Neutrophilic granulocyte subpopulation phenotypes and their function and diagnostic significance (Nesterova I.V. et al., 2010–2016).
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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\r\n\tSchiff base (imine -N=CH-) is one of a popular group of organic compounds prepared from primary amines and aldehyde. Not only as organic compounds but also as ligands for metal complexes, a number of studies have been carried out so far. In this context, this book aims to record a wider range of interdisciplinary content on Schiff base compounds, with an emphasis on the latest advances. This book will aim to compile research results, commentary, reviews, etc., that have dealt with preparation, spectroscopy, crystallography, (asymmetric) synthetic roles, physical properties (magnets, optics, and so on), computational chemistry, and/or theoretical chemistry and their discussions. The book will also intend to focus on Schiff base and its strong connection from organic chemistry to biochemistry or polymer materials chemistry.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-679-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-678-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-680-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ce51efbe2cae97ca3199350ef6c498ec",bookSignature:"Dr. Takashiro Akitsu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12078.jpg",keywords:"Schiff Base, Imine, Azomethine, Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, Chirality, Liquid Crystals, Polymers or Biopolymers, Metal Complex, Salen-Type Ligand, Computational Chemistry",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"23 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A professor from the University of Science, Japan, has published 220 articles and book chapters. Dr. Akitsu studied at the Institute for Protein Research (metalloproteins), Keio University (photo and magnetic functional organic/inorganic hybrid compounds), and Stanford University (physical and bioinorganic chemistry) before moving to Tokyo University of Science.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",middleName:null,surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/147861/images/system/147861.jpg",biography:"Takashiro Akitsu, Ph.D., is now a professor in the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, Japan. Studying crystal and electronic structures of chiral copper complexes, he graduated from Osaka University and obtained his Ph.D. in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry in 2000. Dr. Akitsu studied at the Institute for Protein Research (metalloproteins), Keio University (photo and magnetic functional organic/inorganic hybrid compounds), and Stanford University (physical and bioinorganic chemistry) before moving to Tokyo University of Science. He has published 220 articles and book chapters. He has also served as an editorial board member and peer reviewer for many journals and was involved in the organizing committees for several international conferences.",institutionString:"Tokyo University of Science",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Tokyo University of Science",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429342",firstName:"Zrinka",lastName:"Tomicic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429342/images/20008_n.jpg",email:"zrinka@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7549",title:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7bbd9beaeefecb9ec112a0a09432d241",slug:"basic-concepts-viewed-from-frontier-in-inorganic-coordination-chemistry",bookSignature:"Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7549.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5891",title:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7201c7d0481358aa6aabe036eb9ff095",slug:"descriptive-inorganic-chemistry-researches-of-metal-compounds",bookSignature:"Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5891.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6190",title:"Symmetry (Group Theory) and Mathematical Treatment in Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e429d96a01f4a95d3918d671f776dfc",slug:"symmetry-group-theory-and-mathematical-treatment-in-chemistry",bookSignature:"Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6190.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8346",title:"Chirality from Molecular Electronic States",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c8c9c50832625da3dc4cee759352246",slug:"chirality-from-molecular-electronic-states",bookSignature:"Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8346.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8370",title:"Crystallography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d9e4456913ce86a573bc759d78238203",slug:"crystallography",bookSignature:"Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8370.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10507",title:"Current Topics in Chirality",subtitle:"From Chemistry to Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"692993cd6e2996714124df690df7c2e9",slug:"current-topics-in-chirality-from-chemistry-to-biology",bookSignature:"Takashiro Akitsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10507.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147861",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashiro",surname:"Akitsu",slug:"takashiro-akitsu",fullName:"Takashiro Akitsu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"64155",title:"Remodeling of Phenotype CD16 + CD11b + Neutrophilic Granulocytes in Acute Viral and Acute Bacterial Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81631",slug:"remodeling-of-phenotype-cd16-cd11b-neutrophilic-granulocytes-in-acute-viral-and-acute-bacterial-infe",body:'\nNeutrophil granulocytes (NGs) are the most mobile and numerous populations of innate immunity cell, which reacts lightly to any aggression, which also carries out powerful anti-infectious protection.
\nThe surprising universality and multifunctionality of this cell, once again, underline the existence of heterogeneity within the NG population, that is, the presence of subpopulations with different immunological roles. The use of monoclonal antibodies made it possible to confirm the existence of NG subpopulations using phenotypic characteristics. In 1998, the first nomenclature of human neutrophils antigens (HNAs) was created on the basis of membrane-expressed glycoprotein groups: HNA-1 (FcγRIIIb, CD16), HNA-2 (CD177), HNA-3 (CTL2), HNA-4 (CD11b/CD18, Mac-1, CR3), and HNA-5 (CD11a/CD18) [1]. The concept of heterogeneity of NG was discussed by scientists for more than 20 years and was confirmed with the accumulation of evidence on the presence of subsets of NG with various functions both in healthy subjects and in various diseases. Various methods have been used to detect the subpopulations of NG, such as cell maturity, functional activity, and localization, including receptors or markers of the cell surface.
\nCell populations and subpopulations of NG show a high degree of plasticity and functional heterogeneity depending on the characteristics of the course of physiological or pathological scenarios of the immune response, which, first of all, is due to potent receptor equipment. The membrane complex of NG expresses adhesion molecules, receptors for different ligands: cytokines, immunoglobulins, other cell membrane molecules, etc. NGs are capable to express MHC-1, selectins (CD62L), selectin receptors (CD162 (PSGL-1)), integrins (CD18 (β2-integrin), CD11a (LFA-1), CD11b (CR3), CD11c (CR4), CD11d), integrin receptors (ICAM receptors for β2-integrins - ICAM-1 (CD50), ICAM-3 (CD54). NG expresses receptors for chemoattractants (PFPR and FPLR for fMLP), receptors for chemokines (CXCR1, CXC2, CCR1), FcR receptors (CD16 (FcγRIII), CD32 (FcγRII), CD64 (FcγRI), CD89 (FcαRI), FcεR), receptors for complement components (CR1 (CD35), CR3 (CD11b), CR4 (CD11c), C5aR, C3aR, C5L2), receptor for LPS and endotoxins (CD14), cell adhesion receptor (CD15). NG receptors are involved in binding bacteria, in angiogenesis and apoptosis (CD17), in cell proliferation and differentiation (CD24), in PAMP recognition (TLR 1, 2, 4-10; NOD - receptors). In addition, on NG membrane there is a costimulatory receptor for B- lymphocytes (CD28), apoptosis activation/induction receptor (CD95), IL-2 receptor (CD25), which is NG activation marker; there are also molecules that determine the ability of NG to be APC (CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC II). NGs have multiple receptors for cytokines (IL-8, TNFα, IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, IL-17, IFNα, IFNγ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, etc.), hormones, neuropeptides, histamine, and kinases. The recently revealed expression of TCR-like (TCRL, TCRαβ) receptors on NG membrane, present throughout the life of a person and decreasing in old age, opens up new, previously unknown immune mechanisms for the functioning of NG [2] (Figure 1).
\nSurface membrane receptors of neutrophilic granulocytes.
NGs are equipped with receptors that recognize endogenous molecules of “danger” alarms or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)—extracellular ATP, fragments of the extracellular matrix, heat shock proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA fragments of its own cells), nuclear protein HMGB-1, and others—through which activation of the cell takes place and its inclusion in the inflammation reaction [3]. It has been established that the initiation of apoptosis of NG in clinically healthy individuals is under the influence of TNFα, sTRAIL, and IL-4 ligand [4]. Recently, new ways of activating the NG signal via ITAM/Syk-CARD9 have been described in the interaction of β-glycans with dectin-1, which triggers the synthesis of the cytokine IL-23 inducing the formation of Th17 cells [5]. NG receptor pool is located on intracellular membrane of secretory vesicles, gelatinase and specific granules, these receptors are translocated to surface membrane of NG only under the action of inducing stimuli [6]. Thus, the membrane expression of NG not only reflects the processes occurring during the life cycle of the cell but also allows us to evaluate the functional priming by reorganizing the surface cytoplasmic membrane of NG.
\nThe study of the subpopulations of NG presents a new approach to the determination of functional activity of NG, allowing to assess the adequacy of the inclusion of NG in the implementation of the immune response, as well as to diagnose and predict the outcome of the disease. It is known that various phenotypic profiles and the level of equipment with surface receptors are associated with morphological features and determine the functional potential of NG-cytokine production, transendothelial migration, intracellular and extracellular killing, and formation of NET [7, 8, 9]. The existence of a sufficiently large number of NG subpopulations with different possibilities is demonstrated. NGs that receive complex cytokine influences not only acquire new features but also undergo different stages of activation and differentiation while expressing MHCII antigens, CD80, CD86, ICAM-1, and LFA-1 [7, 10, 11]. It has been shown that inducing cytokine stimuli differentiates NG in a unique hybrid subpopulation with dual phenotypic and functional properties characteristic of both NG and dendritic cells (DC) involved in innate and adaptive immune responses [12]. We have identified in our earlier works the following subpopulations of NG: regulatory; suppressor; pro-inflammatory, initiating inflammatory reaction; inflammatory with a positive microbicidal potential (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal); inflammatory with negative cytotoxic potential, “aggressive”; anti-inflammatory, regulating inflammation regression; antineoplastic, TAN1; and pro-tumor, TAN2 and hybrid [13]. Phagocytic and microbicidal function and virucidal activity of NG are directly dependent on phenotypic features: the number and density of such expressed receptors as CD11b/CD18, CD10, CD15, CD16, CD32, CD64, CD35, etc. [6]. Expression on NG membrane of CD32 and CD16 is important in the realization of phagocytic function and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is associated with CD11b-/CD18-dependent enhancement of adhesion, degranulation, and killing [14]. CD64, CD32, and CD16 are triggering molecules that induce immune phagocytosis and killing processes [15].
\nThe variants of remodeling of NG phenotype simultaneously expressing functionally significant receptors CD64, CD32, CD11b, and CD16 in patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases, including newborns of different gestational ages [15], patients with neoplastic processes [10, 16], women of reproductive age with genital and extragenital infectious-inflammatory diseases [17] have great diagnostic and prognostic significance. When we study the variability of the simultaneous presentation of NG receptors CD64, CD32, CD16, and CD11b on the membrane, it was established that in healthy adults and children of different ages in the peripheral blood, there is one major subpopulation of CD64−CD32+CD16+CD11b+ and five minor subpopulations of NG, CD64−CD32+CD16+CD11b−, CD64−CD32−CD16+CD11b+, CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+, CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b−, and CD64+CD32−CD16+CD11b+, with different equipment and density of studied receptors. We detected a significant increase in NG subpopulation with CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+ phenotype with a high expression density of CD11b and CD16 in newborns with infectious and inflammatory diseases of bacterial etiology (congenital pneumonia, neonatal sepsis) (Figure 2).
\nPhenotypic profiles of CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+ NG in children with congenital pneumonia and neonatal sepsis.
The observed increase in this subpopulation of NG in the peripheral blood is directly related to the severity of the infectious-inflammatory process: the more clinically severe the disease, the greater the number of NG with this phenotype CD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+ is in circulation [18]. In fertile age women with genital and extragenital infectious and inflammatory diseases planning pregnancy, the phenotypic variability of NG—the appearance of a subpopulation of CD16+CD32+CD11b—was also revealed, which indicates a persistent violation of their receptor function and the need for its adequate correction consisting in restoring the phenotypic composition of NG. Thus, the provision of pre-gravity training with the inclusion of immunotherapy has a positive clinical and immunological effect, which consists in normalizing the receptor function of NG, which correlates with an increase in the percentage of women who become pregnant [17]. The obtained data allow us to develop criteria for monitoring the course of associated viral infections and bacterial pro-inflammatory diseases, to diagnose and/or predict the aggravation of their severity, and to optimize immunotherapy methods aimed at correcting NG dysfunction. Multiple increases in the subpopulation of CD64−CD32−CD16+CD11b+ NG have been shown in children with repeated acute respiratory viral infections associated with herpesviral mono- or mixed infection. There was a significant replicative activity of herpesviruses such as HSV I/HSV II, CMV, EBV, and HHV VI [18, 19]. In addition, authors of this article put together all information into the table for the period from 2010 to 2016, about NG subpopulation phenotype according to their studies (Table 1).
\nGroup | \nSubpopulation | \nFunctions/diagnostic significance | \n
---|---|---|
Healthy adults and children | \nCD64−CD32+CD16+CD11b+ CD16brightCD11bdim CD62LbrightCD63dim CD62LdimCD63dim (1:1) | \n-Anti-inflammatory and antitumor effect | \n
-Major subpopulations in healthy individuals -Full implementation of ADCC, microbicidal activity | \n||
Purulent-septic diseases in children and adults | \nCD64+CD32+CD16+CD11b+ CD62LdimCD63mid CD62LdimCD63dim | \n-Marker of severity of bacterial infection process | \n
- Minor subpopulation in healthy individuals - Activated NG in vivo by bacterial antigens (significant increase in circulation) | \n||
Acute bacterial infection in adults | \nCD16dimCD11bbright | \n-Marker of acute process of the bacterial infection | \n
- Major subpopulation (significant increase in circulation) | \n||
Respiratory and herpes infections in children | \nCD64−CD16+CD32−CD11b+ | \n-Prognostic sign of adverse course of viral infection | \n
- Minor subpopulation in healthy individuals -Significant increase at viral respiratory and herpetic infection - Depression of NG phagocytic and microbicidal activity | \n||
Acute EBV infection in adults | \nCD16brightCD11bbright | \n- Marker of severity of viral infection process - Prognostic sign of concomitant bacterial infection | \n
- Major subpopulation (significant increase in circulation) - High level of ADCC reaction and ROS-dependent inhibition of T-cell proliferation | \n
Neutrophilic granulocyte subpopulation phenotypes and their function and diagnostic significance (Nesterova I.V. et al., 2010–2016).
Specific NG subpopulation composition and also adequate level of corresponding surface membrane marker expression density is important for the proper NG function. Thus, Pillay et al. found several subpopulations of NG with different phenotypes, which differed in the number and density of equipment with receptors: mature NG with the phenotype CD16highCD62Lhigh, immature NG with the phenotype CD16lowCD62Lhigh, suppressive NG with the phenotype CD16highCD62Llow, and NG precursors with the phenotype CD16lowCD62Llow [11]. Circulating NG subpopulation with the phenotype CD16lowCD62Lhigh was observed in children with respiratory syncytial viral infection, as well as in viral and bacterial coinfection [20, 21]. It is shown that the subpopulation of immature NG did not possess the ability to protect against microorganisms. Activated mature NG with immunosuppressive properties was found in patients with HIV infection [22]. Suppressive NG can cause paralysis of the immune system, as a result of which anti-infective protection is disrupted, which facilitates the occurrence of bacterial complications and the emergence of viral and bacterial coinfection [20, 23]. The appearance of CD16highCD62Llow NG significantly increases with bacterial infection or viral and bacterial coinfection, and at the same time, in the lower respiratory tract, in lungs this subpopulation is practically not detected in patients with viral infection [11, 20]. Neutrophilic subpopulation characterized by the phenotype CD16lowCD62Llow was observed in children with severe viral respiratory infection without bacterial coinfection and in patients with bacterial sepsis [20, 21]. Using flow cytometry in combination with a visual evaluation of cells, it was shown that a large number of myelocytes and metamyelocytes are included in this subpopulation, so NG with the phenotype CD16lowCD62Llow was called a subpopulation of NG precursors. A sequential increase in the number of NG precursors was statistically significant (p < 0.001) and did not depend on the presence of bacterial coinfection [20]. It was suggested that the NG precursors originate from a heterogeneous family of granulocyte myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs), which include granulocyte cells with the property of immune inhibition [20, 24]. Significant differences in the number of markers of activation and degranulation of CD11b, CD54, CD63, and CD66b in the above four subpopulations (mature NG, immature NG, suppressor NG, and NG “precursors”) in viral infections and in bacterial coinfections in newborns with severe viral infection, practically, are not revealed. It was noted that the activation and degranulation of suppressor NG revealed a high level of expression of CD11b and CD63, whereas in NG “precursors,” the highest level of expression of CD63 and CD66b and a low level of expression of CD11b and CD54 were observed [20]. Interestingly that NG number in the bloodstream equipped with CD62L on the surface membrane is larger than CD62L NG obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage, which is presumably associated with the loss of this receptor during migration. Pillay et al. [11, 24] discovered the existence of a new subpopulation CD11cbrightCD62LdimCD16brightCD11bbright NG—mature hypersegmented human NG with immunosuppressive activity. This subpopulation was able to suppress the proliferation of T cells through the release of active forms of the oxygenate and showed high expression of CD11b. Earlier studies by Woodfin A. and co-authors demonstrated that suppressive NGs—mature cells with hypersegmented nucleus, expressing high levels of ICAM-1—have the ability to reverse transendothelial migration (TEM) [25]. Later, Cortjens and his colleagues in 2017 [20] showed that in severe respiratory viral infection in infants, the expression of the activation marker CD11b was significantly increased in the suppressor subpopulation of NG. These suppressor subpopulations of NG, which appeared in viral and bacterial coinfections in newborns, also had the highest expression of CD63 molecules on surface membranes, which indicated active degranulation of NG.
\nDefective functioning NGs (deficiency of NG amount; violation of phagocytic function; deficiency of myeloperoxidase, defensins, lactoferrin, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH oxidase, etc.; defects in the formation of NET) do not provide adequate antimicrobial protection, which leads to the development of atypically occurring infectious and inflammatory diseases, sepsis, acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, recurrent purulent infections, chronic bacterial infections, etc. Adequate response of NG in contact with various aggressive pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi) can develop in different ways. At the same time, the lack of functional activity of NG is a risk factor for the development of many pathological conditions. Changes in both quantitative and functional characteristics of different subsets of NG are recorded in pathological conditions, that is, NG phenotype is transformed due to a multivariate change in the expression of various receptors. In this case, the defectiveness of microbicidal and regulatory functions of NG leads to a violation of antigen elimination and, as a result, to the aggravation of the course of acute or chronic bacterial, viral, and fungal infections [13]. At present, various dysfunctions of NG are described, which can proceed according to different scenarios in patients with infectious diseases with atypical current: (1) hypofunction and NG deficiency in recurrent and persistent-relapsing purulent processes and chronic infectious diseases, viral and bacterial etiology, not amenable to standard treatment; (2) blockade of functional activity of NG, manifested by the development of an inadequate response up to the state of non-response in chronic sluggish infectious and inflammatory processes with a protracted course of exacerbations in socially significant infections and sepsis; and (3) hyperfunctioning of NG (e.g., extracellular production of oxygen radicals in a high concentration), which can lead to suppression of the T cells and other members of the immune system and damage different organs and tissues in chronic immune-dependent diseases or septic shock [26, 27, 28]. Atypically occurring infectious and inflammatory diseases against the background of immune system disorders, and, in particular, against the background of NG dysfunction, lead to increased morbidity, partial and sometimes complete loss of ability to work, and high lethality in sepsis, both in adult subjects and in children especially in the neonatal period [29, 30].
\nNeonatal NG characterized qualitative and quantitative deficit compared to adult NG. Neonatal sepsis is a global problem because it has the most severe consequences and is characterized by high mortality. This occurs against the background of impairments in the functioning of the immune system and defective NG, which contributes to the rapid dissimilation of the infection and, as a result, to the death of the newborn [31]. Thus, three important violations of NG that contribute to the emergence of severe neonatal sepsis and septic shock are described: neutropenia, decreased plasticity, and delayed apoptosis [32]. In the case of sepsis or the syndrome of a systemic inflammatory reaction, a large number of immature forms of NG appear in circulation. NGs are characterized by a decrease in phagocytic functional activity, a decreased production of ROS, a defective expression level of CD14 receptors, and a violation of the migratory ability. Immature NGs are characterized by a high basal level of intracellular TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, which confirms their pro-inflammatory phenotype. They have a longer life cycle, are resistant to spontaneous apoptosis, and can mature ex vivo [33]. Patients with sepsis (a more severe inflammatory reaction) have a more pronounced decrease in some receptors, in particular TREM-1, which has a key role in amplifying the production of inflammatory cytokines than patients suffering from a noninfectious systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome [34].
\nNGs affect the adaptive immune response in viral infection [13, 22] through antigen presentation, translocation of pathogenic viruses to the lymph nodes, suppressor modulation of the T-cell response, and expression of Toll-like receptors recognizing the herpesvirus DNA (TLR-9) [35, 36, 37]. NGs are important elements of antiviral immunity, realizing their capabilities through the process of phagocytosis, the formation of active forms of oxygen (ROS), the formation of NET, and the ability to synthesize and secrete cytokines, defensins, and interferons [18, 38, 39, 40]. Recent studies have shown that on the one hand, NG can perform antiviral protection and on the other hand, many viruses, in particular herpesviruses, can negatively affect the function of the NG, transform their phenotype, and influence the formation of populations/subpopulations with different functional properties [22]. Herpes viruses block NG antiviral activity, increase NG apoptosis, which leads to neutropenia. Damage to the NG by herpesviruses disrupts their functioning and leads in combination with other factors to disruption of adaptation reactions [13, 22, 36, 41, 42]. In recent years, it has been shown that in chronic herpesviral infection, there are numerous subpopulations of the NG, characterized by different phenotypes with different receptor equipment, possessing different functional properties: the ability to restructure chromatin, express cytokine genes and secrete cytokines, realize the activity of the granular apparatus, produce active oxygen species, and form NET and cytotoxicity.
\nThe first reports of the heterogeneity of CD16 expression (FcγIII) on NG membrane (induces oxidative burst and phagocytosis) appeared more than 25 years ago [25, 43, 44], but only recently the mechanisms and functional consequences of this heterogeneity have been studied. In particular we have identified different CD16+CD11b+ NG phenotypes with individual characteristics in patients with acute viral (acute viral Epstein-Barr (EBV) infection) and acute bacterial infectious-inflammatory diseases (acute bacterial tonsillitis) [45]. Summarizing the obtained data, it should be noted that in healthy subjects, CD16brightCD11bdimNG subpopulation was major. The NG of this subpopulation in trace amounts was detected with acute viral infection and was completely absent in acute bacterial infection. In acute viral infection, the number of NGs of a highly equipped subpopulation—CD16brightCD11bbrightNG—significantly increased, whereas in acute bacterial infection, there was a significantly lower increase in the number of NGs of this subpopulation. At the same time, in healthy individuals the subpopulation of CD16brightCD11bbrightNG was minor. In the case of acute bacterial infection, the CD16dimCD11bbright NG subpopulation, which was absent in conditionally healthy individuals, became dominant, and in the case of acute viral infection, it appeared in an insignificant amount. Subpopulation CD16dimCD11bdim was detected only in healthy individuals (Figure 3).
\nPhenotypic profiles of CD16+CD11b+NG in acute viral (AEBVI) and acute bacterial (ABT) infections.
Apparently, this is a reserve nonactivated pool of circulating NG, since it is known that in the resting state, the NG is insignificantly equipped with membranes CD16 and CD11b. It should be noted that there are certain difficulties and differences in interpreting the data concerning the reasons for the low equipment of the NG CD16 receptor. Thus, early works of Elghetany M. T. (2002) [6] states that, in inflammation, the expression level of CD16 decreases and explain this phenomenon by shading this receptor; then Elghetany and Lacombe note that surface antigen expression of granulocytes depends on age, sex, race, and the presence of stress [46]. Pillay et al. [24] noted the appearance of a “paradoxical” NG population of low-membrane CD16-CD16dim NG in the experiment with the introduction of LPS in vivo. The authors linked this phenomenon to the release of immature forms of granulocytes in the blood, reinforcing this conclusion with morphological studies: CD16dimNG demonstrates the morphology of “young” band nuclear NG [47]. Thus, it is possible that the appearance of the prevalent major population of CD16dimCD11bbright in the acute bacterial infection of the pharyngeal lymphoid ring in patients in a state of moderate severity or with a severe condition is associated with the release of immature forms of the NG into circulation, which is a stereotype response of the NG in severe bacterial infection. The predominant subpopulation of CD16brightCD11bbrightNG in patients with acute viral infection has a high cytotoxic antiviral potential due to the high level of CD16 and CD11b expression. According to Kushner and Cheung [48], the detectable enhanced expression of CD16 on NG in a viral infection may be due to the greater functional significance of cytotoxic NGs expressing FcγRIII (CD16) for the implementation of ADCC associated with CD11b-dependent increase in adhesion and degranulation [14].
\nThe clinical picture of many infectious diseases of viral or bacterial etiology in the early stages of the disease can proceed according to a similar scenario. In this case, when verifying the diagnosis of an acute infectious process of viral or bacterial etiology, there are often certain difficulties that prevent timely proper selection of etiotropic therapy. Conducting an express analysis that allows us to specify dominant NG subpopulation—CD16brightCD11bbright or CD16dimCD11bbright can contribute to the differential diagnosis of acute viral and acute bacterial processes of the lymphogenous ring, which will allow timely optimization of etiotropic therapy. On the other hand, it is possible that the evaluation of these subpopulations of NG can be used for early differential diagnosis of various acute viral and acute bacterial processes of other localizations; however, this requires further study.
\nThus, CD16brightCD11bdim NG subpopulations prevail in healthy subjects from 80 and up to 99.9%. In acute viral infection of the lymphogenous ring—infectious mononucleosis associated with EBV—the predominance of the subpopulation CD16brightCD11bbrightNG is detected in an amount of 40% or more. In acute bacterial infection of the lymphatic pharynx, a subpopulation CD16dimCD11bbright NG predominates—from 40% and higher. The observed phenomenon of different dynamics of presentation of CD16 and CD11b membrane receptors in the CD16+CD11b+ NG population in healthy individuals and acute inflammation in the region of the lymphopharynx ring reflects the differentiated response of NG to acute viral and acute bacterial infections.
\nThe use of drugs to improve the accuracy of exposure to target cells and selectively trigger the type of effector reaction is currently considered topical; in particular, the use of exogenous oligomers of RNA and DNA, in the process of metabolism of which nucleotides and deoxynucleotides are formed, is promising [49]. Nucleic acid preparations of immunomodulating action of various natures are widely used in practical medicine. Pharmacopoeial preparations are known: sodium nucleate (RNA derived from yeast) [50], sodium deoxyribonucleate (sodium salt of native DNA isolated from sturgeon fish milt) [51], and placentex-integro (DNA from trout milt) [52]. Now, the team of authors [49] showed that the substance of sodium deoxyribonucleate mainly contains short and medium DNA chains ending in the CpG motif. Recognition of CpG motifs by the immune system occurs through their interaction with the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which acts on the cells as “alarm,” activating innate and acquired immunity and many times enhancing the body’s response even to low-immunogenic antigens [53] with effects of increased proliferation, maturation, and secretion of a number of biologically active molecules—cytokines, costimulatory molecules, molecules of the main histocompatibility complex, etc. [51, 54]. Inflammation is directly related to neutrophilic granulocytes (NGs), which express almost all known TLRs [55], which explains their crucial role in the regulation of phagocytic cells. It should be noted that activation of TLR-4 induces e production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL1β, IL8, TNFα), TLR-2 activation induces production of chemokine MCP-1, and synchronous activation of TLR-4 and TLR-9 is accompanied by a pronounced respiratory burst a change in the expression of NG adhesion molecules [56, 57]. In the current literature, there are data on the cooperation of TLR9 with the functionally significant receptor of phagocytes—CD11b in the process of recognition of pathogens, even at a low level of exposure to such pathogens [58]. CD11b is also known to both positively and negatively regulate TLR9-mediated mechanisms: control TLR9-triggered NK cell cytotoxicity and macrophage inflammatory responses [59, 60]. On the other hand, it was found that bacterial DNA enhances expression of CD11b genes, while TLR9 expression in NG does not change under the influence of bacterial DNA [61].
\nComparative evaluation of the effect of in vitro sodium deoxyribonucleate and the TLR9 agonist (ODN2395) on CD16+CD11b+subpopulation composition of NG in both healthy individuals and infectious diseases was of interest [62].
\nIn particular, it was shown that when the peripheral blood of conventionally healthy volunteers with sodium deoxyribonucleate is incubated in vitro, the density of surface-localized CD11b and CD16 receptors is increased, which is expressed by a significant increase in the content of CD16brCD11bbrNG. The effect of the TLR9 agonist (ODN2395) on this subpopulation in patients with AEBVI allowed us to identify a tendency to decrease its relative content, the effects of the TLR9 agonist and sodium deoxyribonucleate did not affect the relative content of CD16brCD11bbrNH in patients with ABT (Figures 4, 5, 6).
\nComparative analysis of the effect of the TLR9 agonist and sodium deoxyribonucleate in vitro on the subpopulation of CD16+CD11b+NG of healthy volunteers.
Comparative analysis of the effect of the TLR9 agonist and sodium deoxyribonucleate in vitro on the subpopulation composition of CD16+CD11b+NG in patients with ABT.
Comparative analysis of the effect of the TLR9 agonist and sodium deoxyribonucleate in vitro on the subpopulation of CD16+CD11b+NG in patients with acute EBV infection.
The assessment of the content of the CD16brCD11bbrNG subpopulation in the incubation of the peripheral blood of patients with acute viral and acute bacterial processes made it possible to reveal a significant immunomodulating effect only in the experiment with sodium deoxyribonucleate. When the blood of patients with AEBVI was incubated, a significant decrease in the initially high relative content of CD16brCD11bbrNG was found.
\nIn acute bacterial infection (ABT), there was an increase in the percentage of CD16brCD11bdimNG and a decrease in the initially predominant subpopulation of CD16dimCD11bdimNG (as in incubation with sodium deoxyribonucleate and with the TLR9 agonist), whereas in acute EBV infection, an increase in CD16brCD11bdimNG was observed under the influence of sodium deoxyribonucleate in vitro (Figure 4).
\nIt is important to note that the redistribution of NG subpopulation composition occurring under the action of both agonist and, especially, sodium deoxyribonucleate has a modulating nature, which suggests the involvement of Toll-like type 9 receptors in the regulation of functional NG activity in infectious processes.
\nThe classical view of the NG, as short-lived finally differentiated cells, which carry out only phagocytosis, killing, and elimination of extracellular pathogens, is convincingly refuted by numerous recent studies. New scientific facts obtained during the last 10–15 years have demonstrated that NGs possess certain regulatory influences of activating, modulating, and suppressive nature, practically on all cells, both innate and adaptive immunity. The development of new diagnostic technologies allowed us to expand and deepen our understanding of the role of the NG in immune homeostasis and to evaluate the dynamic interrelation of the functional potential of the cell with gene expression and phenotypic polarization of the NG in response to inducing signals of intra- and extracellular environment. It is important to note that, to date, not all NG subpopulations have been identified.
\nToday it is well known that the population of CD16+CD11b+NG plays an important role in the reactions of phagocytosis and ADCC in infectious processes of various natures. It is also known that CD11b and CD16 NG are the most important triggers inducing the cascade of activation and regulatory processes of the NG. The resting unactivated NGs express the low levels of CD11b and CD16 membrane molecules. After activation additional translocation of intracellular CD16 and CD11b molecules to the NG membrane takes place [6, 36, 63]. Our studies showed that the subpopulation CD16brightCD11bdimNG prevailed in healthy people, and the NG with the phenotype CD16brightCD11bbright was absent in healthy volunteers but appeared and dominated in patients with acute EBV infection. It has been established that CD16brightCD11bdimNG subpopulation predominates in healthy individuals, subpopulation CD16brightCD11bbrightNG prevails in patients with acute viral infection, and CD16dimCD11bbrightNG subpopulation dominates in patients with acute bacterial infection. Identified by us in acute bacterial infection (acute bacterial tonsillitis), emergence of the prevalent population of CD16dimCD11bbright NG indicated, in our opinion, the release into circulation of immature forms of NG in a bacterial attack. At the same time, CD16brightCD11bbright NG subpopulation predominated in patients with acute viral infection (acute EBV infection). We hypothesized that on the one hand, the appearance of CD16brightCD11bbright NG with high cytotoxicity (high levels of CD16 expression) and with a suppressive effect on T-cell proliferation (high levels of CD11b molecules) is necessary for the implementation of antiviral activity of the NG in their fight against EBV infection. CD16brightCD11bbrightNG should have high antiviral activity. On the other hand, their suppressor properties (high levels of CD11b expression) may lead to various complications in the form of secondary bacterial infections. Thus, in severe acute EBV infection, we revealed the transformation of the NG phenotype and the appearance of a new subpopulation of CD16brightCD11bbrightNG with high cytotoxicity and suppressive effects. Further studies are needed to determine the functional significance of the CD16brightCD11bbright NG subpopulation for both EBV infection and other herpesvirus infections. In addition, early diagnosis of the etiological factors that cause an acute infectious process of a viral or bacterial nature is extremely important for the appointment of early etiopathogenetic therapy. The results of the present study demonstrate that the determination of various subpopulations of the NG in the early stages of an acute infectious process can contribute to the early differentiation of an acute viral process in which the CD16brightCD11bbright NG subpopulation dominates and the acute bacterial process dominated by the CD16dimCD11bbright NG subpopulation. On the other hand, it is extremely important to search for new substances that have immunomodulatory effects on the “negatively transformed” phenotype of the NG with the possibility of positive remodeling, which can prevent the attachment of serious complications, both in viral and bacterial infections [63]. Our studies of the eukaryotic DNA sodium salt effect on the expression of functionally significant CD16 and CD11b NG receptors in healthy individuals and in infectious diseases of viral and bacterial etiology have demonstrated the potential for transformation of the negatively altered phenotype of the NG, in particular, by remodeling the expression of CD11b on the NG membrane [64]. The obtained data open certain prospects for the development of new therapeutic strategies that allow correcting the negatively transformed phenotype of various subpopulations of defective functioning NG in severe infectious and inflammatory processes, both viral and bacterial etiologies.
\nAuthors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]},{id:"52565",doi:"10.5772/65511",title:"Earthquake Prediction",slug:"earthquake-prediction",totalDownloads:2049,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Among the countless natural disasters, earthquakes are capable to inflict vast devastation to a large number of buildings and constructions at the blink of an eye. Lack of knowledge and awareness on earthquake as well as its comeback is conspicuous and results in disaster; leading to bitter memories. Therefore, earthquake forecast has been a polemical study theme that has defied even the most intelligent of minds. In this chapter, an attempt was made to do an extensive overview in the area of the earthquake prediction as well as classifying them into the main strategies comprising short‐, immediate‐, and long‐term prediction. An example of each strategy was carried out by mentioning their corresponding approaches/algorithms, such as ΔCFS, CN, MSc, M8, ANN, FFBPANN, KNN, GRNN, RBF, and LMBP; depending on the importance of each strategy. Based on these, it was concluded that, after the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake with M9.0, the current orientation of the Headquarters for earthquake Research Promotion of MEXT in Japan declare that, their mission would be long‐term statistical forecast of seismicity. Even, it is claimed that they do not emphasize on short‐term forecasting. Besides, intermediate‐term estimations are not capable to be used for prevention of all damages and protect all human life, but they may be utilized to undertake certain affordable activities to decrease damage, losses, and modify postdisaster relief. And, despite the long‐term prediction is more concerned by researchers, there is no certain satisfactory level to content them. De facto, the made covenant of 1970 that investigators will be capable to forecast/predict ground excitations within a decade, still remains unmet.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Khaled Ghaedi and Zainah Ibrahim",authors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi"},{id:"196228",title:"Prof.",name:"Zainah",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"zainah-ibrahim",fullName:"Zainah Ibrahim"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"41664",title:"Volcanic Natural Resources and Volcanic Landscape Protection: An Overview",slug:"volcanic-natural-resources-and-volcanic-landscape-protection-an-overview",totalDownloads:3782,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Jiaqi Liu, Jiali Liu, Xiaoyu Chen and Wenfeng Guo",authors:[{id:"60000",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiaqi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jiaqi-liu",fullName:"Jiaqi Liu"}]},{id:"31815",title:"Disaster Management Based on Business Process Model Through the Plant Lifecycle",slug:"disaster-management-based-on-business-process-model-through-the-plant-lifecycle",totalDownloads:2727,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"600",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",fullTitle:"Approaches to Managing Disaster - Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts"},signatures:"Yukiyasu Shimada, Teiji Kitajima, Tetsuo Fuchino and Kazuhiro Takeda",authors:[{id:"70197",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Shimada",slug:"yukiyasu-shimada",fullName:"Yukiyasu Shimada"},{id:"82055",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Fuchino",slug:"tetsuo-fuchino",fullName:"Tetsuo Fuchino"},{id:"82056",title:"Prof.",name:"Teiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kitajima",slug:"teiji-kitajima",fullName:"Teiji Kitajima"},{id:"121284",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",slug:"kazuhiro-takeda",fullName:"Kazuhiro Takeda"}]},{id:"52524",title:"Earthquakes and Structural Damages",slug:"earthquakes-and-structural-damages",totalDownloads:3388,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Earthquakes are the most destructive natural hazards throughout human history. Hundreds of thousand people lost their lives and loss of billions of dollars’ properties occurred in these disasters. Occurred medium or high-intensity magnitude earthquakes in last twenty years showed that these loses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings, inappropriate design such as soft and weak stories, strong beam–weak column, short column, hammering, unconfined gable wall and in-plane/out-of-plane movement of the walls causes damages. These are the main reasons. In addition to this, low quality of structural materials, poor workmanship, lack of engineering services, and construction with insufficient detailing of the structural elements are the another reasons of damages. Main reasons of masonry building damages in terms of design faults can be shown as heavy earthen roofs, inappropriate detailing of wall to wall connection and wall to roof connection, absence of bond beams, large openings. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. In this book chapter, earthquakes and reasons of damages arose from earthquakes for reinforced concrete and masonry structures were presented. In addition to this, appropriate solutions are suggested.",book:{id:"5499",slug:"earthquakes-tectonics-hazard-and-risk-mitigation",title:"Earthquakes",fullTitle:"Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation"},signatures:"Burak Yön, Erkut Sayın and Onur Onat",authors:[{id:"192483",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Yön",slug:"burak-yon",fullName:"Burak Yön"},{id:"192486",title:"Dr.",name:"Erkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sayın",slug:"erkut-sayin",fullName:"Erkut Sayın"},{id:"192487",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Onat",slug:"onur-onat",fullName:"Onur Onat"}]},{id:"41478",title:"Monogenetic Basaltic Volcanoes: Genetic Classification, Growth, Geomorphology and Degradation",slug:"monogenetic-basaltic-volcanoes-genetic-classification-growth-geomorphology-and-degradation",totalDownloads:6195,totalCrossrefCites:71,totalDimensionsCites:142,abstract:null,book:{id:"3088",slug:"updates-in-volcanology-new-advances-in-understanding-volcanic-systems",title:"Updates in Volcanology",fullTitle:"Updates in Volcanology - New Advances in Understanding Volcanic Systems"},signatures:"Gábor Kereszturi and Károly Németh",authors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"},{id:"62029",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabor",middleName:null,surname:"Kereszturi",slug:"gabor-kereszturi",fullName:"Gabor Kereszturi"}]},{id:"62769",title:"Disaster Mitigation Model of Eruption Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia",slug:"disaster-mitigation-model-of-eruption-based-on-local-wisdom-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:1462,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Kelud is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia and suffered a major eruption in 2014. Although they are not part of the super volcano, the impact of the eruption is extraordinary. However, the eruption is not too worrying for the surrounding community. The lack of disaster victims caused by the eruption in 2014 became a successful representation of disaster mitigation models owned by local communities in answering the eruption problem. The easy evacuation process and quickly post-eruption rehabilitation illustrate a pattern of environmental adaptation around the volcano. This discussion focuses on how the people behavior around the volcano in responding to the challenge of eruption? How the role of local government in preparing the community in the face of an eruption, and what actions are done so that the rehabilitation process can take place quickly? To answer all these questions, the researchers collected relevant data through observation, documentation, and interviews with the local communities and local government representatives directly involved in disaster mitigation measures. In addition, the researchers also revealed local traditions that are considered capable of supporting the process of preparing the community in answering the eruption challenges and becoming part of disaster mitigation in the volcanic region.",book:{id:"6821",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-assessment-and-vulnerability-reduction",title:"Natural Hazards",fullTitle:"Natural Hazards - Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Reduction"},signatures:"Eko Hariyono and Solaiman Liliasari",authors:[{id:"214360",title:"Dr.",name:"Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Hariyono",slug:"eko-hariyono",fullName:"Eko Hariyono"},{id:"219699",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliasari",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"liliasari-s",fullName:"Liliasari S"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"106",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81241",title:"Physiological and Molecular Adaptation of Sugarcane under Drought vis-a-vis Root System Traits",slug:"physiological-and-molecular-adaptation-of-sugarcane-under-drought-vis-a-vis-root-system-traits",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103795",abstract:"Among various abiotic stresses, water is reported as a rare entity in many parts of the world. Decreased frequency of precipitation and global temperature rise will further aggravate the situation in future. Being C4 plant, sugarcane requires generous water for the proper growth. Plant root system primarily supports above-ground growth by anchoring in the soil and facilitates water and nutrients uptake from the soil. The plasticity and dynamic nature of roots endow plants for the uptake of vital nutrients from the soil even under soil moisture conditions. In sugarcane, the major part of root system are generally observed in the upper soil layers, while limited water availability shifts the root growth towards the lower soil layer to sustained water uptake. In addition, root traits are directly related to physiological traits of the shoot to cope up with water limited situations via reduction in stomatal conductance and an upsurge in density and deep root traits, adaptations at biochemical and molecular level which includes osmotic adjustment and ROS detoxification. Under stressed conditions, these complex interactive systems adjust homeo-statically to minimize the adverse impacts of stress and sustain balanced metabolism. Therefore, the present chapter deals with physiological and biochemical traits along with root traits that helps for better productivity of sugarcane under water-limited conditions.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Pooja Dhansu, Arun Kumar Raja, Krishnapriya Vengavasi, Ravinder Kumar, Adhini S. Pazhany, Ashwani Kumar, Naresh Kumar, Anita Mann and Shashi Kant Pandey"},{id:"79973",title:"Impacts of Drought on Homestead Plant Diversity in Barind Tract of Bangladesh",slug:"impacts-of-drought-on-homestead-plant-diversity-in-barind-tract-of-bangladesh",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101885",abstract:"Homestead is a great place for household food access, diet, and nutrition. Drought affects homestead plant diversity and reduces production, availability, and diversity that lead toward less supply and consumption. Drought detains moisture and degrades the soil that supports plant growth. Homestead provides regular bread and income in the rural areas with an effective means for both economic and environmental well-being. People are getting a good amount of subsidiary income without any extra care and effort. In managing homestead land and drought, the household needs necessary technical and managerial training. In reducing drought effects to the homestead, action research needs to be carried out on available knowledge, effective practices, water management, and the adoption of local varieties and knowledge to develop effective homestead integration. Government initiatives, community engagement and not harming the environment, and efficient uses of water could be great solutions for the adverse effects of drought on the homestead plant diversity.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Md. Shafiqul Islam and Md. Nazrul Islam Mukul"},{id:"82110",title:"Hydrological Drought Index Based on Discharge",slug:"hydrological-drought-index-based-on-discharge",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104625",abstract:"Drought is a natural phenomenon causing disasters and its period of occurrence can be predicted in recent times based on several methods using the same or different variables. The prediction is usually associated with the climate interactions in the form of rainfall or discharge patterns which can be analyzed using the return period. Therefore, this research was conducted in four different stages of data acquisition and validation, drought analysis method based on the data, drought prediction method based on hydrology, and sample applications to determine the debit availability in other watersheds. Historical rainfall data converted to dependable rainfall at 80% probability were used as input for the rainfall-discharge analysis while the hydrological drought analysis was conducted using the drought threshold value. Moreover, the drought was predicted using an artificial neural network model while historical data were used to verify the hydrological character of the prediction model. The results of the analysis conducted were further used to predict the water balance in different river areas due to the fact that each area has a different hydrological character. Meanwhile, the watersheds used as case research showed that the model has reliability of up to 80%.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"R. Rintis Hadiani, Bambang Suharto, Agus Suharyanto and Suhardjono"},{id:"81203",title:"Climate Change: A Real Danger to Human and Animal Survival",slug:"climate-change-a-real-danger-to-human-and-animal-survival",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103022",abstract:"Some countries in Southern Africa where hit by either a storm or cyclone or both in 2019 alone manifesting a changing climate. Infrastructure and cropping land was destroyed, both animal and human lives were lost due to the flooding events. Drought is a common phenomenon in this region, often occurring once in three years. This has affected food, feed and nutritional security of both humans and livestock. Saline soils unsuitable for agriculture, other animal and plant life are expanding fast due to insufficient precipitation. Soil degradation is on the rise, leaving soils with poor water holding capacity to support sustainable agriculture. Climate change is changing the environment and new pests and diseases for both crops and livestock are emerging. World governments, industries and general populace should find better ways of reducing air pollution by greenhouse gases which have a net effect of damaging the ozone layer and increasing atmospheric temperatures. At the same time, plant and animal breeding should aim at improving crop cultivars and animal breeds that resist to the constraints such as drought and heat stress brought by climate change. The human population is increasing at an alarming rate and need both food and nutritional security.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Godwill Makunde, Nation Chikumba, Walter Svinurai and Xavier Mhike"},{id:"81810",title:"Water Shortages: Cause of Water Safety in Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"water-shortages-cause-of-water-safety-in-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:26,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103927",abstract:"This chapter highlights a high rate of water crisis across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite its huge hydro-potential. Factors contributing to water stress include rainfall deficit and drought, increased water requirements, population growth, urbanization, and poverty. Coupled with the uneven distribution of water resources and mismanagement of water facilities, the gap between the demand for water and available supply has deepened. This has led almost half of the SSA population to drink water from unprotected sources. Moreover, many millions travel far distances and spend several hours daily to collect water. Children and women are mainly involved in water collection. The growing scarcity of water in Africa has a negative impact on economic growth. Besides, water shortages are at the heart of many social crises in SSA and have become directly or indirectly the first cause of death in Africa linked to waterborne diseases. The prevailing water-related diseases include malaria, typhoid fever, cholera, poliomyelitis, etc. To attain the African agenda 2063, national governments in SSA need a multidisciplinary approach integrating, supervising informal settlements of the population in urban and peri-urban areas; improving water storage capacity; increasing irrigation potential for agriculture; and having a good understanding of the epidemiology of waterborne diseases.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Chelea Matchawe, Patrice Bonny, Germaine Yandang, Huguette Cecile Yangoua Mafo and Bonglaisin J. Nsawir"},{id:"81584",title:"Reducing the Effects of Drought and Degradation of Agricultural Soils, in the Context of Climate Change, through the Application of Regenerative Ecological Technologies",slug:"reducing-the-effects-of-drought-and-degradation-of-agricultural-soils-in-the-context-of-climate-chan",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104446",abstract:"The agricultural sector has a limited capacity for expansion, consequently, deficient technologies based on the widespread use of synthetic chemicals have been implemented in the last decades, having a major negative impact on natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and environmental services. Desertification, land degradation, and drought, combined with human activity and environmental changes, cause important soil losses and a reduction in natural defenses against droughts and floods. The combined impact of climate change, land mismanagement and unsustainable freshwater use has long been affecting agricultural productivity, the most common cause being unsustainable land management practices. This chapter aims to briefly assess the most effective strategies for reducing the impact of climate change on agricultural crops, as well as to prevent or reverse the process of desertification and systematic loss in food quality and quantity. Regenerative management practices such as minimum tillage technologies, cover crops and mulching, inoculation with microorganisms, nutrients cycling, the balance of the organic fertilizers or foliar application help farmers in managing healthy soils, capable of growing rich and ecological crops without the use of chemical hazardous substances.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Eugen Popescu, Florin Nenciu and Valentin Nicolae Vladut"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. 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Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. 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