\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1785",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pharmacology",title:"Pharmacology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The history of pharmacology travels together to history of scientific method and the latest frontiers of pharmacology open a new world in the search of drugs. New technologies and continuing progress in the field of pharmacology has also changed radically the way of designing a new drug. In fact, modern drug discovery is based on deep knowledge of the disease and of both cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in its development. The purpose of this book was to give a new idea from the beginning of the pharmacology, starting from pharmacodynamic and reaching the new field of pharmacogenetic and ethnopharmacology.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0222-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6870-6",doi:"10.5772/2218",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"pharmacology",numberOfPages:734,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b348683369ba1d19f0384156a871dc06",bookSignature:"Luca Gallelli",publishedDate:"March 14th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1785.jpg",numberOfDownloads:114281,numberOfWosCitations:92,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:83,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:197,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 27th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 29th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"79424",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Gallelli",slug:"luca-gallelli",fullName:"Luca Gallelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79424/images/3640_n.jpg",biography:"Luca Gallelli obtained his first honour degree in Medicine and Surgery in 1997, Ph.D in Pharmacology and Toxicology (Chemotherapy) in 2001 and Specialization in Clinical Pharmacology in 2005. He obtained a SIF (Italian Society of Pharmacology) travel grant in 2000. Since 2007 he has been teaching Pharmacology to nursing and medical students, as well as those specializing in Pharmacology, Respiratory Medicine and Forensic Medicine.\nLuca Gallelli has published 60 original research articles in international journals. He has also presented several papers in national and international symposia. 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The abscess arise in many tissues and organs of the body, the most important of which are subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, soft and adipose tissue around the anus, and breasts in pregnant or lactating women and at the root of the teeth. Cysts can also arise in internal organs such as the liver, lung, brain, kidney and appendix. The abscess has spread significantly in recent years [6]. And the risk factor has been more than 65% including the use of intravenous drugs. In 2005, Dermatology departments received more than 3.2 million people with abscess in the United States [7], while in Australia, about 13,000 patients were hospitalized [8]. Cysts arise in many tissues and organs of the body, the most important of which are subcutaneous tissues (then they are superficially dimple or deep), such as liver, lung, brain abscess, kidney, and appendix. The most important complication is the spread of the abscess (pus) to neighboring tissues by means of treatment tools, which may sometimes cause the death of these tissues (gangrene). Acute inflammation of the abscess originates from the entry of pus bacteria into the affected organ or tissue. Surface cysts are swollen red and painful, accompanied by high fever and pulse [9]. The abscess can also be fatal in rare cases, such as when it is in an area where pressure on vital organs such as the trachea in the case of abscess in the neck area. If the abscess is superficial, it will fluctuate during palpation due to the movement of pus inside. A contributing factor to the formation of an abscess in addition to the use of intravenous drugs [10]. An unconfirmed study suggests that the presence of previous cases of hernia of the vertebrae or any imbalance thereof [11]. While the main cause is pathogenic bacteria, fungi or parasites, the most common cause is methicillin-resistant
Because of changing the display skin abscess, it was difficult to assess the incidence and prevalence. The incidence of skin abscess is 24.6 per 1000 people per year [13]. Because the majority of the ski abscess tends to melt within 7–10 days, the estimate variable spread significantly. Among patients in hospitals, the rate of prevalence ranges from abscess skiing 7–10% [14, 15]. Among all patients infected in hospitals only infections, skin abscess plays a more important role. Emergency care center, an outlying ski, is the third most common diagnoses after chest pain and asthma [16]. There is an increase in the prevalence rate of men (60–70% of all cases) and patients aged between 45 and 64 years old. It managed approximately 70–75% of all cases in the outpatient setting [13, 16]. With many cases of skin abscess involving the lower leg area (7.9–11). In general, the incidence of benign tumors complex is low (Arasepelas 0.09 per 1000 people per year; inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is 0.16% of all cases of inflammation of cellular tissue and the lymphatic vessels. 16 per 1000 people per year and fasciitis necrotizing 0.04 per 1000 person-years) [13].
The real spread of abscess skin infection is unknown because the light is usually self-occurrence and patients seeking medical care. However, often they face skin abscess in the outpatient and inpatient. According to national statistics for 2011 regarding the cost of health care project and use, skin abscess rate led to 3.4 million visits to the emergency department, or 2.6% of the total emergency department visits, with 13.9% of visits have led to hospitalization [17].
They have caused the infection, skin and soft tissue as well as the case of 500,000 outside the hospital, or 1.4% of total departures, with an average length of stay of 3.7 days and an average cost of $ 18.299 per case. These figures are on the rise due to the prevalence of
A recent prospective study showed that one out of every 5 patients provide primary care clinic for skin abscess caused by
The presence of specific risk factors may stimulate the skin abscess, may impose pathogens, disease course and respond to specific treatments. It did not prove the existence of risk factors for the development of skin abscess associated with the seriousness of the disease [23]. It can be organized into two categories of risk factors. First, there are factors associated with the patient, which may provide for the disease or the effects of predictive. Risk factors in this category include serious diseases and the age of the elderly and the situation that suffers from a lack of human immunodeficiency virus and diseases of the liver, kidney and vascular insufficiency (especially the lymphatic or venous) [24]. Since it turns out that the lower part of the leg is more places of infection transmitted through sexual contact common, studies have described risk associated with the patient’s infection due to these factors [25]. It was able to determine the likelihood of skin abscess in the lower limbs based on the presence of
Observed factors associated with skin abscess are often among middle-aged adults and older. Erysipelas occurs in young children and the elderly [13].
It includes predisposing factors associated with the risk of skin abscess are:
Disable the skin barrier due to trauma (such as corrosion, penetrating wound, pressure ulcers, venous leg ulcers, insect bite, injecting drug use).
Inflammation of the skin (such as eczema, psoriasis and radiation therapy).
Edema due to poor lymphatic drainage.
Edema due to venous insufficiency.
Obesity.
Immune suppression (such as diabetes or infection with HIV) disease.
Skin breaks between these fingers may not be clinically.
Dermatitis pre-existing (such as foot frond, herpes, varicella) [27].
Also, acute bacterial skin infections occur when exposure to the risk of loss of skin integrity e.g high bacteria in pregnancy skin or the availability of food bacterial, or excess moisture in the skin, or lack of blood supply, or immune suppression, or a damaged cornea layer. Poor hygiene and the exchange of personal things, physical contact, and crowded living conditions facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. Vascular diseases, peripheral diseases and skin pre-existing increase the risk of acid cellulose. Usually leads to diabetes, a diabetes which is controlled by a bad foot injury. Cause painful events such as wounds, biting and drug abuse by injection injuries increase the risk of skin infections and cysts. The risk of infection on surgical-site support is in the process category, where clean and smaller operations are at the risk of contaminated infections and high-risk operations have a higher risk of injury [28].
Colonization with
For as long as microorganisms that colonize the skin of importance to skin diseases and microbiology; I have been collecting our knowledge of these organisms live accurate until recently through the existing studies on the culture. Historically, it is
It was isolated from non-bacterial microorganisms from the skin.
Historically, culture-based approach is the standard to describe the microbial diversity. It is now clear that only a minority of bacteria able to thrive in isolation [32]. Choose mainly culture-based laboratory techniques “herbs”: species that thrive under conditions typical nutritional and physiological use of diagnostic microbiology laboratories. This is not necessarily the most abundant organisms in society. This bias is particularly evident when trying to isolate the organisms living in micro skin, which adapted to the nature of cold, dry and acidic environment. Moreover, the hair follicles and sebaceous glands are an oxygen-free environment and are home to the anaerobic microorganisms. Isolate the problem especially anaerobic using routine methods based on culture. These are often slow-growing organisms and require special conditions for growth and during the transfer and processing of samples [33, 34].
The development of molecular techniques to identify and quantify microorganisms has revolutionized our view of the world Microbial. Characterization of genetic diversity of bacterial depends on the sequence of genes for RNA ribosomal 16S, found in all bacteria and analyzes antique, but not in eukaryotes. Genes rRNA contain 16S in highly variable regions of certain types, which allows the classification of classification, and the spaces reserved for the one who, operating Xaah molecular site linking the primers PCR. The emergence of new sequencing technologies (such as pyrosequencing) is to increase productivity significantly while reducing the cost of sequencing. More importantly, the living organism culture does not need to determine the sequence of its kind by 16S rRNA [35].
The skin is the largest organ in the human body, colonized by a variety of tiny, mostly harmless organisms or even beneficial to their hosts. Colonialism is the motivation behind the surface of the skin environment, which is highly variable depending on the site topography, and host factors internal factors, the external environment. The responses can be innate immune and lead to a modified adaptive skin microorganisms in the skin, but microorganisms are also working to educate the immune system. Molecular road development has led to the identification of microorganisms to see the emerging skin bacteria resident are very diverse and variable. The improved understanding of the microbes in the skin is necessary to gain insight into the involvement of microbes in human skin disorders and to enable new methods for therapeutic drugs antimicrobial and antimicrobial therapy [36].
The main barrier against microbial invasion is the skin. It interacts continuously with the external environment, a colonizer with a variety of microbes. The vast majority of plants colony consists of bacteria. To help organize the distribution of plants, one that divides the body into two halves at the waist. The usual things that colonizes the skin above the waist are usually positive types of Gram such as
On the other hand, the typical living organisms colonize the skin below the waist Gram-positive and Gram-negative. It is expected that this will be a minor near the anal area difference. Attracted intestinal species, such as the intestinal bacteria, to this region of the skin so-called “Fecal Crust” [36].
Normal distribution pattern consists of the largest population areas in the armpit and groin and thigh, where there is moisture level higher. Microflora tend to fill the upper layer of the cornea and parts of the hair follicles. Specific microbes tend to colonize the anatomical structures based on tropical stimuli and biochemical interactions of the site and the formation of specific tissues of biological membranes. Plants can be significantly by climate group differ, genetics, age, sex, stress, hygiene, nutrition, hospitalization [37].
Skin abscess is the most common manifestations of bacterial infection. Abscess may appear in painful blocks degrade transient without medical intervention, or in severe cases, such as large deep cysts associated with the spread of the blood stream. Although many of the bacteria, causing Gram-positive and Gram-negative cysts, but
Hancock and his colleagues have positive peptide targeted basically describing the formation of cysts. Developed peptides screen anti-biofilm. In the laboratory, which prevent or eliminate biofilms formed by bacteria both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. In non-vertebrate models of infection
The main question that arises from the study is the relationship between the strict response and abscess formation. It was responsible for the formation mechanisms kharaj an important topic for research in this field
From a clinical perspective, the siege imposed on the composition of the abscess would be a useful assistant to kill pathogens. Often, infected individuals already infected a large abscess requires Tbarva surgically. For those who provide abscesses smaller or in the early stages which are not viable after discharge surgical, antibiotics are used routinely, but may not be enough to stop the progress of formation of abscess, especially if the pathogen offending is relatively resistant to antibiotics. It can be strict inhibition of the response to the formation of mass abscess useful, and will compare the use of helper inhibitors of protein synthesis inhibition in the treatment of inflammatory toxin mediated by poison. Inhibitors will be particularly useful if they also prevent chronic or recurrent cysts including cases related to chronic bacteria gold that are difficult to treat, such as inflammation of the sweat glands Almqih. Future studies will need to prove that the inhibitors are still effective when used with antibiotics effective or marginal [42].
There are other factors, has not yet fully be understood, perhaps play a role. In addition, the large number of organisms found in the abscess, and the presence of an antibiotic inhibitor of enzymes, hostility Anaerobic activity anti-microbial host and defense environment, as well as fibroblasts in the capsule surrounding Boukerg, contributes to the persistence of infection despite antibiotic treatment and the need to exchange. You must remember the contribution of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms in the formation of cysts when one chooses antibiotics to treat such infections [44].
When breaking the skin’s natural barrier we have, even from simple shock, or small tears, or infections, bacteria can enter the skin. It can be formed where the abscess is trying to kill your body’s defenses these germs through the inflammatory response (white blood cells = pus). It can cause blockage of sweat or sebaceous gland or hair follicle or the bag to a pre-existing abscess.
There are
Can some bacteria
PVL-positive strains of bacteria are therefore more likely to cause skin infections and abscess. They can also cause more serious conditions:
The tests antibody conjugate
Because
Cause inflammation of the tissue cell may be many of the original skin living organisms or in specific environmental areas. Inflammation associated with cysts usually caused by
These terms refer to the spread of skin infections spread, except for infections associated with the well pyogenic inherent, such as skin abscesses and inflammation of the fascia enterocolitis and arthritis Morphological and osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, doctors use the term “cellulitis” and “blush” is inconsistent. For some, it regards the distinction between the two terms deeply inflammation: erysipelas affect the upper dermis, including surface lymphocyte, while the inflammation of the tissue cell includes deep dermis, as well as subcutaneous fat. In practice, it may be difficult to distinguish between inflammation of cellulose and Aloristil clinically, and used some doctors, especially in northern Europe, the term “blush” to describe both infections.
With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis is excellent. However, the infection rarely extends to the deeper levels of the skin and soft tissue. Is penicillin, which is given either by intravenous or oral according to clinical severity, is the optimal treatment (A-III). In the case of suspected infection
These infections arise when living organisms enter through breakthroughs in skin. Include predisposing factors for these infection cases that make it more fragile or local host defenses skin is less effective, such as obesity and previous skin damage, edema of venous insufficiency or blockage of the lymphatic or other reasons. The origin of the barrier may be inactivated skin is shock, and skin infections previously existing, such as herpes or eczema, ulceration, and networks toe chapped spots or fungal infections, skin and inflammatory diseases, such as eczema. Often, the commas are in a small skin and is clinically moderate. These infections can occur anywhere, but the most common in the lower legs [53].
Include surgical procedures that increase the risk of inflammation of cellulose, which is assumed to be due to the interruption of lymphatic drainage, eradication of venous bile, and the anatomy of the axillary node breast cancer, surgery for diseases of malignant women involving the lymph node dissection, especially when following radiation therapy node of lymph. The radical hysterectomy [54, 55, 56].
Can many factors other infectious inflammation of the production of cellular tissue, but usually only in special cases. With cat bites or dogs, for example, the administrator would be responsible for the object types Bastorella, especially
Due to the low production rate, the blood cultures is not fruitful for the case of typical cases of erysipelas or cellulitis, which were not particularly severe [61]. The aspirations of the needle and skin biopsies also are not necessary in typical cases, which must respond to treatment with antibiotics directed against
Include diseases that are sometimes confused with acute inflammation of the tissue cell, such as resulting from contact with a skin disease, inflammation of the causes of allergies; gout, with skin inflammation significantly extends beyond the affected joint; herpes zoster. Hardening of the skin of acute fatty, which is inflammation of the lip which occurs mostly in obese women with deficient women phlebitis in the lower limb, causing painful areas, erythematous, thin, warm, non-saturated, and sometimes scaly in the medial leg-like inflammation of cellular tissue [63].
The lifting of the affected area, which is an important aspect and is often overlooked in the treatment, the improvement process accelerates by encouraging the discharge of gravity edema and inflammatory substances. Patients should also receive appropriate treatment for any medical condition may be ripe for infection, such as ringworm foot or venous eczema (“stasis dermatitis”) or shock.
Each bout of cellulitis cause inflammation and lymphatic perhaps some permanent damage. Acute or recurrent seizures may result from inflammation of the tissue cell to lymph edema, which are in some cases large enough to cause the elephant’s disease. Measures to reduce the recurrence of inflammation of the tissue cell treatment maceration between the numbers, maintain skin hydration well emollients to avoid dehydration and cracking, and minimize any essential edema in ways such as raising the upper limb, or compression stockings, or pressure pumps air, and if appropriate, treatment Diuretic. If frequent infections occur despite such measures, prophylactic antibiotics appear reasonable; however, published results demonstrating efficacy have been mixed [64]. Because streptococci cause most recurrent cellulitis, options include monthly intramuscular benzathine penicillin injections of 1.2 MU in adults or oral therapy with twice-daily doses of either 250 mg of erythromycin or 1 g of penicillin V (B-II). An alternative option, but has not been tested, for patients suffering from inflammation of trusted frequent cellulose is an attempt to shorten each episode by providing antibiotics by mouth for them to start treatment as soon as the start of the symptoms of infection. One of the selenium experience by mouth showed a decline in the rate of recurrence of erysipelas in the secondary lymph edema by 80%. This report requires independent confirmation [65].
Skin cysts are collections of pus intradermal skin and deep tissue. Usually red nodules are painful, thin, volatile, often surmounted by a pimple surrounded by the edge of the swelling erythema. Usually multiple microbes skin cysts, and contain bacteria form the regional natural skin flora, and are often combined with living organisms from the adjacent mucous membranes [65].
Strangeness (or “boils”) is inflammation of the hair follicles, usually caused by
Some individuals have frequent bouts of injury. Have a few of these people, especially children, host responses methodology is not normal, but for most of them, the only Almahb factor that can be determined is the presence of
The emerging problem is to increase the spread of the skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA acquired by the community. Considered MRSA, which is traditionally considered one of the causes of disease-causing diseases, pathogens that occur in the community, and differ from their counterparts in hospitals in several ways [69]. Cause community strains infections in patients who lack the typical risk factors, such as hospitalization or residence in a long-term care facility; often are susceptible to antibiotics, non-lactam, including doxycycline or clindamycin or trimethoprim—sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolone or rifampin; genetically, do not appear to be linked to local hospitals and strains contain a cassette-type SCCmec of the fourth type is unusual in Isolates hospital. Finally, community isolates frequently contain genes for Banoudin Valuksidin, which is associated with mild to severe infections in the skin and soft tissue. It occurred because of an outbreak of MRSA isolates acquired from the community between prison inmates and prisons, injecting drug users and the Native American population and gay men and participants in sports Immobilizer children [70]. Thus, recurrent or persistent furuncles and impetigo, particularly in these high-risk groups, that do not respond to oral β-lactam antibiotic therapy are increasingly likely to be caused by MRSA.
Necrotizing fasciitis may be chronic to bacteria and result from
Soft and soft tissue infections skin infections differ from light and surface through clinical presentation and common systemic manifestations and treatment strategies [72]. Are often deep and destructive. It is deep because it may involve fascial compartments and/or muscles; it is devastating because it caused great destruction of tissue and can lead to a fatal outcome. These cases are usually an injury “minor,” as it evolves from an initial break in the skin due to trauma or surgery. It can be abnormal (usually containing
Fasciitis is an infection necrotizing under the skin are relatively rare tracks on the aircraft along the fascia and extends beyond the surface signs of infection, such as erythema and other skin changes [73]. The term fasciitis sometimes leads to the mistaken impression that the muscle fascia or interruption of urine. The most common fascia is superficial fascia, which consists of all the tissues between the skin and the core muscles (i.e., tissue under the skin).
The clinical characteristic feature is the sense of the wooden tissue under the skin. Inflammation of cellular tissue or blush, can seep tissue under the skin and produces. But in the inflammation of the fascia, the tissue implicit fixed, and cannot distinguish blame and vascular aircraft by palpation. It is often possible to note the course of erythema wide in the skin along the infection during its progress in cattle head. If there is an open wound, the examination of the edges with a sharp tool allows an autopsy on ready-to-aircraft vascular surface that exceed the margins of the wound.
Inflammation of the mouth, which is caused by
This is simply inflammation of the soft tissue enterocolitis, which includes muscle groups in addition to the surface tissue and fascia. The level of participation depends on the depth and levels of tissue affected by the process of origin or pathological process that precedes infection. Predisposing main causes are cysts circular ischemic. Similar recognition and treatment with inflammation of the fascia grunt, but surgical exploration reveals his innermost.
Gas gangrene is a rapidly progressive infection caused by
This type of inflammation of the soft tissue grunt includes scrotum and penis or vagina and can have a malicious or explosive beginning [75]. The average age of onset is 50 years. Most of the patients suffer from a significant illness, especially diabetes, but 20% of them will not have a clear reason. Most patients initially have an infection around the anus or retroperitoneal spread on aircraft along the fascia to the genitals. Inflammation of the urinary tract, the most common in the event of a narrowing of the urethra, and includes glands around the urethra and extends to the penis and scrotum; or previous trauma to the genital area, allowing the arrival of living organisms to the tissues under the skin.
Infection can start insidious with a separate area of necrosis in the perineum, which is rapidly advancing within 1–2 days with the progress of skin necrosis. In the beginning, it tends to cause surface gangrene, and is limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and extends to the base of the scrotum. Usually save the testicles, glans penis, and the spermatic cord, because they contain a separate blood source. Infection may extend to the perineum and the anterior abdominal wall through the fascia aircraft.
Most of the cases caused by mixed aerobic and anaerobic plants. Often there are types of
Cause gas gangrene
Both painful gas gangrene and spontaneous are destructive infection requiring accurate intensive care, and support measures, and aggressive surgical revision, and appropriate antibiotics. The role of oxygen therapy high pressure is still unclear. Altemeier and Fullen [76]. It has been reported significant reduction in the mortality rate among patients with gas gangrene using penicillin and tetracycline in addition to aggressive surgery in the absence of high-pressure oxygen. Treatment of experimental gas gangrene proved that tetracycline and clindamycin and chloramphenicol were more effective than penicillin or high-pressure oxygen treatment [77].
Abscess clear zones of erythema, edema, and warmth. Evolve as a result of bacteria entering through the breakthroughs in the skin barrier [78]. You can be seen Petechiae and/or bleeding in the skin erythema, and can surface bubbles occur. Fever and other systemic manifestations of infection may also be present. Cysts are always one-sided almost, lower limbs are the most common sites of involvement; bilateral engagement should consider quickly in alternative causes [79].
Cysts deep dermis and subcutaneous fat include; reddish include the upper and lymph dermis surface. Cysts with or without purulent may appear. Erysipelas is grainy [80]. It tends patients with cysts or cellulitis to get more comfortable with the development cycle of topical symptoms over a few days [81].
Patients suffering from erysipelas usually suffer from the emergence of severe symptoms with systemic manifestations, including fever, chills, feeling very upset and headache; these can precede the onset of signs and symptoms of local infections from minutes to hours. In erysipelas, there is a clear demarcation between the involved and associated tissues. There may be raised or erythematous border with central clearing. Classic descriptions of the red leaf notes “butterfly” face involvement. The involvement of the ear (ear tag in Milian) is a distinctive feature of Oryeceblas, because this area does not contain deeper tissues of the skin [82].
Additional features of the abscesses and lymphatic vessels Oristepelas inflammation and enlargement of the regional lymph nodes. Edema surrounding Bbesellat hair may lead to variation in the skin, which creates showing little strength orange peel (“peau d’orange”). This can be seen vesicles bubbles and akimats or Alnchat. Can bleeding skin in the case of a significant inflammation of the skin. Inflammation of the cellular tissue that causes injury and inflammation Alglazi Algrgreeni is an unusual manifestation of inflammation due to cellular Alclaustradia and other anaerobes. It should be the acute manifestations of systemic toxicity with the rapid investigation of additional sources underlying infection [83].
Often begins with a diagnosis of a comprehensive abscesses clinical history and physical examination results, which helps to assess the severity of infection, followed by the study of the living organisms that cause microbearing [84, 85].
Standard procedure is to increase the clinical assessment of laboratory investigations, especially for inpatient. In addition to the patient’s history, should be taken into account relevant risk factors such as frequent entry in the hospital factors, diabetes, neutropenia, wounds sting and animal contact, which may indicate a potential junior responsible for the injury of living organisms [86].
Possible complications associated with cysts such as inflammation of the lymph glands and muscle inflammation and inflammation of the intestine and colon, gangrene, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, blood poisoning or poisoning should be taken into account during the diagnosis. It may indicate a significant increase in the number of white blood cells (or leukopenia) syndrome poisoning, while the levels of creatine kinase high may indicate the presence of muscles selflessly caused by inflammation of the fascia or inflammation of the bowel syndrome and colon [87].
Radiological examination and investigations aid imaging of deep tissue infections to assess the location and size of the infection and any involvement of blood vessels that can guide surgical drainage procedures. Tests must be performed culturing microbiological in all cases to distinguish between abscesses and MRSA infections, non-infectious MRSA, and therefore the revision of the final decision on the management of antibiotics to reduce the risk of treatment failure likely [88].
Diagnosis of skin abscess usually depends on the clinical manifestations. Abscess appears Oristepelas in areas of skin erythema, edema, and warmth. It is raised lesions Erysipelas higher than the surrounding skin with a clear delineation of the level of tissue between the concerned and involved. Skin abscess appears as a painful, volatile, erythematous node, with or without a surrounding abscess.
For laboratory tests are not required for patients with uncomplicated infection in the absence of associated diseases or complications. It must be subject to patients with disposable abscess incision and drainage. Routine culture of materials debrided is not necessary in healthy patients who are not receiving antibiotics [89].
There is no justification for the cultures of abandoned materials and cultures of blood (before the addition of antibiotic treatment) in the following cases [90, 91]:
Severe local infection (e.g., extensive cellulitis).
Systemic signs of infection (e.g., fever).
History of recurrent or multiple abscesses.
Failure of initial antibiotic therapy.
Extremes of age (young infants or older adults).
Presence of underlying comorbidities (lymphedema, malignancy, neutropenia, immunodeficiency, splenectomy, diabetes).
Special exposures (animal bite, water-associated injury).
Presence of indication for prophylaxis against infective endocarditis.
Community patterns of
Blood cultures are positive in less than 10% of cellulitis cases [92]. There may be a justification for skin biopsy if the diagnosis is uncertain; cultures from samples of skin biopsy result in pathogens in 20–30% of cases. Cultures of healthy skin wipes are not useful and should not be done [93].
It can be useful radiographic examination to determine whether the skin abscess is present (via ultrasound) and to distinguish between cellulitis and osteomyelitis (via magnetic resonance imaging). There may be a justification for radiological assessment in patients with immune suppression, diabetes, venous insufficiency, or lymphedema in patients with persistent symptoms of systemic. Radiological examination cannot reliably distinguish inflammation from Salil fasciitis or gas gangrene Grunt; if there is clinical doubt for these entities, the imaging should not delay surgical intervention [94].
In patients with recurrent cysts, serological tests for drugs Almnhllh blood beta may be a useful diagnostic tool. Assays include the reaction of an anti Alstrptullizin-O (ASO), or test an anti-desoxyribonuclease b (anti-DNA), or anti Alheialoronidaz test (AHT), or antibody test Alstrepettosem [95].
Experimental methods are used to treat a range of cysts surgical treatments and antimicrobial support. However, high resistance of microorganisms to the antibiotics [96]. Resistant organisms medicines in particular, may complicate the treatment of cSSTI. Between the organisms of multi-drug resistance, MRSA, enterococci resistant to vancomycin (VRE), and gentle stretching act-lactamase (ESBL)—producing isolates of
The presence of Pantone assumed—Valentin Okosidin, Botulinum cellular genes coding in MRSA isolated from infection CA—skin to play an important role in this increased virulence strains associated with tissue necrosis, and necrosis of the severity of the largest local and systemic manifestations [99]. Carrying strains of CA-MRSA is also the genes of chromosome mec (SCCmec)
The secretions of fluid from the abscess and ulcers are the common features of bacterial abscesses. Therefore, aggressive surgical revision dead tissue/infected by using chemical or mechanical methods of preferred whenever possible to stop the spread of infection and promote wound healing. The delay is known in the final revision of the soft tissue infections is considered one of the most important risk factor for death [101]. Implementation of incision and drainage of inflammatory cysts and purulent [102]. Other roads dressing negative pressure, chronic infection or localized large wounds with excessive secretion [103]. Download closure with the help of the vacuum (as a substitute for wound healing), especially for surgical wounds or subsequent surgery deep infections, infections of the blood clotting involving venous blood clots, and vascular compensation cases involving injuries in the vascular arteries. Supportive care, which includes fluid resuscitation, and members of the support, nutritional, and management to maintain oxygen and tissue perfusion important interventions in the clinical outcomes of these patients are considered [104].
Some small cysts degrade without treatment, up to the point of disposal. Warm compresses help to speed up the process. It referred to as the incision and drainage when there is a great pain, tenderness and swelling. It is not necessary to wait for volatility. Under sterile conditions, local anesthesia either lidocaine or freezing spray is given [105].
Patients suffering from abscesses intravenous anesthesia large and extremely painful and may benefit pain during the exchange. Often enough having one hole tip stripes to open the abscess. After draining the pus, you must examine the cavity or glove full finger scan sites. Optional normal saline irrigation with gauze used to reduce dead space cavity and prevents the formation of vaccines. Usually the valves are removed after 24–48 h. However, the recent data did not prove the effectiveness of routine irrigation or packing. High local temperature may precipitate inflammation decision [106].
Surgical intervention is the main therapeutic method in cases of fasciitis enterocolitis (A-III). However, many cases of inflammation of the fascia Grunt may begin to Kthab descendant, and if you have been identified fasciitis necrotizing early and treated aggressively, it avoids some patients distort surgical procedures. It must be based on the decision of an aggressive surgery to several considerations. First, there is no response to antibiotics after a reasonable experience is the most common indicator. You must be judged to respond to antibiotics by reducing fever and toxicity and lack of progress. Second, deep toxicity, fever, low blood pressure, or skin and soft tissue provided during antibiotic treatment is an indication for surgical intervention. Third, when the local wound necrosis appears in any skin with easy dissecting along the fascia using a blunt tool, you need to make an incision and a more complete discharge. Fourth, any soft tissue infection accompanied by gas in the injured tissue suggests the presence of tissue necrosis requires Tbarva surgically and/or anesthesia.
Most of the patients must come back with rheumatoid fasciitis Grunt to the operating room over the first 24–36 h after the anesthesia process, and then a day until the surgical team finds no further need debridement. Although separate pus is usually absent, these wounds can discharge abundant amounts of tissue fluid. Aggressive management of fluid is necessary assistant.
You must treat inflammation of the fascia Grunt and/or toxic shock conjugate caused by
Cannot be recommended for sure using of beta globulin (B-II) intravenously in the treatment of toxic shock syndrome conjugate
In the early seventeenth century, death bonds began in London on account of the causes of death with teeth inserted continuously in the list of the main reasons for the fifth or sixth death [110]. By the twentieth century, it has been recognized the possibility of the spread of dental abscesses and cause acute poisoning leading to death. An audit was conducted at the Hull Royal Hospital between 1999 and 2004, an increase in the number of patients who provide services to oral surgery, face and jaws with teeth rot [111]. In the United States, a large prospective study reported that 13% of adult patients sought treatment for dental pain and infection over 24 months of follow-up [112]. The percentage of abscess dentoalveolar occurred 6.4% among children who attended the dental clinic at the outpatient clinics in Nigeria. In India, dental caries affect 60–65% of the general population [113]. Factors involved in the bacteriological cause abscesses teeth consist of a complex mix of strict anaerobic and anaerobic optional. Derived data sets show cultural and molecular studies that have been identified more than 460 unique bacterial species that belong to 100 genus and 9 species in different types of infections pulposus [114]. Signs and symptoms of acute abscess in the teeth are pain, swelling, and erythema are usually localized infected teeth, although suppuration can spread often to nearby tissues, causing fatal complications. Fever, swelling of the mouth and inside the mouth, erythema, tenderness to palpation significantly. Trismus in addition to any changes in the sound, such as hoarseness and a torrent of saliva should pay the doctor to the state of emergency [115].
Respond to simple infections confined to the skin and underlying soft tissues in general to manage outpatient. Among the common symptoms are simple: cellulitis, erysipelas, herpes, folliculitis, fur, shrimp, cysts, infections and injuries. Include complex injuries that extend to the deep underlying tissue, which include deep cysts, ulcers decubitus, fasciitis grunt, Fournier gangrene, infections of human or animal bite. These infections may appear with the inflammatory response syndrome features or systemic sepsis, and sometimes brain necrosis. Inflammation around the anus, and diabetic foot infections, infections in patients with accompanying diseases, and infections of the causes of resistance diseases also represent a complex inflammatory. The diseases of aging, heart disease, or liver, or diabetes, or weakness, or immune poisoning, or obesity, or arterial venous insufficiency or peripheral lymphatic, and psychological trauma among the risk factors of infection of sexually transmitted. The spread of the disease is more common among military personnel during deployment abroad and athletes participating in the nearby sports. Provide with erythema, warmth, edema, and pain on the affected site. Systemic manifestations of infection may follow, reflect the size of the severity of infection. Lower limbs are the most common [116].
Found swollen lymph node cervical in many different disciplines of general medicine to specialized disciplines such as ear nose and throat surgery or maxillofacial surgery craniofacial. It causes swelling benign or malignant may be. Swellings or even benign cysts as a result of infection due mostly
Cysts around the anus are the most common types of cysts anal. These cysts can cause considerable annoyance to patients. It is located at the edge of the anus, and if left untreated can extend into space ischioanal or space intersphincteric because these areas are continuing with the space around the anus. It can also cause systemic infection if left untreated [120]. The prevalence rate of cysts around the anus and anal cysts, in general, is underestimated, since most patients do not seek medical care, or are refusing as the occasional hemorrhoids. It is estimated that there are approximately 100,000 cases of benign anal disease in general. The average age at presentation is 40 years, and that the male mostly of adults twice the rate of infection than females [121]. Abscess around the anus is an indication of the incision and drainage in a timely manner. Antibiotics management alone is inadequate and inappropriate. Once you make an incision and drainage, there is no need to antibiotics unless management require some use of medical problems. Such cases include valvular heart disease, and patients with immune deficiency, diabetes patients, or in the development of sepsis. Antibiotics are also considered in these patients or cases showing signs of infection or systemic inflammation of the cellular tissue surrounding [122].
Breast infections are divided into categories of breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding, or postpartum and non-puerperal. It can be associated with the surface of the skin or underlying lesion. The breast abscesses are more common in lactating women, but they also occur when women are breastfeeding. It is important to rule out more serious diseases such as breast cancer when the patient gets unsatisfactory signs and symptoms of breast abscess. The vast majority of these injuries occur in females, but they can also occur in males. Diagnosis and treatment of breast abscess is not difficult, but there is a high percentage of repetition [123]. Abscesses breast disease is often caused by
Liver abscess is a pus-filled mass inside the liver [126]. Common causes are cases of abdominal such as appendicitis or diverticulitis because of the spread of blood through the portal vein. Can also develop liver injury complication [127]. The prognosis has improved for liver abscesses. The mortality rate in-hospital is about 2.5–19%. The elderly, ICU admissions, shock, cancer, fungal infections, cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, acute respiratory failure, severe disease, or disease of biliary origin have a worse prognosis [128]. Antibiotics: metronidazole fourth and third generation cephalosporin/quinolones, antibiotics and β-lactam, and aminoglycosides effective [129].
Cysts inside the skull is a common and serious life-threatening. They include brain abscess and subdural empyema or outside the dura and are classified by location anatomic or the causative agent of the disease. The term brain abscess is used in this article to represent all types of cysts within the skull [130]. Abscess formation may occur after nerve surgery or head trauma. In these cases it is often the cause of the bacterial skin infection by, such as
Renal cysts and the period surrounding the animal are satisfactory entities that are uncommon due to kidney infections or around it. Moreover, it is a challenge for diagnostic physicians. Delays in diagnosis may lead to higher morbidity and mortality rates [132]. With the availability of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of renal cysts, the mortality rate dropped to 12% [133]. The mainstay of the treatment of kidney cysts or perineum is adequate drainage system and antibiotics optimal. Include the classic management of kidney cysts surgical exploration, incision and drainage, or the eradication of the kidney. However, the destructive treatment at the beginning of the 1970s appeared, and the trend towards common conservative treatment due to advances in new imaging techniques and antibiotics. It is noticed several reports that small cysts nephrotic effectively treated through antibiotics intravenously.
Mixed methods research (MMR) is defined as the collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative data (e.g., RCT outcome) and qualitative data (e.g., observations, semi-structured interviews) to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research problem than might be obtained through quantitative or qualitative research alone [1, 2]. Relevant strategies for the use of mixed methods in health services research include adding qualitative interviews to follow up on the outcomes of intervention trials, gathering both quantitative and qualitative data to assess patient reactions to a program implemented in a community health setting, or using qualitative data to describe or explain the mechanism of a study correlating behavioral and social factors to specific health [3]. We want to find out if this is important in the field of counseling.
I want to start this chapter with the “Classification”, the “five purposes for mixing in mixed-methods research”:
Triangulation seeks convergence, corroboration, and correspondence of results in different ways.
Complementarity seeks elaboration, enhancement, illustration, and clarification of the results from one method with the results from the other method.
Development seeks to use the results from one method to help develop or inform the other method, where interpretation includes sampling and implementation, as well as measurement decisions.
Initiation seeks the discovery of paradox and contradiction, new perspectives of frameworks, and the recasting of questions or results from one method with questions or results from the other method.
Expansion seeks to extend the breadth and range of inquiry by using different methods for different inquiry components [4, 5].
Next to the five purposes MMR has five essential characteristics: (1) the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data, (2) the use of rigorous procedures in conducting quantitative and qualitative research, (3) the integration of the findings, (4) the use of mixed method designs and (5) the use of a conceptual framework [6]. By “Integration”, we mean integrating quantitative and qualitative research through our research teams, philosophies, research process, and research methods.
A mixed methods research project provides more insight than qualitative or quantitative data alone by greater mining data depth. The different perspectives from linking enable the databases to “talk” to each other. We can compare the two database results and follow up quantitative results with qualitative data collection.
There are three different core designs: convergent design, explanatory sequential design, and exploratory sequential design. A plan’s importance is: identifying a theoretical framework, writing a mixed methods question, and writing a mixed method study aim, composing the study using a writing structure that matches the design, developing a joint display for integration, identifying the methodological/validity issues in design, drawing a diagram of configuration, identifying the type of mixed methods design and creating a title for the project.
The convergent design qualitative interviews, analysis, quantitative survey, and analysis stand alone in the first phase. Then they are merged and an interpretation follows. You should choose a convergent design when your mixed method project intends to compare results, develop broader products, validate data, and build cases. It can be helpful when you need rapid data collection. It is also beneficial when you have equal emphasis on both quantitative and qualitative data (Figure 1).
The convergent design [
The explanatory sequential design has three phases. In the first phase, the quantitative survey and analysis of the qualitative interviews and comments will be explained in the second phase. In the third, an interpretation follows (Figure 2).
The explanatory sequential design [
The explanatory sequential design starts with collecting quantitative data through a cross-sectional web-based survey, which delivers numeric data. It follows an analysis of the data through data screening, providing descriptive statistics and factor loadings. In the case selection, an interview protocol will be developed, participant dorm will be selected and interviewed.
The collection of qualitative data happens through documents and telephone interviews. It makes up the text and image data. Lastly, the qualitative data analysis follows a cross-thematic study and delivers a cross-thematic matrix and a visual model of multiple case analyses.
You should choose an explanatory sequential design when your mixed method project intends to explain surprising, contradictory, outlier results or results that do not match theory or form groups/cases for further analysis. Other reasons could be when you have time to conduct your study in phases or emphasize starting a project from a quantitative perspective.
The third core design is the exploratory sequential design.
As illustrated in Figure 3 this design has three phases. In the first phase, interviews, observations, and other qualitative methods are conducted and analyses are made. The analysis of qualitative data leads to the development of a quantitative device.
Exploratory sequential design [
The second phase is the quantitative phase, which includes an instrument design or intervention design. Then follows a quantitative test of an instrument or intervention in phase 3, which leads to an interpretation. “We can first explore qualitatively, and then test out the ideas quantitatively” [6]. Afterward, quantitative data will be collected and analyzed and an interpretation follows.
An exploratory sequential design should be chosen when your mixed methods project intends to build and test an intervention, instrument, survey, app or website, or new variables. Other reasons could be when you emphasize starting your project qualitatively or when you have time to collect in phases over time.
Lastly, a short comment about complex designs. Typically, complex applications are used when researchers have multiple research phases, multiyear research projects, large funded projects, multiple researchers, or the inclusion of mixed methods core designs within different phases of research [7].
Marte Meo is a video-based counseling method founded by Maria Aarts in the Netherlands and is now in worldwide use [8]. Marte Meo has been adopted and put into practice by a large and diverse network of trained and certified counselors worldwide.
With the help of a model of beneficial interaction behavior, Marte Meo aims to support personal development. In this respect, it stands in tradition with the humanistic approach. It was founded with the aim of reducing symptomatology. However, we found that in practice, more Marte Meo counselors aim for personal growth. The focus is on relationships that exhibit “complementarity”. This is mostly given in a dyad relationship, where one person is responsible, supports, cares educates, etc. (e.g., parents, educators, teachers, careers), and another person needs this support (e.g., infant, child, adolescent, sick, disabled, dementia sufferer [8, 9].
In our research, we choose an integrated exploratory sequential design [6], which seems to be best suited to our purposes. It enabled us to discover in detail how a selected group of experts and parents applied for the Marte Meo program, and we then tested out the ideas culled from that process quantitatively with a large convenience sample.
The exploratory sequential design of the Marte Meo project has five phases as illustrated in Figure 4. A systematic literature review is carried out in the first phase, which builds into qualitative interviews and analysis in the second phase. The third phase builds an analysis of videotaped observations. A fourth quantitative phase with an online survey follows and in the last step, the fifth phase follows an interpretation.
Exploratory sequential Design of the Marte Meo Project.
The staged qualitative research consisted of designing, conducting, and analyzing semi-structured interviews with parents and Marte Meo Counselors and then using that analysis to inform the design, the conduct, and analysis of videotaped observations of everyday situations for example in day-care centers to examine the process and effects of Marte Meo interaction elements on children.
Combining these qualitative analyses then became the basis for developing an online questionnaire that could enable us to collect quantitative data on the current use of Marte Meo in practice by experts. As a result of this design, four phases of analysis will be carried out: after the two qualitative phases, after the quantitative phase, and during the integration phase, which will connect the data strands and expand the initial qualitative exploratory results.
With the aim of obtaining more meaningful results on the application of Marte Meo in counseling and therapy, it would be desirable to collect an international and generally more heterogeneous sample that includes various groups of people (clients, other affected persons, or experts in other methods, etc.).
In response to the question “What further development does the method need?”, the experts’ statements strongly pointed to the desire for a scientific foundation for the Marte Meo method. The respondents hoped that increased scientific research on the effectiveness of the method in various fields of application would lead to greater acceptance and consequently to the method being financed by public bodies. The fitting of the effect factors according to Grawe [10] to the basic principles of Marte Meo suggests further follow-up studies are needed to make statements about the effectiveness of Marte Meo. For example, it would be interesting to correlate the experts’ self-declarations of the benefits of Marte Meo with objective behavioral data of the clients and to secure them by means of inference statistics. A concrete criterion for this could be the increased rate of observable Marte Meo elements (beneficial interaction) applied visibly and audibly in video recordings over several counseling sessions [11]. Marte Meo seems to fit different approaches. Possible moderators for the effectiveness of Marte Meo could therefore be the experience, knowledge, or skills of the expert. More than one-fifth of respondents stated that they had children themselves. This factor, too, could be a moderator for the effect of the Marte Meo consultancy services used. Overall, although Marte Meo is often used in combination with other methods in a wide variety of contexts, there seems to be little research on the effect of combined use. Here, it would be interesting to get context-specific information about which combinations of methods are effective for which concerns and contexts.
At the time of research, no study could be found that describes the current status of the nationwide application of Marte Meo in practice, counseling and therapy. The results indicate a high degree of diversity in the use of Marte Meo with a high overall satisfaction among experts. Almost one-third of Marte Meo usage takes place in everyday teaching, followed by counseling, exchange with colleagues, teaching, supervision, and therapy. Marte Meo is often combined with the systemic approach, among other things, because it is flexible enough and allows the experts a lot of leeway in their approach, depending on their individual personalities.
The results of the work show that Marte Meo is perceived as beneficial by its implementers. The experts reported more joy and success in their work. In particular, in the pedagogical context, the daily, resource-oriented “Marte Meo view”, which has been sharpened by the training, seems to be essential, as it allows for an awareness of the needs of the interaction partners and the beneficial interaction elements. Moreover, for some respondents, the use of Marte Meo seems not to be limited to professional practice but is expressed in a general humanistic attitude towards interpersonal relationships of all kinds.
Regarding various application contexts and concrete advisory procedures, well-founded insights into the benefits and effectiveness of Marte Meo could be found in the future, thus ensuring increasing quality assurance or control and the institutional establishment of the method. In order to consider the diversity in the application of Marte Meo, future research can make use of the results of the qualitative and quantitative studies and derive specific questions. It was discussed that a potential benefit of Marte Meo could be based on the fact that central premises or principles of Marte Meo can be applied to the four impact factors according to Grawe [10]. Thus, in order to advance the application of Marte Meo in the future, scientific studies on this point seem promising.
There are still questions about how competently Marte Meo is performed in practice; that is, how much is supervision prescribed so that there is more reason to infer fidelity to the method than with most other interventions. If fidelity is not something that the Marte Meo process itself effectively ensures (especially when it is integrated into other methods that are part of the systemic approach), then implementation studies should be built into outcome/impact studies, so that one can distinguish whether objective results vary depending on the level of fidelity of different practitioners. Implementation studies utilizing the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) might be highly worthwhile.
In our reflections, our decision to utilize an exploratory sequential design was a useful one. In particular, the enhancements of including the systematic literature research (phase 1) and two different qualitative methods (interviews (phase 2) and observations (phase 3) seemed to be a good choice—and might be a recommendation for other similar research projects.
The second project is one concerning genograms. Genograms are an integral part of therapy and counseling (Figure 5).
Example genogram created with the InGeno app.
The study investigated the meaning and functions of genograms in the professional practice of counselors.
The article of Rohr et al. [12] presents partial results of the research project InGeno, in which—on the basis of the “actual” use of genograms to be researched—a user-friendly software for genogram creation is being developed. 108 counselors participated in the quantitative online questionnaire study. The data were analyzed descriptively and summarized together with the qualitative results of Rohr’s [13] preliminary study. The results show: Genograms are of central importance for those counselors who use them in their counseling practice: they are an integral part of their counseling work, are used in a variety of counseling situations together with the clients, and are further used and processed throughout the counseling process. In this context, genogram work fulfills a variety of functions, such as gaining information about the clients, recognizing transgenerational patterns and relationship dynamics, strengthening the identity of the clients, and uncovering their resources. The advantages and disadvantages of standardization and creativity are discussed.
Overall, the present study confirmed and extended the results of Rohr [13] to a large extent.
“Genograms are visualizations of the bio-psycho-social situation of the family and enable clients to recognize patterns of behavior—and thus to get to know themselves better” [13]. They consist of objective data (analogous to the family tree) and subjective meanings. “The task in genogram work in the context of counseling and therapy is to work out the structures of the social matrix (the social field).” Further, Hildenbrand [14], a pioneer in the use of genograms in German-speaking countries, writes: “Instead, I separate between the given and the given-up in human action [15] and find the actor in the distance between the two: The latter becomes an actor by making the given into the given up, i.e., by shaping his or her life”.
The article does not describe normatively and ideally how genograms ‘should’ be created. There is no single case study described, as this would not be helpful for our research questions. Our questions are discussed based on an elaborate research design. Based on the results we describe in this article descriptively: How do experienced counselors and therapists actually work with genograms, what advantages and disadvantages, limits, and possibilities (modes of action) do they find?
The questionnaire used here was created, among other things, based on the evaluation of twenty qualitative expert interviews. It is part of the interdisciplinary research project “InGeno”. A research team from the Department of counseling Research at the University of Cologne is developing a software (app) to create genograms with Computer Science Professor Dr. Mario Winter, B.Sc. Sven Kullack from the Cologne University of Applied Sciences (Figure 6) [13, 15].
Exploratory sequential design of the Genogram Project.
Based on a systematic literature review [16] our project provides a comprehensive overview of genograms’ current research literature. In addition to a detailed account of developed extensions of the standard genogram for specific target groups and counseling settings, research findings on the utility of genograms in training and supervision and the need for discussing psychometric testing of genograms. The presented systematic literature review method aims to invite researchers to “underpin” their future counseling and therapy research with this approach. In this case, it will inspire counselors and therapists to test different extensions of genogram work depending on the target group and setting in practice.
The systematic literature search done on 05/09/2018 returned 348 hits. Thirty publications from other sources supplemented these. After removing duplicates, we checked the remaining 277 publications for thematic fit based on the titles or abstracts. Here, 112 publications were excluded as they did not fit in terms of content or were not available in English, German, or Spanish. The remaining 165 publications were checked for their suitability in the full text. In this step, a further sixty publications were excluded because they did not contribute to the genograms’ role in counseling practice.
The date of publication was not an exclusion criterion; also included were publications before 1990. A total of 105 publications were included in the systematic literature review and were analyzed concerning their empirical content.
Against the background of the quantitative results presented in this article, the systematic literature research [12], and the preceding qualitative interviews with experts the question of the significance and function of genograms in counseling practice can be answered as follows: For those counselors who use genograms in their counseling practice, they are of central importance and an integral part of the counseling process. They are very likely to be used in a large number of counseling situations, whereby most of the time this is done together with the clients. The genogram work is not a one-time activity, but the genogram is used and processed again and again during the counseling process. This leads to the conclusion that for many counselors the genogram fulfills the function of a common thread that runs through the counseling process and can be referred to again and again. The willingness to supplement central and well-known basic functions with further elements that make sense for individual counseling practice is great so that a great heterogeneity in the presentation of the genograms is to be expected. The goals of genogram work are to gain information about the clients, to recognize transgenerational patterns and relationship dynamics, to strengthen the clients’ identity—or their own appreciative understanding—and to uncover their resources. According to this, the genogram fulfills a variety of important functions in the counseling process—as well as within training and supervision: almost all respondents experienced the creation of their own genogram as very or mostly helpful.
The counseling and therapeutic work with genograms are very diverse. This is evident from both the systematic literature review (Phase 1) presented in the previous article [12] as well as from the results presented in this article. This is followed by open, fundamental questions: Are we even talking about the same “thing” when we use the term genogram—or genogram work? Bruno Hildenbrand [14] propagates to call “genogram work” only what aims at case reconstruction based on objective data. This could be called an extreme pole of answers to the question: “How are genograms used?”
For us, genograms are semi-standardized “visualizations of the family’s bio-psycho-social situation and enable clients* to recognize patterns of behavior—and thus to get to know themselves better” [13]; “semi-standardized” because it became clear in the study presented that the use of the symbols proposed by McGoldrick et al. [17] varied significantly in practice. Despite the advantages of standardization, e.g., the majority use of one and the same software, we believe that the focus should be on the common process of genogram use—and not on the genogram as a means of pure information retrieval.
Maybe the question of standardization or creativity is not relevant for individual counselors and therapists, but undoubtedly for the “scientific community”: If professional communication is to be done or if genograms are integrated into therapy applications, standardization is helpful for transparent communication. And if this communication will be digital in the near future (keyword “digital file”), a digitalization of genograms (beyond photos of paper-and-pencil drawings) will be necessary. And yet working with genograms is always an idiographic procedure, i.e., case-oriented, not standard, and developing or progressing from hour to hour. Especially “relationship lines” with double or jagged lines are not “set in stone” from a constructivist-systemic understanding, should not be the basis for “hard diagnostics” (said Tom Levold in the second phase of our project, the qualitative data collection). They are perspectives, circular, they may be experienced quite differently after a few weeks and serve only as hypotheses.
In conclusion, this chapter presents an outlook on an elaborate research project which I have started on behalf of the DGfB, the German National Association for Counseling (member of EAC and IAC). Together with Marc Weinhardt (Universität Trier), Cornelia Maier-Gutheil (Evangelische Hochschule Darmstadt), Tim Stanik (Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit, Schwerin) and Marc Höcker (Universität zu Köln und Universität Mainz) I work on the development of a German qualifications framework for Counseling—in the context of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF).
It is a particular challenge due to the specific conditions in non-formal learning. It requires a well-considered, staged, and explorative approach because it is impossible to fall back on already established procedures for the allocation and reference competencies of the DQR (The German Qualifications Framework) from other fields. The DQR is a mixture of Mixed Methods Program Evaluation Design and Mixed Methods Participatory Design.
In a first step, a multi method approach triangulates a systematic literature review with a quantitative expert survey.
Here, the competencies and competence facets defined in the academic discourse and the competencies and competence facets depicted in counseling curricula are recorded to secure and further explore these in a Delphi study with one hundred experts’ participation. The experts were selected in close consultation with the client to adequately reflect the counseling landscape’s diversity and consider a cross-school perspective.
The Delphi study (100 experts will fill in the questionnaire) aims to check and supplement the literature review results and weighting concerning the Qualifications Framework for Counseling. It is to ensure that a methodically supported and intersubjectively comprehensible consensus is found within the member associations.
At the same time, we will analyze procedures and instruments for competence assessment, examinations, and certification procedures of the DGfB member associations with regard to their outcome and competence orientation in order to systematize their adaptation possibilities for the project context. Evaluating both partial studies’ results (qualification framework for counseling and synopsis of competence assessment procedures). In the course of qualitative group discussions with representatives of the DGfB member associations, proposals for certification criteria and practices will be derived and, in the course of the project, acceptance for the project results will be created in the DGfB member associations. The entire application’s orientation follows a research concept oriented towards impact factors. It is thus natively connectable to competence-oriented discourses and aims at theoretical and empirical modeling of successful counseling actions.
This project is a so-called complex design—an intersection of core designs with complex applications (see Figure 7).
Process model embedding mixed methods into complex designs [
They are used when researchers have multiple research phases, multiyear research projects, large funded projects, multiple researchers, and inclusion of mixed methods core designs within different phases of research [6]. In this case, it is a mix of a “Mixed Methods Program Evaluation Design” (see Figure 8) and a “Mixed Methods Participatory Design” which is used when you want to involve stakeholders or participants in your design, when you want to bring about change and when you understand participatory approaches [6].
Mixed methods program evaluation design [
In general, this article can be understood as a plea for mixed methods research. We agree with Teddlie and Tashakkori [18]: “We believe that divergent thought will always be a part of MMR (…), but that it is now time for greater convergence on some basic characteristics and principles” and with Symonds and Gorard [19]: “Death of mixed methods?: Or the rebirth of research as a craft”. Considering the limitations of the quantitative and qualitative paradigms and current definitions of mixed methods, we advocate the development of a research community where ‘all methods have a role, and a key place in the full research cycle from the generation of ideas to the rigorous testing of theories for amelioration’ and do not believe in “oppositional components of paradigms” [20].
This text is a “plea for mixed methods research in the field of counseling” by explaining three empirical examples. Timothy C. Guetterman did a meta-analysis together with my mentor Charles Deutsch from the Harvard School of Public Health and other colleagues [3]. Their goal was to understand how reviewers evaluate mixed methods research by analyzing reviewer comments for grant applications that were submitted primarily to the National Institutes of Health. They asked Mixed Methods Research Training Program (MMRTP) health sciences researchers and consultants to send them summary comments on their mixed methods grant applications and received 40 summary comments on funded (40%) and unfunded (60%) mixed methods grant applications [3]. They conducted a document analysis with a coding rubric based on NIH Best Practices for Mixed Methods Research in the Health Sciences and allowed inductive codes to emerge. Reviewers positively evaluated mixed methods applications that demonstrated coherence between goals and research design elements, detailed methods, plans for integrating mixed methods, and use of theoretical models. Reviewers identified weaknesses in mixed methods applications that lacked methodological detail or rationale, had a high participant load, and did not delineate investor roles. Successful mixed methods applications convey assumptions behind the methods chosen to achieve specific goals and clearly describe the procedures to be followed. Investigators planning to use mixed methods should remember that reviewers are looking for both points of view [3].
Mixed methods approaches are well suited to achieving the goals of health and implementation research. Nonetheless, applicants should be careful to explain the proposed methods based on underlying assumptions so that referees trained in the former methods from disciplines such as epidemiology and statistics will be able to understand the connection between the specific goals and the mixed methods. The reviewers pay attention to details about the samples, the plans for data collection and analysis, and the data integration procedures. Applicants should anticipate and dispel the concerns of the evaluators about possible disadvantages of mixed methods in terms of participants, time and resource expenditure, and generalizability of results [3]. The study of Guetterman et al. provides some empirical evidence for researchers keen to take full advantage of mixed methods to address pressing clinical and health care issues [3]. Therefore, it fits perfectly into this “plea for mixed methods research in the field of counseling”.
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Urban tunnels are often made in soils with very low values of overburden. Risks of collapse and large deformations at the surface are high; thus negative impact on old buildings are likely to occur if appropriate measures are not taken in advance, when designing and constructing the tunnel. For deep tunnels with high overburden and low rock mass properties, squeezing conditions and excessive loads around the excavation can jeopardize the stability of the tunnel, leading to extensive collapse. The aim of the chapter is to give details on advance computational modelling and analytical methodologies, which can be used in order to design shallow and deep tunnels and to present real case studies from around the world, from very shallow tunnels in India with only 4.5 m overburden to a deep tunnel in Venezuela with extreme squeezing conditions under 1300 m overburden.",book:{id:"7690",slug:"tunnel-engineering-selected-topics",title:"Tunnel Engineering",fullTitle:"Tunnel Engineering - Selected Topics"},signatures:"Spiros Massinas",authors:[{id:"295762",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Massinas",slug:"spiros-massinas",fullName:"Spiros Massinas"}]},{id:"68157",title:"Introductory Chapter: Textile Manufacturing Processes",slug:"introductory-chapter-textile-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:4414,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"8892",slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",fullTitle:"Textile Manufacturing Processes"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]},{id:"66828",title:"Breathing Monitoring and Pattern Recognition with Wearable Sensors",slug:"breathing-monitoring-and-pattern-recognition-with-wearable-sensors",totalDownloads:3062,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"This chapter introduces the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, and the reasons for measuring breathing events, particularly, using wearable sensors. Respiratory monitoring is vital including detection of sleep apnea and measurement of respiratory rate. The automatic detection of breathing patterns is equally important in other respiratory rehabilitation therapies, for example, magnetic resonance exams for respiratory triggered imaging, and synchronized functional electrical stimulation. In this context, the goal of many research groups is to create wearable devices able to monitor breathing activity continuously, under natural physiological conditions in different environments. Therefore, wearable sensors that have been used recently as well as the main signal processing methods for breathing analysis are discussed. The following sensor technologies are presented: acoustic, resistive, inductive, humidity, acceleration, pressure, electromyography, impedance, and infrared. New technologies open the door to future methods of noninvasive breathing analysis using wearable sensors associated with machine learning techniques for pattern detection.",book:{id:"7654",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",title:"Wearable Devices",fullTitle:"Wearable Devices - the Big Wave of Innovation"},signatures:"Taisa Daiana da Costa, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vara, Camila Santos Cristino, Tyene Zoraski Zanella, Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto and Percy Nohama",authors:[{id:"192464",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Percy",middleName:null,surname:"Nohama",slug:"percy-nohama",fullName:"Percy Nohama"},{id:"285706",title:"MSc.",name:"Taísa Daiana",middleName:null,surname:"Da Costa",slug:"taisa-daiana-da-costa",fullName:"Taísa Daiana Da Costa"},{id:"285707",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria de Fatima Fernandes",middleName:null,surname:"Vara",slug:"maria-de-fatima-fernandes-vara",fullName:"Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vara"},{id:"285708",title:"BSc.",name:"Camila Santos",middleName:null,surname:"Cristino",slug:"camila-santos-cristino",fullName:"Camila Santos Cristino"},{id:"285709",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme Nunes",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira Neto",slug:"guilherme-nunes-nogueira-neto",fullName:"Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto"},{id:"293109",title:"BSc.",name:"Tyene",middleName:null,surname:"Zoraski Zanella",slug:"tyene-zoraski-zanella",fullName:"Tyene Zoraski Zanella"}]},{id:"41411",title:"Textile Dyes: Dyeing Process and Environmental Impact",slug:"textile-dyes-dyeing-process-and-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:20608,totalCrossrefCites:97,totalDimensionsCites:305,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Farah Maria Drumond Chequer, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Elisa Raquel Anastácio Ferraz, Juliano Carvalho Cardoso, Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni and Danielle Palma de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"49040",title:"Prof.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Palma De Oliveira",slug:"danielle-palma-de-oliveira",fullName:"Danielle Palma De Oliveira"},{id:"149074",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Valnice",middleName:null,surname:"Zanoni",slug:"maria-valnice-zanoni",fullName:"Maria Valnice Zanoni"},{id:"153502",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Farah",middleName:null,surname:"Chequer",slug:"farah-chequer",fullName:"Farah Chequer"},{id:"153504",title:"MSc.",name:"Gisele",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gisele-oliveira",fullName:"Gisele Oliveira"},{id:"163377",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"juliano-cardoso",fullName:"Juliano Cardoso"},{id:"163393",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"elisa-ferraz",fullName:"Elisa Ferraz"}]},{id:"70242",title:"Advancements in the Fenton Process for Wastewater Treatment",slug:"advancements-in-the-fenton-process-for-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:1925,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Fenton is considered to be one of the most effective advanced treatment processes in the removal of many hazardous organic pollutants from refractory/toxic wastewater. It has many advantages, but drawbacks are significant such as a strong acid environment, the cost of reagents consumption, and the large production of ferric sludge, which limits Fenton’s further application. The development of Fenton applications is mainly achieved by improving oxidation efficiency and reducing sludge production. This chapter presents a review on fundamentals and applications of conventional Fenton, leading advanced technologies in the Fenton process, and reuse methods of iron containing sludge to synthetic and real wastewaters are discussed. Finally, future trends and some guidelines for Fenton processes are given.",book:{id:"9415",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",fullTitle:"Advanced Oxidation Processes - Applications, Trends, and Prospects"},signatures:"Min Xu, Changyong Wu and Yuexi Zhou",authors:[{id:"307479",title:"Dr.",name:"Changyong",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"changyong-wu",fullName:"Changyong Wu"},{id:"307546",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuexi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yuexi-zhou",fullName:"Yuexi Zhou"},{id:"311139",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"min-xu",fullName:"Min Xu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"24",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"79832",title:"Multiplexing, Transmission and De-Multiplexing of OAM Modes through Specialty Fibers",slug:"multiplexing-transmission-and-de-multiplexing-of-oam-modes-through-specialty-fibers",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101340",abstract:"Space division multiplexing (SDM) over fibers has introduced a new paradigm in optical communication thanks to its capability to meet the ever-renewed demand of more transmission capacity and on large spectral efficiency. This ever-increasing demand is pushed by the nonstop increase of the number of connected users, devices, processes, and data (toward internet of everything IOE). One of the most promising variants of SDM, that has recently shown great potential, is based on harnessing orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes as data carriers. These OAMs are multiplexed, transmitted over special optical fibers (OAM-fibers) then de-multiplexed. In order to highlight the potential of SDM system incorporating OAM modes through fibers, in this chapter, we disassemble an SDM system and we examine its main key elements. The potential of OAM-SDM is discussed as a promising candidate for the next generation local/global communications networks. This chapter is intended to provide a comprehensive and deep understanding of SDM, which will push R&D community to derive future research directions in the field.",book:{id:"10990",title:"Multiplexing - Recent Advances and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10990.jpg"},signatures:"Alaaeddine Rjeb, Habib Fathallah and Mohsen Machhout"},{id:"82443",title:"Phase Noise in OFDM",slug:"phase-noise-in-ofdm",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105551",abstract:"Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique provides high data rate with high spectral efficiency for operating close to the Shanon capacity bounds. With the advantages of simple channel equalization, robustness against frequency selectivity of the channel, and efficient implementation, this is a widely deployed technique. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access (OFDMA), the multiple access technique using OFDM, has the great potential for providing high spectral efficiency due to its integrated space-frequency and multiuser diversity. Besides all the advantages, OFDM/A is very susceptible to transceiver’s impairments such as phase noise (PHN), carrier frequency offset, and in-quadrature phase imbalance effect. Phase noise is the random fluctuation in phase of the sinusoidal waveform used for frequency up/down conversion of baseband signals to/from RF (radio frequency). This occurs due to the inherent imperfections of oscillators used for this purpose. This chapter addresses the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing/multiple access system performance under the impact of transceiver oscillator phase noise.",book:{id:"10990",title:"Multiplexing - Recent Advances and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10990.jpg"},signatures:"Kamayani Shrivastav"},{id:"82089",title:"Perspective Chapter: Breaking the Barriers – Additive Technologies (AX) for Integrated Process Chains and Integrated Devices (IDs) for Hybrid Product Architectures",slug:"perspective-chapter-breaking-the-barriers-additive-technologies-ax-for-integrated-process-chains-and",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104891",abstract:"Additive technology has evolved from rapid prototyping to rapid tooling and manufacturing of load-bearing parts for productive use. Application potential is limited by constituent strengths and weaknesses. To enfold its full potential, research, development, and industrial application have to facilitate combinations of additive and conventional technology. The concept of additive parts manufacturing has to be expanded to a mature technology contributing and facilitating hybrid products and integrated process chains. From a two-dimensional reference model, approaches to integration are derived, and their status is briefly outlined: Efforts to facilitate postprocessing by design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) and hybrid manufacturing have been raised to awareness and are being worked on. Yet, integration of pre-fabricated structures is hardly accounted for, although it bears the potential for a paradigmatic shift in manufacturing: With a wider concept of layer-based processes, Additive Technology could form the core technology for integration of components and functions to Integrated Devices, following the model of the Integrated Circuits and packaging technology in microelectronics and Microelectromechanical Systems. First developments are outlined, but research and development effort has to be dedicated to novel additive processes for this application. Finally, workflows for product developers need to be modified and trained to plan hybrid product architectures already in conceptual phases.",book:{id:"10974",title:"Advanced Additive Manufacturing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10974.jpg"},signatures:"Matthias Dahlmeyer and Sebastian Noller"},{id:"81952",title:"Perspective Chapter: Multi-Material in 3D Printing for Engineering Applications",slug:"perspective-chapter-multi-material-in-3d-printing-for-engineering-applications",totalDownloads:23,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102564",abstract:"3D Printing or Additive Manufacturing is one of a novel method in manufacturing of materials with increased accuracy of manufacturing in terms of complexity in parts, design of aerospace and defense parts, light-weighting, etc., This manufacturing method involves layer-by-layer printing or deposition of materials or metals into the perfectly aligned especially in corners, edges and in most complex designs. The design process mostly involved software so that production cost could be estimated in the design stage itself. Additive Manufacturing is one of the most promising approach for small and low-volume productions. The filament used for the process is prominent to the designer, along with the various printing processes. Recent modern printing techniques involve multiple nozzles, whereas designers can use multiple materials on single printing. The use of multi-material in a single part enables the manufacturer to rapidly produce products which have specific applications. This chapter discusses about various multi-material with different mechanical properties that can be used for structural applications through different printing technologies on various precious applications. This technology is quickly adopted by even small-scale industries in recent times.",book:{id:"10974",title:"Advanced Additive Manufacturing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10974.jpg"},signatures:"Rajkumar Velu, R. Sathishkumar and A. Saiyathibrahim"},{id:"81932",title:"Waveguide Amplifier for Extended Reach of WDM/FSO",slug:"waveguide-amplifier-for-extended-reach-of-wdm-fso",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104790",abstract:"In this chapter, EYDWA (erbium ytterbium doped waveguide amplifier) is characterized for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) approach on free space optical (FSO) transmission systems with channels being spaced at 0.4 nm interval. Moreover, in this paper, was study different characterizations of EYDWA amplifier, which depend essentially on the opt-geometric parameters, such as concentrations of ions erbium, length of the waveguide and the effect of those parameters to optimize the performance of proposed system. Furthermore, the results reveal that the EYDWA booster (post-amplification) can improve the high performance remarkably under clear rain and the acceptable transmission can be carried out up to 26 km while it get reduced to 19.5 km by using pre-amplification.",book:{id:"10990",title:"Multiplexing - Recent Advances and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10990.jpg"},signatures:"Bentahar Attaouia, Kandouci Malika, Ghouali Samir and Dinar Amina Elbatoul"},{id:"80282",title:"Modeling of LPBF Scanning Strategy and its Correlation with the Metallic 316 L, 321, and Alnico Magnets Samples Structure",slug:"modeling-of-lpbf-scanning-strategy-and-its-correlation-with-the-metallic-316-l-321-and-alnico-magnet",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102073",abstract:"This chapter presents the influence of powder bed laser scanning strategy on the crystallographic structure of the fused specimens 316 L, 321 stainless steel, and Alnico magnets. The main parameters affecting structure are as follows—laser power, stripe width, number of repeated passes with different power, and type of scanning (circle, bidirectional or interlaced, etc.). Changes in the crystallographic structure are studied with regard to melt pool geometry, surface temperature, and surface heat transfer. The correlation is shown between stripe width and laser beam focal spot diameter. Depending on the ratio between stripe width and laser beam focal spot diameter one can see growth elongated and oriented grains or quasi-equiaxed non-oriented grains. The influence of the energy input on the melt pool size and the microstructure of the sample is studied. The influence of the scanning mode (bidirectional and circular) on the temperature distribution in the sample and the microstructure of the sample made of Alnico alloy is considered. All these experimental and model examples clearly demonstrate that it is possible to produce a controllable structure during LPBF process building for advanced additive manufacturing.",book:{id:"10974",title:"Advanced Additive Manufacturing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10974.jpg"},signatures:"Pavel Kuznetsov, Anna Mozhayko, Ivan Shakirov, Vitaliy Bobyr, Mikhail Staritsyn and Anton Zhukov"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:19},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. 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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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