\r\n\tAlthough the microorganism was later described by several other researchers with multiple synonyms, Escherich was recognized as the first, establishing the definitive name of the microbe as Escherichia coli in 1954.
\r\n\tIn 1933, Alfred Adam showed that certain serotypes of "dyspepsia Koli" (as he called the diarrheagenic E. coli strains) were implicated in epidemics of pediatric diarrhoea. In 1944, Kauffman proposed a classification scheme that is still in use today for the purpose of differentiating commensal types from pathogens and subclassifying them.
\r\n\tEscherichia coli, in its natural habitat, lives in the intestines of most healthy mammals. It is the main facultative anaerobic organism of the digestive system. In healthy individuals, that is, if the bacterium does not acquire genetic elements that encode virulent factors, the bacterium acts as a commensal forming part of the intestinal microbiota and thus helping the absorption of nutrients.
\r\n\tIn humans, E. coli colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of a neonate by adhering to the mucus of the large intestine within a few hours of birth. Since then, it remains in a relationship of mutual benefit. However, these commensal strains can cause infections in immunosuppressed patients.
\r\n\r\n\tPathogenic strains of E. coli, on the other hand, as soon as they colonize a healthy host, can cause infections of varying severity in the intestine, urinary tract, meningitis, and sepsis, among other infections.
\r\n\tDiarrhea caused by pathogenic strains of E. coli is an important cause of death in children under 5 years of age, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where it is one of the four most important causes of moderate and severe diarrhea, potentially lethal An increase in mortality is associated with enteropathogenic strains.
\r\n\tUrinary tract infections are more common in women because of the short length of the urethra (25 to 50 mm) compared to men (about 15 cm). Among the elderly, urinary infections tend to be of the same proportion between men and women.
\r\n\tBecause the bacteria invariably enter the urinary tract through the urethra (an ascending infection), poor hygiene habits can predispose to infection; however, other factors become important, such as pregnancy, benign or malignant hypertrophy of the prostate, and in In many cases, the initiating event of the infection is unknown. Although ascending infections are the cause of lower urinary tract infections and cystitis, this is not necessarily the cause of upper infections such as pyelonephritis, which may have a hematogenous origin.
Typical SSCs are equipped with state-of-the-art technologies to support the new and modern lifestyle. Communication technologies are the primary enabler of most electronic interactions and associated operations. The European Parliament states, “A smart city seeks to address public issues via information and communication technology (ICT) solutions.” The Japanese definition concentrates on energy, infrastructure, ICT, and lifestyle. Navigant Research [1] pointed out that investment in smart cities covers smart government, smart building, intelligent transport, innovative communications, and smart utilities. Wireless communication using electric signals is the core for accessibility and availability of communication everywhere within the city and at all times. The UN projected that 66% of the world’s population will be urban by 2050, and cities consume most of the world’s resources, such as 75% of the total energy. They will generate 80% of the greenhouse gases, causing adverse environmental effects. Smart cities with their inherent moderation and control of resource consumption are the ideal solution to address these challenges, population growth, deterioration of energy sources, environmental pollution, etc. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) provides standards to assure a wide range of smart cities’ quality, safety, and performance. Adherence to these standards benefits deploying, managing, and controlling smart cities. Implementing these standards requires embedding sensors within the involved devices and having these devices connected to a local network to establish inter-sensors communications using ICT. Nathali et al. [2] proposed a generic and universal bottom-up smart city architecture for real-world deployment. The architecture comprises four layers: sensing, transmission, data management, and application. Embedded communication means within each layer are critical and mandatory to ensure cooperation and synchronization among the various components of city sustainability.
ICT allows setting energy targets, observing, and enforcing them by deploying sensor networks covering primary energy consumption sources, such as municipal, industrial, hospitals, and citizens. A tool to identify optimal monitoring locations is available. In a case study, the ICT hotspots identified were heating systems, transport systems, and potential transformation of the buildings and roads enabled by ICT solutions. Studies show that a successful implementation requires the timing of ICT-related decisions in the planning process and the actor-networks needed to implement the ICT solutions and their management. The planning process has several decision points: the property owner, meta-network governance coordination, and traveler information systems. A flexible-work-hub solution case study revealed that mobility management systems encourage environment-friendly transport modes to reduce transport demand with minimum impact. All transportation means should be equipped with efficient navigation systems, and flexible work hubs should be located in local nodes closer to people’s homes.
To provide a practical framework for this chapter, we propose a four-layer concept, an analogy to the OSI seven-layer for communications. Figure 1 depicts the layers model, starting from the bottom with the physical city architecture layer, allowing electric and optical signals free of disturbances and delays. Then the network layer where all the communication equipment, wireline, wireless, antennas, sensors, and IoT are optimally deployed. The intermediate layer contains the protocols and third-party software required to support the application layer and manage the lower-level devices. The upper layer has applications enabling the end-user to enjoy the benefits of a sustainable city, such as energy control and waste and pollution management. Each layer is improving over time; this is presented by the vertical column called trends and developments.
The multi-layer framework for smart city communications.
The global smart cities market size is expected to expand from $1.226T in 2022 to $6.965T registering a CAGR of 24.2% by 2030. Navigant Research [1], based on 443 projects spanning 286 cities worldwide, will contribute nearly $1.7T to the global smart city technology market until 2030. Rapid urbanization led by government initiatives worldwide encourages sustainable and green technologies investment. Asia Pacific market seems to lead with a CAGR of 27.7%. Advanced cities use IoT to manage sustainable operations. For example, pollution, water, and healthcare. Endeavor Business Media announced the launch of smart-building technology embedding intelligence for new constructions and existing commercial buildings. This technological development reduces energy consumption. Major Asian mobile operators take many 5G deployments, and initiatives to resolve the problem of high bandwidth requirements are anticipated to drive the growth. The list of companies promoting smart cities shows that many leading communication vendors appear there, such as Cisco Systems, Inc., Ericsson, General Electric, Honeywell, IBM, Huawei Technologies, Siemens AG Telensa, Verizon, and Vodafone. The introduction of electric vehicles has been well accepted mainly due to their low pollution and modern look. However, it raised a new environmental issue of recharging stations and how to get rid of the big obsolete batteries.
To complement it, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) [3] became decisive in minimizing congestion, pollution, and parking space. There is still a need for a closed monitoring system to prevent greenhouse gas emissions and promote efficient energy consumption, awareness, attraction, and broadcast decisions. Smart cities market report posted that the innovative utility section, the intelligent infrastructure, and the travel assistance segment are expected to grow at a CAGR of 22.9, 24.3, and 23.4%, respectively, over the forecast period. Endeavor Business Media, 06/21, announced the launch of intelligent construction technology combining smart communication components, reducing energy consumption. Waste management companies deploy sensor networks and data platforms to generate practical insights, route optimization, and analytics decisions. The growing adoption of new technologies in the smart ticketing market, RFID, QR code, BFSI, and healthcare offer smart solutions across sectors.
Businesses look for new ways to engage their customers, streamline operations, and generate revenue, and many are turning to wireless wide area network (WAN) technology. Wireless connectivity is now essential for enabling agile and secure connectivity of people, places, and things, beyond the reach and limitations of traditional wired network connections, managed wireless. The emergence of 5G, with its faster speed, lower latencies, and enhanced network capabilities, catalyzes wireless WAN adoption as businesses seek to make their WANs cellular simple and fiber-fast for true wireless flexibility. This solution provides businesses with the necessary secure and flexible wireless cellular connectivity to any number of fixed sites managed by network experts, helping organizations save time, money, and removing the burden of ongoing management or upfront infrastructure costs. Customers need an agile network that is quick to deploy, highly scalable, secure, and supports a broad WAN use case. They expect a plug-and-play, managed solution that enables simple and fast deployment of wireless connectivity when wired connections are unavailable, lack sufficient reliability, are too costly, only applicable to fixed locations, and require long lead times. Managed wireless WAN is designed to connect thousands of endpoints while providing end-users with fast and secure access to the cloud, datacenter applications, and the internet. It provides employees with safe and reliable access to be productive anywhere without relying on a network provider to deliver a circuit. 5G wireless edge devices offer connectivity, and plans for future additions to the service include support for in-vehicle and internet of things (IoT) use cases and the addition of enhanced routing and security features. Examples of particular use cases have a temporary connection at a branch site, pop-up store, or construction trailer, expanding to new locations, or using a permanent cellular connection as a failover or WAN link for an SD-WAN deployment. It extends the reach of the enterprise to remote areas https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252516487/European-employers-missing-the-opportunity-to-automate-processes-for-hybrid-work enabling innovative use cases.
Advanced communications enable the use of new services covering a variety of life indicators applications, such as shorter commute time, clean air, traffic control, street lighting, smart parking, gathering management, accelerated emergency response time, reduced healthcare costs, decreased water consumption, recycled waste, harmful emissions, sustainability, and other saving potential.
Figure 2 presents several key application types used in a typical SSC for managing, coordinating, synchronizing, and managing all city activities, such as advanced metering of water, electricity, and gas consumption control. Real-time metering of measurable elements, anomaly detection, alert systems, sensor-data collection, machine learning, deep learning methods, and big data analysis. The expected impact is efficient, balanced, cost-efficient, reliable, secured, improved power consumption, low air pollution, and tight coordination among city sectors, such as energy, transportation, water supply, healthcare, education, and culture. In parallel, privacy and security issues are handled, and centralized IoT applications for cost reduction and energy saving of LED lighting controls. Applications for managing surveillance cameras, environmental sensors, electronic billboards, charging stations, WiFi coverage, and smart transit systems reduce cost, improve safety, and routing management improve user experience, onboard WiFi reduce congestion, provide clean air quality, and priority access management. Other applications, sensing flow rates, tank pressure, water levels, remote management solution, monitoring or the components of the IoT, including a range of radio devices, system on modules (SOMs), sensors, water management applications, gateway to supply the connectivity for a range of application needs, water treatment solutions, evaluate critical environmental data, such as groundwater analytics providing recommendations to customers. Remote monitoring and management solution offer hidden visibility of equipment and customers usage of chemicals.
The application layer detailed examples.
A collection of vast applications arsenal is the core enabler of SSC. Following are estimated global market values per application type: [4]. Smart metering for the electricity, gas, and water, market is estimated to reach $39B by 2027. The smart lighting market will grow at a CAGR of 18% to $31B by 2025. Intelligent electric vehicle (EV) charging market is expected to reach $70B by 2026. The solar photovoltaic (PV) market is estimated to grow by 5% annually, reaching $185B.
This layer provides the underlying generic technologies required by the application layer to operate, giving new ideas and capabilities, and empowering the software intelligence to a leading position in the software domain. Figure 3 depicts state-of-the-art technologies enabling AI and other libraries to enrich the applications in the first-layer. The API library contains various generic software components the application layer uses. Big data is another component having a warehouse of data collected over a long period enriched with related market data. Data mining, AI, and BI use this data to identify data patterns, rules, and exciting insights. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are two modern tools that are able to learn some insights by processing a given training data. These insights are then used to extrapolate and predict the behavior of the system results. Cloud computing transforms computer-owned usage into services without owning the computer environment. It is disconnecting computer services from the organization’s site. Consequently, the software can be accessed anywhere and anytime free of maintenance, which is an excellent advantage for a smart city. Cyber security is a comprehensive solution to secure the entire system from cyber-attacks.
The intermediate layer detailed examples.
The following are typical qualifications representing SSCs [4], as follows: Technological provision, environmental, social, economic sustainability, economic and social development, air quality, energy transition toward renewables, quality of living, waste per population, water sustainability, human infrastructure & networked markets, ESG performance, and smart city ecosystem. Some of the cities provided data regarding their status. One city deployed over 20,000 sensors for capturing temperature, air quality, mobility data, lighting, noise, and climate. Another city implemented pollution-monitoring sensors and educational campaigns. Some cities stated that all new buildings are built with intelligent controls, low-energy heating, and digitized mobility using accessible WiFi in 755 public spaces. More options are wired bike-sharing, electrical vehicle plug-in spots, activated video feeds in busy intersections to smooth traffic, renewable energy, sustainable mass transit, $70B in total startup valuations, 100 accelerators, incubators, and co-working spaces, using 100% renewable power, implementing real-time meter sensors, reducing emissions from daily commuting by sharing, and deploying sensors for heating, cooling, and lighting based on occupancy. Distribute to the public smart-mobile applications, measure and optimize biogas, energy efficiency, heating and cooling, smart grids, and consider electric buses and green energy systems.
Following are typical declarations of existing smart cities. The city goals are clean air, biodiversity, low carbon, green transportation, waste reduction, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, internet of things (IoT), quantum computing helping in their intelligence journey, and cutting 40% of CO2 emissions by 2025. Becoming the leader in smart and sustainable building solutions. Through the $37N green building masterplan, make 80% of the city buildings eco-friendly by 2030, earn 80% of new buildings super low energy (SLE), and achieve an 80% improvement in energy efficiency for green buildings. Becoming a climate-friendly by 2040. Any services that can be digitized will be digitized. Become the world’s first carbon-neutral city by 2025, becoming fossil-fuel-free by 2050.
Some of the recorded achievements are: reducing carbon emissions by 25,000 tons, saving $9.5M, decreasing the electricity consumption of public buildings by 7.8%, reducing overall carbon footprint by 35%, recover 1.64 million tons of municipal solid waste, reducing emissions by about 18,000 T/year, comparable to the electricity use of 4000 residents, Over a third of all transportation, fossil-fuel consumption has been removed through sustainable transport alone, a reduction of 90,000 tons of greenhouse gas emissions each year.
Several publications define the requirements for qualifying a city as an SSC. In all of these publications, we realize that communication and sensors are the key enablers of smart cities. Internet connectivity is crucial for smart cities as almost all activities are via messaging. High capacity, high-speed, efficient, and effective internet connection is a key to achieving the smart cities vision. It complies with the forecast that by 2024, more than 23B devices will be connected to cellular networks. It is possible with high-speed internet connectivity associated with local communication networks. Figure 4 depicts recent trends in modern communication infrastructure, which can cope with a high-volume communication activity. The first component is satellite communications, which is undergoing significant development by SpaceX. The second is cellular 5G, which supports a new magnitude of transmission speed and volume. The third refers to a substantial WiFi version, a newly expanded gateway, and the exploding spread of sensors and IoT devices.
The network layer details.
During the past few years, we are evident the intensive launch of more than 2000 small satellites to the LEO by SpaceX, creating a network of satellites communicating with each other via laser beams. The communication with the earth is by electronic signals transmitted toward ground stations for further distribution via wireline and cellular networks. It is the ultimate achievement of satellite communications.
The evolving spread of 5G provides ultra-fast internet, low latency, and improved reliability. It is the ultimate solution that copes with the expected wireless traffic. 5G network’s speed is 10–30 Gbps, which is 100 times faster than 4G; the capacity is 1000 Gbps/km2 area spectral in dense urban environments, 1000 times more than 4G. It decreases energy consumption by 10% times the higher battery life of associated devices and five times lessened end-to-end delay. 5G integrates with long term evolution (LTE) and WiFi to give all-inclusive high-rate coverage and a seamless user experience. 5G networks have a latency rate of 1 ms vs. 40–50 milliseconds in 4G. 5G networks allow smoother handling of spikes and better network traffic optimization than 4G. Lower power consumption and enhanced capacity and speed are part of sustainability.
WiFi wireless communications transport most wireless traffic in enterprises, public and residential environments cost-effectively and continue improving the efficiency in using precious spectrum resources. The new version 7 is to be released in 2024. It is a significant enhancement of WiFi 6. It is more flexible and efficient, supports 16 streams, has a channel size of 640 MHz, has a data rate of 46 Gbps, has lower latency, and uses network and spectrum resources. WiFi 7 integrates well with 5G and 3GPP-based 5G and other standard communication devices and protocols. It supports distributed and cloud architectures, virtualization, and digitalization in the emerging private wireless networks (PWN). Wi-Fi-7 supports applications that require deterministic latency, high reliability, quality of service (QoS), IoT, IIoT, and video-based applications, such as surveillance, remote control, gaming, AV/VR, smart-home services, and more. WiFi deployment provides communication services that save unnecessary wiring, energy, transportation, and contribute to sustainability.
The evolving new services generated for smart cities require numerous sensors connected to new types of wireless communication networks that meet the specific requirements of smart city needs. Sensors [5] interactions require the transfer of small data packages, energy efficiency, the ability to connect devices in remote areas, a high degree of data protection, and interoperability. Connected end devices must operate for a long time, powered by an embedded battery with no connection to the grid. Terleev et al. [6] recommend LoRaWAN as the best gateway for machine-to-machine communication technology. According to experiments, the coverage area of the LoRaWAN gateway is 1500 m, which is fine for a smart city.
The last component required to complement the network layer is IoT, the internat of things, enabling the data collection from the system endpoints, the sensors, and vice versa, transmitting messages from the system toward an IoT device and among IoT devices.
Smart city communication infrastructure supports intra-city and internet interactions. It comprises wireline and wireless mixture networks. The wireline is a network of fiberoptic channels deployed underground with connected antennas.
Figure 5 depicts the typical new generation of communication hardware required to support modern communication services. It includes satellite and cellular antennas, underground fiberoptics wiring, and the construction materials impacting the electric signals. The number of antennas, location, signal strength, and height depend on the city’s population density. The wireless portion comprises signals from satellites intercepted by the corresponding antennas and signals broadcasted by the cellular antennas and captured by the mobile phones located within the antenna’s spectrum. Wireless signals are disturbed by physical obstacles, such as buildings and other constructions. Therefore, city streets, buildings architecture plans, and used materials should consider optimal deployment of the wireline fiberoptics and the corresponding antenna locations to ensure smooth communication at minimum interference. For example, the building material and the estimated data transmission load apply the suitable communications infrastructure or determine the building’s fabric. We provide the knowledge and guidelines for selecting the appropriate communications technologies fitting the specific SSC’s attributes and vice versa.
The physical layer details.
Electric waves are the core of wireless digital communication at free space and ground contacts. However, the transmitted waves are exposed to obstacles, such as rain, dust, topography, urban surface, and magnetic forces, causing signal attenuation and degrading the transferred signal quality up to data loss. To overcome it, we may request the transmission of stronger signals, which increases the power consumption and shortens the transmitting satellite’s lifespan. Hence, we propose a machine-learning based model, which predicts the proper signal strength and the correct transmission time, having a high probability of reaching the intercepting antenna on the ground. The model analyses the two path sections, from the satellite to free space close to the ground and then to the ground station. We trained our ML system using training data from the genesis satellite. Experiment results show our system’s high accuracy level for frequencies ranging from 2 to 72 GHz.
Several papers cope with the same problem. Some proposed solutions are limited to a geographic region where minimal rain and dust, while others are limited to low frequencies [7]. Analyzed satellite data to discover the elements causing a signal loss in urban environments [8, 9]. Correlate signal loss and construction material [10, 11]. Present materials measurements of low frequencies [12, 13]. Focus on the receiver’s position and height disruption inside a building. Entry loss for 2 GHz is reported in [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. Discuss signal spread within facilities and [19] calculate the spread delay as a function of elevation and angle. In [20], a new path loss model and [21] present attenuation differences for indoor textures and materials. We selected a concrete building with a horn antenna with vertical polarization. The signal generator, the transmitter, and the receiver are agilent. We use recurrent neural networks (RNN), and MLNNs have a temporal dimension. The MLNN system builds, loads the neural network, trains, and tests the input data. Then it analyzes the data, starting with the input samples reduced in two stages to one instance, identifying the optimal converged parameters. The training results resemble the accurate results. In summary, we provide SSC designers with a tool to determine the optimized materials and positioning of communication equipment so that signal strength will remain effective until it reaches the targeted antennas and mobile devices.
This chapter discusses the role and contribution of communication technologies to sustainable smart cities. For a detailed analysis, we divided the subject into four cumulative aspects piled into four layers, starting with the bottom physical layer up to the applications developed to manage, coordinate, and synchronize the activities required to maintain sustainability in smart cities. This study shows the profound necessity of incorporating communication technology into the management and control mechanisms used to assert sustainable smart cities. Based on the detailed content of the chapter sections, it is clear that everything related to management, control, and interaction among key players of smart cities require communications infrastructure to enable its operations. Figure 6 encapsulates the complete view of the chapter content and its details. Since SSC is still in its beginning stage and still evolving, this chapter may be updated soon to capture the near future developments in this advanced domain.
The multi-layer detailed framework for smart city communications.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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The toxic and allergic reactions of synthetic dyes are compelling the people to think about natural dyes. Natural dyes are renewable source of colouring materials. Besides textiles it has application in colouration of foods, medicine and in handicraft items. Though natural dyes are ecofriendly, protective to skin and pleasing colour to eyes, they are having very poor bonding with textile fibre materials, which necessitate mordanting with metallic mordants, some of which are not eco friendly, for fixation of natural dyes on textile fibres. So the supremacy of natural dyes is somewhat subdued. This necessitates newer research on application of natural dyes on different natural fibres for completely eco friendly textiles. The fundamentals of natural dyes chemistry and some of the important research work are therefore discussed in this review article.",book:{id:"9203",slug:"chemistry-and-technology-of-natural-and-synthetic-dyes-and-pigments",title:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments",fullTitle:"Chemistry and Technology of Natural and Synthetic Dyes and Pigments"},signatures:"Virendra Kumar Gupta",authors:[{id:"305259",title:"Dr.",name:"Virendra",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Gupta",slug:"virendra-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Virendra Kumar Gupta"}]},{id:"49647",title:"Fiber Selection for the Production of Nonwovens",slug:"fiber-selection-for-the-production-of-nonwovens",totalDownloads:10568,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"The most significant feature of nonwoven fabric is made directly from fibers in a continuous production line. While manufacturing nonwovens, some conventional textile operations, such as carding, drawing, roving, spinning, weaving or knitting, are partially or completely eliminated. For this reason the choice of fiber is very important for nonwoven manufacturers. The commonly used fibers include natural fibers (cotton, jute, flax, wool), synthetic fibers (polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), polyamide, rayon), special fibers (glass, carbon, nanofiber, bi-component, superabsorbent fibers). Raw materials have not only delivered significant product improvements but also benefited people using these products by providing hygiene and comfort.",book:{id:"5062",slug:"non-woven-fabrics",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",fullTitle:"Non-woven Fabrics"},signatures:"Nazan Avcioglu Kalebek and Osman Babaarslan",authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan"},{id:"175829",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Kalebek",slug:"nazan-kalebek",fullName:"Nazan Kalebek"}]},{id:"41409",title:"Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Dyeability of Textile Fabrics",slug:"surface-modification-methods-for-improving-the-dyeability-of-textile-fabrics",totalDownloads:7063,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi, Jakub Wiener and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"296",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. 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