Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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This new book presents the importance of the therapeutic and creative use of activity in different populations, which is one of the core components of occupational therapy. Rehabilitation, rehabilitation delivery and outcomes are affected by recent changes in the meaning of health and social values. This resulted in an increasing necessity for therapeutic therapy, as well as creative use of activity in occupational therapy. This book focuses on recent advances in occupational therapy and reviews current practical guidelines. It introduces updated knowledge and skills for children, adults and the communities, including physical, mental, social, sensory, behavioral, environmental and community-based interventions to prevent, promote and improve activity use. 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Her research focuses on occupational science and the impact of occupational therapy on practitioners, children, and individuals with cancer. She is the author of 17 journal articles and 4 book chapters in occupational therapy and rehabilitation. She was awarded for her two studies in rehabilitation of patients with prostate cancer and interdisciplinary team approach in community health care. 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This chapter explores the role that OT plays, and the expertise, in relation to the interdisciplinary team. In addition, it discusses and presents empirical support for several therapeutic approaches commonly used by OTs working with individuals with ASD.",signatures:"Bryan M. Gee, Amy Nwora and Theodore W. Peterson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62210",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62210",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"61806",title:"Executive Functions and Neurology in Children and Adolescents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78312",slug:"executive-functions-and-neurology-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:1710,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical and methodological issues of creating a developmental perspective on executive function (EF) in childhood and adolescence. 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An occupational imbalance is seen in the individuals, during this penalty period and afterward, because of limited occupational participation. As an occupational being, this affects their physical, mental and psychological well-being. Imprisonment is an important practice in criminal law to punish criminals. This may be necessary for the protection of society from criminals, but successful integration into a community after exiting the prison is the most important factor in preventing recidivism. Occupational therapy focuses on health and well-being by using meaningful and purposeful occupations. Occupation involves any activity that people perform or participate in, such as giving care to themselves or others, working, learning, playing games, and interacting with others. From this perspective, the role of occupational therapists in forensic settings is to determine the abilities of these individuals to congregate their deprived freedoms and use them to train them for an independent and autonomous life; to provide a professional orientation, career counseling, and self-esteem; to gain some habits for physical, spiritual and moral life and to reinforce.",signatures:"Esma Ozkan, Sümeyye Belhan, Mahmut Yaran and Meral Zarif",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62493",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62493",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"61030",title:"Employment of People with Disabilities and Ergonomic Risk Factors at Workplace",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76721",slug:"employment-of-people-with-disabilities-and-ergonomic-risk-factors-at-workplace",totalDownloads:1323,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The importance of employment to people with disabilities has been increasing in recent years. 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Many different ergonomic risk factors are available to affect the quality of life of a person at workplace. This chapter focuses on the employment of people with disabilities, the risk factors they may face at workplace and assessment of risk factors.",signatures:"Beliz Belgen Kaygisiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61030",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61030",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"60928",title:"Animal-Assisted Therapy in Occupational Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76468",slug:"animal-assisted-therapy-in-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:1896,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Developing technology, rehabilitation services, and health definitions have brought about the use of different treatments as well as traditional treatments. Some of these methods are virtual reality, animal-assisted practices, and aqua therapy. 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RNA-Seq transcriptome profiling of healthy and diseased tissues allows FOR understanding the alterations in cellular phenotypes through the expression of differentially spliced RNA isoforms. Assessment of gene expression by RNA-Seq provides new insight into host response to pathogens, drugs, allergens, and other environmental triggers. RNA-Seq allows us to accurately capture all subtypes of RNA molecules, in any sequenced organism or single-cell type, under different experimental conditions. Merging genomics and transcriptomic profiling provides novel information underlying causative DNA mutations. Combining RNA-Seq with immunoprecipitation and cross-linking techniques is a clever multi-omics strategy assessing transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels of gene expression regulation.",isbn:"978-1-83962-815-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-686-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-816-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91555",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"applications-of-rna-seq-in-biology-and-medicine",numberOfPages:142,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"62399ea4ed0544b946dcbd1853b2d1b8",bookSignature:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis",publishedDate:"October 13th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10369.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:1043,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 22nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 11th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. St. Louis conducts discovery research in several key areas including infectious diseases, immunology, and oncology. By integrating specific areas of expertise - genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, ribonomics, and bioinformatics - Irina’s group is studying normal and pathological conditions at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"211159",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Vlasova-St. Louis",slug:"irina-vlasova-st.-louis",fullName:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211159/images/system/211159.png",biography:"Dr. Vlasova-St. Louis earned her MD and Ph.D. degrees from Ural State Medical Academy, Russia. She completed her postdoctoral training at the University of Minnesota, USA, and fellowship sponsored by the Lymphoma Research Foundation. She served as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota. \r\nDr. Vlasova-St. Louis has expertise in several biological disciplines including infectious diseases, immunology, and bioinformatics. By integrating state-of-the-art techniques such as next-generation sequencing, she made numerous biomedical discoveries studying normal and pathological conditions at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. \r\nCurrently, Dr. St. Louis is a COVID-19 Associate, sponsored by the Association of Public Health Laboratories and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. She leads the molecular surveillance program of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. Additionally, she is conducting research at Johns Hopkins University within the Advanced Academic Program: Individualized Genomics and Health.",institutionString:"University of Minnesota",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Johns Hopkins University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"380",title:"Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-biochemistry-molecular-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"78478",title:"Introductory Chapter: Applications of RNA-Seq Diagnostics in Biology and Medicine",slug:"introductory-chapter-applications-of-rna-seq-diagnostics-in-biology-and-medicine",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"211159",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",surname:"Vlasova-St. Louis",slug:"irina-vlasova-st.-louis",fullName:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis"}]},{id:"76720",title:"RNA Sequencing in Potentially Malignant Disorders",slug:"rna-sequencing-in-potentially-malignant-disorders",totalDownloads:174,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"334988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramya",surname:"Ramadoss",slug:"ramya-ramadoss",fullName:"Ramya Ramadoss"},{id:"334997",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajkumar",surname:"Krishnan",slug:"rajkumar-krishnan",fullName:"Rajkumar Krishnan"},{id:"350018",title:"Dr.",name:"Lekshmy",surname:"Jayan",slug:"lekshmy-jayan",fullName:"Lekshmy Jayan"},{id:"415408",title:"Dr.",name:"Priyadharini",surname:"Shankaran",slug:"priyadharini-shankaran",fullName:"Priyadharini Shankaran"}]},{id:"75458",title:"Insights into Oropharyngeal Microbiota, Biofilms and Associated Diseases from Metagenomics and Transcriptomic Approaches",slug:"insights-into-oropharyngeal-microbiota-biofilms-and-associated-diseases-from-metagenomics-and-transc",totalDownloads:99,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"262335",title:"Dr.",name:"Richa",surname:"Priydarshini",slug:"richa-priydarshini",fullName:"Richa Priydarshini"},{id:"263707",title:"Dr.",name:"Karthik",surname:"Krishnan",slug:"karthik-krishnan",fullName:"Karthik Krishnan"},{id:"346817",title:"Ms.",name:"Rashmi",surname:"Niranjan",slug:"rashmi-niranjan",fullName:"Rashmi Niranjan"}]},{id:"76156",title:"Assessing Host-Pathogen Interaction Networks via RNA-Seq Profiling: A Systems Biology Approach",slug:"assessing-host-pathogen-interaction-networks-via-rna-seq-profiling-a-systems-biology-approach",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"146264",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhassu",surname:"Subha",slug:"bhassu-subha",fullName:"Bhassu Subha"},{id:"346140",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sudhesh Dev",surname:"Sareshma",slug:"sudhesh-dev-sareshma",fullName:"Sudhesh Dev Sareshma"}]},{id:"77730",title:"Diagnostic Applications for RNA-Seq Technology and Transcriptome Analyses in Human Diseases Caused by RNA Viruses",slug:"diagnostic-applications-for-rna-seq-technology-and-transcriptome-analyses-in-human-diseases-caused-b",totalDownloads:176,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"211159",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",surname:"Vlasova-St. Louis",slug:"irina-vlasova-st.-louis",fullName:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis"},{id:"414700",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Gorzalski",slug:"andrew-gorzalski",fullName:"Andrew Gorzalski"},{id:"414701",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Pandori",slug:"mark-pandori",fullName:"Mark Pandori"}]},{id:"76430",title:"Recent Applications of RNA Sequencing in Food and Agriculture",slug:"recent-applications-of-rna-sequencing-in-food-and-agriculture",totalDownloads:336,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"78209",title:"Dr.",name:"Lloyd T.",surname:"Walker",slug:"lloyd-t.-walker",fullName:"Lloyd T. 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From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
During the last decades, the growing demand of energy and the depletion of fossil resources have resulted in the research and development of sustainable technologies for the production of valuable chemical compounds and fuels, and biomass conversion through catalytic processes is a potential alternative. One of the most viable choices for the partial replacement of petroleum diesel is the use of biodiesel as fuel in internal combustion engines. The biodiesel production yields glycerine (glycerol or 1,2,3-propanetriol) as by-product in quantities around 10% of the volume of produced biodiesel, and, as a result of the development of biodiesel industry, the global production of glycerine has increased while its market price has consequently declined [1].
\n
From this perspective, intensive research has been carried out in recent years to develop biotechnological and catalytic processes that allow the change of the current status of glycerine as a by-product into a raw material for the production of compounds of industrial and technological interests [1, 2]. The catalytic dehydration of glycerine has become important because it may yield acrolein (2-propenal) as the main reaction product and represents a route for its renewable production, in contrast with the current process based on the partial oxidation of propylene derived from the petrochemical industry [3].
\n
Acrolein is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde and exhibits high reactivity due to the presence of a C=C double bond conjugated with the carbonyl group. The acrolein has been used as herbicide in irrigation systems and as antimicrobial in liquid fuels, process lines, and in water recirculation systems and is a crucial intermediary in the industrial production of a wide range of compounds such as methionine, acrylic acid, acrylic acid esters, polymers, propanol, propionaldehyde, allyl alcohol, 1,3-propanediol, acrolein acetals, alkoxy-propionaldehydes, and pyridine bases [4].
\n
The glycerol dehydration is mainly carried out in gaseous phase in the presence of an acid catalyst such as protonated or metal-promoted zeolites, mixed metallic oxides, functionalized oxides, or supported heteropolyacids [5], at atmospheric pressure and reaction temperatures between 453 and 773 K [6]. Depending on the reaction conditions and the physicochemical properties of the catalyst, acetol (1-hydroxy-2-propanone) and acetaldehyde (ethanal) may be produced by parallel dehydration routes, while small amounts of aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and/or alcohols in the range of C1–C3 are results of subsequent reactions of the dehydration products [7].
\n
This chapter highlights the advances in the gas-phase catalytic dehydration of glycerine to acrolein.
\n
\n
\n
2. Thermodynamics of the glycerol dehydration
\n
The thermodynamic analysis of a chemical system provides valuable information for the design of chemical reactors such as the heat released or absorbed by the reaction, the behavior of simultaneous and consecutive reactions regarding the temperature, and the equilibrium concentration of each compound involved in the system at a determined temperature. In this sense, the glycerol dehydration reaction proceeds through three parallel routes as shown in Figure 1, from which acetol and acrolein are the main products (reactions 1 and 2), while acetaldehyde and formaldehyde may be produced in minor proportions (reaction 3) [7, 8].
\n
Figure 1.
Parallel reactions involved in the glycerol dehydration.
\n
The reaction enthalpies (ΔHr°) of the three parallel routes at the gas phase evidence that the production of acetol (reaction 1) is an exothermic process releasing 34 kJ·mol−1 at 298.15 K, while the system becomes endothermic to obtain acrolein (reaction 2) and acetaldehyde (reaction 3), requiring 28.8 and 56.8 kJ·mol−1, respectively (Table 1). The theoretical values of the equilibrium constants (Kp) indicate that the three reactions are thermodynamically feasible from 300 to 900 K [7]. From experimental results, Talebian et al. [9] performed calculations of equilibrium constants for the conversion of glycerol to acrolein (reaction 2) between 553 and 613 K. The trend of the equilibrium constants (from 7.6 to 7.95) is in agreement with the direction of the theoretical estimations; however, the values are smaller than the theoretical ones. The difference may be attributed to the fact that the authors considered the effect of water as solvent besides that the experimental system did not reach the chemical equilibrium, resulting in glycerol conversions smaller than the theoretical and concentrations of reactants and products that lead to different values of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant [7].
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Reaction
\n
ΔHr° (kJ·mol−1)
\n
ln (Kp)
\n
\n
\n
298 K
\n
300 K
\n
400 K
\n
500 K
\n
600 K
\n
700 K
\n
800 K
\n
900 K
\n
\n\n\n
\n
1
\n
−33.99
\n
29.39
\n
29.30
\n
25.91
\n
23.85
\n
22.43
\n
21.36
\n
20.53
\n
19.86
\n
\n
\n
2
\n
28.84
\n
19.11
\n
19.18
\n
22.15
\n
23.96
\n
25.09
\n
25.82
\n
26.28
\n
26.57
\n
\n
\n
3
\n
56.77
\n
6.93
\n
7.07
\n
12.77
\n
16.11
\n
18.24
\n
19.68
\n
20.71
\n
21.48
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
Standard enthalpies and equilibrium constants of glycerol dehydration reactions.
\n
Presented in Figure 2, the equilibrium molar fractions (yi) of each compound indicate that production of acetol prevails at mild temperatures, mainly from 300 to 480 K, attaining yacetol = 0.50–0.47 as its highest concentration between 300 and 400 K, while its molar fraction decreases approximately 97% from 400 to 600 K.
\n
Figure 2.
Equilibrium molar fractions of products as function of temperature of glycerol dehydration [7].
\n
Contrary, the acrolein concentration increases along the reaction temperature range reaching its maximum and staying around at yacrolein = 0.31 between 600 and 800 K. For reaction 3, below 500 K, the degree of advancement estimated is neglectable, increasing and remaining between 500 and 800 K, which results in low molar fractions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, reaching a maximum value of yi = 0.034 for each product at 900 K.
\n
On the other hand, as was expected, the molar fraction of water in the whole system shows a higher value than the rest of the compounds all over the temperature range over ywater = 0.50 and increases to 0.64 simultaneously with the formation of acrolein. In this reaction two molecules of water are released per molecule of glycerol. The numerical values over the molar fraction curve of water indicate the heat of reaction (in kJ·mol−1) of the overall system after an enthalpy balance, pondering the degree of advancement of each independent reaction [7].
\n
\n
\n
3. Reactors for the glycerine dehydration in gaseous phase
\n
Performing of the gas-phase catalytic dehydration of glycerine is usually accomplished in continuous fixed-bed and fluidized-bed reactors. These types of reactors are described in the following.
\n
\n
3.1 Fixed-bed reactors
\n
As shown in Figure 3(a), the fixed-bed reactor consists mainly on a steel alloy tube provided with an inner mesh on which the catalyst particles are deposited occupying the internal volume. A distributor tray is placed below the reactor entrance, to offer a uniform feedstock flow, as well as a layer of a nonporous and inert material such as fused ceramic on top of the catalytic bed [10]. For the catalytic dehydration of glycerine, the reactor is heated usually between 523 and 603 K. Moreover, an aqueous glycerol solution is preheated in a preheating zone at a temperature enough to vaporize the feedstock, between 473 and 533 K depending on the concentration of reactant required in the feed, and is carried by a pure inert gas flow, usually nitrogen (N2), or in mixture with reactive gases like hydrogen (H2) or oxygen (O2) to diminish the catalyst deactivation [7, 11, 12].
\n
Figure 3.
Schematic diagrams of reactors used in the gas-phase catalytic dehydration of glycerol to acrolein: (a) fixed-bed reactor and (b) fluidized-bed reactor.
\n
The gaseous mixture of glycerine, water, and the carrier gas is continuously fed downward the reactor in nearly plug flow at a known molar or volumetric flow, regarding the reactant or the carrier gas, respectively. The output stream from the reactor may consist of a mixture of the carrier gas, water, unconverted glycerine, acrolein, and condensable and noncondensable by-products. The condensable compounds may be separated and purified by distillation, while the noncondensable products may be treated in absorption units [13].
\n
One of the first processes to convert glycerol into acrolein in gaseous phase using a fixed-bed reactor was patented by Schwenk et al. [14]. The authors reported the use of tubes to contain and heat bulk of supported phosphates through which pure or water-diluted glycerol vapors were passed at temperatures between 573 and 873 K. Glycerine was converted to acrolein with yields between 75 and 80% depending on the reactant concentration in the feedstock. Similarly, the patent of Neher et al. [15] reported the use of α-Al3O2 spheres impregnated with phosphoric acid deposited in a 15-mm diameter steel tube to convert vaporized aqueous glycerol solutions to acrolein at 573 K, resulting in acrolein yields between 75 and 65% depending on the glycerol concentration in the feedstock. It is noteworthy that the catalytic activity was maintained after 60 h of operation.
\n
\n
\n
3.2 Fluidized-bed reactors
\n
The fluidized-bed reaction systems consist of two coupled units: the reactor itself and the catalyst regenerator as presented in Figure 3(b). In the reactor, a bed of solid catalyst (with particle sizes between 7.5 and 130 μm) is initially deposited on a screen. Subsequently, a fluid (a mixture of the feedstock and a carrier gas) is fed at the bottom of the vessel passing through the catalyst at a velocity high enough to suspend and distribute the solid particles along the reactor, causing the catalyst to behave as a fluid. This process is known as fluidization. When the steady state has been reached, the catalyst is continuously fed at the top of the reactor and moved downward against the fluid stream to be removed from the fluidized bed subsequently. Once discharged from the reactor, the spent catalyst is sent directly to the regenerator where the coke is burned off with air at temperatures between 823 and 925 K. The regenerated catalyst is promptly sent back to the reactor providing the necessary heat for performing the reaction. The rate of circulation of the solids is dictated by the heat balance and the catalyst activity [16, 17].
\n
Corma et al. [18] carried out the catalytic dehydration of glycerol in a fluidized-bed reactor in the presence of a ZSM-5-based catalyst, finding that the best operation conditions were 623 K, a catalyst/feed ratio of 11.5, residence time equal to 0.9 s, weigh hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 335 h−1, and a concentration of 20 wt % of glycerol in the aqueous feedstock, reaching 100% of conversion and 62.1% of acrolein yield. The authors also compared the performance of this system against a fixed-bed reactor at the operating conditions. While the glycerol conversions and the product distributions were quite similar, the main difference between both processes was the higher amount of coke deposited on the catalyst used in the fixed-bed reactor (1%) than that deposited during the fluidized-bed operation (0.2%).
\n
In other studies [19], the catalytic dehydration of a 28 wt % aqueous glycerol solution was performed at 553 K using phosphotungstic acid supported on titania (H3PW12O40/TiO2) as catalyst in a fluidized-bed reactor of 52 mm in height and 8 mm in internal diameter. The authors used a mixture of argon and oxygen to fluidize 1.5 g of catalyst and determined that the minimum velocity of fluidization was 1.4 cm·s−1; however, the catalytic tests were carried out at a velocity three times higher than this value. Under these conditions, the glycerol conversion was complete, and the acrolein yield reached 48.3%. It was found that as much as 85% of the glycerol was converted to coke in the first hour and less than 20% to acrolein. However, the acrolein selectivity increased and the coke selectivity decreased with time-on-stream (TOS).
\n
\n
\n
3.3 Process variables
\n
There are three process variables reported in the literature to be the most important for the catalytic dehydration of glycerine: the composition of the aqueous glycerol solution, the reaction temperature, and the space velocity. In the next sections, the effects of these variables on the catalytic dehydration of glycerol are presented.
\n
\n
3.3.1 Composition of the aqueous glycerol solution
\n
Since pure glycerol is highly viscous (1.5 Pa·s at 293 K) and presents a very low vapor pressure (0.05 MPa at 533.6 K) [20, 21], the use of aqueous solutions has been a strategy to overcome these drawbacks allowing the vaporization of glycerol and its use as feedstock in catalytic processes. However, the composition of the glycerine solution affects the performance of the reaction. Figure 4 presents the results of glycerol conversion and product yields regarding the concentration of glycerol in the feedstock when using phosphotungstic acid supported on niobium pentoxide (H3PW12O40/Nb2O5) as catalyst [22]. The conversion of glycerol declined from 99.8 to 94%, while the acrolein yield decreased from 91.8 to 67.7% with the increment in glycerol concentration from 10 to 40%. Similar results were observed for acetol, while for acetaldehyde there was not a clear trend. It is important to notice the enhancement in the yield of by-products (allyl alcohol, acetic acid, and unknown compounds) with the increase of glycerol in the feedstock, indicating the occurrence of side reactions. The use of other catalysts such as H-ZSM-5, H-β, H-ferrierite, silica-alumina mixtures, and supported heteropolyacids gave similar behaviors of the glycerol conversion and acrolein yield with the increase of glycerol concentration [23, 24, 25, 26].
\n
Figure 4.
Effect of the glycerol concentration in the feedstock on the glycerol conversion and product yield. Data from [22].
\n
These results suggest that at low glycerol concentrations (large amounts of water), the water molecules may modulate side reactions of glycerol and acrolein such as etherification, oxidation, hydrogenolysis, condensation, and polymerization, thus enhancing the acrolein selectivity [23, 27]. On the contrary, with high glycerol concentrations, the diminishment in conversion and acrolein yield is attributed to the decline of the dehydration activity caused by the decrease of available active sites on the catalyst surface by glycerol condensation, promoting side reactions and carbon deposition [27]. Consequently, the catalyst stability with the time-on-stream (TOS) is adversely affected when increasing glycerol content in the feed. Table 2 summarizes this behavior, considering the effect of the water content (from 15.7 to 91.7 mol %) on the glycerol dehydration over H-ZSM-5 (150) with time-on-stream [23].
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Water content (mol %)
\n
Glycerol conversion (%)
\n
Acrolein yield (%)
\n
\n
\n
2 h
\n
6 h
\n
12 h
\n
2 h
\n
6 h
\n
12 h
\n
\n\n\n
\n
15.7
\n
68
\n
27
\n
19
\n
10
\n
6
\n
3
\n
\n
\n
51.9
\n
66
\n
27
\n
18
\n
24
\n
11
\n
8
\n
\n
\n
76.3
\n
75
\n
38
\n
28
\n
49
\n
22
\n
12
\n
\n
\n
91.7
\n
71
\n
41
\n
29
\n
53
\n
35
\n
26
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Effect of the water content in the feedstock on the glycerol conversion and the acrolein yield with time-on-stream. Data from [24].
\n
\n
\n
3.3.2 Reaction temperature
\n
The reactor temperature determines the products present in the glycerine dehydration reaction mixture, and according to thermodynamics, the acrolein production would be predominant from 480 K reaching its maximum at 600 K [7]. Experimentally, the increase in reaction temperature increases the glycerine conversion and therefore the acrolein yield.
\n
Figure 5 presents the influence of temperature on the glycerol conversion and acrolein yield for the gas-phase reaction over catalysts of 20 wt % of phosphomolybdic acid (H3PMo12O40, HPMo), phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40, HPW), and silicotungstic acid (H4SiW12O40, HSiW) supported on commercial alumina (Al2O3, A5) in a fixed-bed reactor [28]. Above 548 K, the acrolein yield declined because the decomposition reaction toward acetaldehyde and formaldehyde is favored at high temperatures; however, the temperature at which this reaction begins to be prominent also depends on the acidity of the catalyst employed, varying from 548 to 598 K.
\n
Figure 5.
Effect of the reaction temperature on (a) the glycerol conversion and (b) the acrolein yield. Data from [28].
\n
Table 3 shows the effect of reaction temperature, between 553 and 593 K, and TOS on the glycerine dehydration in the presence of MCM-22 (molar ratio SiO2/Al2O3 = 30) as catalyst [29]. As previously stated, at initial stages of the process, the glycerol conversion enhances with the temperature increase. However, severe catalyst deactivation with TOS occurs at higher temperatures. An improvement of the acrolein selectivity was also observed with the rise of temperature at initial activities, maintaining the trends along the TOS and resulting in a higher acrolein yield at 593 K even after 10 h. Similar behavior has been reported for the glycerol dehydration performed over several catalysts such as H-ZSM-5 (150), H-β (25) and H-ferrierite (55), La-NH4-modified H-β (13) zeolite, and aluminosilicophosphate nanospheres (ASPN-40) [23, 24, 30, 31]. The influence of the reaction temperature on the catalyst deactivation is related to coking of the catalyst as a result of subsequent reactions between acrolein, acetol, acetaldehyde, and glycerol. At low temperature, the compounds involved in coking are glycerol and acrolein oligomers and aldol condensation products, while the increment in temperature may promote more secondary reactions of the dehydration products resulting in the formation of unsaturated, heterocyclic, and aromatic compounds of high molecular weight [27].
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Temperature (K)
\n
Glycerol conversion (%)
\n
Acrolein selectivity (%)
\n
\n
\n
1 h
\n
5 h
\n
10 h
\n
1 h
\n
5 h
\n
10 h
\n
\n\n\n
\n
553
\n
80
\n
44
\n
33
\n
22
\n
15
\n
8
\n
\n
\n
573
\n
85
\n
46
\n
9
\n
49
\n
28
\n
30
\n
\n
\n
593
\n
100
\n
48
\n
22
\n
54
\n
42
\n
22
\n
\n\n
Table 3.
Effect of the reaction temperature on the glycerol conversion and acrolein selectivity with time-on-stream. Data from [29].
\n
\n
\n
3.3.3 Space velocity
\n
When working with continuous reactors, the space velocity is useful to relate the feed rate to the amount of catalyst. The feed rate may be expressed as the volumetric flow rate of liquid (Ql), the total gas volumetric flow (Qg, involving reactive and inert species), or the mass flow rate of reactant (ṁr), while the catalyst amount may be the volume (Vcat) or the weight of catalyst (Wcat) loaded into the reactor. The resulting terms are known as liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) which have units of reciprocal time and are defined in Eqs. 4–6. Care should be taken concerning the choice of the reference conditions, since the three ways of expressing space velocity find extensive use.
Figure 6 shows the effect of the WHSV on the glycerol conversion and yield of products of the glycerine dehydration over a Pd-HPW/Zr-MCM-41 catalyst [26]. It was evidenced that the WHSV has significant influence on the catalytic activity. The glycerol conversion increased from 90–94% with increasing WHSV from 0.17 to 0.35 h−1. However, a further increase in WHSV led to a decrease in glycerol conversion up to 73% at 1.04 h−1. According to the authors, this behavior was explained by the fact that increasing space velocity implies shortening the residence time for glycerol. Regarding the acrolein yield, it also presents a maximum value of 80% at 0.35 h−1 and decreased with the increase of WHSV because the formed acrolein may further react with unconverted glycerol. This was supported by the opposite trend shown for the yield of other products (including acetic acid, allyl alcohol, and unknown products) reaching together a maximum yield of 13.9% at 1.05 h−1. Similar results have been reported for the reaction in the presence of NH4-La-modified H-β zeolite, hierarchical mesoporous H-ZSM-5 zeolites, and phosphotungstic acid supported on Cs-modified SBA-15 [30, 32, 33, 34]. Regarding the effect of space velocity on the glycerol dehydration with TOS, no marked trend was found during 20 h periods resulting in neglectable change in the glycerol conversion and acrolein yield [34].
\n
Figure 6.
Effect of the weight hourly space velocity on the glycerol conversion and product selectivity. Data from [26].
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Catalysts used for the glycerine dehydration
\n
As briefly pointed out in Section 3.1, the first attempts to perform the catalytic dehydration of glycerine were using supported mineral acids. However, the use of these catalysts involved some disadvantages, mainly the corrosive effect in pipes and vessels as well as healthy risks during their handling and rapid catalyst deactivation. On the other hand, the development of new heterogeneous catalysts during the last decades has led to an improvement of chemical processes, either in the technical, environmental, and health aspects. In this sense, during the last years, several heterogeneous acid catalysts such as protonated, metal-promoted, and hierarchical zeolites, mixed metallic oxides, functionalized oxides, and supported heteropolyacids have been evaluated to perform the catalytic dehydration to acrolein in gaseous phase. Table 4 summarizes some relevant catalysts used in the gas-phase conversion of glycerine to acrolein, as well as the reaction conditions and their catalytic performance.
Protonated zeolites were studied by Kim et al. [23, 24] as catalysts for the glycerine dehydration in a fixed-bed reactor, taking into account several parameters such as the composition of the catalyst (SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio), the reaction temperature, and the amount of water in the feed. Among the tested zeolites, H-ZSM-5 (150), H-β (25), and H-ferrierite (55) showed high catalytic activities with conversions of 93.7, 95.2, and 70.9%, respectively, and acrolein yields around 53.8, 44.7 and 54.6% in the same order, at 614 K.
\n
In other studies, Corma et al. [18] evaluated the activity of a ZSM-5-based catalyst on the conversion of glycerol/water mixtures to acrolein in a fluidized-bed reactor. The highest yield of acrolein (55–61% molar carbon yield) was obtained at 623 K with complete glycerol conversion, while the use of high temperatures (>773 K) resulted in the decrease of acrolein selectivity and the increment of several other compounds, mainly acetaldehyde, C1–C4 alkanes, ethylene, propylene, butenes, acetone, and organic acids.
\n
Zeolites modified by ion-exchange have also been tested in the glycerol dehydration. Dalla et al. [30] studied the dehydration activity of the protonic (H-β) and the ammonium-lanthanum-modified beta zeolites (NH4-La-β). Both zeolites reached similar initial glycerol conversions (98% and 95%, respectively, at TOS = 0.5 h) at 548 K. However, the NH4-La-β zeolite was more selective toward acrolein than the protonic form, reaching 82.9% and 76.4% of acrolein yields. Additionally, the modified catalyst showed lower deactivation at 7 h of TOS than the H-β zeolite.
\n
The activity of the Y zeolite in its protonic form (HY), with La (LaY) and Pd with La (Pd/LaY), was evaluated by Pala et al. [7] at temperatures between 473 and 573 K. The three catalysts were active in the conversion of glycerine in the temperature range. The highest conversions were 61.6, 84.1, and 93% in the order HY, LaY, and Pd/LaY at 573 K. For the three catalysts, the acrolein selectivities increased with the increase in temperature and also followed the trend LaY > HY > Pd/LaY, regarding the composition. However, the highest acrolein yields were 57.3, 75.2, and 87.6% at 573 K, for the HY, LaY, and Pd/LaY, respectively, as a result of the increase of the glycerol conversion.
\n
The production of acrolein from glycerine in the presence of hierarchical H-ZSM-5 zeolites has proven to be feasible. Decolatti et al. [32] reported the use of the parent (Si/Al = 15) and desilicated H-ZSM-5 zeolite attaining a glycerol conversion of 62.1% and acrolein yield of 30.6% for the former at 548 K and 1 h of TOS, while the modified zeolite reached 89.6% of glycerol conversion and 72.1% of acrolein yield. Additionally, the untreated zeolite showed high deactivation resulting in 4.5% of acrolein yield after 5 h of TOS, against 58.6% reached by the desilicated zeolite. Further work of Lago et al. [33] showed that desilicated samples of H-ZSM-5 zeolite resulted in an improvement of the glycerol conversion (100%) and the acrolein yield (66–74%) regarding the parent zeolite (Si/Al = 40) which reached 95% of conversion and an acrolein yield of 53% at 548 K. The desilicated zeolites maintained the glycerol conversion around 70% up to 7 h of TOS, while the acrolein yield decreased to 20% at the same time.
\n
Catalysts of tungsten, zirconium, and niobium oxides have also shown activity in the glycerol dehydration reaction. Dalil et al. [36] investigated a catalyst of tungsten oxide supported on titania (WO3/TiO2) in a fluidized-bed reactor. Complete glycerol conversion and acrolein selectivity of 73% were reached after 6 h of TOS at 553 K. Besides the high activity of the catalyst, the authors find that the acrolein selectivity increased from 55 to 73% with the increase in TOS from 1 to 6 h, related to the increase of coke formation over the catalyst.
\n
Lauriol-Garbay et al. [37] produced acrolein from glycerine using mixed oxides of zirconium and niobium (ZrNbO). The catalysts exhibit a selectivity to acrolein of approximately 72%, at nearly total glycerol conversion at 573 K. ZrNbO catalysts still exhibited 82% conversion efficiency after 177 h on stream, while its acrolein selectivity remains unimpaired. The catalyst calcined at 673 K achieved 98.9% of glycerol conversion and an acrolein yield of 74.4% at 558 K. The acrolein yield and the deactivation were found to be higher and slower, respectively, than those of WO3/ZrO2 and H-ZSM-5 which are typical acid catalysts [38]. In another study, Znaiguia et al. [39] got 80% of acrolein yield with complete conversion of glycerol at 573 K using a catalyst of tungstated zirconia promoted with silica (WSi/Zr). The authors confirmed that the incorporation of silicon improved the dehydration activity and the catalyst stability.
\n
The catalytic dehydration of glycerol may also occur on oxides promoted with phosphate. Ma et al. [40] evaluated phosphorus-containing MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves (H3PO4-MCM-41). The catalyst with 25 mass % of supported H3PO4 resulted in 84% of acrolein selectivity with glycerol conversion of 97% at 593 K. The conversion of glycerol and selectivity to acrolein greatly depended on the calcination temperature, reaction temperature, and glycerol concentrations. Tests of the catalyst activity with TOS indicated that the HP-MCM-41 exhibited stable activity with high acrolein selectivity up to 12 h. Recently, Fernandes et al. [41] reported the use of hierarchical silicoaluminophosphate 40 (SAPO-40). When compared with the conventional SAPO-40, this catalyst showed higher acrolein selectivity (80%) at complete conversion and a catalytic lifetime up to 120 h, reaching acrolein yields between 80% and 68% during this period.
\n
Supported heteropolyacids, mainly phosphotungstic (H3PW12O40) and silicotungstic acid (H4SiW12O40), and their alkali-substituted salts present high activity to convert glycerine into acrolein. Viswanadham et al. [22] studied the activity of phosphotungstic acid supported on niobium pentoxide (H3PW12O40/Nb2O5) which was highly active and selective toward acrolein (glycerol conversion 98.8% and acrolein selectivity 92% at 598 K). The catalytic activity depended on the amount of heteropolyacid supported, the calcination temperature, and the reaction temperature. Tests of catalyst lifetime indicated that the solid was stable with high acrolein selectivity up to 10 h on TOS.
\n
Liu et al. [34] used a mesoporous molecular sieve modified (SBA-15) with cesium as support for H3PW12O40 and used the resulting solid (H3PW12O40/Cs-SBA-15) as catalyst for the glycerol dehydration. The catalyst with 50 wt % of supported heteropolyacid reached the maximum acrolein yield (86%) and complete glycerol conversion at 573 K. Compared with the catalyst prepared with the conventional support (pure SiO2), the modification of SBA-15 with Cs improved the stability of the catalyst up to 170 h of reaction, and the acrolein yield was the same as before regeneration at 773 K in air.
\n
According to Tsukuda et al. [42], heteropolyacids supported on silica also present high activity in this reaction. The authors found that the catalytic activity depended on the type of heteropolyacid as well as the size of mesopores in the silica support. The highest activity was performed by silicotungstic acid supported on silica with mesopores of 10 nm, reaching 98.3% of glycerol conversion and 86.2% of acrolein yield at 548 K. The activity of silicotungstic acid, doped with rubidium and cesium, supported on a mixture of δ and θ Al2O3, was reported by Haider et al. [43]. The Cs-doped catalyst reached a maximum acrolein selectivity of 91% at 100% glycerol conversion for 90 h of TOS at 573 K, with a 10 wt % glycerol solution. When the glycerol concentration in the feed was increased to 20 wt %, the acrolein yield slightly decreased, and the catalyst was stable during a shorter TOS regarding the reaction with 10 wt % of glycerol in the feedstock.
\n
The main features of these catalysts that affect the acrolein selectivity are the strength and type of the surface acid sites, which are known to promote the dehydration reactions of alcohols [44, 45, 46]. Regarding the strength of the acid sites measured in terms of the Hammett acidity (HA), the catalysts have been classified into four groups. The first group is comprised by basic catalysts with HA higher than +7 and shows no selectivity toward acrolein. Catalysts, such as zirconium oxide, with HA between −3 and + 7, belong to the second group. These solids show acrolein selectivities not greater than 30% but remain stable for 10 h on stream. Group 3 includes catalysts such as alumina impregnated with phosphoric acid, heteropolyacids supported on alumina, niobium oxide calcined at 773 K, HZSM zeolite, and pure alumina. Their HA values are between −8 and −3 and result in acrolein selectivities up to 70%; however, these catalysts show low stability and rapid deactivation. The fourth group comprehends solids with HA less than −8, such as Hβ zeolite, niobium oxide calcined at 623 K, alumina silicate, and sulfonated zirconium oxide. These catalysts are less selective to acrolein but more stable with TOS than those of group 3 [47].
\n
Additionally, the type of acid sites present at the catalyst surface has an effect on the products’ distribution. It is generally accepted that the Brønsted acidity promotes the glycerol dehydration reaction to proceed through the acrolein route (reaction 2). Some experimental studies have demonstrated the positive influence of the concentration of Brønsted acid sites on the acrolein yield, as well as the relationship of Lewis sites on the production of acetol.
\n
In the study of Pala et al. [7], the distribution of acid sites of HY zeolite was modified by ion-exchange with La and with La and Pd. An increase in the total amount of acid sites was observed after the exchange with La cations, increasing around 1.5 and 2.1 times the concentration of Lewis and Brønsted sites in the LaY catalyst regarding the HY zeolite, at 573 K. A subsequent raise of the total acidity occurred after the impregnation of the LaY solid with Pd, leading to concentrations 2.5 and 3.5 times higher than the acidity of HY zeolite. At any temperature, the introduction of La into the HY zeolite improved the glycerol conversion, attributed to the increase of total acidity. At 573 K and GHSV = 5933 h−1, the acrolein yield raised from 57.3% to 75.2% with the increase in the concentration of Brønsted acid sites after the modification with La. Besides, the incorporation of Pd to the LaY catalyst resulted in an acrolein yield of 87.6% at the same temperature. Since the concentration of Lewis acid sites was also increased after the ion-exchange procedures, the acetol yield followed the order Pd/LaY > HY > LaY with values of 0.07, 0.5, and 2.5%, respectively.
\n
Kim et al. [25] reported the correlation between the acrolein and acetol yields with the concentration of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, respectively, of a series of silica-alumina and alumina (η-Al2O3) catalysts. The acrolein yield enhanced from 3.6% to 17.2% with the increase in the concentration of Brønsted acid sites from 0 to 188 μmol g−1, while the acetol raised from 2.2 to 5% with the change of Lewis acid sites from 28 to 192 μmol g−1 at 588 K, WHSV = 62 h−1, and 2 h of TOS.
\n
Similarly, Massa et al. [48] performed the glycerol dehydration reaction over catalysts of Nb and W oxides supported on Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2 at 578 K, WHSV = 0.94 h−1, and collection of products between 1 and 3 h of TOS. The acrolein selectivity increased from 0 to 70%, presenting a sigmoidal trend regarding the increase in the concentration of Brønsted acid sites from 0 to 1 μmol m−2. The promoting effect of Lewis acidity on the acetol production was also evidenced since the change from 0.41 to 2.95 μmol m−2 resulted in the enhancement of the acetol selectivity from 5 to 18%, independent of the dispersed phase and the catalytic support.
\n
\n
\n
5. Conclusions
\n
Acrolein can be obtained from glycerine by a dehydration reaction. The main process variables in the gas phase are the reaction temperature, the concentration of glycerol in water, and the space velocity in fixed-bed reactors. A thermodynamic study of the equilibrium has been made to estimate the conversion to equilibrium as a function of temperature. The reactors are usually heated between 523 and 603 K. Some of the most active catalysts in the gas-phase reaction (yield >70%) were NH4-La-β zeolite, Pd/LaY zeolite, hierarchical ZSM-5, WO3/ZrO2, WO3/TiO2, ZrOx-NbOx, WOx-NbOx, WO3-SiO2/ZrO2, NbOx-WOx/Al2O3, H3PO4-MCM-41, SAPO-40, NbPSi, Pd-H3PW12O40/Zr-MCM-41, H3PW12O40/Cs-SBA-15, H3PW12O40/Nb2O5, Cs-doped H4SiW12O40/Al2O3, H4SiW12O40/TiO2, and H4SiW12O40/SiO2. In general, total conversion has been achieved at temperatures from 573 to 598 K. The catalytic process in the gas phase seems more appropriate than the liquid-phase process due to high acrolein yields and direct separation of the product effluent from the catalyst.
\n
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"glycerine dehydration, acrolein, renewable production, acid catalyst",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66623.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66623.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66623",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66623",totalDownloads:1428,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:61,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"March 9th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"September 11th 2019",dateFinished:"April 8th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The biodiesel production yields glycerine as a by-product in quantities around 10 vol% of produced biodiesel. Acrolein can be obtained from glycerine by a dehydration reaction. Catalytic processes in gas phase have been developed to obtain acrolein from a renewable feedstock using heterogeneous catalysts. The main process variables are the reaction temperature, the concentration of glycerol in water, and the space velocity in fixed-bed reactors. A thermodynamic study of the equilibrium has been made to estimate the conversion to equilibrium as a function of temperature. The reactors have been heated usually between 523 and 603 K. Generally, an aqueous glycerol solution is preheated in a preheating zone at a temperature enough to vaporize the feedstock, between 473 and 533 K, depending on the concentration of reactant required in the feed. Some of the most active catalysts in the gas-phase reaction (yield >70%) were NH4-La-β zeolite, Pd/LaY zeolite, hierarchical ZSM-5, WO3/ZrO2, WO3/TiO2, ZrOx-NbOx, WOx-NbOx, WO3-SiO2/ZrO2, NbOx-WOx/Al2O3, H3PO4-MCM-41, SAPO-40, NbPSi, Pd-H3PW12O40/Zr-MCM-41, H3PW12O40/Cs-SBA-15, H3PW12O40/Nb2O5, Cs-doped H4SiW12O40/Al2O3, H4SiW12O40/TiO2, and H4SiW12O40/SiO2.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66623",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66623",book:{id:"8448",slug:"glycerine-production-and-transformation-an-innovative-platform-for-sustainable-biorefinery-and-energy"},signatures:"Israel Pala Rosas, Jose Luis Contreras Larios , Beatriz Zeifert and José Salmones Blásquez",authors:[{id:"94936",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",fullName:"José Luis Contreras",slug:"jose-luis-contreras",email:"jlcl5120@yahoo.com.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"284261",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Pala-Rosas",fullName:"Israel Pala-Rosas",slug:"israel-pala-rosas",email:"ipalar@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284261/images/system/284261.jpg",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"284262",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Salmones",fullName:"Jose Salmones",slug:"jose-salmones",email:"jose_salmones@yahoo.com.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRe9pQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-22T09:36:13.jpg",institution:null},{id:"284263",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Zeifert",fullName:"Beatriz Zeifert",slug:"beatriz-zeifert",email:"bzeifert@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"295779",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",fullName:"Jose Luis Contreras",slug:"jose-luis-contreras",email:"jlcl@correo.azc.uam.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Thermodynamics of the glycerol dehydration",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Reactors for the glycerine dehydration in gaseous phase",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Fixed-bed reactors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Fluidized-bed reactors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Process variables",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.3.3 Space velocity",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Catalysts used for the glycerine dehydration",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Monteiro M, Kugelmeier C, Pinheiro S, Batalha M, Da Silva A. Glycerol from biodiesel production: Technological paths for sustainability. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018;88:109-122. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.019\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Pradima J, Rajeswari M, Archna. 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Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2011;107:177-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.07.011\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Ma T, Yun Z, Xu W, Chen L, Li L, Ding J, et al. Pd-H3PW12O40/Zr-MCM-41: An efficient catalyst for the sustainable dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016;294:343-352. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.02.091\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Jiang X, Zhou C, Tesser R, Di Serio M, Tong D, Zhang J. Coking of catalysts in catalytic glycerol dehydration to acrolein. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2018;57(32):10736-10753. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01776\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Atia H, Armbuster U, Martin A. Dehydration of glycerol in gas phase using heteropolyacid catalysts as active compounds. Journal of Catalysis. 2008;258:71-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2008.05.027\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Carriço C, Cruz F, Santos M, Pastore H, Andrade H, Mascarenhas A. Efficiency of zeolite MCM-22 with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios in gas phase glycerol dehydration to acrolein. 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DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.07.036\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Liu R, Wang T, Jin Y. Catalytic dehydration of glycerol to acrolein over HPW supported on Cs+ modified SBA-15. Catalysis Today. 2014;233:127-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.062\n'},{id:"B35",body:'Stošić D, Bennici S, Couturier JL, Dubois JL, Auroux A. Influence of surface acid–base properties of zirconia and titania based catalysts on the product selectivity in gas phase dehydration of glycerol. Catalysis Communications. 2012;17:23-28. DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2011.10.004\n'},{id:"B36",body:'Dalil M, Carnevali D, Dubois JL, Patience G. Transient acrolein selectivity and carbon deposition study of glycerol dehydration over WO3/TiO2 catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2015;270:557-563. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.02.058\n'},{id:"B37",body:'Lauriol-Garbay P, Millet JMM, Loridant S, Bellière-Baca V, Rey P. New efficient and long-life catalyst for gas-phase glycerol dehydration to acrolein. Journal of Catalysis. 2011;280:68-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.03.005\n'},{id:"B38",body:'Omata K, Izumi S, Murayama T, Ueda W. Hydrothermal synthesis of W–Nb complex metal oxides and their application to catalytic dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. Catalysis Today. 2013;201:7-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.06.004\n'},{id:"B39",body:'Znaiguia R, Brandhorst L, Christin N, Bellière V, Rey P, Millet JM, et al. Toward longer life catalysts for dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2014;196:97-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.04.053\n'},{id:"B40",body:'Ma T, Ding J, Shao R, Yun Z. Catalytic conversion of glycerol to acrolein over MCM-41 by the grafting of phosphorus species. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2016;94:924-930. DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22457\n'},{id:"B41",body:'Fernandes A, Ribeiro M, Lourenço J. Gas-phase dehydration of glycerol over hierarchical silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-40. Catalysis Communications. 2017;95:16-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2017.02.015\n'},{id:"B42",body:'Tsukuda E, Sato S, Takahashi R, Sodesawa T. Production of acrolein from glycerol over silica-supported heteropoly acids. Catalysis Communications. 2007;8:1349-1353. DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2006.12.006\n'},{id:"B43",body:'Haider M, Dummer N, Zhang D, Miedziak P, Davies T, Taylor S, et al. Rubidium- and caesium-doped silicotungstic acid catalysts supported on alumina for the catalytic dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. Journal of Catalysis. 2012;286:206-213. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.11.004\n'},{id:"B44",body:'Bezoukhanova CP, Kalvachev YA. Alcohol reactivity on zeolites and molecular sieves. Catalysis reviews: Science and. Engineering. 1994;36:125-143. DOI: 10.1080/01614949408013922\n'},{id:"B45",body:'Lauront-Pernot H. Evaluation of surface acido-basic properties of inorganic-based solids by model catalytic alcohol reaction networks. Catalysis reviews: Science and. Engineering. 2006;48:315-361. DOI: 10.1080/01614940600816634\n'},{id:"B46",body:'Guisnet M, Pinard L. Characterization of acid-base catalysts through model reactions. Catalysis reviews: Science and. Engineering. 2018;60:337-436. DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2018.1446683\n'},{id:"B47",body:'Katryniok B, Paul S, Belliere-Baca V, Reye P, Dumeignil F. Glycerol dehydration to acrolein in the context of new uses of glycerol. Green Chemistry. 2010;12:2079-2098. DOI: 10.1039/c0gc00307g\n'},{id:"B48",body:'Massa M, Andersson A, Finocchio E, Busca G. Gas-phase dehydration of glycerol to acrolein over Al2O3-, SiO2-, and TiO2-supported Nb- and W-oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis. 2013;307:170-184. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.07.022\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Israel Pala Rosas",address:null,affiliation:'
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Jose Luis Contreras Larios ",address:"jlcl@correo.azc.uam.mx",affiliation:'
CBI-Energía, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, México
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
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1. Introduction
The Antarctic continent, comprised of two distinct physiographic and tectonic domains i.e. the West Antarctica and the East Antarctica is divided into two unequal parts by a 3500 km long Transantarctic Mountain chain extending across the continent between the Ross and the Weddell Sea (Figure 1). The inhospitable climate, inaccessible terrain conditions with 98% of the terrain being covered by a thick apron of ice, the scanty outcrops are the best alternative (if not the only) to peep into the Continent’s geological history. The rock outcrops are exposed in discontinuous mountain chains, along the coastal fringes of Antarctic Peninsula, West Antarctica, the Dronning Maud land, Enderby Land, Princess Elizabeth Land, Wilkes Land and Victoria Land in the east Antarctic Sector, apart from the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. (Figure 1). The interior of the Antarctic mainland is entirely ice covered and rise as ice plateau, attaining maximum height of around 3233 m above mean sea level (m.s.l.).
Figure 1.
Map of Antarctica the Southern Ocean (Landsat image mosaic of Antarctica (http://lima.nasa.gov/pdf/A3_overview.pdf), with inset showing locations of Schirmacher and Larsemann Hills.
2. Ice free areas of East Antarctica
The East Antarctic coast is marked by a discontinuous mountain chain that can be traced intermittently all along the coast from 750 45′ E longitudes to 150West longitudes, running nearly parallel to the coast line. There are some low lying, ice free areas in the coastal Antarctica such as the Schirmacher Oasis, Larsemann Hills, Vestfold Hills, Bunger Hills etc., that have been studied in detail for Late Pleistocene (~ 0.12 My) and Holocene glacial History [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. These oases are distinguished from nunataks by the process of ablation. While most nunataks are located in the accumulation zone of glaciers and are kept free of ice by the strong winds, the oases are separated from the ice sheet by a distinct ablation zone. Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills, the two areas being discussed here, are such ice free regions that were covered by the ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maxima (LGM) or earlier, but are now exposed due to retreat of ice sheet.
Schirmacher Oasis (approximately 35 km2 in area) is situated between longitudes 110 25′ E and 110 55′E and latitudes 700 44’S and 700 46’S, about 85 km inland of the Princess Astrid coast at the northern fringe of central Dronning Maud land. Larsemann Hills on the other hand, is spread over ~50 Km 2 [12] and comprise a group of ice free peninsulas (Broknes, Stornes and Brattnavet) Grovnes promontory and islands (McLeod, Fischer, Sandercock Island etc.) - located south of Prydz Bay at 69”24’S, 76′20’E on the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth Land that lie in between the Vestfold Hills and Amery Ice shelf. The two areas (Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills) are nearly 3000 km apart and experience different scale of environment, severity of climatic conditions and paleoclimate history.
The retreating ice sheet left bare rocks to be exposed to the strong Antarctic winds and other erosional processes. The areas demonstrate subdued topography with strong control of lithology and structure over the landscape. The low lying hills are devoid of horns, arêtes or conical peaks. The flat hills, dominate the landscape. The softer rock material has weathered out giving way to the glacial melt to form scores of lakes in the depressions thus created. The freeze–thaw cycles, frost action and the salt weathering are conspicuous and have resulted in formation of conspicuous landscape typical of periglacial and glacial environment [13].
3. Schirmacher oasis
3.1 Physiography
Schirmacher Oasis and adjoining areas depict contrasting morphological units, viz. (a) the ice shelf to the north, (b) the structural hills, and (c) the continental or polar ice sheet to the south (Figures 2, 3 and 5). The morphological features as seen in the ice and ice dominated regions around Schirmacher constitute an integral part of geomorphology of the region.
Figure 2.
Map of Schirmacher oasis showing location of Maitri (Indian Research Station) with ice shelf and continental ice.
Figure 3.
Geomorphological map of Schirmacher oasis.
Figure 4.
Distribution of fresh water lakes in Schirmacher oasis and paths of glacier movement.
Figure 5.
Aerial photographic mosaic of Schirmacher displaying three physiographic units (A, B and C), Pressure Ridges and disposition of lakes defining lineaments.
The ice shelf extends for about 80 km north of Schirmacher Oasis towards the Southern Ocean and displays a highly rugged and broken undulating upper surface dissected by a number of pressure ridges, crevasses and pods of melt water concentration in the western parts, as compared to a low gradient surface in the eastern sector. The Pressure ridges, formed due to the tidal activity in the sea below, and the obstacle offered by the landmass, are often seen at the contact of ice shelf and continent (Figures 3 and 5). A number of melt water channels concentrated close to the hills, in this part, can be noted. The continental ice sheet that encircles the Schirmacher Oasis overrides the bare rocks on its southern side. It has a regional northerly gradient but locally the flow has swerved because of the nunataks and the land mass of Schirmacher which offered a resistance to its normal flow. The western component of gradient is conspicuous. A broken trail of end moraines is seen at the contact of continental ice-sheet and rocks of Schirmacher at some places in eastern margin.
The rocks of Schirmacher Oasis are aligned in ENE-WSW direction and represent middle Proterozoic sequence of quartzo-feldspathic gneiss, augen gneiss, quartzite and sillimanite garnet gneiss etc. bearing close similarity to the khondalite rocks of eastern and southern India. The rocks exposed in the form of low lying hills extend roughly for about 17 km in length and 3 km in width (at its widest in the central parts), covering an area of ~35 sq. km. The ice-free area exhibits rolling subdued topography with concordant hill tops. At both its eastern and western extremities, the hills are comparatively low lying, smoothened and capped by a thin veneer of glacier boulders. The ice-free area exhibits rolling subdued topography with concordant hill top. At both its eastern and western extremities, the hills are comparatively low lying, smoothened and capped by a thin veneer of glacier boulders The elevation varies from sea level (at the margin of westernmost lake, which has broken the apparent continuity of rocks). The central part, on the other hand, exposes hills that are comparatively higher in elevation with isolated peaks of the order of 212 m and 228 m. On an average, the height varies between 120 and 130 m above m.s.l. The southern end of the Schirmacher range is slightly elevated in comparison to the steep northerly margin. The northern margin is conspicuous by its vertical escarpment almost all along its length (Figure 3). The escarpment at places is more than 140 m as in the central part (70° 43′ 30″S,11°42′E). The jagged hills south of Schirmacher Oasis forms a part of the Wohlthat Mountains which rise to elevation 3500 m above m.s.l. leading to Polar Plateau, further south wards (Figure 2).
The landscape of Schirmacher Oasis is dotted by more than a hundred lakes of varying dimensions (Figure 4). The retreating ice cap vacated the land mass and exposed the rocks of Schirmacher Oasis, scooping out the material from weaker zones in the terrain. There were also blockages created at the mouth of glaciers due to dumping of debris carried by some glaciers. Due to these phenomenon, a number of inland lakes came into existence. Aerial survey over Schirmacher Oasis reveals a definite pattern of concentration of these lakes. Considering the morphological disposition of such lakes and their genesis, these lakes have been grouped in three different classes viz., Proglacial Lakes, Periglacial Lakes (also land locked/inland lakes) and Epishelf Lakes [14]. Proglacial and periglacial lakes dominate in number over the Epishelf lakes and together account for about 87% of the total lakes. The Proglacial Lakes, formed as a result of scouring of the rocks lying at the foot of snout tongues of glaciers, are located at the margin of continental ice sheet and run all along the southern end of Schirmacher Oasis. A NNE–SSW trending lineament cutting across all the three physiographic units viz. continental ice sheet, shelf ice and hard rock, located in the eastern part, defines a prominent fault running for nearly 8.5 km. It is seen as a well-defined crevasse zone in the former two units while in the later unit, it manifests itself in the form of shearing, tight folding, and escarpment demonstrating the structural control over geomorphology.
In the central region, the orientation and location of some inland lakes define a palaeo-channel. The path of the extinct glacier is evident from the U-shaped valley containing sporadic shallow lakes. These lakes have been carved out from structural and lithological weak zones like shears, lineaments, faults etc. (Figure 3). The palaeo-paths of the glaciers reconstructed using the evidences of glacial striations, moraine deposits etc., indicate a bimodal direction of the glaciers i.e., NE to ENE in the western and central parts while NNW in the eastern parts (Figure 4). This observation is supported by the results obtained by GPS campaign [15] that shows varying magnitude of the horizontal velocities in the range of 1.89–10.88 ma−1. There are a number of epishelf lakes that are located at the northern margin of Schirmacher Oasis which have been described as ‘sea bays’ (Figure 6) as these are connected to sea from beneath and thus respond to tidal waves as is evidenced by pressure ridges. The loci of these epishelf lakes also coincide with the sites where glacial flows must be debauching the ablation material including moraines and melt water as is evidenced by the concavity of the hills and vertical escarpment at these locations.
Figure 6.
An Epishelf lake (E13) at northern margin of Schirmacher oasis. Note the vertical escarpment at the margin of lake. Continental ice sheet is located overriding part of hill (photo courtesy: Prof. Yusuke Suganuma, NIPR, Japan, SONIC: India-Japan coring expedition).
3.2 Deglaciation history
The Antarctic ice sheet extended across the continental shelf edge, before and during the LGM. The interior surface-elevation of ice sheet did not change significantly, but there was thickening of the ice around the edge of Antarctica. The LGM ice volume accounted for ~120 m of sea level lowering. Abrupt sea level rise occurred at 19,000 calendar years ago [16] following the beginning of Termination/deglaciation and at 14,200 (Melt water Pulse 1A, MWP1A). Detailed records of δ18O reveal that the last isotopic maximum (LIM, near 18,000 cal years BP) is younger than the LGM as defined by sea level low stand (~ 21 cal ka BP). This suggests early warming of the deep sea, and implies that the deep ocean circulation must have played a key role in the termination of the LGM. During the last glacial cycle (between 19 and 71 cal ka BP), a sizeable portion of high latitude continental shelf was occupied by ice sheets. Ice sheets on the shelf were inherently unstable, being controlled by sea level. Therefore shelf glaciations played a critical role in the dynamics of deglaciation.
The isostatic rebound, a consequential to retreat of ice sheet, has resulted in uplifting of the landmass. Though the exact component of uplift cannot be quantified due to lack of beach features, the morphological evidences such as: a) existence of comparatively higher relief of the structural hills on the northern periphery of the landmass than the central corridor, b) the steep escarpment at the northern margin, and c) the indication of a fault running all along the northern margin give credence to the statement.
The different processes of deposition and erosion under the prevailing periglacial environment have left their imprints on the morphology of Schirmacher Oasis. There was an extensive phase of erosion in operation, during and after the retreat of glacier as evidenced from the erosional features such as a) rolling topography, b) absence of sharp peaks, c) glacial striations and polishing of the rock surfaces and d) the existence of en-echelon pattern of the Roche Moutonees over a large area in the oasis. Features such as block fields, cavernous pits, etc. were formed due to extreme variation in the diurnal temperatures and strong wind erosion. The superimposition of the wind features on the glacial imprints, as seen under electron microscope imply the long period of exposure of the terrain to the weathering processes after the retreat of the ice mass. The depositional features are marked by extensive moraines, terraces, erratic boulders on hill tops and lacustrine deposits. The detailed description of landforms is given by [13].
The existing planar surfaces of the Schirmacher Oasis offer a unique landscape that indicates a pre-Holocene weathering profile. In the absence of the reliable dating, it is not possible to comment with firm conviction if the surface has been a result of Mesozoic weathering profile subsequent to fragmentation and breaking of Gondwanaland supercontinent or a Pleistocene event. However, reported ages of 53.7 ± 8.2 and 51.2 ± 9.4 ka from two sediment cores [17] obtained from the lakes of Schirmacher Oasis could be correlated with the beginning of the oxygen isotopic stage 3 (MIS 3). The surficial glacial till deposit have been dated by him at 30 to 40 cal ka BP [17]. Such an old age does give credence to the hypothesis that Schirmacher was ice free during LGM and before. This is also supported by the studies [18] from other Eastern Antarctic Oases, such as Bunger and Larsemann Hills, believed to be vacated by ice much before LGM.
Two long sediment cores collected from the L-49 have been dated at different depths. The oldest dates obtained from the basal and near basal sections at 168 to 174 cm from the top have been dated at 30,640 years and 32,655 years BP. Cold conditions prevailed in the Schirmacher Oasis from 30,640–21,685 years B.P. having a low sedimentation rate of 0.005 mm/year. Warmer conditions existed between 32,655–30,640 years B.P. with a higher sedimentation rate of 0.015 mm/year. The 14C dates of another core suggested a wet climate between 29,920–28,890 years B.P. with a sedimentation rate of 0.09 mm/year [19]. Study of clay minerals from core samples has led [20] propose that there was a gradual shift in the weathering regime and climate from strongly glacial to fluvio- glacial specially around 42 ka..
Reconstruction of the paleoclimate history from the pollen spores present in the sediment samples of Lake (L-49) by [21] shows that the region witnessed cold and dry climate during 10–9 ka B.P. followed by a long phase of warm and moist climate from 9 to 2.4 ka B.P. Subsequently from 2.4–1 ka B.P. onwards, dry and cold conditions set in the Schirmacher Oasis. However, the climate ultimately turned warm and moist beginning at 1 ka B.P. The sedimentation rate of the fluvio-glacial deposits, especially in the lakes give an indication of the varying paleoclimate. It is evident from the studies that between 8000 and 3500 years BP the climate was warm as compared to the period before and after it so as to yield fast inflow of the sediments in the lakes during this period. The interpretation is in conformity with the palyonological data [22] that infers a warm, humid and warm & humid climate between this time span, on the basis of pollen studies. These alternating phases of climate were made on the basis of dominance of grasses, cosmarium (fresh water algae) etc.
The lake history from 13 ka B.P. to the present has also been attempted by using the magnetic and geochemical properties of seven vertical sediment profiles along an east–west transect in Schirmacher Oasis [23]. Further, based on the results of AMS 14C dates [24], reports that greater parts of Schirmacher was dominated by glaciers from 13 to 12.5 ka B.P and colder conditions prevailed in the Schirmacher Oasis between 13 and 12.5 ka B.P.; ~12–11.5 ka B.P. and 9.5–5 ka B.P. However, due to the onset of warming conditions (~11.5 ka B.P.), the glaciers retreated leading to the formation of five large pro-glacial lakes which are now located on the low lying valleys of the Schirmacher Oasis. Based on the environmental magnetic properties of sediments deposited in Sandy Lake, glacial–interglacial climatic variation was reconstructed for the past 42.5 cal. ka B.P. [23]. Extremely cold periods in the Schirmacher Oasis were recorded during 40.8, 36, 34.51, 29 and, 28.02–21.45 cal. Ka B.P. Relatively warm periods were documented during 38.4–39.2 cal. ka B.P., 33.7–29.8 cal. ka B.P. and 28.5 cal.ka B.P. The Holocene period was characterized by alternating phases of relatively warm (12.55–9.9 cal. ka B.P.and 4.21–~2 cal. ka B.P) and cold (9.21–4.21 cal. Ka B.P. and from ~2 cal. ka B.P. onwards) events. These results are in conformity with results of other studies, as documented above. Further, the geochemical proxies (TC%, TN%, C/N ratios, δ13C and δ 15N) along with the physical proxies (grain size: sand-silt-clay) for three different periglacial lakes viz., Long Lake, Zub Lake and Sandy Lake [1, 2, 3] spanning the glacial–interglacial variations (spanning up to 43 cal ka BP). These studies presents the evolution of lake through reconstruction of productivity patterns, source of organic matter and the hydrological processes through grain size variation complimenting the environmental magnetism records from the same lakes [5, 6]. The deglaciation history from the above observation suggest most likely that parts of Schirmacher Oasis were ice-free even during the LGM. This can be supported records of consistency in the continuity of the sedimentary sequences. However, parts of Schirmacher Oasis became ice free during the last deglaciation i.e., Termination 1. Hence, to better understand the deglaciation history of Schirmacher Oasis, the sedimentary records needs to be supplemented by further studies using novel techniques such as cosmogenic dating of rock outcrops and erratic all across Schirmacher Oasis.
4. Larsemann Hills/Prydz Bay Area
The Larsemann Hills represents one of the largest coastal ice free area of Antarctica, located in the Prydz Bay Region on the Ingrid Christensen Coast. The area is comparatively free of ice shelf with hills protruding in the sea as two prominent peninsulas- Broknes and Stornes Peninsula. In between these two, smaller landmasses namely Grovnes and Brattnevet promontory and several smaller islands (McLeod, Fisher, and Bens etc.) dot this region (Figure 7). The area exposes Proterozoic felsic/gneissic basement, overlain by a pelitic and psammitic paragniesses rocks, dominated by medium to coarse grained garnet bearing gneisses as compared to Archean gneisses with s crossing cutting mafic dykes found in Vestfold Hills.
Figure 7.
Map of Larsemann Hills showing major ice free hills. (https://www.antarctica.gov.au/).
4.1 Physiography
The Ingrid Christensen Coast is marked by a zig-zag coast line with sporadic occurrence of low lying hills. Theses hills are over ridden by continental ice sheet towards south exhibiting steep gradient. The Polar Record Glacier, the Polar Times Glacier and the Polarforschung Glacier flow west of Larsemann Hills in the Publication Ice shelf as a part of the Lambert Glacier system. The Publication Ice shelf itself marks a very steep margin east of Polar Record Glacier till it ends abruptly south east of Bolingen Islands. Fjords, such Thala, Quilty and Clemence have cut deep into the ice reaching the ice sheet while Nella fjord has made its way through a valley in the Broknes Peninsula.
The Larsemann Hills exhibit horst and graben structures, signifying a tectonic control in their disposition. The Stornes Peninsula, Grovnes Promontory, Fischer Island and Broknes Peninsula from west to east, are conspicuous as horsts with their straight N-S to NNE–SSW trending margins with Thala fjord, Quilty Bay, Clemence Fjord and Nella Fjord respectively flowing in the complimentary grabens (Figure 7). The hills are totally devoid of peaks and show low hummocky and rounded tops with isolated erratic boulders on top (Figure 8). The general elevation varies between 50 and 70 m above m.s.l. with some parts approaching ~100 m above m s l. The hills are dissected by vertical valleys demonstrating past fluvio-glacial action. The hill tops show weathered surfaces with pits while the windward sides show cavernous pits at places. Moraines are rare. The landscape is dotted with more than 150 water bodies which have been mapped and numbered systematically by [25]. While most of the lakes are shallow up to 3 m depth, and may be classified as ephemeral ponds, there are some deep lakes such as Lake Progress (34 m) in Broknes Peninsula, Lake Oskar in Stornes Peninsula (18 m) and lake LH 7 (14 m) in Grovnes (Bharati) Promontory. Some lakes are saline in nature due to close vicinity of the ocean and the wind born salt spray and/or excessive evaporation and support a thick biomass mat in upper levels. .
Figure 8.
Larsemann Hills. Low hills with hummocky tops near Grovnes promontory. Note the open sea in austral summer and the continental ice sheet marking coast line.
Earlier records [26, 27] have given an account of the post glacial regional climate variability along the East Antarctic coastal margin. A detailed description of the region (ANARE reports) and of the microbial communities inhabiting the lakes of Larsemann Hills are provided elsewhere [28, 29, 30]. The minimum age of deglaciation of the islands has been inferred to be late Pleistocene/early Holocene. However, reconstruction of relative seal level (RSL) records [31] have stressed that the presence of marine sediments with radiocarbon ages ranging from 40 to 30 ka BP to the east of Filla Island suggest that deglaciation of some areas could have commenced much earlier. Diatom abundance and fossil pigment records [32, 33] also opine that Larsemann Hill were not fully covered by ice during the LGM and gradually de-glaciated between c. 13.5 and 4 ka BP. Relatively wet conditions prevailed between c. 11.5 and 9.5 ka BP in a lake on one of the northern islands in the Larsemann Hills [26]. Basal samples from a sediment core at ~158 cms in Larsemann Hills revealed presence of a marine sediments [34] while two more records based on diatom records and geochemical proxies suggest presence of marine sediments during mid-Holocene [3, 35] and while diatoms endemic to sub-Antarctic island corresponding to MIS 5e stage were recorded from Broknes Peninsula (Last Interglacial) [33, 36]. The reduced elevation and planation surfaces must have been carved before the LGM facilitating the marine transgression. Based on the variation of diatom population present in sediments suggest that the influence of seawater got weakened after ~5000 yrs. BP [37] and relative warmer climatic condition was prevalent [37, 38]. Core studies from a lake in Grovnes Promontory by [39] have shown high productivity between ~8.3 to ~6 cal ka BP and that the ice free conditions prevailed around 4 cal ka BP.
5. Conclusions
The geomorphology of Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills, the two prominent ice free areas present distinct erosional and depositional landforms characteristic of a polar periglacial environment. Both the areas house hundreds of melt water lakes that have preserved the signatures of glacial–interglacial climate variations in the sediments deposited. Paleaoclimate history for the past ~42 cal. ka B.P [5] has revealed wide spread glaciation in LGM with Holocene being characterized by alternating warm and cold phases. Presence of marine sediments were documented from two coastal lakes viz., Pup Lagoon [35] and Heart Lake [3, 35] suggesting isostatic upliftment in the region. The sedimentological data viz.: sediment sorting, composition and the SEM studies on quartz grains from the two areas have shown similar results except the extent and strength of glacial processes. While there was a strong effect of glacial processes on quartz grains from Larsemann Hills, the imprints of glaciofluvial activity were more prominent on quartz grains from Schirmacher Oasis [40].
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India and expeditioners of Indian Antarctic Programme. MB and RM would also like to place on record their sincere thanks to Director, NCPOR for the encouragement. This is NCPOR Contribution No B-5/2020-2021.
\n',keywords:"geomorphological evolution, Schirmacher and Larsemann Hills, Paleoclimate",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74071.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74071.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74071",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74071",totalDownloads:351,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"July 27th 2020",dateReviewed:"October 12th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 6th 2020",datePublished:"February 24th 2021",dateFinished:"November 16th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills are among the few significant ice free areas of East Antarctica that are conspicuous due to presence of more than a hundred melt water lakes each, preserving the signatures of climatic variation and deglaciation history since Last Glacial Maximum (19 to 24 ky BP) and beyond. There are evidences, recorded in the lake sediments of low lying Larsemann Hills, of marine transgression due to variation in sea level, isostatic upliftment and close vicinity of the Hills to the marine environment. The Schirmacher Oasis, on the other hand has preserved various landforms-both erosional and depositional- typical of a periglacial environment along with proglacial lakes (incorporating signals of ice-sheet dynamics) and epishelf lakes (signatures of marine influence) .",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74071",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74071",signatures:"Rasik Ravindra, Badanal Siddaiah Mahesh and Rahul Mohan",book:{id:"9644",type:"book",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",publishedDate:"February 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-593-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-592-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-594-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"326272",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahesh",middleName:null,surname:"Badanal",fullName:"Mahesh Badanal",slug:"mahesh-badanal",email:"mahesh@ncpor.res.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"328260",title:"Dr.",name:"Rasik",middleName:null,surname:"Ravindra",fullName:"Rasik Ravindra",slug:"rasik-ravindra",email:"rasikravindra@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329923/images/14536_n.jpg",institution:null},{id:"333294",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",middleName:null,surname:"Mohan",fullName:"Rahul Mohan",slug:"rahul-mohan",email:"rahulmohan@ncpor.res.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Ice free areas of East Antarctica",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Schirmacher oasis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Physiography",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Deglaciation history",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Larsemann Hills/Prydz Bay Area",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.1 Physiography",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Mahesh B S, Warrier A K, Mohan R, Tiwari M, Babu A, Chandran A, Asthana R and Ravindra R. Response of Long Lake sediments to Antarctic climate: A perspective gained from sedimentary organic geochemistry and particle size analysis. Polar Science. 2015: 9, 359-367'},{id:"B2",body:'Mahesh B.S., Warrier AK, Mohan, R., Tiwari, M, Roy, R., Asthana, R., and Ravindra, R.,. Response of Sandy Lake in Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica to the glacial-interglacial climate shift. Journal of Paleolimnology. 2017: 58 275-289'},{id:"B3",body:'Mahesh, B.S., Nair, A., Warrier, A.K., Avadhani, A., Mohan, R., and Tiwari, M. Palaeolimnological records of regime shifts from marine-to-lacustrine system in a coastal Antarctic lake in response to post-glacial isostatic uplift. Current Science Special Section: Asian Forum for Polar Sciences. 2018: 115 1679-1683'},{id:"B4",body:'Mahesh, B.S., Warrier, A.K., Mohan, R., and Tiwari, M. Impact of Antarctic climate during the Late Quaternary: Records from Zub Lake sedimentary archives from Schirmacher Hills, East Antarctica Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2019: 514 398-406'},{id:"B5",body:'Warrier, A.K., B.S. Mahesh, Rahul Mohan, Ravindra, R. Glacial–interglacial climatic variations at the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica: The first report from environmental magnetism Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology. 2014, 412, 249-260'},{id:"B6",body:'Warrier, A.K., Pednekar, H., Mahesh, B.S., Gazi, S., Sediment grain size and surface textural observations of quartz grains in late quaternary lacustrine sediments from Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica: Paleoenvironmental significance. Polar Science. 2015:10 89-100'},{id:"B7",body:'Warrier, A.K., Mahesh., B.S., Mohan, R., 2017. Lake Sediment Studies in Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica – An Indian Perspective Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy DOI:10.16943/ptinsa/2017/48950'},{id:"B8",body:'Gore, D.B. Last glaciation of Vestfold Hills: extension of the East Antarctic ice sheet or lateral expansion of Sorsdal Glacier. Polar Records. 1997: 33 (184), pp.5-12'},{id:"B9",body:'Verleyen, E., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K., Vanhoutte, K., Vyverman, W. Coastal oceanographic conditions in the Prydz Bay region (East Antarctica) during the Holocene recorded in an isolation basin. Holocene. 2004a: 14, 246-257'},{id:"B10",body:'Hodgson et al. 2005; Hodgson, D.A., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., Squier, A.H., Keely, B.J., Leng, M.J., Saunders, K.M., Vyverman, W. Late Quaternary climate-driven environmental change in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, multi-proxy evidence from a lake sediment core. Quaternary Research. 2005: 64, 83-99'},{id:"B11",body:'Gibson J.A.E., Burton H.R. and Gallagher J.B. Meromictic Antarctic lakes as indicators of local water balance: structural changes in Organic Lake, Vestfold Hills 1978-1994. In: Quilty P.G. (ed.), Climate Succession and Glacial History of the Southern Hemisphere over the Past Five Million Years. ANARE Research Notes 94, Australian Antarctic Division. 1995: 39 pp'},{id:"B12",body:'Pickard, J. Antarctic Oasis. Terrestrial environments and history of the Vestfold Hills. Academic Press, Sydney Orlando San Diego. 1986: 367 pp'},{id:"B13",body:'Ravindra, R. Geomorphology of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. Proceedings, Symposium on snow, ice and glacier Geological Survey of India. 2001: Sp Pub 53 379-390'},{id:"B14",body:'Ravindra, R, Chaturvedi, A., and Beg, M.J. Melt-water Lakes of Schirmacher oasis-Their genetic aspects and classification. Pub in Advances in marine and Antarctic Sciences, New Delhi, Ed D.B. Sahoo and P.C, Pandey. 2002: pp301-313'},{id:"B15",body:'Sunil, P.S., Reddy, C.D., Ponraj, M., Dhar, A., and Jaypaul, D. GPS determination of the velocity and strain-rate fields on Schirmacher Glacier, central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology. 2007: 53, 558-564'},{id:"B16",body:'Fairbanks, R.G. A 17,000 year glacial euststic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean circulation. Nature. 1989: 342, 637-641'},{id:"B17",body:'Krause, WE, Krbetschek, M.R., and Stolz, W. Dating of Quaternary lake sediments from the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) by Infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL) detected at the wavelength of 560 NM. Quaternary Science Reviews. (Quat. Geochronology). 1997: 16, pp.387-392'},{id:"B18",body:'Hodgson, D.A., Noon, P.E., Vyverman, W., Bryant, C.L., Gore, D.B., Appleby, P., Gilmour, M., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., Jones, V.J., Ellis-Evans, J.C., Wood, P.B. Were the Larsemann Hills ice-free through the Last Glacial Maximum? Antarctic Science. 2001: 13, 440-454'},{id:"B19",body:'Achyuthan, H., Asthana, Ravindra, R., and Eastoe, C. Radiocarbon dates and sedimentation within the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. Abstract SCAR’s open science congress, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2008'},{id:"B20",body:'Shrivastava, P.K., Roy, S.K., Beg, J., Asthana, R., Govil, P., and Verma, K. Transition in Late Quaternary Paleoclimate in Schirmacher Region, East Antarctica as Revealed from Lake Sediments. Journal of Geological Society of India. 2018. 91(6):651-663'},{id:"B21",body:'Sharma, C., Chauhan, M.S., and Sinha, R. Studies on Holocene climatic changes from Priyadarshini Lake sediments, East Antarctica: the palynological evidence Journal of Geological Society o India. 2007: 69, 92-96'},{id:"B22",body:'Bera, S.K. Late Holocene palaeo-winds and climatic changes in Eastern Antarctica as indicated by long distance transported pollen-spores and local microbiota in polar lake core sediments. Current Science. 2004:, v. 86 (11), pp.1485-1488'},{id:"B23",body:'Phartiyal, B. Holocene paleoclimatic variation in the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica: A mineral magnetic approach. Polar Science. 2014: 8, 357-369'},{id:"B24",body:'Phartiyal, B., Sharma, A., Bera, S.K. Glacial lakes and geomorphological evolution of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica, during late Quaternary. Quaternary International. 2011: 235:128-136'},{id:"B25",body:'Gillieson, D., Burgess, J., Spate, A., and Cochrane, A. ANARE Research Notes 74. An Atlas of the lakes of the Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. Australian Antarctic Division. 1990'},{id:"B26",body:'Verleyen. E., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K., and Vyverman, W. Late Quaternary deglaciation and climate history of the Larsemann Hills (East Antarctica). Journal of Quaternary Science. 2004: 19:361-375'},{id:"B27",body:'Verleyen, E., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K., Cremer, H., Emslie, S.D., Gibson, J., Hall, B., Imura, S., Kudoh, S., Marshall, G.J., McMinn, A., Melles, M., Newman, L., Roberts, D., Roberts, S.J., Singh, S.M., Sterken, M., Tavernier, I., Verkulich, S., Van de Vyver. E., Nieuwenhuyze, W.V., Wagner, B., and Vyverman, W. Postglacial regional climate variability along the East Antarctic coastal margin—evidence from shallow marine and coastal terrestrial records. Earth Science Review. 2011: 104:199-212'},{id:"B28",body:'Sabbe, K., Verleyen, E., Hodgson, D.A., Vanhoutte, K., Vyverman, W. Benthic diatom flora of freshwater and saline lakes in the Larsemann Hills and Rauer Islands (E-Antarctica). Antarctic Science. 2003: 15, 227-248'},{id:"B29",body:'Sabbe, K., Hodgson, D.A, Verleyen, E., Taton, A., Wilmotte, A., Vanhoutte, K., Vyverman, W. Salinity, depth and the structure and composition of microbial mats in continental Antarctic lakes. Freshwater Biology. 2004: 49, 296-319'},{id:"B30",body:'Hodgson, D.A., Vyverman, W., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., Leavitt, P.R., Taton, A., Squier, A.H., and Keely, B.J. Environmental factors influencing the pigment composition of in situ benthic microbial communities in east Antarctic lakes. Aquatic Microbiology and Ecology. 2004: 37, 247-263'},{id:"B31",body:'Verleyen, E., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K., Cremer, H., Emslie, S.D., Gibson, J., Hall, B., Imura, S., Kudoh, S., Marshall, G.J., McMinn, A., Melles, M., Newman, L., Roberts, D., Roberts, S.J., Singh, S.M., Sterken, M., Tavernier, I., Verkulich, S., Van de Vyver, E., Nieuwenhuyze, W.V., Wagner, B. and Vyverman, W. Post-glacial regional climate variability along the East Antarctic coastal margin - Evidence from shallow marine and coastal terrestrial records. Earth Science Reviews. 2011: 104, 199-212'},{id:"B32",body:'Hodgson, D.A., Noon, P.E., Vyverman, W., Bryant, C.L., Gore, D.B., Appleby, P., Gilmour, M., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., Jones, V.J., Ellis-Evans, J.C., and Wood, P.B. Were the Larsemann Hills ice-free through the Last Glacial Maximum? Antarctic Science. 2001: 13, 440-454'},{id:"B33",body:'Hodgson, D.A., Verleyen, E., Squier, A.H., Sabbe, K., Keely, B.J., Saunders, K.M., Vyverman, W. Interglacial environments of coastal East Antarctica: Comparison of MIS 1 (Holocene) and MIS 5e (last interglacial) lake-sediment records. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2006: 25, 179-197'},{id:"B34",body:'Hodgson, D.A., Verleyen, E., Vyverman, W., Sabbe, K., Leng, M.J., Pickering, M., Keely, B.J., 2009b. A geological constraint on relative sea level in Marine Isotope Stage 3 in the Larsemann Hills, Lambert Glacier region, East Antarctica (31 366-33 228 cal yr BP). Quaternary Science Reviews. 2009b: 28, 2689-2696'},{id:"B35",body:'Verleyen, E., Hodgson, D.A., Vyverman, W., Roberts, D., Mcminn, A.,Vanhoutte, K. and Sabbe, K. Modelling diatom responses to climate induced fluctuations in the moisture balance in continental Antarctic lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology. 2003: 30, 195-215'},{id:"B36",body:'Hodgson, D.A., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., Squier, A.H., Keely, B.J., Leng, M.J., Saunders, K.M., Vyverman, W., 2005. Late Quaternary climate-driven environmental change in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, multi-proxy evidence from a lake sediment core. Quaternary Research. 2005: 64, 83-99'},{id:"B37",body:'Mazumder, A., Govil, P., Sharma, S,, Ravindra, R., Khare, N., and Chaturvedi, S.K. A testimony of detachment of an inland lake from marine influence during the mid-Holocene in the Vestfold Hills region, East Antarctica Limnological Reviews. 2013a: 13209-214'},{id:"B38",body:'Mazumder, A., and Govil, P. Signature of warmer Late Holocene around Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica Canadian Journal of Basic Applications Science. 2013: 1 33-43'},{id:"B39",body:'Govil, P., Asthana, R., Mazumder, A., and Ravindra, R. Grain size distribution and its influence on biological productivity during Holocene in a fresh water lake in Larsemann Hills, Antarctica. National Academy of Science Letters. 2012: 35 115-119'},{id:"B40",body:'Asthana, R., Shrivastava, P.K,. Beg, M.J., Swain, A.K., Dharwadkar, A., Roy, S.K., and Srivastava, H.B. Sedimentary processes in two different polar periglacial environments: Examples from Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica Special Publications in Geological Society of London. 2013: 381 411-427'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Rasik Ravindra",address:"rasikravindra@gmail.com",affiliation:'
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, India
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, India
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The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
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In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
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The IntechOpen timeline
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2004
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Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
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Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
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2005
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IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
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2006
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IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
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2008
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Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
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2009
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Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
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2010
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Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
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IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
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2011
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Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
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IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
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IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
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IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
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2012
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Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
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IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
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2013
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IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
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2014
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IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
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IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
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2015
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Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
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Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
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40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
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Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
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2016
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IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
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2017
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Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
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Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
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\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
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\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
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\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
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\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
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The immunoglobulin repertoire is provided by the process of somatic germ line recombination, which is the only controlled alteration of the genomic DNA after meiosis. It takes place in mammalian B lymphocyte (B cells) precursors in the bone marrow. The genome germ line sequence of undeveloped B cells is organized in gene segments and compromise V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments constituting the variable domain of the heavy chain and only V and J genes for building up the variable domain of the light chain. The rearrangement of the variable region follows a strict order. The following processes that participate in the generation of antibody diversity were summarized—allelic, combinational, and junctional diversity, pairing of IgH and IgL, and receptor editing—which all together produce the primary antigen repertoire (pre-antigen stimulation). When a B cell encounters a foreign antigen, affinity maturation and class switch are induced. Thereby the antibody repertoire increases. The resulting secondary immunoglobulin repertoire reveals in humans at least 1011 specificities for different antigens.",book:{id:"5784",slug:"antibody-engineering",title:"Antibody Engineering",fullTitle:"Antibody Engineering"},signatures:"Oliver Backhaus",authors:[{id:"177685",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Backhaus",slug:"oliver-backhaus",fullName:"Oliver Backhaus"}]},{id:"21711",title:"Screening of Bacterial Recombinants: Strategies and Preventing False Positives",slug:"screening-of-bacterial-recombinants-strategies-and-preventing-false-positives",totalDownloads:28432,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"375",slug:"molecular-cloning-selected-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",title:"Molecular Cloning",fullTitle:"Molecular Cloning - Selected Applications in Medicine and Biology"},signatures:"Sriram Padmanabhan, Sampali Banerjee and Naganath Mandi",authors:[{id:"46458",title:"Dr.",name:"Sriram",middleName:null,surname:"Padmanabhan",slug:"sriram-padmanabhan",fullName:"Sriram Padmanabhan"},{id:"136523",title:"Prof.",name:"Sampali",middleName:null,surname:"Banerjee",slug:"sampali-banerjee",fullName:"Sampali Banerjee"},{id:"136524",title:"Prof.",name:"Naganath",middleName:null,surname:"Mandi",slug:"naganath-mandi",fullName:"Naganath Mandi"}]},{id:"38236",title:"Extrinsic and Intrinsic Apoptosis Signal Pathway Review",slug:"extrinsic-and-intrinsic-apoptosis-signal-pathway-review",totalDownloads:11174,totalCrossrefCites:42,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:null,book:{id:"3141",slug:"apoptosis-and-medicine",title:"Apoptosis and Medicine",fullTitle:"Apoptosis and Medicine"},signatures:"Zhao Hongmei",authors:[{id:"146795",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhao",middleName:null,surname:"Hongmei",slug:"zhao-hongmei",fullName:"Zhao Hongmei"}]},{id:"19294",title:"Lagging Strand Synthesis and Genomic Stability",slug:"lagging-strand-synthesis-and-genomic-stability",totalDownloads:3355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"346",slug:"dna-repair-on-the-pathways-to-fixing-dna-damage-and-errors",title:"DNA Repair",fullTitle:"DNA Repair - On the Pathways to Fixing DNA Damage and Errors"},signatures:"Tuan Anh Nguyen, Chul-Hwan Lee and Yeon-Soo Seo",authors:[{id:"45828",title:"Dr.",name:"Yeon-Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Seo",slug:"yeon-soo-seo",fullName:"Yeon-Soo Seo"},{id:"46800",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tuan Anh",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tuan-anh-nguyen",fullName:"Tuan Anh Nguyen"},{id:"57602",title:"Dr.",name:"Chul-Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"chul-hwan-lee",fullName:"Chul-Hwan Lee"}]},{id:"57802",title:"Control of Ribosomal RNA Transcription by Nutrients",slug:"control-of-ribosomal-rna-transcription-by-nutrients",totalDownloads:1611,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The ribosome is a unique machine for protein synthesis in organisms. The construction of ribosomes is exceedingly complex and consumes the majority of the cell materials and energy. The materials for ribosome production are supplied by nutrients. Therefore, the production of ribosomes is restricted by environmental nutrients, and cells need mechanisms to control ribosome production in order to reconcile demands for cell activities with available resources. Transcription of ribosomal RNA is an essential step in ribosome biogenesis. It strongly affects the total amount of ribosome production, and thus rapidly growing cells have an elevated level of ribosomal RNA transcription. Ribosomal RNA transcription is controlled by many mechanisms, including the efficiency of preinitiation complex formation for RNA polymerase I (Pol I) and epigenetic marks in ribosomal RNA genes. These are affected by cell cycle progression, signal transduction pathways, cell-damaging stresses, nutrients such as glucose, and the metabolites. Recent studies also suggest that the epigenetic marks, acetylation and methylation, may be not only controlled by nutrients but also function as reservoirs for biological resources in chromatin. Further studies would provide information about the mechanisms cells use to adjust production of cellular components to available resources and clues for developing novel anti-cancer treatments.",book:{id:"7204",slug:"gene-expression-and-regulation-in-mammalian-cells-transcription-toward-the-establishment-of-novel-therapeutics",title:"Gene Expression and Regulation in Mammalian Cells",fullTitle:"Gene Expression and Regulation in Mammalian Cells - Transcription Toward the Establishment of Novel Therapeutics"},signatures:"Yuji Tanaka and Makoto Tsuneoka",authors:[{id:"219040",title:"Prof.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuneoka",slug:"makoto-tsuneoka",fullName:"Makoto Tsuneoka"},{id:"219221",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuji",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",slug:"yuji-tanaka",fullName:"Yuji Tanaka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"400",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. 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support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez 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This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. 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Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. 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For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. 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We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",annualVolume:11968,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
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