of the catalyst precursors. This research was focused on the study of some major factors on the state, dispersion and reducibility of a deposited Ni2+ phase by the combined use of mentioned experimental techniques. We have examined the influence of the nature of support and the use of modifiers on activity of nickel-based catalysts in the partial hydrogenation of sunflower and soybean oils. Nitrogen physisorption and mercury porosimetry data showed that synthesis operating conditions and pore structure of supports have a profound effect on the textural properties of catalyst precursors. The analysis of infrared and X-ray diffraction spectra showed the existence of chemical species and phases which indicate the different extent of interaction between the support and the active metal. Temperature programmed reduction study revealed that the reduction features depend on the identity of the nickel precursor salt and its interaction with the support. A stronger interaction of the supported Ni2+ phase with support hinders the reduction of catalyst precursors. Hydrogen chemisorption results showed the presence of nickel crystallites varying from 5 to 47 nm in size. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data confirmed the formation surface species with different strength of interaction and different nickel crystallite sizes. The hydrogenation results showed significant differences, depending on the support and the modifier, as well as structural characteristics of reduced catalyst precursors. The results show the importance of modifiers in the control of the activity and selectivity of the partial hydrogenation process. The developed kinetic models of the hydrogenation of soybean and sunflower oils over studied catalytic systems were found useful in the prediction of the rate of reactions, product selectivity and catalytic activity.",signatures:"Miroslav Stanković, Jugoslav Krstić, Margarita Gabrovska, Vojkan\nRadonjić, Dimitrinka Nikolova, Davor Lončarević and Dušan\nJovanović",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53666",authors:[{id:"189814",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Stanković",slug:"miroslav-stankovic",fullName:"Miroslav Stanković"}],corrections:null},{id:"53009",title:"New Strategies for Obtaining Inorganic-Organic Composite Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation",doi:"10.5772/65959",slug:"new-strategies-for-obtaining-inorganic-organic-composite-catalysts-for-selective-hydrogenation",totalDownloads:1402,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pd/composites are catalysts in which the catalytically active metal phase is located in a small layer on the support surface. The metal distribution obtained on these supports corresponds to a structure commonly known as “egg-shell”. This distribution is optimal for reactions that have heat or mass transfer resistances. The small thickness of the metal layer is mainly attributed to the use of support pellets of mixed organic–inorganic composition, the special interaction between the hydrophobic–hydrophillic support surface and the metal species (Pd or Pt) present in the impregnating aqueous solution. Pd/composite catalysts are active and selective for the reactions of selective hydroge-nation of styrene, 1-heptyne, 3-hexyne and 2,3-butanone, and enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate. These reactions are of interest in both academic and industrial aspects.",signatures:"Nicolás Carrara, Juan Manuel Badano, Carolina Betti, Cecilia\nLederhos, Mariana Busto, Carlos Vera and Mónica Quiroga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53009",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53009",authors:[{id:"148671",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Lederhos",slug:"cecilia-lederhos",fullName:"Cecilia Lederhos"},{id:"124590",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Busto",slug:"mariana-busto",fullName:"Mariana Busto"},{id:"143264",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Manuel",surname:"Badano",slug:"juan-manuel-badano",fullName:"Juan Manuel Badano"},{id:"148013",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",surname:"Quiroga",slug:"monica-quiroga",fullName:"Monica Quiroga"},{id:"153827",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Betti",slug:"carolina-betti",fullName:"Carolina Betti"},{id:"194817",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",surname:"Carrara",slug:"nicolas-carrara",fullName:"Nicolás Carrara"},{id:"194820",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Vera",slug:"carlos-vera",fullName:"Carlos Vera"}],corrections:null},{id:"51990",title:"Effect of Absorption and Desorption of Hydrogen in Ti and Ti Alloys",doi:"10.5772/64921",slug:"effect-of-absorption-and-desorption-of-hydrogen-in-ti-and-ti-alloys",totalDownloads:1813,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A study of the hydrogen (H) storage capacity of pure Ti and the Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy is presented. The importance of an accurate quantification of oxygen and hydrogen in the materials used for hydrogen storage, the activation process and the cyclic hydrogenations, the effect of surface quality during hydrogen uptake, the improvement of hydrogen absorption using ion irradiation, and the hydrogen desorption are some topics discussed in this chapter.",signatures:"Alejandra López‐Suárez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51990",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51990",authors:[{id:"188676",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",surname:"López-Suárez",slug:"alejandra-lopez-suarez",fullName:"Alejandra López-Suárez"}],corrections:null},{id:"52807",title:"Identification of Some New Generation Additives for Polymers Obtained in the Catalytic Hydrogenation Process",doi:"10.5772/65408",slug:"identification-of-some-new-generation-additives-for-polymers-obtained-in-the-catalytic-hydrogenation",totalDownloads:1603,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The identification of new generation additives such as plasticizers and hardeners applied mainly to some polymers and resins and obtained in the catalytic hydrogenation processes is presented. The new plasticizers di(n‐ and isononyl)cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylates (DINCH) were obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of the planar aromatic rings of the mixture of di(alkyl(C9))phthalates in the presence of the modified Ni catalyst. They may be used as a substitute for improving the flexibility of polymers, such as PVC, and also for strongly reducing the toxic effects on human health of the 1,2‐di(alkyl)phthalates, which is easily released from the polymer to the environment. The identification of these types of compounds by GC/MS enables to determine the structures of the main products such as cis and trans isomers of the cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylates. GC/MS may be applied to the identification of some DINCH constituents extracted from polymers. Also, the analysis of these compounds by ESI/MS gives information about their mass fragmentation and enables their detection, although without differentiation between individual cis and trans isomers.",signatures:"Euzebiusz Jan Dziwiński, Bartłomiej Bereska, Jolanta Iłowska, Józef\nLach, Agnieszka Bereska and Michał Szmatoła",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52807",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52807",authors:[{id:"190013",title:"Dr.",name:"Euzebiusz Jan",surname:"Dziwinski",slug:"euzebiusz-jan-dziwinski",fullName:"Euzebiusz Jan Dziwinski"},{id:"190018",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",surname:"Iłowska",slug:"jolanta-ilowska",fullName:"Jolanta Iłowska"},{id:"190019",title:"MSc.",name:"Bartłomiej",surname:"Bereska",slug:"bartlomiej-bereska",fullName:"Bartłomiej Bereska"},{id:"190020",title:"MSc.",name:"Józef",surname:"Lach",slug:"jozef-lach",fullName:"Józef Lach"},{id:"190021",title:"MSc.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Bereska",slug:"agnieszka-bereska",fullName:"Agnieszka Bereska"},{id:"190022",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Michał",surname:"Szmatoła",slug:"michal-szmatola",fullName:"Michał Szmatoła"}],corrections:null},{id:"52439",title:"Organometallics: Exploration Tool for Surface Phenomena in Heterogeneous Catalysis",doi:"10.5772/65337",slug:"organometallics-exploration-tool-for-surface-phenomena-in-heterogeneous-catalysis",totalDownloads:1633,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyses have sufficient common features that are based on the same molecular phenomena, thus permitting them and their benefits to be directed to the same objective. Moreover, conditions that apply to one of them can yield benefits to the other. In this chapter, the progress of combining these advantages is demonstrated on a particular topic of testing a suitable structural model from the field of organometallic compounds, whose structure resembles complexes adsorbed on the surface of heterogeneous catalysts. The adsorbed complexes represent key structures in the conversion of reactants to products, while their demanding structural characterization is one of the main persistent topics of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions. These include compounds procuring a precious mechanistic interpretation of such complex concepts as the catalytic activity and selectivity. The knowledge of the structure of an adsorbed complex leads to a better understanding of the complex surface processes and more precisely defined heterogeneous catalysts. The understanding of processes on the molecular level allows discussing the structure-activity. Analogies and differences between molecular (homogeneous catalysis) and surface (heterogeneous catalysis) chemistry are addressed in this review. The work demonstrates that these two fields are complementary, presenting a large potential for the development of novel and superior catalysts when the advantages of both sub-disciplines are combined.",signatures:"Martin Kindl, Ondřej Matuška and Petr Kačer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52439",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52439",authors:[{id:"190932",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",surname:"Kačer",slug:"petr-kacer",fullName:"Petr Kačer"},{id:"194576",title:"MSc.",name:"Ondřej",surname:"Matuška",slug:"ondrej-matuska",fullName:"Ondřej Matuška"},{id:"194577",title:"MSc.",name:"Martin",surname:"Kindl",slug:"martin-kindl",fullName:"Martin Kindl"}],corrections:null},{id:"53136",title:"Recent Developments in the Use of Flow Hydrogenation in the Field of Medicinal Chemistry",doi:"10.5772/65518",slug:"recent-developments-in-the-use-of-flow-hydrogenation-in-the-field-of-medicinal-chemistry",totalDownloads:2398,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter focuses on recent applications of flow hydrogenation in medicinal chemistry. Flow reactors can enhance laboratory safety, reducing the risks associated with pyrophoric catalysts, due to their containment in catalyst cartridges or omnifit columns. Flow hydrogenation reduces the risks arising from hydrogen gas, with either hydrogen generated in situ from water, or precise management of the gas flow rate through tube-in-tube reactors. There is an increasing body of evidence that flow hydrogenation enhances reduction outcomes across nitro, imine, nitrile, amide, azide, and azo reductions, together with de-aromatisation and hydrodehalogenation. In addition, olefin, alkyne, carbonyl, and benzyl reductions have been widely examined. Further, protocols involving multistage flow reactions involving hydrogenation are highlighted.",signatures:"Cecilia C. Russell, Jennifer R. Baker, Peter J. Cossar and Adam\nMcCluskey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53136",authors:[{id:"44482",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",surname:"McCluskey",slug:"adam-mccluskey",fullName:"Adam McCluskey"}],corrections:null},{id:"53189",title:"Production of Biofuel via Hydrogenation of Lignin from Biomass",doi:"10.5772/66108",slug:"production-of-biofuel-via-hydrogenation-of-lignin-from-biomass",totalDownloads:2867,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Historically, humans have been harnessing biomass as a source of energy since the time they knew to make a fire from woods. Even today, some countries still depend on woods as a main source of energy. Biologically, biomass contains carbon-, hydrogen- and oxygen-based matters that unify in a solid material and that are potentially to be converted to fuel. Lignin is one of the components present in lignocellulosic biomass and has been actively examined to be used for biofuel production. Issues arise with the chemical characteristic and rigidity of its structure, which a setback for its viability for biofuel conversion. However, such setbacks have been counteracted with the advances of lignin-based knowledge on its conversion to chemical precursors for biofuel conversion. Recently, investigations on hydrogenation as one of the chemical processes used can be potentially utilised for efficient and viable means for biofuel production.",signatures:"Bawadi Abdullah, Syed Anuar Faua Ad Syed Muhammad and Nik\nAzmi Nik Mahmood",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53189",authors:[{id:"188743",title:"Dr.",name:"Bawadi",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"bawadi-abdullah",fullName:"Bawadi Abdullah"},{id:"188839",title:"MSc.",name:"Nik Azmi",surname:"Nik Mahmood",slug:"nik-azmi-nik-mahmood",fullName:"Nik Azmi Nik Mahmood"},{id:"189820",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Anuar Faua Ad",surname:"Syed Muhammad",slug:"syed-anuar-faua-ad-syed-muhammad",fullName:"Syed Anuar Faua Ad Syed Muhammad"}],corrections:null},{id:"52488",title:"Hydrogenation Catalysis in Biobased Ionic Liquids",doi:"10.5772/65448",slug:"hydrogenation-catalysis-in-biobased-ionic-liquids",totalDownloads:1781,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is dedicated to hydrogenation procedures of (poly)-alkenes or unsaturated ketones in various biobased and not-biobased ionic liquids. The first part of this chapter defines the concept of biobased ionic liquids and their preparation. In the second part, hydrogenation processes performed in non-biobased ionic liquids are described. Finally, in the last part, the two themes are mixed and recent examples of hydrogenation procedures of alkenes, polyalkenes or unsaturated ketones in biobased ionic liquids are developed.",signatures:"Safa Hayouni, Nadège Ferlin and Sandrine Bouquillon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52488",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52488",authors:[{id:"188732",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandrine",surname:"Bouquillon",slug:"sandrine-bouquillon",fullName:"Sandrine Bouquillon"},{id:"189857",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadège",surname:"Ferlin",slug:"nadege-ferlin",fullName:"Nadège Ferlin"},{id:"189858",title:"MSc.",name:"Safa",surname:"Hayouni",slug:"safa-hayouni",fullName:"Safa Hayouni"}],corrections:null},{id:"52542",title:"Dynamic Mathematical Modelling and Advanced Control Strategies for Complex Hydrogenation Process",doi:"10.5772/65336",slug:"dynamic-mathematical-modelling-and-advanced-control-strategies-for-complex-hydrogenation-process",totalDownloads:1473,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Over the last past decades, the number of control system applications in the chemical and petrochemical domains has increased considerably. However, due to the diversity and particularity of chemical processes, there are still many challenges that have to be addressed like: system identification, performance enhancement, monitoring, diagnosis and more importantly closed-loop stability, robustness. Taking into account that most chemical processes are complex, nonlinear MIMO (multi-input multi-output) systems, the challenge is even greater. This book chapter is directed towards the development and the implementation of modern control algorithms for complex and high-risk petro-chemical processes, the considered case study being the production of 2 ethyl-hexanol through the 2 ethyl-hexenal hydrogenation process. 2 ethyl-hexanol is mainly used in the production of plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacture. In the second part, is described the mathematical modelling of the 2 ethyl-hexenal hydrogenation process including also the simulation and validation of the developed mathematical models. The third part will focus on the design and implementation of conventional control strategy. Section four is dedicated to the design and implementation of several advanced control strategies like Internal Model Control and robust control. The conclusions section represents the last part of the chapter.",signatures:"Roxana Rusu‐Both",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52542",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52542",authors:[{id:"188745",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Roxana",surname:"Rusu-Both",slug:"roxana-rusu-both",fullName:"Roxana Rusu-Both"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7345",title:"BODIPY Dyes",subtitle:"A Privilege Molecular Scaffold with Tunable Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fb7c298ddb4308893451f964a28c422",slug:"bodipy-dyes-a-privilege-molecular-scaffold-with-tunable-properties",bookSignature:"Jorge Bañuelos-Prieto and Rebeca Sola Llano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7345.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227055",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Bañuelos-Prieto",slug:"jorge-banuelos-prieto",fullName:"Jorge Bañuelos-Prieto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5822",title:"Alkenes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f4b128e24e2481364cf3587a3bc75e1",slug:"alkenes",bookSignature:"Reza Davarnejad and Baharak Sajjadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5822.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88069",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Reza",surname:"Davarnejad",slug:"reza-davarnejad",fullName:"Reza Davarnejad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Blood transfusion medicine has become a sophisticated and specialized field of medicine. Some aspects will be discussed in this book. The book has been divided into three sections. The first section includes chapters describing the immunological and coagulation-assisting functions of red blood cells and methods to measure their life span. The second section discusses the role of platelets in inflammatory processes. The third section reviews functional dose of RBC transfusions and transfusion practice in various clinical settings.",isbn:"978-953-51-3320-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3319-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4759-6",doi:"10.5772/66265",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"transfusion-medicine-and-scientific-developments",numberOfPages:128,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b5a95b51b34becb58f940bdc6cc2c26e",bookSignature:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",publishedDate:"July 5th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5965.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:11230,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfTotalCitations:20,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 8th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 29th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 25th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 26th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 25th 2017",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Gabon"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1030",title:"Immunohaematology",slug:"immunohaematology"}],chapters:[{id:"55513",title:"A Double In Vivo Biotinylation Technique to Assess Erythrocyte Turnover in Blood Circulation",slug:"a-double-in-vivo-biotinylation-technique-to-assess-erythrocyte-turnover-in-blood-circulation",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202626",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajiv",surname:"Saxena",slug:"rajiv-saxena",fullName:"Rajiv Saxena"}]},{id:"55207",title:"Immunocamouflaged RBC for Alloimmunized Patients",slug:"immunocamouflaged-rbc-for-alloimmunized-patients",totalDownloads:1545,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"202243",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Scott",slug:"mark-scott",fullName:"Mark Scott"},{id:"205640",title:"BSc.",name:"Wendy",surname:"Toyofuku",slug:"wendy-toyofuku",fullName:"Wendy Toyofuku"},{id:"205641",title:"BSc.",name:"Xining",surname:"Yang",slug:"xining-yang",fullName:"Xining Yang"},{id:"205642",title:"Dr.",name:"Meera",surname:"Raj",slug:"meera-raj",fullName:"Meera Raj"},{id:"205643",title:"Dr.",name:"Ning",surname:"Kang",slug:"ning-kang",fullName:"Ning Kang"}]},{id:"55954",title:"Red Blood Cells and Relation to Thrombosis",slug:"red-blood-cells-and-relation-to-thrombosis",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[{id:"202814",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anil",surname:"Tombak",slug:"anil-tombak",fullName:"Anil Tombak"}]},{id:"55635",title:"Platelet and Immunity in Transfusion Medicine",slug:"platelet-and-immunity-in-transfusion-medicine",totalDownloads:1464,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"200979",title:"Prof.",name:"Xingbin",surname:"Hu",slug:"xingbin-hu",fullName:"Xingbin Hu"},{id:"206182",title:"Ms.",name:"Jinmei",surname:"Xu",slug:"jinmei-xu",fullName:"Jinmei Xu"}]},{id:"55343",title:"Red Blood Cell Transfusion and Functional Dose",slug:"red-blood-cell-transfusion-and-functional-dose",totalDownloads:1289,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202960",title:"Prof.",name:"Deqing",surname:"Wang",slug:"deqing-wang",fullName:"Deqing Wang"},{id:"202995",title:"Dr.",name:"Leiying",surname:"Zhang",slug:"leiying-zhang",fullName:"Leiying Zhang"}]},{id:"55676",title:"Transfusion in Transplantation",slug:"transfusion-in-transplantation",totalDownloads:1878,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"94230",title:"Prof.",name:"Guray",surname:"Saydam",slug:"guray-saydam",fullName:"Guray Saydam"},{id:"94231",title:"Prof.",name:"Fahri",surname:"Sahin",slug:"fahri-sahin",fullName:"Fahri Sahin"},{id:"202813",title:"M.D.",name:"Eren",surname:"Arslan Davulcu",slug:"eren-arslan-davulcu",fullName:"Eren Arslan Davulcu"}]},{id:"55256",title:"Red Blood Cell Transfusion Strategy for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding",slug:"red-blood-cell-transfusion-strategy-for-upper-gastrointestinal-bleeding",totalDownloads:1413,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"197501",title:"Dr.",name:"Xingshun",surname:"Qi",slug:"xingshun-qi",fullName:"Xingshun Qi"},{id:"205228",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Romeiro",slug:"fernando-romeiro",fullName:"Fernando Romeiro"},{id:"207599",title:"Prof.",name:"Yiling",surname:"Li",slug:"yiling-li",fullName:"Yiling Li"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. 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However, their best efficiencies are generally still in IE3-class due to the existence of rotor copper losses. Upgrading the efficiencies of IMs to IE4-class via using high-grade core and rotor cage materials will not be cost-effective. Permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] are the two new motors being able to achieve the IE4-class and even the IE5-class efficiency. As to the switched reluctance motor (SRM) [7], although it may also possess the potential, it still lacks commercialized motors and power modules being available.
To establish a high-performance PMSM drive, the proper match between the available source, the interface converter, the motor drive, and the mechanical load must be made. Some major affairs to be properly treated include: (i) physical modeling and parameter estimation [8, 9]; (ii) current control [10, 11, 12, 13]: generally, the current control methods can be categorized into hysteresis controls, ramp-comparison controls and predictive controls; (iii) speed control [14, 15, 16, 17]; (iv) direct torque control based on space-vector PWM [18]; (v) commutation shift and field-weakening control [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]: through appropriate d-axis field current setting or commutation shift, the developed torque can be increased by utilizing the reluctance torque component effectively. In the case of constant power, it can extend the speed range through field-weakening; (vi) voltage boosting [26, 27, 28]: for a battery-powered EV PMSM drive, the equipped battery followed interface DC/DC converter providing adjustable DC-link voltage can increase the battery voltage selection flexibility and the overall drive system rating utilization. The buck-boost bidirectional interface converters are adopted in the PMSM motor drive [27]. It can step down the voltage from battery; hence the lower DC-link voltage under lower speed can improve the efficiency. As the motor drive is drawn from the mains, the single-phase or three-phase switch-mode rectifiers (SMRs) [29, 30, 31, 32] must be equipped to achieve the DC-link voltage boosting task.
For a standard PMSM drive, the rotor absolute position is necessary to make its vector control. However, for avoiding the risk of sensor failure, the position sensorless controlled motor drive is preferable. Generally, the existing PMSM position sensorless control approaches can be classified into [33, 34, 35]: (i) methods based on the measured and/or identified machine parameters [36, 37]; (ii) methods based on rotor saliency and magnet anisotropy: the high-frequency injection approaches are the typical ones. The high-frequency sinusoidal-wave [38, 39, 40] or square-wave [41, 42] voltage with suited amplitude and frequency is injected into the studied motor, and the detected current is processed to yield the observed rotor position. These approaches can be successfully operated under low speed including standstill, and no machine parameters are needed. However, the injected signal will yield high-frequency noise, lower efficiency and the back-EMF harmonics in IPMSM may cause the estimated rotor position error; (iii) observer based methods [36, 43, 44]: these include adaptive observers, sliding mode observers, Kalman filter observers and reduced-order observers, etc.; (iv) back-EMF methods [45, 46, 47]: these methods are obviously not suitable for EV due to its frequent accelerating/decelerating operations; and (v) hybrid methods [48, 49].
As generally recognized, PMSM possesses high power density and efficiency. However, its manufacture process is complicated with higher cost. And it has the demagnetization risk. As to the synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM), although it has no permanent magnet torque component, good performance/cost-compromised performance can still be obtained if the proper switching control is made. It possesses high application potential, especially for high-speed driving, since its rotor is rigid and cogging torque free from having no permanent magnets and conductors.
Since only some air slots are existed in the rotor of a SynRM, its energy conversion characteristics are significantly affected by rotor geometry [50, 51, 52]. The rotor is assembled with stacked silicon steels, which leads the rotor to be easily saturated, and the iron loss is comparatively higher than PMSM. Hence, considering iron loss and magnetic saturation is necessary for achieving high performance and efficiency.
In efficiency optimization of a SynRM, both the copper loss and the iron loss must be considered. The copper loss is load-dependent, while the iron loss is related to the air-gap flux level. Basically, loss minimization approaches [53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62] for SynRM can be roughly categorized into loss model-based control and searching control. The former approaches minimize the power consumption by setting the optimal d-axis current command, which is derived from the loss function using machine parameters. Obviously, the resulted control performance is affected by the motor parameter variations, especially the d-axis inductance. As to the searching methods, their performances are insensitive to motor parameter variations. However, the complicated searching process usually causes the sluggish dynamic response, torque ripple, and additional losses. Finally, for illustrating the key technological affairs introduced in this article, the example battery/supercapacitor powered EV PMSM drive [63] and SMR-fed SynRM drive [64, 65] are presented in Section 5 and Section 6.
As shown in Figure 1, motor drive is an interdisciplinary mechatronic system including motor, mechanical load, power converter, control scheme, transducing, and sensing schemes. The proper design of motor and the proper match between system-constituted components should be made for yielding good driving performance.
Typical motor drive system configuration.
The commonly used motors include brushed DC motor (DCM), induction motor (IM), and synchronous motor (SM) consisting of permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM), switched reluctance motor (SRM), etc. The ideal developed torque characteristics of some typical motors are sketched in Figure 2. In reality, each type of motor possesses its distinct affairs, which must be properly treated.
Sketched ideal developed torque characteristics of some motors: (a) DCM, (b) SRM, (c) three-phase sine-wave PMSM (d) three-phase square-wave PMSM.
Except for the slot-less stator, the slotted and salient-pole stators are shown in Figure 3a and b. The former is mainly employed for forming distributed armature winding with sinusoidal currents. It is suitable for low-speed driving applications because it generates smoother developed torque. The salient-pole stator in Figure 3b is used for concentrated windings. This winding has higher efficiency owing to its lower copper losses. However, it possesses higher torque ripple and thus only suited for speed driving applications.
Typical stator structures of synchronous motors: (a) slotted and (b) salient-pole.
Some rotor structures of SM are sketched in Figure 4a–g. The SPMSM shown in Figure 4a possesses less cogging torque and smoother developed torque. Hence, it is suitable for low-speed driving applications. In order to increase the rigidity, one can adopt the inset SPMSM shown in Figure 4b. There are many types of interior PMSM (IPMSM) with various shapes of PM. The two typical rotor structures of IPMSM with buried and interior magnets are shown in Figure 4c and d. The existence of saliency allows them to produce reluctance torque in addition to electromagnetic torque. And the field weakening is simpler to achieve. For higher speed driving applications, one can adopt the permanent-magnet-assisted SynRM (PMa-SynRM) shown in Figure 4e. Two types of SynRM rotor structure are shown in Figure 4f and g, namely, the axially laminated anisotropy (ALA) rotor and the transversally laminated anisotropy (TLA) rotor.
Some typical rotor structures of synchronous motors: (a) SPMSM, (b) inset SPMSM, (c) radial IPMSM, (d) tangential IPMSM, (e) hybrid V-shape IPMSM, (f) PMASynRM, (g) ALA SynRM, and (h) TLA SynRM.
Figure 5 shows the configuration of a Y-connected three-phase 2-pole PMSM. The Y-connected resistors across the armature terminals are used to estimate the motor phase back-EMF under no-load, that is,
Configuration of an elementary three-phase two-pole Y-connected PMSM.
The phase (a-phase as an example, the ones for the other two phases, can be written analogously) voltage equation can be expressed as:
where
By applying rotor rotating frame transformation, the voltage equations in dq-frame can be written as:
where
The electromagnetic developed torque and mechanical equations of a PMSM drive in dq-frame can be expressed as:
where
Before establishing the motor drive, some key motor parameters must be measured to comprehend the characteristics of the studied motor. Figure 6 shows the experimental mechanism for conducting the measurements.
Parameter measurement mechanism for SMs.
For the Y-connected PMSM with isolated neutral as indicated in Figures 5 and 6, from Eq. (1), the inductance and resistance of PMSM between a-phase and b-phase can be expressed as:
And the q-axis and d-axis inductances of Eqs. (7) and (8) can be expressed from Eq. (10) as:
As shown in Figure 5, three Y-connected resistors with a reasonably high resistance (
And
Figure 7a and b depict the measured back-EMFs and their spectra of two examples of PMSMs: (a) under 1000 rpm of a three-phase SPMSM, 5 kW, 24.5 N-m, 8-pole, 2000 rpm and (b) under 1000 rpm of a three-phase IPMSM, 1 kW, 3.23 N-m, 6-pole, 3000 rpm.
Measured back-EMFs and their spectra of two examples of PMSMs: (a) under 1000 rpm of a three-phase SPMSM, 5 kW, 24.5 N m, 8-pole, 2000 rpm and (b) under 1000 rpm of a three-phase IPMSM, 1 kW, 3.23 N m, 6-pole, 3000 rpm.
Figure 8 shows some key issues affecting the performance of PMSM and SynRM drives. The typical ones include: (i) suitable motor type selection, (ii) motor parameters and dynamic model estimation, (iii) commutation instant setting and shifting, (iv) inverter and its PWM switching control, (v) field weakening, (vi) DC-link voltage boosting, (vii) regenerative braking operation, (viii) generator operation, and (ix) position sensorless control. Some comments are given below:
Motor selection: the stator and rotor structural features of some SMs have been explored in Section 3.1. The comparative loss and efficiency characteristics of some PMSMs and SynRM are depicted in Figure 9 [2, 3]. Basically, as the speed is increased, the PMSM with fewer permanent magnets is chosen for the ease of conducting field-weakening control. And finally, the SynRM or SRM is employed for higher speed driving applications.
Commutation: from Eqs. (3)–(9), one can be aware that the back-EMF and the developed torque of PMSM are highly affected by the speed, load, and commutation angle. The commutation shifting angle
Current control and effects of current ripple: for an inverter-fed AC motor drive, its driving characteristics are greatly affected by the adopted PWM approach, including fundamental frequency control and harmonic spectral features. The current-controlled PWM (CCPWM) scheme is normally applied for high-performance motor drive. As indicated in Figure 10a and b, the CCPWM scheme can be realized in abc-domain or dq-domain.
In some special application cases, the SPMSM is still adopted as the actuator for very high-speed driving applications with very compact volume. In these cases, the accurate commutation instant setting is very critical for avoiding magnet demagnetization, especially for position sensorless controlled drive. Moreover, the suited filtering chokes must be inserted between the inverter and the motor, as indicated in Figure 11.
Voltage boosting: under high speed, the sufficiently high back-EMF may make the winding current tracking performance sluggish as indicated in Figure 11 and thus yield the worsened developed torque. Voltage boosting is the effective means [26, 27, 28] to solve these problems. To accomplish this goal, one must equip the suited SMR or DC-DC interface converter for the motor drive being powered from the three-phase/single-phase mains or the battery. Some typical schematic arrangements of the bilateral SMRs and DC-DC interface converters are shown in Figures 12 and 13.
Generator operation of PMSM: according to Eq. (9), the generating mode of a PMSM is achieved as: PMSG: Q-axis torque current command is directly set to be negative; Regenerative braking and reversible operation of PMSM: the q-axis torque current is automatically set to be negative by the control scheme to achieve normal operations.
Sensorless control: basically, the most commonly used position sensorless methods are the observer back-EMF based and the HFI approaches. The former methods can only possess satisfactory running characteristics above a certain speed. Moreover, the motor must be started under traditional synchronous motor mode. By contrast, the HFI approach can be operated effectively in standstill and low speed, so this approach is applicable to frequent-starting occasions, for example, electric vehicles, tractions, elevators, etc. No motor parameters and externally added schematics are needed in constructing a HFI sensorless controlled SynRM drive. However, as mentioned above, the injected signal will yield acoustic noise and lower efficiency, and the back-EMF harmonics of IPMSM and SynRM may cause the estimated rotor position error.
Some key issues of PMSM and SynRM drives.
Comparative efficiencies of some typical synchronous motors.
Configurations of CCPWM schemes in (a) abc-domain and (b) dq-domain.
Effects of DC-link voltage level and non-ideal winding current waveforms on the AC motor drive driving characteristics.
Motor drive with bidirectional SMR front end: (a) three-phase SMR and (b) single-phase SMR.
Motor drive with bidirectional DC-DC converter front end: (a) one-leg boost-buck converter and (b) H-bridge converter.
As shown in Figures 3 and 4, SynRM possesses distributed armature windings and PM-free rotor with air slots. The armature is exited with sinusoidal currents. Since it has only the reluctance torque, the developed torque is highly affected by commutation instant setting.
Different from the PMSM shown in Figure 5, the d-axis is conventionally chosen as the reference as indicated in Figure 14a. Following the similar deriving procedure described in the previous section, one can yield the voltage equations of SynRM:
A two-pole three-phase synchronous reluctance motor: (a) configuration and (b) Y-connected armature circuit.
with
The developed torque and mechanical equations of a SynRM drive are:
where
For a SynRM, the core loss is more significant than other motors. The d-axis and q-axis equivalent circuits considering iron loss with
Basic characteristics of SynRM: (a) equivalent circuits considering iron loss and (b) phasors of voltages and currents neglecting core loss.
And the steady-state expressions of Eq. (4) are:
The developed torque of a SynRM using
From Figure 15b, the copper loss
By defining the variable
Through derivation for Eq. (23) using Eq. (22), one can obtain:
The estimations of these parameters are similar to those of PMSM described previously.
As shown in Figure 16, the SynRM is driven under various speeds at no-load with the commutation shift angle of
The d-axis and q-axis voltages across
The equivalent resistance
Core loss resistance estimation mechanism.
The estimated
Taking an available three-phase SynRM (4-pole, 550 V, 2000 rpm, 3.7 kW, 17.67 Nm) as a test example, which is mechanically coupled with a three-phase PMSM (5 kW, 2000 rpm, 8-pole) as its dynamic load.
To verify the correctness of the detected rotor position, the AC voltage is injected into a-winding and b-winding terminals as indicated in Figure 14b. Owing to rotor saliency, a-phase current will be an amplitude modulated waveform. Let the PMSM be rotated at 100 rpm, the measured a-phase current
Measured (
From Eqs. (1), (3) and (15), one can find that SynRM possesses no back-EMF under no-load. As for the measurement mechanism proposed in Figure 18, a constant current is injected into the terminals c and b, and the a-phase terminal voltage
Configuration of current-injected back-EMF measurement arrangement and the measured Hall signal, back-EMF, and rotor position.
From the measured waveforms shown in Figure 18, one can be aware of some facts: (i) the adequacy of position sensing can be observed and (ii) the slotting effects can be comprehended from the ripples contaminated on
Figure 19a and b shows the motor drive running characteristic test environment using eddy current brake and the suggested alternative test environment using load SPMSG as a dynamic load. Since the accurate eddy current brake and torque meter are not available, this alternative of loading test is worthy of adopting. However, the surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous generator (SPMSG) must be properly set, and it should be noted that the motor efficiency is both speed and load dependent.
Test facilities for AC motor drive: (a) running characteristic test using eddy current brake and (b) running characteristic test using load SPMSG as dynamic load.
Figure 20a shows the developed battery/super-capacitor (SC)-powered electric vehicle (EV) IPMSM drive with proper interface power converters. The control scheme motor drive is shown in Figure 20b, whereas the control schemes of other power stages are neglected here.
The developed EV IPMSM drive: (a) schematic and (b) IPMSM drive control scheme.
The used IPMSM is rated as three-phase 6-pole, 3000 rpm, 1 kW, 4.8 A, and 3.23 Nm. A surface-mounted PMSG is used as the dynamic load. The equipped dynamic brake leg is formed by (
Motoring mode: the positive torque current command
Regenerative braking: as the speed command is decreased, the negative speed tracking error
The battery bank is formed by two serially connected cells (UC BATTERY PS 40138, 72 V 30 Ah) with nominal voltage
As shown in Figure 20a, through the H-bridge DC/DC converter, the battery (
In making battery charging during motor regenerative braking, the DC-link voltage is regulated at the set value, and the front-end converter is operated in reverse direction automatically. The components (
The SC bank is rated as 6F/160 V, BMOD0006 E160 B02 (Maxwell Technologies), and maximum current = 170 V, maximum continuous current = 7 A, ESR (DC) =
In motoring mode, the DC-link voltage command
As the braking is commanded, the DC-link voltage will be larger than its command due to the recovered motor stored kinetic energy. Hence the negative value of voltage tracking error will let the current command of current loop in the SC energy storage system become negative. The switch
For an inverter-fed motor drive, the lower DC-link voltage under lower speed and lighter load may yield smaller switching losses. Moreover, the EV is not often operated at relatively higher speed. As a result, the DC-link voltage can be properly set according to the motor running velocity to obtain higher efficiency over wide speed range. Most existing EV PCUs can only provide boosted motor drive DC-link voltage from battery. For the developed EV IPMSM drive, thanks to the flexibility possessed by the H-bridge DC/DC converter, the DC-link voltage can be lower than the battery voltage. The proposed DC-link voltage versus speed profile is depicted in Figure 21. The DC-link voltage profiles set for comparison are:
Fixed DC-link voltage:
Varied DC-link voltage:
The proposed DC-link voltage profile.
By setting
Measured
Figure 23 shows the measured (
Measured (
The measured (
Measured (
The measured
Measured
Under the preset speed changing pattern as shown in Figure 26, the measured results of the established EV IPMSM drive powered by H-bridge DC/DC front-end converter with acceleration and deceleration rates of 750 rpm/s at (
Measured results of the established standard EV IPMSM drive powered by H-bridge DC/DC front-end converter due to preset speed pattern with acceleration and deceleration rates of 750 rpm/s at (
The application of SC can reduce the battery currents in driving and regenerative braking operations under the same scenario. In the results presented in Figure 26b with SC using active discharging approach (noted that
Figure 27a shows the developed SMR-fed SynRM drive. And the control scheme of the motor drive is depicted in Figure 27b. The three-phase full-bridge SMR is employed to power the motor drive from the mains with good line drawn power quality. The boosted and well-regulated DC-link voltage enhances motor driving performance over wide speed range. Moreover, the recovered energy during regenerative braking can be successfully sent back to utility grid.
The SMR-fed SynRM drive: (a) schematic and (b) motor drive control scheme.
In treating the driving control for a SynRM drive, some distinct features are worth noting: (i) since only reluctance torque is exited, the proper commutation angle setting is the most critical issue affecting its developed torque characteristics; (ii) the iron loss of SynRM is significant and varied with operating conditions; and (iii) the d-axis inductance is significantly changed with the armature current level due to magnetic saturation; hence, the iron loss and copper loss should be simultaneously considered to yield the improved overall efficiency. In the SynRM drive control scheme shown in Figure 27b, the proposed improved approaches include (i) the commutation angle is set by an adaptive commutation scheme (ACS) using online estimated d-axis inductance to minimize motor total loss. Under higher speed, an extra commutation angle is yielded by the field-weakening commutation scheme (FWCS) to limit the voltage. And (ii) in the proposed ramp-comparison current-controlled PWM (RC-CCPWM) scheme, the basic feedback control is augmented with a back-EMF elimination feedforward controller and a transient cross-coupling field controller to enhance the current control performance.
The employed SynRM is rated as SynRM: 4-pole, 550 V, 2000 rpm, 3.7 kW. The inverter is formed using three Mitsubishi IGBT modules CM100DY-12H (
Estimated motor parameters:
where
The proposed adaptive commutation scheme (ACS): the fitted
Field-weakening commutation scheme (FWCS)
Under higher speeds, the field weakening via commutation advanced shift must be applied to satisfy the electrical capabilities of a SynRM drive expressed as:
where
For regulating the voltage limit automatically, the commutation shift angle
To simultaneously preserve bidirectional power flow and power factor corrected capabilities, the three-phase full-bridge SMR is established and employed as the AC front end of the SynRM drive. The three-phase AC input line voltage is 220 V/60 Hz. And the DC-link voltage is set as
Figure 28a and b shows the steady-state characteristics of the three-phase full-bridge SMR-fed SynRM drive at (
Measured steady-state results of the developed SMR-fed SynRM drive under (
Under (
Measured (
Since the rated speed of the used SynRM is 2000 rpm, the proper field weakening is necessary under the speeds larger than 2000 rpm. Let the commutation angle be
Measured (
The measured (
Measured (
The SynRM drive is first stably operated at (
Measured results of the established SMR-fed SynRM drive during braking by letting the speed command be changed from
In order to verify the efficiency enhancement of the established SMR-fed SynRM drive using the proposed ACS, the measured steady-state characteristics at (
Speed | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 rpm | ||||||
Measured steady-state characteristics of the established SMR-fed SynRM drive at (
The improvement in energy conversion efficiency via the proposed ACS is obvious from the results. The high efficiency possessed by the developed SynRM drive can also be aware.
As generally recognized, PMSM and SynRM are the two new motors having the potential to achieve the IE4-class and even the IE5-class efficiency. During the past years, the popularly used induction motors have been gradually replaced by these two motors in various applications, such as home appliances, EVs, wind generators, etc. For facilitating the development of high-performance PMSM and SynRM drives, this article has presented some basics and key affairs. Moreover, an example of EV PMSM drive and an example of SMR-fed SynRM drive have also been introduced for demonstration. Generally speaking, the most critical issues lie in (i) selecting suited type of motor for specific applications, (ii) proper commutation instant setting and shifting, (iii) applying DC-link voltage boosting approach to enhance high-speed driving characteristics, and (iv) properly conducting the regenerative braking operation control.
There are many different definitions of aspect in the literature. These definitions are made in three ways: by direction, by maximum variation, and by degree. The first definition group is the most commonly used. The concept of direction is to the come to the forefront. According to some researchers, the aspect at a point on the land surface is the direction that the tangent plane passing through that point faces and is expressed in degrees (the angle defined in the clockwise direction from the north) [1]. In its simplest form, the aspect is a data type that expresses the geographical direction in which the slopes develop.
According to the second definition, the aspect represents the maximum slope direction of the land surface [2]. Or, for any point, the aspect represents the direction of the maximum variation of the degree of variation of the height value [3]. According to some researchers, it is defined as the compass direction of the maximum rate of change [4, 5]. According to some researchers, it can also be defined as the slope direction, which defines the downward direction of the maximum rate of change in maximum, or as the dip direction, which defines the downward slope direction of the maximum altitude change rate [6, 7].
According to the third and last definition, the expression of the directions in degrees is in the foreground. Aspect defined it as the clockwise faces of a slope varying between 00 and 3600, measured in degrees from the north [8, 9]. Generally, the aspect ranges from 0° to 360° and are handled as 45° groups, and the directions are grouped clockwise as north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west and northwest.
An aspect map shows both the direction and grade of a terrain at the same time. Therefore, it is an important factor in the analysis and production of landslide susceptibility maps. In the literature, there are many studies that accept and use aspect, landslide, as the main conditioning factor [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. While some authors [13, 14, 15, 16] consider landslides as a controlling factor, others [17, 18] do not see it as a conditioning factor. While some researchers say that aspect has no significant effect on landslides [19], some researchers have also argued that there is an important relationship between slope aspect and landslide occurrence [20]. According to most researchers, aspect has an indirect effect on landslide [21]. While some researchers associate this relationship mainly with precipitation [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31], others have associated this with the general morphological trend of the area [27, 32]. According to most researchers, it has been argued that the relationship between landslide and aspect is also related to the dominant wind direction [33, 34, 35]. Some researchers, on the other hand, consider the effect of the aspect on the landslide, the general precipitation direction of the region, freeze–thaw, sunlight [35], longer snow retention on sun-drenched slopes, moisture retention, soil type, permeability, porosity, moisture, organic components, land and vegetation (forest, grassland, bushland, farmland), evapotranspiration [36], evaporation transpiration, climatic season, rock structure [37], It explains that factors such as discontinuities and fault orientation decrease the slope stability [10, 11, 24, 28, 30, 32, 38, 39]. Many parameters are used in landslide susceptibility studies, but it is stated that there are very few parameters that are thought to have a direct effect on landslides. The aspect parameter has also been investigated for a long time [3, 16, 28, 40, 41, 42, 43], but it is one of the parameters on which no consensus can be reached [3, 44, 45, 46, 47]. In the examined studies, it was determined that the aspect parameter indirectly affects the landslide. It is thought that this parameter triggers the landslide together with other parameters. Some researchers, especially in their studies on small-scale landslides, have determined that the angle with the slope affects the stability negatively [48, 49, 50]. Many researchers state that aspect is as effective as slope in the formation of landslides [11, 12, 13, 23, 24, 28, 30, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55]. Apart from slope, aspect is one of the most important parameters in preparing hazard and zoning maps [13, 23, 24, 28, 30, 54].
As seen from the studies examined, the aspect parameter is a parameter that differs in each study area. For this reason, it has been interpreted that it should be examined together with other parameters rather than being an effective parameter in terms of landslide susceptibility alone [46]. According to Ramakrishnan et al. [56] stated in their study that different types of mass movements (plane, wedge, slope and soil slide) play an important role in control. However, there is no determination as to the extent to which the bee affects the landslide susceptibility.
In studies, landslides must be concentrated on slopes with a certain orientation in order to take into account the aspect. In many studies, researchers have determined that landslides are concentrated on slopes with certain orientations in their statistical evaluations [13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 51, 57]. However, there are studies using the parameter in studies conducted in areas with equal landslide distribution in all directions. Generally, in such a finding, the lowest score is given to the aspect parameter.
The aspect factor is controlled by the climate process. Elevation and slope angle are also effective factors on this parameter. On the other hand, there are processes controlled by the aspect factor. The most important of these is plant ecology. This is followed by forestry, site selection and planning. Land morphology is under the influence of structural elements. It takes a long time to change. The biggest factor controlling the view is the structural and dynamic morphological conditions that form the silhouette of the field from past to present [58].
Although there are parameters that are agreed upon among researchers in the literature, look is not among them. For this reason, with this study, the relationship between aspect and landslide was tried to be revealed and this uncertainty in the literature was examined.
It is stated that the parameter contributes to the landslides by affecting other parameters. Since wind direction causes precipitation intensity and erosion of sun-facing slopes, aspect indirectly affects landslide [33, 34]. Although it is stated in the literature that the effect increases with the angle of slope and elevation, the effect on landslides is mostly mentioned together with the climatic conditions. Aspect parameter is generally in close relationship with climatic conditions [59]. The parameter determines the effect of rain direction, amount of sunlight, solar heat, soil moisture, wind and air dryness [39, 60]. Since it controls the soil moisture concentration with the effect of climate, it is considered as an important factor indirectly triggering landslides [61, 62, 63]. Therefore, due to its morphology, how the aspect factor affects the climatic parameters by modifying it should be correlated.
The conditions for the slopes facing different directions to be affected by atmospheric events such as precipitation, sun, light, freeze–thaw are also different. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the relationship of the parameter with the climate in 3 parts. These are precipitation, sun and wind.
The most important factor affecting aspect is precipitation. Most of the researchers studying the aspect parameter associated landslide with precipitation. In the literature, there are studies that argue that slopes that receive precipitation and are in the shade are more susceptible to landslides. In the literature, there are researchers who stated that landslides are very common on the slopes where monsoon precipitation falls more frequently in the study areas [2, 35, 64, 65, 66]. After exposure to physical weathering during the dry season, they are prone to landslides with the emergence of strong monsoon precipitation and winds [67]. In their study in Greece, Alexakis et al. [68] and Kouli et al. [69] determined that the slopes facing northeast and northwest received heavy rainfall and the most landslides were observed here.
If precipitation exceeds the threshold value in an area and the area is unstable, landslides are likely to occur. In this respect, precipitation should be considered as a triggering factor and aspect as a preparatory factor. Critical slope angle values of soils in dry and saturated conditions are examined. It has been determined that the saturation or dryness of the soil affects the critical slope angle by about 40%. In this case, the slopes receiving the most precipitation were considered the most dangerous, and the slopes receiving the least precipitation were considered the least dangerous [27, 70].
The reason for the fact that landslides are significantly higher on a slope facing any direction compared to the others is that the torrential rains and heavy rains that developed during the landslide occurred along a line from that direction. For this reason, it can be observed that landslides are more intense on slopes that receive heavy rainfall. This depends on the infiltration capacity, which is controlled by many factors such as the type of soil, its permeability, porosity, moisture and organic matter content, vegetation and the season in which precipitation occurs. Slopes that receive precipitation reach saturation more quickly and cause higher pore water pressure to develop within the soil. As a result, the pore water pressure on these slopes increases [11, 42, 67, 71, 72].
It has been determined that there is a negative effect on the landslide mechanism in the form of the reason that the snow cover stays longer in the places that are not exposed to the sun and the water holding capacity increases accordingly [20, 73, 74, 75, 76]. Avcı [76] determined that in the Esence Stream Basin, which is the study area, the south-facing slopes receive plenty of precipitation with the effect of the facade systems, this precipitation falls in the form of snow in the winter season, and the increase in the amount of snow melts and precipitation in the spring season facilitates the landslides.
Landslides occurring in a certain slope direction are associated with long-term freezing and thawing movements [20, 73, 77]. In certain directions it is associated with increased snow concentrations and thus longer times for freeze and thaw action and intense erosion [77].
Calligaris et al. [78] defined the aspect as the reflection of the sun’s insolation. Aspect affects solar radiation and therefore temperature. Aspect affects the amount of heat energy taken from the sun and thus water loss by transpiration and evaporation [79]. The slopes that are most exposed to the sun’s rays reveal evapotranferance [9]. This affects the soil moisture in the ground. In addition, evaporation affects vegetation distribution and type. In the literature, there are researchers who determined that landslides occur more intensely on slopes that are more exposed to sunlight [9, 11, 35, 39, 42, 71, 72, 80, 81]. In the literature, there are studies that determine that slopes that receive sun are more prone to landslides than slopes that receive rain. Bijukchhen et al. [82] determined that in their study areas, in general, slopes sloping towards the sunlight and precipitation region have a higher landslide hazard propensity compared to the slope in the rain shadow. Although this parameter is usually evaluated together with the aspect, Görüm [83] determined in her literature research that 72 studies used aspect and 3 studies used sun exposure as an input parameter.
Remondo et al. [84], on the other hand, used the values on this date in their studies for landslide susceptibility assessment, since 21 March will be the most sun exposure. Tasoglu et al. [85], in their work; they determined that it was exposed to direct sunlight in east, southeast, south and southwest directions and sunlight was quite effective in inducing landslides.
Like exposure to sunlight, the drying wind also controls soil moisture concentration. This is a determinant of landslide occurrence [61, 62, 67, 71]. Slope exposure shows possible effects of prevailing winds, differential weather and related effects.
Lithology: indirectly, it triggers the landslide together with the view. Afungang et al. [86] determined that thick pyrolastics as debris in the study areas were more susceptible to landslides in windward slope directions. Yeşiloğlu [87] evaluated the effects of lithology and landslide together in his study. An aspect map has been created to be used in the evaluation of the relationship between the production of debris material from limestones and aspect. According to Ayalew et al. [70] stated in their study that the distribution of landslides in regions close to the oceans increases with the effect of wave effect, weathering and subsequent coastal erosion.
Along with the fault, there are also those who research the effect of the landslide on the landslide, there are also those who research the effect of the landslide on the landslide. There are researchers who observed that landslides intensified in certain slope directions before and after the earthquake in the study areas [2, 39, 88, 89].
Guillard and Zezere [90] stated that south-facing slopes receive more sunlight than north-facing slopes in their study area, but since the geological structure of the area is characterized by a monocline dipping to the south and southeast, more landslides occur on south-facing slopes.
Aspect plays an important role in stability assessment; because it controls vegetation distribution, type, density and root growth on a land [11, 39, 80, 91]. It also controls moisture content in soil and vegetation growth due to exposure to sunlight, which also affects soil strength, landslide, infiltration and run-off rates [63, 92]. Dahal [93] added aspect data in his research for the purpose of detecting plant propagation and increasing the accuracy rate according to the aspect effect in the study area.
Champati ray et al. [94] and Srivastava et al. [95] found that most of the south-facing slopes in the Himalayan study areas were devoid of or have insufficient vegetation due to low soil moisture, which plays an important role in the assessment of slope stability in their field. On the other hand, the north side is less exposed to the sun’s rays, thus conserving the moisture in the soil. For this reason, taller trees are growing, which tends to stabilize the northern slope. The absence of vegetation provides the slope material with dryness and therefore reduces its adhesion strength.
During the literature review, it was determined that while more intense landslides were observed on the slopes facing one direction, less landslides were observed on the opposite side of this direction. Since the “south, southeast, southwest and west” aspects are generally warmer in Turkey, they are called sunny aspects. On the contrary, “north, northeast, northwest and east” aspects are also called shaded aspects because they are cooler. The sun exposure times of these two groups differ markedly. Since the slopes facing south and west are more exposed to sunlight, evaporation is rapid in these regions. Otherwise, since evaporation is slow and the soil stays moist for a long time, the risk of flooding is higher on north and east facing slopes in case of excessive precipitation [96]. Again, in his field study in Turkey, Ozsahin [97] determined the probability of the highest landslide occurrence as N and W directions and stated that the humidity was relatively higher on the slopes facing these directions.
In areas where landslides occur on the south side, a higher amount of solar insulation occurs. On slopes with higher insulation and higher temperatures, erosion increases. Areas where vegetation is removed are exposed to direct sunlight, creating drier soil conditions, which increases the likelihood of landslides [98]. According to Devkota et al. [47], Hong et al. [99] and Chena et al. [11], most of the landslides occurred on the slopes facing south and southeast in the study areas. The biggest reason for this is that the highest precipitation rate is seen on the south-facing slopes. Meinhardt et al. [65] determined that the water saturation of the slopes increased with the effect of southwest monsoon rains in the study areas and the highest slip density was found in the south and southwest. Tombus [100], on the other hand, determined in his study that the erosion value is higher on slopes facing south than on slopes facing other directions.
In the studies conducted in the Black Sea, it was observed that landslides were intense on the slopes facing north. The reason is that the region is under the influence of precipitation from the north and north-facing slopes are more affected by precipitation. From this, it can be concluded that the air currents coming from the sea in the study areas close to the sea will affect more areas in the region. It is known that the Black Sea receives more precipitation than the north due to the high evaporation of precipitation. For this reason, north-facing slopes are examined as the most dangerous in terms of soil saturation in the study area, and south-facing slopes are examined as the least dangerous. [101, 102]. According to Hadji et al. [9] determined that the slopes in the study area are mostly in the north-facing directions. In addition, they determined that the most precipitation in winter comes from the northwest. They also determined that they affect the clays in the ground and therefore trigger landslides.
In their study, Lineback et al. [103] found more landslides in the north and northwest-facing directions than in the south-facing directions. They stated that the southern parts remained drier as the reason for this. Wang and Unwin [104], on the other hand, found evidence in their study that the probability of slipping increases in the north-facing slope direction. As justification, they showed that the main precipitation directions in the Zagros Mountain Belt are north and west, and the main solar direction is east and south [105]. According to Saha et al. [4] determined that, in general, south-sloping slopes have less vegetation density than north-facing slopes, and therefore they are more sensitive to landslide activity in the study areas. On the other hand, Marston et al. [106] observed that, due to geographical conditions, north and west facing slopes have a higher moisture content for a longer period of time and cause higher landslide susceptibility in their study area. They emphasize that exposed soil on south-facing slopes is subject to cycles of wetting and drying, thereby increasing landslide activity in the Himalayas [20]. According to Rahman et al. [79] found that south-facing slopes were more exposed to the sun and north-facing slopes were least exposed to the sun in their study area.
As a result, they determined that the north direction and the least south direction were sensitive to landslides in their fields. They showed that the reason for this is that it takes longer time for the soil to dry in the shaded areas on rainy days. According to Akinci et al. [107] found that in the study areas, the slopes are more north-oriented and again, landslides occur mostly in this direction. They stated that these slopes are more humid with the effect of aspect, while the temperature and evaporation are low on the slopes facing north, and the soil moisture is high. In addition, they stated that the amount of precipitation and snow melts are high on the southern slopes. Afungang et al. [86] found that north and northwest-facing slopes at higher altitudes received more precipitation and sun than south-facing slopes. Therefore, it was determined that the southwest-facing slopes were drier, less windy, and received less solar radiation with less landslides. Champati ray et al. [94] and Srivastava et al. [95], in their study in Himelaya, found that more landslides occurred on the southern front compared to the northern front. Temiz [101] and Yalçın [102], on the other hand, determined that north-facing slopes were the most dangerous in terms of soil saturation in the study area, and south-facing slopes were the least dangerous.
The reasons for the change in the number of class intervals can be counted as the slopes being oriented in a certain direction, the absence of landslides in some directions or the presence of very few pixels. It is usually given to flat areas such as lakes and seas [20]. For example, the probability of landslides in “flat” areas is almost zero [34]. However, Yeşilnacar and Topal [108] with Çevik and Topal [109] stated that the landslides in the study area occurred equally in different slope orientations and emphasized that it is not an effective parameter in their studies. Aspect is measured clockwise towards north and takes positive values between 0 and 360 degrees. Aspect is measured clockwise towards north and takes positive values between 0 and 360 degrees. In order to create a slope orientation map, on the basis of 4 main geographical directions and these main directions (NE, NW, SE and SW), which of these directions the slopes face in the study area and their relations with the directions of the landslides are determined [101, 102]. It indicates 0° north, 90° east, 180° south and 270° west [32]. In the landslide analysis, a categorical structure is formed according to 450 angles. When the researchers grouped the slope orientation values in their studies, they determined which orientations the landslides intensified. The perspective angles and values made in the studies are given in Table 1.
North | Northeast | East | Southeast |
---|---|---|---|
00–22.50, 337.50–3600 | 22.50–67.50 | 67.50–112.50 | 112.50–157.50 |
South | Southwest | West | Northeast |
157.50–202.50 | 202.50–247.50 | 247.50–292.50 | 292.50–337.50 |
Slope directions and angles.
In studies, very different grade ranges from 4 to 10 are used. According to the literature, the most preferred 8 grade ranges.
Some researchers preferred to use 4 main aspects in the aspect parameter they used in their studies. There are researchers who use the aspects divided into 4 groups in their studies in different ways. According to Temesgen et al. [110] used 4 cardinal directions: north, south, east and west. Özşahin and Kaymaz [111] have 4 classes; they used it by arranging it as straight/N-NE-NW/S-SE-SW/E-W. There are studies that use the aspect by classifying it in 5 ways [6, 97, 105, 112].
In the literature, three different directions were found in the 5-category. The first of these; flat (−1°), north (315°-360°, 0°-45°), east (45°-135°), south (135°-225°) and west (225°-315°) [113]. The second classification is; (1) SW 1810–2250, (2) SE 1360–1800, (3) ESE 910–1350 and SWW 2260–2700, (4) NEE 460–900 and WNW 2710–3150, (5) NNE 00–450 and NWN 3160–3600 [74]. The third and final classification is; It is flat, NE, SE, SW and NW [50].
Aspect maps divided into 6 classes are very common in the literature. Kumtepe et al. [114] prepared this classification as 0–60°, 60–120°, 120–180°, 180–240°, 240–300°, 300–360°.
The second most preferred classification in the literature is 8 classes prepared with groups of 450 divided into equal class intervals [35, 43, 45, 54, 65, 79, 94, 95]. This classification; N (337.5–22.5), NE (22.5–67.5), E (67.5–112.5), SE (112.5–157.5), S (157.5–202.5), SW (202.5–247.5), W (247.5–292.5) and NW (292.5–337.5) [37]. Ramakrishnan, et al. [56], on the other hand, arranged the 8-class classification differently as 45–90, 90–135, 135–180, 180–225, 225–270, 270–155 and 315–360 degrees.
According to the literature, the most preferred classification is groups of 9 [11, 32, 47, 52, 53, 66, 68, 69, 71, 87, 93, 95, 109, 102, 113]. In studies, this classification is; flat area (−1°), north (337.5° -22.5°), northeast (22.5° -67.5°), east (67.5° -12.5°), southeast (112.5° -12.5°) 157.5°), south (157.5° -202.5°), southwest (202.5° -247.5°), west (247.5° -292.5°), and northwest (292.5° -337.5°) [49, 46, 67, 73]. According to Rozos et al. [74] is this group; They used NNE, NEE, SEE, SSE, SSW, SWW, NWW, NNW, as flat shapes. The interesting thing about this classification is that the surface is displayed from 2 different angles.
The graph in Figure 1 was prepared using the literature data. It is seen that the most used classification is the groups of 56% and 9 percent. Again, it is seen from the graph that the group of 1 to 4 is the least used class.
Distribution of class range values used according to the literature.
According to the literature, the most used direction classes are given in Figure 2. The direction of the landslide areas varies according to the study areas. However, in the studies examined, it is understood that the directions where landslides occur most are the slopes facing south and west. The probability of landslides in other directions is almost equal. In some studies, landslides were encountered at an equal level in all directions.
Distribution of landslide areas according to directions.
In this study, the use of aspect parameter in landslide susceptibility studies and its effect on landslide were investigated. It is one of the parameters that cannot be agreed upon by the researchers. While some researchers associate landslide occurrences in the study area with this parameter, some researchers argued that landslides are equally distributed in all directions and that the parameter is ineffective.
It is a fact that this parameter should not be evaluated alone, as in other parameters. The parameter is the predisposing factor for the triggers. One of these triggers is precipitation. There are many studies showings that intense landslides occur on slopes that receive rainfall. Climatic events such as sun, wind, snow water, freeze–thaw are also associated with the aspect parameter. The other two parameters most associated with climatic factors are geology and vegetation.
The other subject discussed in the study is the relationship of the directions with each other and with the landslide. The most common landslides seen in the studies examined are south and north directions. There is an opposite relationship between them. If there are frequent landslides on the south-facing slopes, there are almost no landslides on the north-facing slopes. Again, on the contrary, if landslides are concentrated on the north-facing slopes, landslides are not expected in the southern part. If a landslide occurs more in the south, it is associated with sun exposure, drought and lack of vegetation. Those occurring in the north are mostly evaluated by heavy rainfall, humidity and the water holding capacity of the soil.
Finally, the class ranges used in the literature are included in the study. Aspects used in the literature. In the studies, this classification is; flat area (−1°), north (337.5° -22.5°), northeast (22.5° -67.5°), east (67.5° -12.5°), southeast (112.5° -12.5°) 157.5°), south (157.5°) ° -202.5°), southwest (202.5° -247.5°), west (247.5° -292.5°) and northwest (292.5° -337.5°). Depending on the user’s preference, some prefer the main classes, while others include intermediate aspects in their work. Some studies do not include aspects that do not appear to have landslides in their studies. In this way, various classifications such as 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 are used. While the most preferred 9 classes are the least preferred groups of 4. With this study, the use of the aspect parameter in landslide susceptibility studies and its effect on the landslide together with other parameters were revealed.
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
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\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
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\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
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\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
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\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
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\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
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\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
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\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
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LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
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\n\nReposting & sharing:
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\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Such technique is based on in situ microorganism production which plays three major roles: (i) maintenance of water quality, by the uptake of nitrogen compounds generating in situ microbial protein; (ii) nutrition, increasing culture feasibility by reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a decrease of feed costs; and (iii) competition with pathogens. The aggregates (bioflocs) are a rich protein-lipid natural source of food available in situ 24 hours per day due to a complex interaction between organic matter, physical substrate, and large range of microorganisms. This natural productivity plays an important role recycling nutrients and maintaining the water quality. The present chapter will discuss some insights of the role of microorganisms in BFT, main water quality parameters, the importance of the correct carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the culture media, its calculations, and different types, as well as metagenomics of microorganisms and future perspectives.",book:{id:"5355",slug:"water-quality",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality"},signatures:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano, Luis Rafael Martínez-\nCórdova, Marcel Martínez-Porchas and Anselmo Miranda-Baeza",authors:[{id:"146126",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho",middleName:null,surname:"Emerenciano",slug:"mauricio-gustavo-coelho-emerenciano",fullName:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano"},{id:"186970",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Porchas",slug:"marcel-martinez-porchas",fullName:"Marcel Martínez-Porchas"},{id:"186971",title:"Prof.",name:"Anselmo",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda-Baeza",slug:"anselmo-miranda-baeza",fullName:"Anselmo Miranda-Baeza"},{id:"195101",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Córdoba",slug:"luis-rafael-martinez-cordoba",fullName:"Luis Rafael Martínez-Córdoba"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69568",title:"Water Quality Parameters",slug:"water-quality-parameters",totalDownloads:10140,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:"Since the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century, the world has discovered new sources of pollution nearly every day. So, air and water can potentially become polluted everywhere. Little is known about changes in pollution rates. The increase in water-related diseases provides a real assessment of the degree of pollution in the environment. This chapter summarizes water quality parameters from an ecological perspective not only for humans but also for other living things. According to its quality, water can be classified into four types. Those four water quality types are discussed through an extensive review of their important common attributes including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. These water quality parameters are reviewed in terms of definition, sources, impacts, effects, and measuring methods.",book:{id:"7718",slug:"water-quality-science-assessments-and-policy",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality - Science, Assessments and Policy"},signatures:"Nayla Hassan Omer",authors:null},{id:"58138",title:"Water Pollution: Effects, Prevention, and Climatic Impact",slug:"water-pollution-effects-prevention-and-climatic-impact",totalDownloads:21541,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:38,abstract:"The stress on our water environment as a result of increased industrialization, which aids urbanization, is becoming very high thus reducing the availability of clean water. Polluted water is of great concern to the aquatic organism, plants, humans, and climate and indeed alters the ecosystem. The preservation of our water environment, which is embedded in sustainable development, must be well driven by all sectors. While effective wastewater treatment has the tendency of salvaging the water environment, integration of environmental policies into the actor firms core objectives coupled with continuous periodical enlightenment on the present and future consequences of environmental/water pollution will greatly assist in conserving the water environment.",book:{id:"6157",slug:"water-challenges-of-an-urbanizing-world",title:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World",fullTitle:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World"},signatures:"Inyinbor Adejumoke A., Adebesin Babatunde O., Oluyori Abimbola\nP., Adelani-Akande Tabitha A., Dada Adewumi O. and Oreofe Toyin\nA.",authors:[{id:"101570",title:"MSc.",name:"Babatunde Olufemi",middleName:null,surname:"Adebesin",slug:"babatunde-olufemi-adebesin",fullName:"Babatunde Olufemi Adebesin"},{id:"187738",title:"Dr.",name:"Adejumoke",middleName:"Abosede",surname:"Inyinbor",slug:"adejumoke-inyinbor",fullName:"Adejumoke Inyinbor"},{id:"188818",title:"Dr.",name:"Abimbola",middleName:null,surname:"Oluyori",slug:"abimbola-oluyori",fullName:"Abimbola Oluyori"},{id:"188819",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tabitha",middleName:null,surname:"Adelani-Akande",slug:"tabitha-adelani-akande",fullName:"Tabitha Adelani-Akande"},{id:"208501",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewumi",middleName:null,surname:"Dada",slug:"adewumi-dada",fullName:"Adewumi Dada"},{id:"208502",title:"Ms.",name:"Toyin",middleName:null,surname:"Oreofe",slug:"toyin-oreofe",fullName:"Toyin Oreofe"}]},{id:"45422",title:"Urban Waterfront Regenerations",slug:"urban-waterfront-regenerations",totalDownloads:14168,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"3560",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",fullTitle:"Advances in Landscape Architecture"},signatures:"Umut Pekin Timur",authors:[{id:"165480",title:"Dr.",name:"Umut",middleName:null,surname:"Pekin Timur",slug:"umut-pekin-timur",fullName:"Umut Pekin Timur"}]},{id:"24941",title:"Tsunami in Makran Region and Its Effect on the Persian Gulf",slug:"tsunami-in-makran-region-and-its-effect-on-the-persian-gulf",totalDownloads:7552,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"406",slug:"tsunami-a-growing-disaster",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami - A Growing Disaster"},signatures:"Mohammad Mokhtari",authors:[{id:"52451",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhtari",slug:"mohammad-mokhtari",fullName:"Mohammad Mokhtari"}]},{id:"66307",title:"Bio-hydrogen and Methane Production from Lignocellulosic Materials",slug:"bio-hydrogen-and-methane-production-from-lignocellulosic-materials",totalDownloads:2947,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter covers the information on bio-hydrogen and methane production from lignocellulosic materials. Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic materials and the factors affecting bio-hydrogen production, both dark- and photo-fermentation, and methane production are addressed. Last but not least, the processes for bio-hydrogen and methane production from lignocellulosic materials are discussed.",book:{id:"7608",slug:"biomass-for-bioenergy-recent-trends-and-future-challenges",title:"Biomass for Bioenergy",fullTitle:"Biomass for Bioenergy - Recent Trends and Future Challenges"},signatures:"Apilak Salakkam, Pensri Plangklang, Sureewan Sittijunda, Mallika Boonmee Kongkeitkajorn, Siriporn Lunprom and Alissara Reungsang",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"12",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82754",title:"Impact of Revegetation on Ecological Restoration of a Constructed Soil in a Coal Mining in Southern Brazil",slug:"impact-of-revegetation-on-ecological-restoration-of-a-constructed-soil-in-a-coal-mining-in-southern-",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105895",abstract:"The main problems in the constructed soils are the generation of acid mine drainage promoted by the presence of coal debris in the overburden layer and the compaction of the topsoil promoted by the machine traffic when the material used in the overburden cover is more clayey. This book chapter aimed to show an overview of the impact of more than a decade of revegetation with different perennial grasses on the chemical, physical, and biological quality of constructed soil after coal mining. The study was carried out in a coal mining area, located in southern Brazil. The soil was constructed in early 2003 and the perennial grasses, Hemarthria altissima; Paspalum notatum cv. Pensacola; Cynodon dactylon cv Tifton; and Urochloa brizantha; were implanted in November/December 2003. In 11.5, 17.6 and 18 years of revegetation soil samples were collected and the chemical, physical, and biological attributes were determined. Our results show that liming is an important practice in the restoration of these strongly anthropized soils because this positively impacts the plants’ development, facilitating the roots system expansion. Biological attributes such as soil fauna and the microorganism’s population are the attributes that possibly takes longer to establish itself in these areas.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Lizete Stumpf, Maria Bertaso De Garcia Fernandez, Pablo Miguel, Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto, Ryan Noremberg Schubert, Luís Carlos Iuñes de Oliveira Filho, Tania Hipolito Montiel, Lucas Da Silva Barbosa, Jeferson Diego Leidemer and Thábata Barbosa Duarte"},{id:"82936",title:"Soil Degradation Processes Linked to Long-Term Forest-Type Damage",slug:"soil-degradation-processes-linked-to-long-term-forest-type-damage",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106390",abstract:"Forest degradation impairs ability of the whole landscape adaptation to environmental change. The impacts of forest degradation on landscape are caused by a self-organization decline. At the present time, the self-organization decline was largely due to nitrogen deposition and deforestation which exacerbated impacts of climate change. Nevertheless, forest degradation processes are either reversible or irreversible. Irreversible forest degradation begins with soil damage. In this paper, we present processes of forest soil degradation in relation to vulnerability of regulation adaptability on global environmental change. The regulatory forest capabilities were indicated through soil organic matter sequestration dynamics. We devided the degradation processes into quantitative and qualitative damages of physical or chemical soil properties. Quantitative soil degradation includes irreversible loss of an earth’s body after claim, erosion or desertification, while qualitative degradation consists of predominantly reversible consequences after soil disintegration, leaching, acidification, salinization and intoxication. As a result of deforestation, the forest soil vulnerability is spreading through quantitative degradation replacing hitherto predominantly qualitative changes under continuous vegetation cover. Increasing needs to natural resources using and accompanying waste pollution destroy soil self-organization through biodiversity loss, simplification in functional links among living forms and substance losses from ecosystem. We concluded that subsequent irreversible changes in ecosystem self-organization cause a change of biome potential natural vegetation and the land usability decrease.",book:{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg"},signatures:"Pavel Samec, Aleš Kučera and Gabriela Tomášová"},{id:"82828",title:"Vegetation and Avifauna Distribution in the Serengeti National Park",slug:"vegetation-and-avifauna-distribution-in-the-serengeti-national-park",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106165",abstract:"In order to examine the bird species changes within different vegetation structures, the variations were compared between Commiphora-dominated vegetations with those of Vachellia tortilis and Vachellia robusta-dominated vegetations, and also compared the birds of grassland with those of Vachellia drepanolobium and Vachellia seyal-dominated vegetations. This study was conducted between February 2010 and April 2012. A total of 40 plots of 100 m × 100 m were established. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to examine differences in bird species between vegetations. Species richness estimates were obtained using the Species Diversity and Richness. A total of 171 bird species representing 103 genera, 12 orders, and 54 families were recorded. We found differences in bird species distribution whereby V. tortilis has higher bird species richness (102 species), abundance, and diversity when compared with Commiphora with 66 species and V. robusta with 59 species. These results suggest that variations in bird species abundance, diversity, and distribution could be attributed to differences in the structural diversity of vegetation. Therefore it is important to maintain different types of vegetation by keeping the frequency of fire to a minimum and prescribed fire should be employed and encouraged to control wildfire and so maintain a diversity of vegetation and birds community.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Ally K. Nkwabi and Pius Y. Kavana"},{id:"82808",title:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Ecosystem of the Transgressive Mud Coastal Region of Bight of Benin, Nigeria",slug:"climate-change-and-anthropogenic-impacts-on-the-ecosystem-of-the-transgressive-mud-coastal-region-of",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105760",abstract:"The transgressive mud coastal area of Bight of Benin is a muddy coastal complex that lies east of the Barrier/lagoon coast and stretches to the Benin River in the northwestern flank of the Niger Delta Nigeria. It constitutes a fragile buffer zone between the tranquil waters of the swamps and the menacing waves of the Atlantic Ocean. Extensive breaching of this narrow coastal plain results in massive incursion of the sea into the inland swamps with serious implications for national security and the economy. Climate change impacts from the results of meteorological information of the regions shows a gradual degradation in the past 30 years. Temperature, rainfall and humidity increase annually depict climate change, resulting from uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources is rapidly pushing the region towards ecological disasters. The ecosystem is very unique being the only transgressive mud coastal area of the Gulf of Guinea. The chapter describes the geomorphology, tidal hydrology, relief/drainage, topography, climate/meteorology, vegetation, economic characteristics, anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the ecosystem.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Patrick O. Ayeku"},{id:"82697",title:"Analyzing the Evolution of Land-Use Changes Related to Vegetation, in the Galicia Region, Spain: From 1990 to 2018",slug:"analyzing-the-evolution-of-land-use-changes-related-to-vegetation-in-the-galicia-region-spain-from-1",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106015",abstract:"Considering the complex dynamics, patterns, and particularities that the Galicia region present—e.g., the fragility, shown to achieve sustainable development and growth—a study that analyzes the Land-Use related to the vegetation of this region is seen as pivotal to identifying barriers and opportunities for long-term sustainable development. Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems), the present chapter enables us to identify the dynamics and patterns of the evolution of the Land-Use Changes related to vegetation in the Galicia Region from 1990 to 2018 (years 1990, 2000, 2012, and 2018 using CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) data). This study permits us to reinforce that the Land-Use Changes related to vegetation in the Galicia Region have undergone multiple changes—marked by increasing and decreasing periods. Also, can be considered a surveying baseline for the comparative analysis of similar works for different Land-Use Changes related to vegetation trends in Europe or worldwide. Land-Use Changes related to vegetation studies are reliable tools to evaluate the human activities and footprint of proposed strategies and policies in a territory. This chapter also enables us to understand that the main actors should design development policies to protect, preserve and conserve these incomparable landscapes, environments, ecosystems, and the region as a whole.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Sérgio Lousada and José Manuel Naranjo Gómez"},{id:"80404",title:"Biotisation of Vegetables",slug:"biotisation-of-vegetables",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102551",abstract:"The research proposes a biofertiliser from mycorrhiza and rhizobium evaluating its antagonistic capacity and biotisation in the cultivation of vegetables with a DCA, the sample considers the potato, pea, and barley in the Huasahuasi Peruvian District, with nine treatments in three formulas, considering a control group without inoculation and two repetitions. As a result, the optimal formula is obtained with 300 g of mycorrhizal and rhizobium strains + 500 g of black soil + 200 g of potato peel crust, which has an effective antagonistic capacity of 100% in pea cultivation, 90% in the barley, and 85% in the potato, besides that it achieves a biotisation in the cultivation of peas of 95%, in the barley 100% and in the potato 90%.",book:{id:"11177",title:"Biomass, Biorefineries and Bioeconomy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11177.jpg"},signatures:"Henry Juan Javier Ninahuaman and Grimaldo Quispe Santivañez"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:76},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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