Comparison of major modeling software [11].
\r\n\tTo sum up, there are numerous engineering applications of diamond which are yet to be realized and this book will address some of the mentioned and hopefully open some new topics.
\r\n\t
In the past few decades, virtual reality (VR) has been widely used in many different areas including entertainment, education and training, manufacturing, medical and rehabilitation. The compound annual growth rate for VR revenue is expected to grow more than fifty percent from 2018 to 2023. It is expected that education and training is one of the leading sectors in the coming 5 years [1]. VR not only provides immersive stereoscopic visualization of virtual environments and sound effects, but participants can also interact with virtual objects and environment with haptic feedback. No matter what kind of application to be applied by the VR, the visualization effect and computer graphics are critical to enhance the engagement of participants and thus increases the education and training effectiveness [2]. Nevertheless, increasing the visual realism in VR is not an easy task because it is not only due to artist’s sense of the design engineers but also due to the drawback between the realistic VR environment and the demanding computation requirement of real-time interaction in VR.
\n3D modeling and computer graphics techniques have been developed for several decades [3]. Due to the era of digital information technologies, 3D modeling and computer graphics techniques drive the explosive growth and becoming crucially important in the recent years. The techniques not only apply to the development of virtual models for computer simulation, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), etc., but also it can be applied to many various application such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, etc. [4]. Despite VR technologies have been developed for many years, the development of computer hardware and the 5th generation (5G) mobile network bloomed the 5Vs of the data flow including volume, velocity, value, veracity and variety [5]. As a consequence, the computation requirements and the flow of big data in VR is very demanding not only due to the need for real-time interaction, wireless connection, data inter-exchange, but also due to the greater expectations in computer graphical effects, realistic 3D models and infectant of virtual environments.
\nWe would like to organize this book chapter as following sections. In Section 2, we aim to review the major software in 3D modeling and rendering in computer graphics. We will present the key computer modeling, computer graphics and VR programming software and tools. The techniques in computer modeling and graphics are particularly important for real-time and realistic interaction in VR. Therefore, in Section 3, we will describe some of the key modeling techniques used in VR. These techniques include shading and mesh editing modifiers. We will compare the difference of these techniques and their visual effects.
\nThe development of VR models is divided into several key procedures. The VR models are used to create the virtual scenes used in the VR program. Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the VR program development. In general, the development process is developed into three major steps including modeling, texture painting and VR programming. The virtual models are firstly modeled using 3D modelling tools to create the object 3D geometries. After completion of the 3D modeling process, the models are rendered using computer graphics techniques including materials painting, texture mapping, etc. This process can be done directly on the 3D modeling software. Then, the 3D models including the corresponding graphical UV texture maps have to be imported into the game engine for the development of VR computer program. Alternatively, the texture painting and rendering processes can be performed by separate professional software. Then, the 3D models including the texture maps are used as the input of the game engines. The 3D models and texture files can be exported into various file formats depending on the compatibility between the software. Some of the commonly used file formats of 3D models are FBX, OBJ, STL, etc. FBX (Filmbox) is a proprietary file format (.fbx) developed by Autodesk and is used to provide interoperability between digital content creation applications. FBX is commonly used as the part of game wares and is recommended in the development of VR program [6].
\nThe flow chart of the VR program development. The development process includes modeling, texture mapping and VR programming.
Nowadays, there exists number of 3D modeling tools such as ZBrush, Blender, SketchUp, AutoCAD, SolidWorks, 3Ds Max, Maya, Rhino3D, CATIA, etc. Table 1 summarized and compared the major differences of these 3D modeling tools. Most of the commonly used modeling tools are professional and used for industrial application. These tools not only used in the computer-aided design (CAD), but also provides some advanced features such as computer-aided engineering (CAE) for performing analysis [7], additional manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing [8].
\nModeling software | \nEase of use | \nCategory | \nSupport formats | \n
---|---|---|---|
SketchUp | \nBeginner | \nCAD | \ndwg, dxf, 3ds, dae, dem, def, ifc, kmz, stl | \n
Blender | \nIntermediate | \nCAID | \n3ds, dae, fbx, dxf, obj, x, lwo, svg, ply, stl, vrml, vrml97, x3d | \n
ZBrush | \nProfessional | \nCAID | \ndxf, goz, ma, obj, stl, vrml, x3d | \n
AutoCAD | \nProfessional | \nCAD | \ndwg, dxf, pdf | \n
SolidWorks | \nProfessional | \nCAD | \n3dxml, 3 dm, 3ds, 3mf, amf, dwg, dxf, idf, ifc, obj, pdf, sldprt, stp, stl, vrml | \n
3Ds Max | \nProfessional | \nCAID | \nstl, 3ds, ai, abc, ase, asm, catproduct, catpart, dem, dwg, dxf, dwf, flt, iges, ipt, jt, nx, obj, prj, prt, rvt, sat, skp, sldprt, sldasm, stp, vrml, w3d xml | \n
Maya | \nProfessional | \nCAID | \ndxf, fbx, obj, stl | \n
Rhino3D | \nProfessional | \nCAID | \n3 dm, 3ds, cd, dae, dgn, dwg, emf, fbx, gf, gdf, gts, igs, kmz, lwo, rws, obj, off, ply, pm, sat, scn, skp, slc, sldprt, stp, stl, x3dv, xaml, vda, vrml, x_t, x, xgl, zpr | \n
CATIA | \nProfessional | \nCAD | \n3dxml, catpart, igs, pdf, stp, stl, vrml | \n
Comparison of major modeling software [11].
Traditionally, CAD tools are used to translate the CAD file into VR format directly by a downstream process [9]. However, the CAD tools usually provides a complex and highly detailed CAD data, common in engineering design and other industries, which makes it translates into excessively large VR models. This makes the models difficult to maintain the speed of computation in an acceptable level. In this case, models optimization need to be implemented to allow real time interaction by reducing the complexity of the models which makes the modeling process complicated.
\nComputer-aided industrial design (CAID) tools not only provide 3D modeling features, but it is also used in various industries like 3D printing, animation, gaming, architecture, and industrial design for digital production. The CAID tools provide designers with improved freedom of creativity compared to typical CAD tools [10]. The 3D model can be saved in a format that can be read for AM to speed up the prototyping process, so that designers can has more time to focus on the design processes. CAID also provides a larger flexibility for sketching, design and modeling for designers, thus particularly suitable to create flexible models to meet the extensive demand of visual realism in VR nowadays.
\n\nTable 1 summarized the major CAD and CAID modeling software in the market. AutoCAD, SolidWorks, CATIA are the major CAD software for engineering design developed for many years. The software is designed professionally not only for performing engineering design, but also provides a number of features for engineering analysis and simulation. 3Ds Max, ZBrush, Maya are the CAID software widely used in various professional design application. It provides a larger freedom for designers to perform freeform and digital sculpting, and allows the model files to be exported into AM formats for rapid prototyping. Blender was initially released in 1994 and was developed by the Blender Foundation. Blender is the free and open source 3D creation suite. It supports the entirety of the 3D pipeline—modeling, rigging, animation, simulation, rendering, compositing and motion tracking, video editing and 2D animation pipeline [12]. It provides various modeling functions for VR and are easier to be handled by most of designers and engineers.
\nBesides the 3D modeling, texture painting is an essential step to enhance the visual effects and increase the realism of virtual environments. Most of the 3D modeling software such as Blender, 3Ds Max, ZBrush provides the texture painting features and pipelines for 3D rendering, which are sufficient to most of the VR production. Other professional 3D texture painting software include Substance Painter, Mari, Armor Paint, Quixel Mixer, etc. The software is professional and some of them are even used in movie production. However, it may require more professional skills and experience to handle the software. Table 2 shows the major 3D texture painting software for creating 3D models textures in VR.
\nTexture painting software | \nEase of use | \n
---|---|
Blender | \nIntermediate | \n
Armor Paint | \nProfessional | \n
ZBrush | \nProfessional | \n
Quixel Mixer | \nProfessional | \n
Substance Painter | \nProduction | \n
Foundry Mari | \nProduction | \n
Major 3D texture painting software.
In order to create 3D models in VR for real-time interaction, one approach is to perform optimization to reduce the complexity by minimizing the mesh size of the models. However, a significant drawback of this approach is that the visual realism of the models may be affected. Therefore, in this section, we will describe some essential modeling and computer graphics techniques that can be applied to create 3D models in VR. These techniques not only able to reduce the mesh size of the models, but also keep the visual realism effectively without the need of additional modeling procedures.
\nThere are some fundamental techniques we need to understand in order to make good models. Shading is one of the key techniques in 3D modeling. There are several approaches to perform mesh shading including flat-shading and smooth-shading. As seen in Figure 2, most of the models are represented by polygons and truly curved objects are often approximated by polygon meshes [13]. When rendering the models, you may notice that these polygons appear as a series of small, flat faces (Figure 2a). In order to create a desirable effect, traditionally edge split and subdivision surface can be applied to smooth the model (Figure 2b). However, this will increase the number of faces and vertices of the models thus its complexity therefore is not desired in VR applications. The easiest way is to generate visually smooth model is to apply the auto smooth shading filter to quickly and easily changes the way the shading. The mesh shading does not actually modify model geometry, it simply changes the way of shading by calculating across the surfaces, giving the illusion of a smooth surface (Figure 3).
\nExample of 3D mesh model rendered: (a) flat and (b) smoothed using subdivision surface.
Same 3D mesh model applied smooth shading.
The shading approaches can create the mesh non-destructively by calculating the faces normal. Alternatively, or in some cases, mesh editing tools such as bevel, subdivision, loop cut, etc. may need to be applied at the edge to create better visual effects. Figure 4 shows the 3D models applied the bevel modifiers with 20 segments, 2 segments and 6 loop cuts (from left to right). The visual effects looks similar, but the mesh size increases significantly with the number of bevel segments. The bevel modifiers with 2 segments can create similar effect with 6 loop cuts, but the modeling process is easier. Although 2 bevels and 6 loop cuts are more effect, but usually we would prefer the 3D models to look nice and smooth. The loop cuts will create a sharper edge, therefore bevel segments are more preferred in VR modeling.
\nExample of using bevel modifiers with 20 segments, 2 segments and 6 loop cuts (from left to right).
The corresponding models are rendered using the real-time render engine Eevee in Blender. Figure 5 shows the visual effects of the models represented by red, green and blue color (from left to right). The visual effects can be previewed quickly in the modeling software. The red (left hand side) model can create a very smooth visual effect, which looks similar to the green (middle) one. However, the blue (right hand side) model shows sharp edges clearly which may not be desired visually. Therefore, modeling with bevel modifiers with a few segments will be preferred. Sometimes, it can also be applied together with the smooth-shading to create a better visual realism of 3D models in VR.
\nThe rendering effect of the models applied bevel modifiers with 20 segments, 2 segments and 6 loop cuts (from left to right).
In this book chapter, we have reviewed the recent exiting 3D modeling and texture painting software packages and the difficulties in handling the software. The key techniques used in the creation of 3D models for VR are also described. The techniques including the shading and mesh editing modifiers not only help reducing the mesh size of the 3D models but also maintaining the visual realism of the models. It is particularly important to meet the demanding computation requirement of real-time interaction in VR program. Results have also shown that bevel modifiers with a few segments can enhance the visual effects compare with the loop cut modifier. However, this feature will change the mesh size of the model. The smooth shading modifiers not only maintain the complexity of the models but also enhanced the visual realism significantly. The mesh editing and shading modifiers can also be applied based on the requirement of the models in VR program.
\nThe author(s) received financial support from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this chapter.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
We would also like to extend our thanks to the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, for the support in our VR projects.
\nThe Edited Volume, also known as the IntechOpen Book, is an IntechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters.
",metaTitle:"Edited Volumes",metaDescription:"The Edited Volume, also known as the InTechOpen Book, is an InTechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/pages/edited-volumes",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"WHY PUBLISH IN AN INTECHOPEN EDITED VOLUME?
\\n\\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\\n\\nQUALITY CONTENT
\\n\\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\\n\\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\\n\\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\\n\\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\\n\\nACCESS
\\n\\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\\n\\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\\n\\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\\n\\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\\n\\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\\n\\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\\n\\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\\n\\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
\\n\\nCURRENT PROJECTS
\\n\\nTo view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'WHY PUBLISH IN AN INTECHOPEN EDITED VOLUME?
\n\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\n\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\n\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\n\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\n\nACCESS
\n\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\n\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\n\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\n\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\n\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\n\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\n\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\n\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
\n\nCURRENT PROJECTS
\n\nTo view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5160},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15608}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,9"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10391",title:"Ambient Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3fbf8f0bcc5cdff72aaf0949d7cbc12e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10391.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10653",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"753812dbb9a6f6b57645431063114f6c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10653.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5806b4efae3bd91c3f56e64e0442df35",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10748",title:"Fishery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ecde44e36545a02e9bed47333869ca6f",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10748.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10693",title:"Open Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9fcbb8e096da084fb29d8f16aaecb061",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10693.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10240",title:"Post-Translational Modifications in Cellular Functions and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"27349927a8f626359f696ba5472bc2b2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Shibo Ying",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10240.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"306153",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shibo",surname:"Ying",slug:"shibo-ying",fullName:"Shibo Ying"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10738",title:"Molluscs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a42a81ed3f9e3dda6d0daaf69c26117e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10738.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10271",title:"Software Usability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8c71aff43977a455e7563255a2c104b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Laura M. M. Castro and Dr. David Cabrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10271.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"151757",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura M.",surname:"Castro",slug:"laura-m.-castro",fullName:"Laura M. Castro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10694",title:"Genetic Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"91c5491dc248333f624d1d35e590ba45",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10694.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10743",title:"Whey Proteins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7d393c7da4db5af690c1b60a23011fe7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10743.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10768",title:"Bryology and Lichenology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2188e0dffab6ad8d6c0f3afce29ccce0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10768.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:69},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:73},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af14229738af402c3b595d7e124dce82",slug:"banking-and-finance",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5124},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7796",title:"Human 4.0",subtitle:"From Biology to Cybernetic",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ac5c052d3a593d5c4f4df66d005e5af",slug:"human-4-0-from-biology-to-cybernetic",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7796.jpg",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"883",title:"Environmental Policy",slug:"environmental-sciences-sustainable-development-environmental-policy",parent:{title:"Sustainable Development",slug:"environmental-sciences-sustainable-development"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:30,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-sciences-sustainable-development-environmental-policy",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"2016",title:"Sustainable Development",subtitle:"Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2afa6164c067274259fa5c28364e6592",slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",bookSignature:"Chaouki Ghenai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2016.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14569",title:"Prof.",name:"Chaouki",middleName:null,surname:"Ghenai",slug:"chaouki-ghenai",fullName:"Chaouki Ghenai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29237",doi:"10.5772/26626",title:"Innovation Ecosystem for Sustainable Development",slug:"innovation-ecosystem-for-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:2306,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Kayano Fukuda and Chihiro Watanabe",authors:[{id:"67348",title:"Dr.",name:"Kayano",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",slug:"kayano-fukuda",fullName:"Kayano Fukuda"},{id:"128853",title:"Prof.",name:"Chihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"chihiro-watanabe",fullName:"Chihiro Watanabe"}]},{id:"29239",doi:"10.5772/26891",title:"The Environment as a Factor of Spatial Injustice: A New Challenge for the Sustainable Development of European Regions?",slug:"the-environment-as-a-factor-of-spatial-injustice-a-new-challenge-for-the-sustainable-development-of-",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Guillaume Faburel",authors:[{id:"68153",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Faburel",slug:"guillaume-faburel",fullName:"Guillaume Faburel"}]},{id:"29238",doi:"10.5772/26942",title:"Unraveling Stakeholders’ Discourses Regarding Sustainable Development and Biodiversity Conservation in Greece",slug:"unraveling-stakeholders-discourses-regarding-sustainable-development-and-biodiversity-conservation-i",totalDownloads:1401,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Evangelia Apostolopoulou, Evangelia G. Drakou, and John D. Pantis",authors:[{id:"68362",title:"Dr.",name:"Evangelia",middleName:null,surname:"Apostolopoulou",slug:"evangelia-apostolopoulou",fullName:"Evangelia Apostolopoulou"},{id:"78446",title:"Dr.",name:"Evangelia",middleName:null,surname:"Drakou",slug:"evangelia-drakou",fullName:"Evangelia Drakou"},{id:"78448",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Pantis",slug:"john-pantis",fullName:"John Pantis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29239",title:"The Environment as a Factor of Spatial Injustice: A New Challenge for the Sustainable Development of European Regions?",slug:"the-environment-as-a-factor-of-spatial-injustice-a-new-challenge-for-the-sustainable-development-of-",totalDownloads:2253,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Guillaume Faburel",authors:[{id:"68153",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Faburel",slug:"guillaume-faburel",fullName:"Guillaume Faburel"}]},{id:"29238",title:"Unraveling Stakeholders’ Discourses Regarding Sustainable Development and Biodiversity Conservation in Greece",slug:"unraveling-stakeholders-discourses-regarding-sustainable-development-and-biodiversity-conservation-i",totalDownloads:1401,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Evangelia Apostolopoulou, Evangelia G. Drakou, and John D. Pantis",authors:[{id:"68362",title:"Dr.",name:"Evangelia",middleName:null,surname:"Apostolopoulou",slug:"evangelia-apostolopoulou",fullName:"Evangelia Apostolopoulou"},{id:"78446",title:"Dr.",name:"Evangelia",middleName:null,surname:"Drakou",slug:"evangelia-drakou",fullName:"Evangelia Drakou"},{id:"78448",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Pantis",slug:"john-pantis",fullName:"John Pantis"}]},{id:"29222",title:"Sustainable Urban Development Through the Empowering of Local Communities",slug:"sustainable-urban-development-through-the-empowering-of-local-communities",totalDownloads:1418,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Radu Radoslav, Marius Stelian Găman, Tudor Morar, Ştefana Bădescu and Ana-Maria Branea",authors:[{id:"69700",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",middleName:null,surname:"Radoslav",slug:"radu-radoslav",fullName:"Radu Radoslav"}]},{id:"29224",title:"Sustainable Tourism of Destination, Imperative Triangle Among: Competitiveness, Effective Management and Proper Financing",slug:"sustainable-tourism-of-destination-imperative-triangle-among-competitiveness-effective-management-an",totalDownloads:3599,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Mirela Mazilu",authors:[{id:"72582",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirela",middleName:"Elena",surname:"Mazilu",slug:"mirela-mazilu",fullName:"Mirela Mazilu"}]},{id:"29225",title:"Croatian Tourism Development Model – Anatomy of an Un/Sustainability",slug:"croatian-tourism-development-model-anatomy-of-an-un-sustainability",totalDownloads:1904,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Lidija Petrić",authors:[{id:"72730",title:"Prof.",name:"Lidija",middleName:null,surname:"Petrić",slug:"lidija-petric",fullName:"Lidija Petrić"}]},{id:"29227",title:"Sustainability Challenges: Changing Attitudes and a Demand for Better Management of the Tourism Industry in Malaysia",slug:"sustainability-challenges-changing-attitudes-and-a-demand-for-better-management-of-the-tourism-indus",totalDownloads:3268,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Janie Liew-Tsonis and Sharon Cheuk",authors:[{id:"67670",title:"Dr.",name:"Janie",middleName:null,surname:"Liew-Tsonis",slug:"janie-liew-tsonis",fullName:"Janie Liew-Tsonis"},{id:"131050",title:"Ms.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Cheuk",slug:"sharon-cheuk",fullName:"Sharon Cheuk"}]},{id:"29237",title:"Innovation Ecosystem for Sustainable Development",slug:"innovation-ecosystem-for-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:2306,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Kayano Fukuda and Chihiro Watanabe",authors:[{id:"67348",title:"Dr.",name:"Kayano",middleName:null,surname:"Fukuda",slug:"kayano-fukuda",fullName:"Kayano Fukuda"},{id:"128853",title:"Prof.",name:"Chihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"chihiro-watanabe",fullName:"Chihiro Watanabe"}]},{id:"29223",title:"Sustainable Urban Design and Walkable Neighborhoods",slug:"sustainable-urban-design-and-walkable-neighborhoods",totalDownloads:2741,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Theresa Glanz, Yunwoo Nam and Zhenghong Tang",authors:[{id:"69579",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhenghong",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"zhenghong-tang",fullName:"Zhenghong Tang"}]},{id:"29226",title:"Built Heritage and Sustainable Tourism: Conceptual, Economic and Social Variables",slug:"built-heritage-and-sustainable-tourism-conceptual-economic-and-social-variables",totalDownloads:1939,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Beatriz Amarilla and Alfredo Conti",authors:[{id:"74977",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Amarilla",slug:"beatriz-amarilla",fullName:"Beatriz Amarilla"},{id:"78428",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Conti",slug:"alfredo-conti",fullName:"Alfredo Conti"}]},{id:"29228",title:"Sustainable Development Global Simulation: Analysis of Quality and Security of Human Life",slug:"sustainable-development-global-simulation-analysis-of-quality-and-security-of-human-life",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sustainable-development-policy-and-urban-development-tourism-life-science-management-and-environment",title:"Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Sustainable Development - Policy and Urban Development - Tourism, Life Science, Management and Environment"},signatures:"Michael Zgurovsky",authors:[{id:"67789",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Zgurovsky",slug:"michael-zgurovsky",fullName:"Michael Zgurovsky"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-sciences-sustainable-development-environmental-policy",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/58403/michael-bordowitz",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"58403",slug:"michael-bordowitz"},fullPath:"/profiles/58403/michael-bordowitz",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()