Empirical equations for predicting minimum spouting velocity.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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Colombia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"61365",slug:"clinical-approach-in-the-diagnosis-of-acute-appendicitis",signatures:"Alfredo Alvarado",dateSubmitted:"September 14th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 16th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"June 27th 2018",book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"221775",title:"M.D.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",fullName:"Alfredo Alvarado",slug:"alfredo-alvarado",email:"alfredoalvara@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Colombia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}}]},book:{id:"6471",title:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Issues in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis",slug:"current-issues-in-the-diagnostics-and-treatment-of-acute-appendicitis",publishedDate:"June 27th 2018",bookSignature:"Dmitry Victorovich Garbuzenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6471.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108808",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitry",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Garbuzenko",slug:"dmitry-garbuzenko",fullName:"Dmitry Garbuzenko"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11798",leadTitle:null,title:"Listeria monocytogenes - Recent Developments and Advances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tCompetition for limited natural resources associated with climate changes effects, particularly on agri-food systems, increases the importance of research and knowledge of new approaches to Health, healthy animals, a healthy environment, and a sustainable and safe food supply for the growing global population.
\r\n\tAbout 25 percent of all foods produced globally are lost due to microbial growth. L. monocytogenes is a microorganism ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals and humans. L. monocytogenes can enter a factory and is able to survive in biofilms in the food processing environment. The use of adequate sanitation procedures is a prerequisite in risk prevention. Moreover, effective control measures for L. monocytogenes are very important to food operators.
\r\n\tThe safety and shelf life maximizing of food products to meet the demand of retailers and consumers is a challenge and a concern of food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tTo obtain food systems more sustainable, several developments are ongoing to ensure safe food products with an extended shelf life and a reduction of food loss and waste. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is also a great issue that must be taken into consideration.
\r\n\r\n\tThe implementation of natural antimicrobials, using food cultures, ferments, or bacteriophages, is one approach to control L. monocytogenes in food products that meet the consumer preference for clean label solutions.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art about Listeria monocytogenes in terms of occurrence in humans, animals, and food-producing plants. Its control by more natural agents allows for more sustainable food systems and points future directions to transform challenges into opportunities.
As a result of proper interaction between the gas‐solid with the inner construction of fluidized bed apparatus and the mode of gas distribution, modifications of the classic fluidization, such as spouted beds and jet impingement fluidization, are developed. The term spouted bed fluidization was first used by Gishler and Mathur in 1954 who successfully applied this technique for drying of wheat. The first industrial device for drying peas, lentils, and flax was built and installed in Canada in 1962 [1].
Spouted bed fluidization is the process in which the fluid is vertically introduced upwards at a suitable velocity through the center of the bottom granular material bed. The bed particles are carried up in the central jet by the fluid stream and on reaching the top medium layer they rain back onto the peripheral annular region. Next, they slowly move downward the column. The process cycle is repeated many times causing the bed’s circulation (Figure 1) [2, 3].
Scheme of gas motion in conventional spouted bed and spouted bed with draft tube.
Areas of spouted bed fluidization application overlap with that of classic fluidization use; however, the mechanisms of fluid flow and bed elements motion differ substantially in both cases. The motion and mixing of particles in the spouted bed are regular and cyclic, imposed by the constant upward‐flowing fluid jet, opposed to a more random and complicated particle motion in the conventional fluidized bed [4]. There are at least five solutions of devices for spouted bed fluidization: rectangular, cylindrical flat base, cylindrical cone base, conical, and dilute jet spouted beds [5]. In view of the occurrence of bottom dead zones, the flat‐base devices are used infrequently. Whereas equipment with conical beds is applied most often in numerous modifications, yet these are beds of low depth. Dilute jet‐type spouted beds were studied extensively in the former Soviet Union over the 1950–1960 period [5]. They show a substantially higher fluid velocity than the minimal velocity of spouted bed fluidization that results in dilute phase occurrence in the entire device [2]. To overcome the constraints of conventional spouted beds (low aeration in the annular region, slow turnover of bed particles), there were developed several modifications concerning the process and devices. The most frequently applied are novel rotating jet spouted bed (RJSB) [6], rotating jet annular spouted bed (RJASB) [7], pulsating spouted bed [8], and draft tube spout‐fluid bed (DTSFB) [9]. These modifications allow to obtain a higher heat transfer coefficient, more uniform distribution of particle residence time inside the device, and lower pressure drops as compared to conventional devices for spouted bed fluidization [10]. One of the most common solutions is using the apparatus with a draft tube where the fountain is formed over the tube top (Figure 1). Then neither bed height nor particle size homogeneity is limited and the ease of controlling the bed circulation in order to prevent particles from moving out of the peripheral annular zone to the central core is of importance [11, 12]. However, the application of this solution is restricted to the cases when the medium flowing out of the draft tube is not only the bed particles carrier but plays an active role in a process (drying, cooling, chemical reactions) as well. The reason for this is that the medium from the draft tube cannot percolate to the outer annular zone and therefore, the process is likely to be substantially slowed down through decreased efficiency at lowered heat transfer. To eliminate these shortcomings, a porous draft tube is used. The unique properties of the solution make it applicable, for example, for the thermal disinfestation process of wheat grain where both grain movement and proper conditions of gas‐solid contacting with a concurrent slight pressure drop need to be controlled [11]. Another modification of spouted bed fluidization is provided by the Wurster apparatus—a spouted bed device with a draft tube and additional fluidizing air stream (spout‐fluid bed). The additional gas stream is injected upwards through the flat or conical porous bottom. The aerodynamic characteristics of the spouted bed system as against conventional fluidization are not only dependent on fluid properties and solid particles making up the bed. The apparatus construction as well as bed height and width are of great importance. Subject to the fluid type and the kind of fluidizing solid particles and apparatus configuration, the types of bed structures/fluidization kinds are best represented by the dependence of bed height on the fluid velocity. Figure 2 presents the exemplary ranges of the bed structures according to Mathur and Epstein [13].
Ranges of the bed structures.
The line representing transition between the fixed bed and spouting bed area corresponds to minimum spouted bed velocity, whereas the horizontal line separating spouting from the bubbling area denotes the maximum bed depth. At the height of bed above some value, the transition from the packed bed to spouted bed is not possible. Increasing velocity in this range induces bubble bed formation followed by slugging flow. Working out the technology and spouted bed fluidization devices necessitates the determination of parameters at which the bed is converted into dynamic state as the parameters established for conventional fluidization cannot be used [2]. However, similar to classical fluidization, the dependence between bed pressure drop and fluid flow velocity can be presented (Figure 3).
Pressure drop as affected by gas velocity during spouted bed process.
Initially, particles remain stagnant (A‐B state) but as the pressure drop increases linearly along with a fluid velocity increase, the so‐called dilute zone forming at the bed base is observed to expand. At the B‐point, the pressure drop reaches its maximum value while air velocity corresponds to the critical value. The B‐C state is characterized by the moment of visible loosening of the bed with bubbling and channeling air flow. At the C‐point, fluidization commences and the fluid velocity at the
Motion of product in jet impingement fluidization.
Eq. no. | Correlation | Authors |
---|---|---|
(1) | Mathur and Gishler [21] | |
(2) | Zhong et al. [22] | |
(3) | Olazar et al. [23] | |
(4) | Bi [5] |
Empirical equations for predicting minimum spouting velocity.
More accurate approximations of the minimum fluidization velocity value require knowing a number of process parameters. For instance, Zhong et al. [22] propose the correlation for estimation of minimum fluidization velocity of the bed particle of D dimension (according to Geldard classification) in the apparatus of cross section of 300 mm × 30 mm and 2000 mm height (Eq. (2)) and Olazar et al. [23] for materials such as glass or other materials of similar density (Eq. (3)) (Table 1). According to Bi [5], bed geometry, which determines the minimum spouting velocity, is sufficiently described by the following three parameters: bed height
This equation is valid for
which the authors developed studying the granular material drying process in a rectangular‐based spout apparatus at the following parameters:
Jet impingement fluidization resembles spouted bed fluidization to some extent. During the jet impingement fluidization process, the bed particles displace in the fluid jet leaving the nozzle system to form characteristic fountains. Explanation of the operating principles of a jet impingement fluidization apparatus needs concerning the formation of a fluid jet flowing out of a single nozzle in the impingement phenomenon. The physical field of fluid jet flow from the nozzle includes three basic regions: free jet flow, stagnation, and horizontal flow or wall jet. The free jet flow area comprises a few regions whose size depends on the distance between the nozzle and rebound air jet area. This region is divided into two areas, that is, the core and mixing. In the region of the potential core, turbulences do not occur in the jet, whereas they are observed after fluid jet impinging on the stagnation area. Consequently, the flow is disturbed and the jet potential core becomes decentralized. This area is called the mixing region. A level of energy dissipation and length of the fluid jet central core rely mainly on the shape of nozzles and their exit profiling level as well as velocity at the nozzle exit [29, 30]. Vortices in the free jet region along with resulting energy dissipation are the factors of great weight as they contribute to intensive heat transfer in the stagnation area and the stream wall. The stream in the free jet region displays the free flow behavior pattern in the distance equal to 1–1.5 times the nozzle diameter, where upon it starts moving toward the stagnation region. In this region, fluid jet impingement occurs causing the fluid stream bouncing off the apparatus bottom and consequently, it experiences a velocity drop with a considerable increase in static pressure. A negative pressure gradient in the jet wall area induces the initial rapid flow speed increase followed by momentary stagnation and the final decrease [29]. The flow field of the jet leaving the multiple jet arrays is similar to that of a single impinging jet; it also comprises three regions. The differences, however, concern the jet wall area and depend on the nozzles spacing. The interaction mechanisms occurring in arrays of many jets can be observed in three types of cases [31]. First is related to interference between the neighboring jets in the mixing area. Second concerns the appropriate jet‐to‐jet spacing that promotes the rising fountain phenomenon. The fountain height is determined by, among others, the nozzle length and flow rate of fluid leaving the nozzles. Third pertains to the air outlet arrangement in the plane transversal to the nozzle direction and causes turbulent flow of fluid jet emerging from the working chamber [30]. Jet impingement fluidization is a method that utilizes the impingement phenomenon to induce fluidal bed boiling. The state of fluidal boiling occurs once the minimum fluidization velocity is achieved, that is the buoyancy force exceeds the gravitational force of bed solid particles, which are lifted toward the fountain top. Owing to the inter‐particle force of adjacent bed particulates, single‐bed elements are entrained to the fountain top to be afterwards pushed under the lower pressure zone or the air jet issuing from the nozzle. Consequently, solid particles fall back toward the bottom of the apparatus working chamber and the process cycle starts anew (Figure 4).
Kluza [32], Kluza and Stadnik [33], Góral and Kluza [34–36] thoroughly examined the effect of the apparatus parameters on attainability of fluidal beds of various products. The authors concluded that if the ratio of nozzle symmetry axis spacing to the inner diameters was
The view of impingement fluidization of different products [
There is a lack of visible typical curvilinear closing trajectories determined by the product. In the case of both, soya beans, maize, carrot cubes and French fries, the material was partly thrown outside the apparatus because of too small separation distances between the nozzles and thus, inability of appropriate return of the rebound air jet. Figure 5D–F shows typical trajectories of the product determined by the motion of the gas jet leaving the nozzles and rebound off the device bottom. The character of the bed behavior was obtained after setting and application of the optimum dependence between the nozzle diameter and the distance between the nozzles. On the basis of the bed development analysis in jet impingement fluidization, Kluza and Stadnik [33], Góral and Kluza [36] performed the assembly of 11 operating heads (nozzle diameter from 11 to 35 mm) with a nozzle pitch four times the nozzle inner diameter
Rebound air jet velocity versus velocity of air leaving nozzles.
The objective of working toward the development of optimum processing conditions and dimensional dependencies of the operating elements of a device that provides appropriate conditions for jet impingement fluidization is to obtain proper bed boiling in its whole volume in a treatment process. For the purpose of full realization of the studied process, it is essential to strictly define the characteristic technical dimensions of the apparatus along with process parameters. Notably, for geometrically diversified bed particles, the parameters and dimensional dependencies of the device working space are universal only to some extent. Work on development of optimum conditions for bed fluidal boiling needs to equally consider treatment efficiency, energy saving, and quality of the product. Kluza and Stadnik [33] studied the boiling of carrot cubes beds and found that the greatest heights of beds at rest ensure the subsequent fluidal state with an operating head fitted with nozzles of 20 mm inner diameter in both aligned and staggered pattern (Figure 7).
Dependence of bed layers of carrot on inner diameter and arrangement of nozzles.
It was also noted that using heads with nozzles in the in‐line arrangement enables fluidization of the beds of the greatest heights. However, for both maize and carrot cubes bed, the best results were obtained with nozzles of 20 mm inner diameter. As for French fries, proper boiling bed phenomenon occurred when the operating heads with nozzles of inner diameter 20 and 35 mm were arranged by aligning. The papers of Góral and Kluza [36] and Góral et al. [39] investigated the problem of heat transfer at vegetable freezing with jet impingement fluidization technique. The authors assumed that the local heat transfer coefficient from the flat plate to air can be estimated from the Nusselt number. In most processing cases, a difference between the value of air temperature at the nozzle exit and of the impinging air jet is so small that the air jet temperature within the bed area can be assumed constant [40]. Prior to the development of a calculation model, Góral and Kluza [36] made the following basic assumptions: air jet flow is turbulent within the velocity range enabling reverse fluidization occurrence, air temperature range varies between −50°C and 0°C, material shape corresponds to infinite plate and non‐stationary character of heat transfer. Assuming a turbulent fluid flow over the plate‐shaped product, the estimation of the local Nusselt number characterizing heat transfer commonly involves using the criterial equation [41]:
where constants
Besides, as for the exponent
A modification of conventional fluidization through a changed mode of fluid distribution and the construction of apparatus opens new potential application areas for this method. The work and studies on the modification have been carried out in two directions. The first is based on the vertical injection of fluid through the bottom of the device to induce spouted bed fluidization. The other concerns fluid distribution via nozzles as well long ones mounted above the bed. Both modifications have been intensively investigated and implemented. The fluid velocity in both modified methods should be appropriately chosen because of differences in bed particle size and structure and finally, substantial impact on economic conditioning of the realized processes. A too high fluidization velocity is likely to induce considerable worsening of product quality. Therefore, a large body of scientific papers was published and has been still presenting analytical research attempts to determine minimum fluidization velocity. The problem is also related to configuration and dimensioning of operating elements of devices for the realization of both fluidization modifications. These two methods enable better contact between the bed and fluid as compared to other types of fluidization systems. It pertains especially to spouting beds with low resistance of fluid permeability and is associated with enhanced intensity of heat and mass transfer. Introduction of jet fluidization technology for fruit and vegetable freezing allowed product treatment in a very short time. Compared to conventional fluidization, this method enables to obtain far higher heat transfer coefficients reaching 200 W m−2 K−1. As against spouted bed fluidization problem, only few papers address the structure of devices for jet fluidization and they deal with a narrow range of products. Hence, it seems justifiable to state that despite several obvious advantages, applicability of both fluidization modifications still remains studied insufficiently, so working toward apparatus construction development needs further continuation.
Ar | Archimedes number, gdp3(ρs−ρg)ρgµg2 |
dp | equivalent diameter of non‐spherical particle calculated as the volume/area surface ratio, m |
D | diameter of cylindrical column, m/nozzle inner diameters, m |
Do | diameter of fluid inlet, m |
Dt | bed width, m |
g | gravitational acceleration, m s−2 |
h | heat transfer coefficient, W m−2 K−1 |
Ho | bed depth, m |
L | nozzle symmetry axis spacing |
Nu | Nusselt number, hxk |
S | nozzle length, m |
Re | Reynolds number, dpUmsρgμg |
T | temperature, °C |
Ums | minimum spouting velocity, m s−1 |
Uf | fluidizing gas velocity, m s−1 |
Umf | minimum fluidizing velocity, m s−1 |
x | characteristic dimension, m |
γ | cone angle, degree |
λi | spout nozzle width, mm |
μ | gas viscosity, Pa s |
ρs | density of particles, kg m−3 |
ρg | density of fluid, kg m−3 |
The reduction in dimensionality caused by confining electrons (or holes) to a thin semiconductor layer leads to a dramatic change in their behavior. This principle can be developed by further reducing the dimensionality of the electron’s environment from a two-dimensional quantum well to a one-dimensional quantum wire and eventually to a zero-dimensional quantum dot. In this context, however, dimensionality refers to the degree of electron momentum freedom. In fact, within a quantum wire, unlike the quantum well where the electron is confined in just one dimension, it is confined in two dimensions and thus, the freedom degree is reduced to one. In a quantum dot, the electron is confined in all three-dimensions, hence reducing the degree of freedom to zero. Under certain growth conditions, when a thin semiconductor layer grows on a substrate having a completely different lattice constant, the thin layer is spontaneously arranged or changes into quantum dots through self-assembles while attempting to minimize the total strain energy between the bonds. Microscopy can show quantum dots that are in the shapes of pyramids, square based, and tetrahedron [1]. The performance expected from quantum dot lasers is often due to the density of their quasi-atomic states. Using the quantum structures confined in some dimensions will reduce the momentum freedom of the carrier in a certain direction. Ideally, carriers are completely enclosed in quantum dots. Therefore, the density of quantum dot states, that is, the number of states per volume unit and per energy unit, is expressed by the delta function. The gain spectrum amplitude is determined only by homogeneous broadening due to intraband relaxation at the quantum dot. These gain properties are the basis of the features that give the quantum dot laser some advantages over conventional lasers [2, 3]. The effect of carrier dynamics on the performance of quantum dot laser and the possibility of bi-exciton lasing have been studied. Bi-excitons are achieved if the increase in ground state of the quantum dot reaches the laser threshold, and if the carrier relaxation is rapidly below 100 ps, the laser will be observed [4, 5]. Carrier relaxation in quantum dots (QDs) is studied widely when applications of these devices are reported for optical communications [6]. The problem of
The carrier relaxation process within quantum dots is actually two steps, as shown in the Figure 1.
Carrier relaxation in a quantum dot [
One is the carrier relaxation from continuous energy levels within the discrete levels of the quantum dot (A, Red Color). Another is the relaxation between discrete levels within dots (B, Blue Color). In many light experiments, as well as in quantum dot lasers, carriers go through these two steps unless they are brought directly into discrete levels by excitation resonant or tunneling. Since the principle of energy conservation must be satisfied for the carrier to relax, relaxing carriers transfer the corresponding energy to other particles (such as phonons) and to other carriers in the bulk. Therefore, “the relaxation rate strongly depends on the density of final levels and on the number of particles other than the transition matrix elements” [4]. Introducing the LO- and LA-phonons, it is possible to satisfy the energy conservation rule [11], is shown in Figure 2a [4, 12]. Such a two-phonon process decreases the lifetimes severely [4], but it cannot be adequate to relax back the carriers inside the dots deeply. Carrier trapping into the dot energy levels and hence energy conservation rule, are satisfied whenever the number of carriers outside the dots are increased. So, Auger process can be proper phenomenon due to increase of the captured carriers that occupy the QD energy levels [13]. Therefore, with more injected currents or equivalently more injected carriers, the relaxation lifetime increases and Auger process can be effective due to carrier relaxation into deep lower levels by a step-like energy decrement. Illustration of the carrier relaxation processes, considering the Auger effect, is shown in Figure 2b. Auger scattering is more important when the density of excited carriers is high. As illustrated in Figure 2b, one of the two electrons in the wetting layer (WL) is captured by the Auger mechanism in the excited state (ES) of QD, while the other electron is emitted upward in the WL or separate confinement heterostructure (SCH). Then, the electron which is captured in ES transfers its energy to the third electron of the barrier or even more probably to another electron in the excited state (ES) of QD and relaxes downward in the QD ground state (GS).
Carrier capture and relaxation processes [
Usually, the carrier and photon behaviors in SAQD semiconductor lasers are expressed by a set of coupled differential equations called rate equations [14].
In Figure 3, there is a simple energy band diagram to explain different levels, ground state (GS), excited state (ES), and wetting layer (WL) state, in these structures [14]. In this model, there are some injected carriers into a SCH barrier with a rate of
A sample energy band diagram for a SADQ laser considering the excited state.
They can either relax with a time of
With the following parameters:
In the above equations,
Where
and
Parameters
Where
In this relation,
Where
Where
Where
Where
Section 2.3 covers investigation of the effects of some parameters expressed in the rate equations on the performance of quantum dot laser. This section is based on the results obtained the reference [22].
Figure 4 shows the results of our simulations on the
Effects of the inhomogeneous broadening variations on the
This effect can be studied in the dynamic response of a SAQD laser, too. The results of such variations for the frequency responses are plotted in Figure 5. The simulation results show that for higher inhomogeneous broadening factors the frequency responses of the laser deteriorates.
Effects of the inhomogeneous broadening variations on the frequency response of SAQD laser with different values of
The effect of carrier recombination in WL,
The
The effect of carrier recombination in the WL state on the small-signal frequency response of laser is shown in Figure 7. As shown, the carrier recombination in the WL state has no considerable effect on modulation response.
The modulation response of a SAQD laser for different values of carrier recombination in WL.
Figure 8 shows the effect of carrier recombination inside quantum dot,
The
The effect of carrier recombination inside quantum dot on frequency response has been shown in Figure 9. What is important here is that, as
The modulation response of a SAQD laser for different values of carrier recombination inside quantum dot.
The effect of carrier escape time from ground state to excited state and from excited state to WL state on
The
Figure 11 also shows that, as the carrier escape time degrades from ground state to excited state and from excited state to wetting layer, the frequency response degrades as well.
The modulation response of a SAQD laser for different values of carrier escape time from ground state to excited state and from excited state to wetting layer.
Figure 12 show the frequency response for different amounts of QDs coverage factor
Modulation response of a SAQD laser at different coverage factors;
Figure 13 shows the simulation results for the effects of coverage factor
The modulation response of a SAQD laser for different values of coverage factor and
Figure 14 shows the
Figure 15 shows the simulation results of modulation response for different quantities of QD height. As the QD height degrades, the modulation band width improves. The reason for modulation band width improvement while the QD height degrades can be caused by increasing carrier confinement within quantum dot in growth direction (
Modulation response of a SAQD laser at different QD heights.
Figure 16 shows the effect of stripe width of the laser cavity on frequency response. As the stripe width of the laser cavity degrades, the modulation band width improves. It is inferred from the figure that degradation of the stripe width of the laser cavity and therefore the degradation of the active region can provide a higher total capture rate. Hence, it results in a greater modulation band width.
Modulation response of a SAQD laser at different stripe widths of the laser cavity.
To solve the rate equations of a SAQD laser, considering the excited state and Auger effect, a conceptual equivalent electrical circuit is proposed is shown in Figure 17. The aforementioned equations convert to some simple electrical circuit equations and then, the resulting circuit is simulated by a circuit simulator such as HSPICE [23]. The corresponding parameters for the equivalent circuit model of SAQD lasers are described in detail in Ref. [24].
A modified equivalent circuit model of SAQD lasers, considering the Auger effect.
In this simulation, typical parameters, which are shown in Table 1, are used.
Quantity | Value |
---|---|
Inhomogeneous broadening, | 20 meV |
Diffusion in SCH, | 6 ns |
SCH recombination, | 4.5 ns |
WL recombination, | 3 ns |
Capture from WL to ES, | 1 ps |
Capture from ES to GS, | 7 ps |
ES and GS recombination, | 2.8 ns |
Energy separation SCH and WL, state | 84 meV |
Average energy separation WL and ES | 100 meV |
Average energy separation ES and GS | 80 meV |
Average recombination energy from GS, EGS | 0.96 eV |
Average recombination energy from ES, EES | 1.04 eV |
Spin-orbit interaction energy of QD material, Δ | 0.35 eV |
Facet reflectivity, | 30%, 90% |
Active region length, | 900 μm |
SCH thickness, | 90 nm |
WL thickness, | 1 nm |
Active region width, | 10 μm |
Active region volume, | 2.2 × 10−16 m3 |
QD density of QD per layer, | 5 × 1010 cm−2 |
QD density per unit volume, | 6.3 × 1022 m−3 |
QD optical confinement factor, | 0.06 |
Intrinsic absorption coefficient, | 1 cm−1 |
Spontaneous emission coupling efficiency, | 10−4 |
Output power coupling coefficient, | 0.449 |
SCH, WL, and QD (GS, ES) diode ideality factors, | 2 |
Figure 18 illustrates the output power as a function of injected currents neglecting the Auger effect for
The
This phenomenon can be considered in dynamic response of the laser, too. Application of the proposed model to SAQD lasers considering this effect for dynamic response of the laser are shown in Figure 19. With higher relaxation times
Modulation response of a SAQD laser neglecting the Auger effect. (a) Various capture times
Figure 20(a) and (b) illustrate the output power as a function of the injected currents considering the Auger effect for
The
Figure 21 shows the effect of Auger coefficient increment on the small-signal frequency response of the laser for different values of
Modulation response of a SAQD laser considering the Auger effect for different values of carrier recombination inside quantum dot (a)
The Auger effect can be overcome in the phonon bottleneck problem in SAQD lasers propose a modified equivalent circuit for simulation of the rate equations, considering this effect for the first time. The static and dynamic behavior of these lasers were studied. It is found that, if we want to solve the rate equations of a SAQD laser, it is possible to compensate the effect of phonon bottleneck by introducing the Auger effect. This can decrease the threshold current and increase the quantum efficiency of the SAQD laser, so the output power can be raised. It is shown that the Auger effect can increase the modulation bandwidth of a SAQD laser. Quantum dot lasers have been more favored for applications in optical communications, silicon photonics, lightwave telecommunication systems, high power lasers, Q-switched or mode locked lasers for short pulse generation and broad band light sources. The future implications of quantum dot lasers are issues such as quantum dot lasers and integration with Si photonic integrated circuits and colloidal quantum dot lasers.
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\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ozioma-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31221,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]},{id:"46082",title:"Fecal Incontinence",slug:"fecal-incontinence",totalDownloads:3838,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3835",slug:"fecal-incontinence-causes-management-and-outcome",title:"Fecal Incontinence",fullTitle:"Fecal Incontinence - Causes, Management and Outcome"},signatures:"Arzu Ilce",authors:[{id:"30672",title:"Dr.",name:"Arzu",middleName:null,surname:"Ilce",slug:"arzu-ilce",fullName:"Arzu Ilce"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"16",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82987",title:"Health of Trans People in Paraguay",slug:"health-of-trans-people-in-paraguay",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106488",abstract:"Trans care is not taught in conventional medical education programs, and very few doctors have the knowledge and comfort level to do so. A theoretical design study was carried out using the bibliographic review method, which allowed to provide a systematic framework of products in terms of scientific publications and official publications on the health of transgender people. In the Paraguayan context, it is recognized that sex work is the main economic activity of 86% of trans people, which although it is a job that is not punished in Paraguay, but neither is it recognized or regulated by law, although in Paraguay, numerous international instruments for the protection of human rights have been ratified, by which it is obliged to adopt measures to guarantee the sexual and reproductive health of all people and nondiscrimination based on sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity.",book:{id:"11228",title:"Transgender Health: Advances and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11228.jpg"},signatures:"Carlos Miguel Rios-González"},{id:"82989",title:"Human Sperm Vitrification: Review of Recent Progress",slug:"human-sperm-vitrification-review-of-recent-progress",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106267",abstract:"Sperm vitrification has been used in the field of assisted reproductive technology (ART) for years and has resulted in many healthy live births. Compared to the conventional sperm slow freezing method, vitrification is simpler, quicker, and less expensive, and some vitrification methods are also cryoprotectant free, which has the potential to become an alternative cryopreservation method for human sperm. Human sperm vitrification has been the most commonly used and valuable way to preserve the fertility of males with small numbers of spermatozoa. Recently, new sperm vitrification devices have been developed to help improve volume control. Direct contact during the vitrification process with liquid nitrogen increases the risk of cross-contamination. New strategies have been implemented to minimize the contamination risk. Depending on the variety of semen parameters and patients’ purposes at ART clinics, specific sperm cryopreservation approaches should be personalized to achieve the optimal results for each case.",book:{id:"11735",title:"Embryology Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11735.jpg"},signatures:"Feng Gao"},{id:"82976",title:"Mesothelioma: Overview of Technical, Immunochemical and Pathomorphological Diagnosing Aspects",slug:"mesothelioma-overview-of-technical-immunochemical-and-pathomorphological-diagnosing-aspects",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106570",abstract:"For the clinicians with non-pathology background, first encountering the patients with pleural or peritoneal effusions, mesothelioma is only one statistically rare but clinically significant option of many differential diagnoses. This review aims to help the clinicians and broad life science audiences to understand step by step the possibilities and shortcomings of pathological diagnosing of mesothelioma, including the basic technical requirements. The first cytomorphology evaluation of pleural and peritoneal effusions in routinely stained smears enables in most cases only to identify cells suspicious for malignancy. The recent guidelines of epithelioid mesothelioma cytologic diagnosis and reporting emphasize immunochemistry (IC) in the cell blocks is mandatory whenever a diagnosis of malignancy is clinically entertained and/or cytologically suspected. The IC workup is challenging, since there is no fixed antibody panel, but multiple questions must be solved, such as 1) confirm the mesothelial or epithelial origin of isolated atypical cells and cell clusters; 2) delineate their benign or malignant nature; and 3) discriminate mesothelioma from other malignancies and metastatic disease. The rationale of the most widely clinically used IC markers is given and illustrated by the examples. The final confirmation of mesothelioma diagnosis and establishing its subtype and grade is possible only in the histological samples.",book:{id:"10831",title:"Mesothelioma - Diagnostics, Treatment and Basic Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10831.jpg"},signatures:"Ave Minajeva and Diana Saranova"},{id:"82974",title:"Canine Glioma as a Model for Human Glioblastoma",slug:"canine-glioma-as-a-model-for-human-glioblastoma",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106464",abstract:"Glioblastoma, a high-grade diffuse glioma, carries a poor clinical prognosis despite decades of extensive research on the genetic and molecular features of disease and investigation of experimental therapeutics. Because spontaneous canine glioma and human glioblastoma share many clinicopathologic characteristics, recent efforts have focused on utilizing companion dogs as a preclinical model for both research and therapeutic development. A detailed investigation of the canine disease, with particular attention to the genetic and molecular profile, is important in order to allow translation of specific clinical findings from canines to humans and vice versa. In this chapter, we investigate the most common genetic, molecular, and epigenetic alterations associated with canine and human glioma. Appropriate implementation of the canine glioma model may provide valuable information to improve both human and veterinary patient care.",book:{id:"11597",title:"Glioblastoma - Current Evidences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11597.jpg"},signatures:"Nicole M. Yost and James M. 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The wound healing is accelerated, and the bacterial infection is inhibited by the devices based on microneedle with the loaded active drugs (including hemostatic drugs, bacterial drugs, and anti-inflammatory drugs). The wound healing process is generally divided into three steps: inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. This chapter will discuss the significant challenges and the advantages of microneedle applications in chronic wound healing.",book:{id:"11723",title:"Wound Healing - Recent Advances and Future Opportunities",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11723.jpg"},signatures:"Bidhan Pramanick and Aishwarya G. 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Out of several pathways that are associated with neurological manifestation, the inflammasome pathway is associated with the progression of multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease, depression, schizophrenia, and autism. A growing body of evidence now suggests a reciprocal influence of microbiota and inflammasome activation in the brain. In this chapter, we discuss the cross talk between human gut microbiota and the key immunological signaling processes and their role in CNS development and neurological diseases.",book:{id:"11275",title:"Interferon - Immune Metabolism",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11275.jpg"},signatures:"Apoorv Sharma, Abhishek K. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. 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He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. 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Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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