Dimensions of the tested structure.
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Occasionally, they are exposed to cryogenic conditions, e.g., due to the unwanted release of liquefied gas such as LNG (liquefied natural gas) or liquefied hydrogen as discussed in Paik et al. [1].
The ultimate strength is a primary criterion for the design of steel stiffened-plate structures [2, 3, 4, 5, 6], and it is essential to characterise the effects of cryogenic condition on the ultimate strength of such structures. The authors of this chapter have previously conducted collapse tests on full-scale steel stiffened-plate structures under axial-compressive loading at room temperature [1], at cryogenic condition [7] and at -80°C [8]. This chapter is part of a sequel to investigate the brittle fracture of steel stiffened-plate structures under cryogenic conditions. The tested structures were designed from a reference plate panel in an as-built containership carrying 1,900 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent units). They were fabricated at a shipyard using exactly the same welding technology as used in today’s shipbuilding industry [9].
Structural fracture modes are classified into three groups [3, 4]: rupture, ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Material rupture occurs when failure occurs by cracking associated with necking localisation during large plastic flow. If the strain at which a material fractures is small, with very little ductility, it is a brittle fracture. An intermediate fracture mode between rupture and brittle fracture is called ductile fracture with partial ductility. Fracture behaviour of ductile materials such as carbon steels is quite different from that of inherently brittle materials. Ductile materials generally exhibit slow stable crack growth during crack extension, but they can show a similar behaviour to brittle materials at specific environments such as very low temperatures or lower than the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition temperatures (DBTT) and/or impact loading. It is also recognised that the Bauschinger effect of materials cannot be neglected at sub-zero temperatures and cryogenic condition as the material behaviour in compression is distinct from that in tension [3, 10, 11]. Figure 1 illustrates the transition of the ductile-to-brittle behaviour for structural steel.
Transition of the ductile-to-brittle behaviour for structural steel [
To compute the failure behaviour of structures at cold (sub-zero) temperatures (or higher than the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition temperatures), constitutive equations of materials have been proposed in the literature [12, 13, 14, 15]. It is recognised that most of previous studies are associated with predominantly ductile behaviour or at least with partial ductility, but studies applicable to entirely brittle fracture at cryogenic condition are lacking. It is also recognised that the approaches using the constitutive equations are not always practical for the ultimate strength analysis of supersized structures because they are too complex to apply for the problem.
This chapter presents a method for computing the ultimate compressive strength of steel stiffened-plate structures by nonlinear finite element method (NLFEM) using the multi-physics software package LS-DYNA implicit code. Mechanical properties of high-strength steel with grade AH32 used for fabricating the tested structure were obtained from tension and compression tests at low temperatures and cryogenic condition [7, 8], and a phenomenological relation of engineering stress versus engineering strain of the material was formulated. The material model is implemented into the LS-DYNA implicit code. To demonstrate the validity of the computational model, the NLFEM is compared to experimental results from a full-scale physical test.
A number of studies in modelling of material behaviour for structural steels at cold (sub-zero) temperatures are available in the literature. Most of the studies dealt with predominantly ductile behaviour of materials with the focus on how crack initiates in association with ductile fracture. Ehlers and Varsta [16] and Ehlers [17] derived the true stress versus true strain relation of ordinary steel. The effects of stress triaxiality on ductile fracture have been one of research topics [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. The works of the Choung group have provided useful insights for ductile fracture behaviour of structural steels [14, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32].
It is recognised that structural steel behaviour is predominantly ductile at temperatures higher than the temperature of the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition, as shown in Figure 1. As the temperature decreases approaching cryogenic condition, the material behaves predominantly in a brittle manner with partial or no ductility [33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40]. Majzoobi et al. [41] observed that the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition of carbon steel occurs at about -80°C, and the material behaviour becomes entirely brittle at -196°C.
Although there are considerable uncertainties associated with the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition temperature (DBTT), a number of evidences for brittle fracture behaviour of steel structures at cryogenic condition have been seen in the literature, depending on the type of materials and loading conditions (e.g., quasi-static or impact), among other factors. Crushing testing of steel tubes under quasi-static loads at -60°C [42, 43] showed ductile fracture, as shown in Figure 2. Dropped-object impact testing of steel stiffened plate panels at -60°C [44] showed brittle fracture, as shown in Figure 3. Full-scale collapse testing of a steel stiffened-plate structure under axial-compressive loading showed that the ultimate strength was reached by a trigger of brittle fracture [1], as shown in Figures 4 and 5. At room temperature, the structures reached the ultimate strength by flexural-torsional buckling [1], but brittle fracture triggered the global failure at cryogenic conditions [7].
Ductile fracture of a square tube under quasi-static crushing loads at -60°C [
Brittle fracture of a steel stiffened-panel under dropped-object impact at -60°C [
The axial-compressive collapse test set-up of a full-scale steel stiffened plate structure [
Brittle fracture of a full-scale steel stiffened plate structure under axial-compressive loads at -160°C [
Here, an attempt is made to develop new fracture criteria based on the hypothesis that crack initiates if an equivalent stress exceeds a critical value, to model the fracture phenomenon of high-strength steel (AH32) under cryogenic conditions. Existing material models for the fracture analysis is first reviewed.
The maximum principal stress-based fracture criterion is the simplest among all fracture criteria. It is useful to predict fracture behaviour of brittle materials under predominantly tensile loads. In this criterion, brittle fracture is expected to occur when the largest principal normal stress reaches the ultimate tensile strength (
where
The Coulomb-Mohr fracture criterion gives reasonably accurate predictions of fracture in brittle materials for which the compressive strength far exceeds the tensile strength, e.g., concrete or cast iron [45]. It is presumed that fracture occurs in a certain stress plane of material when a critical combination of normal stress and shear stress acts on the plane. The linear relation of the combination of critical stresses is given by:
where
The Johnson-Holmquist fracture criterion [46] is useful for modelling brittle materials, e.g., ceramic and glass, over a range of strain rates. It is one of the most widely used models in dealing with the ballistic impact on ceramics, which is expressible as follows:
where
where
where
The Johnson-Holmquist damage model was modified by Deshpande and Evans [47] and Bhat et al. [48], where it is considered that the propagation of an initial crack is a function of the stress state, the fracture toughness and the flaw characteristics.
The yield and ultimate tensile strengths of structural steels tend to increase with a decrease in the temperature [49], and subsequently the maximum load-carrying capacity (ultimate strength) of steel structures at cold temperatures is greater than that at room temperature [43, 50]. Figure 6 shows a schematic of ductile and brittle failure behaviour, where the brittle fracture-induced ultimate strength
Ultimate strength and post-ultimate strength behaviour at room temperature (or a temperature higher than the DBTT) versus cryogenic condition.
A practical model is proposed for carbon steels which can be used for the ultimate strength analysis triggered by brittle fracture at cryogenic condition or in the region of ductile-to-brittle fracture transition. An elastic-perfectly plastic material model without the strain-hardening effect is used similar to a typical application at room temperature (20°C). However, the material behaviour in compression is different at low (sub-zero) temperatures or cryogenic condition from that in tension as the Bauschinger effect plays a role. However, the Bauschinger effect is usually neglected at room temperature with
In the present model, it is hypothesised that brittle fracture occurs if the equivalent stress (
(1) In tension:
(2) In compression:
where
In Eqs. (6) and (7),
For plane stress state,
The relations of the engineering stress versus engineering strain can be formulated following the fracture criterion defined in Section 3.1. If the steel temperature,
where
Proposed model of the engineering stress-engineering stress relation with full or partial ductility at room temperature or sub-zero temperatures.
In compression, the following equation similar to Eq. (13) is obtained.
where
If
In compression, a similar equation to Eq. (14) is obtained as follows:
In the region of entire brittle fracture, i.e., with
Proposed model of the engineering stress-engineering strain relation without ductility or entire brittle behaviour below the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature or at cryogenic condition.
The proposed material model is implemented into the LS-DYNA implicit solver with 4-node shell elements (element formulation 16) for the ultimate compressive strength analysis of a structure tested at cryogenic condition as shown in Figures 4 and 5 [7]. Table 1 with Figure 9 shows the dimensions of the tested structure. The nonlinear ultimate compressive strength analysis is simulated in a quasi-static analysis using the LS-DYNA implicit solver. The 4-node shell elements are used to model plating, stiffeners and transverse frames. In order to ensure sufficient resolution in the mesh size, a convergence study was performed by varying the element size following a typical approach as described in Paik [4]. The resulting convergence study provided the element size of 40 mm
Material | AH32 high-strength steel |
---|---|
Spacing between transverse frames ( | 3150 mm |
Spacing between longitudinal stiffeners ( | 720 mm |
Plating thickness ( | 10 mm |
Longitudinal stiffener (middle bay) | 290 |
Longitudinal stiffener (side bays) | 290 |
Transverse frame | 665 |
Dimensions of the tested structure.
Nomenclature of the scantlings for the tested structure.
Finite element mesh model of the tested structure.
The loading and boundary conditions applied to the FE model.
Only the middle bay of the tested structure was exposed to the cryogenic condition as shown in Figure 12. Table 2 summarises the measured data of steel temperatures during the collapse testing. For details of Table 2, see Paik et al. [7].
Middle bay of the structure exposed to cryogenic condition.
Part | Highest temperature (°C) | Lowest temperature (°C) | Average temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
Plating | −147.1 | −175.4 | −161.6 |
Web of longitudinal stiffener | −72.1 | −167.2 | −128.8 |
Flange of longitudinal stiffener | −58.8 | −99.1 | −79.3 |
Measured steel temperatures of the tested structure [7].
In room temperature, the mechanical properties of steel in compression are typically defined in the same manner as in tension without considering. However, the Bauschinger effect cannot be neglected at low (sub-zero) temperatures and cryogenic condition [3, 10, 11]. To define the mechanical properties of AH32 steel at different temperatures (20°C, −80°C, −130°C and − 160°C), material tests in tension and compression were conducted. Details of these test data are presented in separate papers [7, 8]. Tables 3 and 4 summarize the test data for the mechanical properties of the AH32 steel. It is found that the yield stress of steel in tension or compression increases as the temperature decreases, while the fracture strain in tension decreases with decrease in the temperature. The elastic modulus of steel remains unchanged regardless of sub-zero temperatures. This chapter focuses on the ultimate strength of steel structures under monotonically applied compressive loads, but fatigue crack resistance at sub-zero temperatures must be associated with microstructural characteristics which are closely related to low-temperature impact toughness of steel [52, 53].
Parameter | At 20°C | At −80°C | At −130°C | At −160°C |
---|---|---|---|---|
Elastic modulus, | 205.8 | 205.8 | 205.8 | 205.8 |
Yield stress, | 358.0 | 433.4 | 546.7 | 672.9 |
Fracture strain, | 0.376 | 0.430 | 0.409 | 0.336 |
Poisson’s ratio (−) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Parameter | At 20°C | At −80°C | At −130°C | At −160°C |
---|---|---|---|---|
Elastic modulus, | 205.8 | 205.8 | 205.8 | 205.8 |
Yield stress, | 359.6 | 382.0 | 387.2 | 411.5 |
Poisson’s ratio (−) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
In the present case study, an elastic-perfectly plastic material model was applied without considering the strain-hardening effect. To implement the material model, *MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION, MAT124 in LS-DYNA was used as it is an isotropic elastic–plastic material which can distinguish material behaviour in tension and compression. The von Mises yield criterion was applied using MAT124. Tension or compression was determined by the sign of the mean stress (hydrostatic stress). A positive sign which means a negative pressure is indicative of tension, or a negative sign is indicative of compression. The mean stress,
where
Majzoobi et al. [41] observed that the ductile-brittle transition of steel occurs at −80°C, and the material behaviour of steel is completely brittle at −196°C. With Figure 12 and Table 2, the average steel temperatures of plating and web of stiffeners in the middle bay of the tested structure were −160°C and −130°C, respectively. Therefore, the plating and web of stiffeners in the middle bay of the tested structure were modelled using the engineering stress-engineering stress relation of Eqs. (12) and (13). The rest of structural members in ductile region (above −80°C) were modelled using the engineering stress-engineering stress relation of Eqs. (12) and (13). See Paik et al. [7] for details.
Three types of fabrication-related initial deformations are considered as shown in Figure 13. The measurement data of welding-induced initial deformations for the tested structure [54] as shown in Figure 14 was directly applied to the FE model.
Three types of welding-induced initial deformations in a stiffened plate structure.
Measured and idealised deformations of the tested structure due to fabrication by welding.
The initial deformations of the tested structure were formulated so as to make easier implementation into the FE model as shown in Figure 15.
Welding-induced initial deformations applied to the FE model (with an amplification factor of 100 for plating and column-type, and 20 for sideways initial deformations).
Initial deflection of plating:
Column-type initial deformation of stiffener:
Sideways initial deformation of stiffener:
where
Biaxial residual stresses developed in the plating of the tested structure between the support members because the welding was conducted in both the longitudinal and the transverse directions to attach the longitudinal stiffeners and the transverse frames. Measurement data of the fabrication-induced residual stresses in the tested structure [55] was also directly applied to the FE model although the biaxial residual stress distributions were idealised as shown in Figure 16 with the measurement data indicated in Table 5.
Idealised distribution of biaxial residual stresses in plating of the tested structure.
Transverse direction | Longitudinal direction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simplified model | Smith average level model | Simplified model | Smith average level model | ||
39.61 mm | 56.80 mm | 51.47 mm | 64.70 mm | ||
−0.110 | −0.150 | −0.030 | −0.034 | ||
+0.90 | +0.80 | +0.90 | +0.80 |
Measured data of the biaxial residual stresses in the plating of the tested structure.
Stress concentration in structural details or fillet weld toe locations happens due to geometrical discontinuity, and it is a critical factor that must be considered for fatigue limit state analysis [3, 56]. Figure 17 shows an example of the effective plastic strain distribution which was obtained from the FE analysis of the ultimate compressive strength of the tested structure. It is obvious from Figure 17 that the effective plastic strain is comparatively large along the weld lines between plating and stiffeners. For the ultimate strength analysis in ductile region, e.g., at room temperature, the stress concentration at the fillet weld toes is usually ignored.
Effective plastic strain (−) distribution in FE analysis on ultimate compressive strength of stiffened plate structure.
For brittle fracture analysis at sub-zero or cryogenic condition, however, the effects of stress concentration cannot be neglected [4, 44]. This is because the weld toes can reach the yield condition earlier, leading to local brittle fracture which can trigger the ultimate limit states at cryogenic condition. Therefore, the nonlinearity at weld toes along the fillet weld lines needs to take into account in the FE modelling.
One of approaches is to model the weld toes directly in the FE model using shell elements with specific properties of weld metal. Figure 18 shows a schematic of modelling the weld toes using shell elements along the plate-stiffener junction. A similar approach was used to model weld toes by Kim et al. [44] and Nam et al. [35]. The tested structure was fabricated using flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) method and the consumable was CSF-71S, and the mechanical properties of weld metal with the CSF-71S are presented in Table 6. As such, the weld metal was modelled using the engineering stress-engineering strain relation of Eqs. (12) and (13). It is assumed that the yield strength of the weld metal at −160°C increases linearly in the same proportion as the steel (Table 6).
Weld elements at the plate-stiffener junction.
At 20°C | At −160°C (tension) | At −160°C (compression) | |
---|---|---|---|
Elastic modulus, | 268.0 | 268.0 | 268.0 |
Yield strength, | 513.0 | 929.3 | 571.1 |
Poisson’s ratio (−) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Mechanical properties of the weld metal with the CSF-71S at room temperature and assumed mechanical properties at −160°C.
Figure 19, Tables 7 and 8 present the comparison results between the test and the FE analysis. The difference of ultimate strength between them is 16.6% by the ductile material model, but it becomes at most 2.3% by the brittle material model. When only the ductile material model was applied for all structure members without considering brittle fracture, the FE analysis overestimates the ultimate strength significantly. As the yield strength of the material at cold temperature is greater than that at room temperature, the ultimate strength becomes much larger as far as brittle fracture is not allowed to happen. On the other hand, the ultimate strength obtained from the FE analysis with the brittle material model is in good agreement with the test results. Figure 20 compares the ultimate strength behaviour with or without the weld elements along the plate-stiffener junctions. It is seen from Figure 20 that the weld metal model increased the ultimate strength by 4.7%. This is due to the mechanical properties of weld metal which are larger than those of base metal (Table 9).
Comparison of the load-axial shortening curves from the test and the FE analysis with the simplified brittle material model.
Parameter | Test [7] | FE analysis with ductile material model | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
Ultimate strength (ton) | 1149.06 | 1340.14 | + 16.6% |
Stiffness (ton/mm) | 72.38 | 80.80 | + 11.6% |
Axial shortening up to collapse (mm) | 16.90 | 19.24 | + 13.8% |
Strain energy up to collapse (ton·mm) | 10179.96 | 14541.84 | + 42.8% |
Local buckling | None | Occurs | — |
Brittle fracture | Occurs | None | — |
Comparison between the test and the FE analysis with the ductile material model.
Parameter | Test [7] | FE analysis with brittle material model | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
Ultimate strength (ton) | 1149.06 | 1176.01 | + 2.3% |
Stiffness (ton/mm) | 72.38 | 80.82 | + 11.7% |
Axial shortening up to collapse (mm) | 16.90 | 14.75 | - 12.7% |
Strain energy up to collapse (ton·mm) | 10179.96 | 8740.46 | - 14.1% |
Local buckling | None | None | — |
Brittle fracture | Occurs | Occurs | — |
Comparison between the test and the FE analysis with the brittle material model.
Effect of weld metal on the ultimate strength behaviour.
Parameter | FEA with consideration of weld metal | FEA without consideration of weld metal | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
Ultimate strength (ton) | 1176.01 | 1121.15 | - 4.7% |
Stiffness (ton/mm) | 80.82 | 80.82 | — |
Axial shortening up to collapse (mm) | 14.75 | 14.05 | - 4.7% |
Strain energy up to collapse (ton·mm) | 8740.46 | 7908.81 | - 9.5% |
Local buckling | None | None | — |
Brittle fracture | Occurs | Occurs | — |
Effect of weld metal on the ultimate strength behaviour.
Figure 21 shows the deformed shape at the ultimate limit state of the tested structure obtained from the FE analysis without brittle fracture model (with only ductile material model). It is seen from Figure 21 that the tested structure reached the ultimate limit state by tripping mode of stiffeners (without brittle fracture) which is similar to the collapse mode at room temperature [1]. However, the brittle fracture model represents brittle fracture behaviour which triggered the ultimate strength as shown in Figure 22, where deformed and fracture shapes of the test structures are compared between physical testing and FE analysis.
Deformed shape of the tested structure at the ultimate limit state obtained from FE analysis only with ductile material model.
Deformed shapes of the tested structure at the ultimate limit state obtained from the test and the FE analysis with brittle material model.
This chapter presents a practical method to compute the ultimate compressive strength of steel stiffened-plate structures at cryogenic condition which is triggered by brittle fracture. Case studies were carried out using the method, and the following conclusions were obtained together with modelling recommendations for NLFEM simulations.
A useful material model was formulated to analyse the brittle fracture behaviour of structural steels at cryogenic condition, where the Bauschinger effect was taken into account as the material properties in compression are distinct from those in tension
An elastic-perfectly plastic material model was applied without considering strain-hardening effect.
The developed material model was implemented into the LS-DYNA implicit code with *MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION, MAT124.
Weld elements which are the same type of shell elements but with specific properties of material were introduced to model weld metal (weld toes) at the plate-stiffener junctions where stress concentrations develop. As the mechanical properties of weld metal are typically greater than those of base metal, the ultimate strength usually becomes larger with weld elements at weld toes.
Comparisons were made between the test results and the FE computations on a full-scale steel stiffened-plate structure at cryogenic condition. It is confirmed that the nonlinear FE analysis with the proposed material model, and the weld element model, gives a reasonably good solution of the ultimate compressive strength behaviour for steel stiffened plate structures at cryogenic condition.
This study was undertaken in the International Centre for Advanced Safety Studies, www.icass.center (the Korea Ship and Offshore Research Institute) at Pusan National University which has been a Lloyd’s Register Foundation Research Centre of Excellence since 2008. Part of the work was supported by the Swedish Research Council by the project “Fundamental research on the ultimate compressive strength of ship stiffened-plate structures at Arctic and cryogenic temperatures”, contract no. 2018-06864.
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I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. 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They are considered as the biotechnologically valuable bacteria that are exploited for its secondary metabolite production. Approximately, 10,000 bioactive metabolites are produced by Actinobacteria, which is 45% of all bioactive microbial metabolites discovered. Especially Streptomyces species produce industrially important microorganisms as they are a rich source of several useful bioactive natural products with potential applications. Though it has various applications, some Actinobacteria have its own negative effect against plants, animals, and humans. On this context, this chapter summarizes the general characteristics of Actinobacteria, its habitat, systematic classification, various biotechnological applications, and negative impact on plants and animals.",book:{id:"5056",slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Ranjani Anandan, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai and Gopinath\nPonnusamy Manogaran",authors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}]},{id:"42319",doi:"10.5772/50364",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria in Hydrogen-Producing Consortia: On Purpose or by Coincidence?",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-in-hydrogen-producing-consortia-on-purpose-or-by-coincidence-",totalDownloads:3755,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:84,abstract:null,book:{id:"2796",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",fullTitle:"Lactic Acid Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes"},signatures:"Anna Sikora, Mieczysław Błaszczyk, Marcin Jurkowski and Urszula Zielenkiewicz",authors:[{id:"143688",title:"Dr.",name:"Urszula",middleName:null,surname:"Zielenkiewicz",slug:"urszula-zielenkiewicz",fullName:"Urszula Zielenkiewicz"},{id:"146985",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Sikora",slug:"anna-sikora",fullName:"Anna Sikora"},{id:"162424",title:"Prof.",name:"Mieczysław",middleName:null,surname:"Błaszczyk",slug:"mieczyslaw-blaszczyk",fullName:"Mieczysław Błaszczyk"},{id:"162425",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Jurkowski",slug:"marcin-jurkowski",fullName:"Marcin Jurkowski"}]},{id:"42328",doi:"10.5772/47766",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria as Source of Functional Ingredients",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-as-source-of-functional-ingredients",totalDownloads:7567,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:50,abstract:null,book:{id:"2796",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",fullTitle:"Lactic Acid Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes"},signatures:"Panagiota Florou-Paneri, Efterpi Christaki and Eleftherios Bonos",authors:[{id:"140984",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiota",middleName:null,surname:"Florou-Paneri",slug:"panagiota-florou-paneri",fullName:"Panagiota Florou-Paneri"},{id:"142773",title:"Dr.",name:"Efterpi",middleName:null,surname:"Christaki",slug:"efterpi-christaki",fullName:"Efterpi Christaki"},{id:"142774",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleftherios",middleName:null,surname:"Bonos",slug:"eleftherios-bonos",fullName:"Eleftherios Bonos"}]},{id:"42337",doi:"10.5772/50839",title:"Exopolysaccharides of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Food and Colon Health Applications",slug:"exopolysaccharides-of-lactic-acid-bacteria-for-food-and-colon-health-applications",totalDownloads:6356,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"2796",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",fullTitle:"Lactic Acid Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes"},signatures:"Tsuda Harutoshi",authors:[{id:"141928",title:"Dr.",name:"Harutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuda",slug:"harutoshi-tsuda",fullName:"Harutoshi Tsuda"}]},{id:"42322",doi:"10.5772/51282",title:"The Current Status and Future Expectations in Industrial Production of Lactic Acid by Lactic Acid Bacteria",slug:"the-current-status-and-future-expectations-in-industrial-production-of-lactic-acid-by-lactic-acid-ba",totalDownloads:9071,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"2796",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",fullTitle:"Lactic Acid Bacteria - R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes"},signatures:"Sanna Taskila and Heikki Ojamo",authors:[{id:"139705",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Taskila",slug:"taskila",fullName:"Taskila"},{id:"142916",title:"Prof.",name:"Heikki",middleName:null,surname:"Ojamo",slug:"heikki-ojamo",fullName:"Heikki Ojamo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49873",title:"An Introduction to Actinobacteria",slug:"an-introduction-to-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:7968,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:96,abstract:"Actinobacteria, which share the characteristics of both bacteria and fungi, are widely distributed in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, mainly in soil, where they play an essential role in recycling refractory biomaterials by decomposing complex mixtures of polymers in dead plants and animals and fungal materials. They are considered as the biotechnologically valuable bacteria that are exploited for its secondary metabolite production. Approximately, 10,000 bioactive metabolites are produced by Actinobacteria, which is 45% of all bioactive microbial metabolites discovered. Especially Streptomyces species produce industrially important microorganisms as they are a rich source of several useful bioactive natural products with potential applications. Though it has various applications, some Actinobacteria have its own negative effect against plants, animals, and humans. On this context, this chapter summarizes the general characteristics of Actinobacteria, its habitat, systematic classification, various biotechnological applications, and negative impact on plants and animals.",book:{id:"5056",slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Ranjani Anandan, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai and Gopinath\nPonnusamy Manogaran",authors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}]},{id:"55303",title:"Classification of Anti‐Bacterial Agents and Their Functions",slug:"classification-of-anti-bacterial-agents-and-their-functions",totalDownloads:9090,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Bacteria that cause bacterial infections and disease are called pathogenic bacteria. They cause diseases and infections when they get into the body and begin to reproduce and crowd out healthy bacteria or to grow into tissues that are normally sterile. To cure infectious diseases, researchers discovered antibacterial agents, which are considered to be the most promising chemotherapeutic agents. Keeping in mind the resistance phenomenon developing against antibacterial agents, new drugs are frequently entering into the market along with the existing drugs. In this chapter, we discussed a revised classification and function of the antibacterial agent based on a literature survey. The antibacterial agents can be classified into five major groups, i.e. type of action, source, spectrum of activity, chemical structure, and function.",book:{id:"5867",slug:"antibacterial-agents",title:"Antibacterial Agents",fullTitle:"Antibacterial Agents"},signatures:"Hamid Ullah and Saqib Ali",authors:[{id:"201024",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Ullah",slug:"hamid-ullah",fullName:"Hamid Ullah"},{id:"202624",title:"Dr.",name:"Saqib",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"saqib-ali",fullName:"Saqib Ali"}]},{id:"58507",title:"Probiotics and Ruminant Health",slug:"probiotics-and-ruminant-health",totalDownloads:2775,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Probiotics are viable microorganisms with beneficial health effects for humans and animals. They are formulated into many functional foods and animal feed. There is a growing research interest in the application and benefits of probiotics in ruminant production. Several recent studies have evaluated the potential of probiotics in animal nutrition and health. In this chapter, we have reviewed current research on the benefits of probiotics on gut microbial communities in ruminants and their impact on ruminant production, health and overall wellbeing.",book:{id:"6425",slug:"probiotics-current-knowledge-and-future-prospects",title:"Probiotics",fullTitle:"Probiotics - Current Knowledge and Future Prospects"},signatures:"Sarah Adjei-Fremah, Kingsley Ekwemalor, Mulumebet Worku and\nSalam Ibrahim",authors:[{id:"107905",title:"Prof.",name:"Salam",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"salam-ibrahim",fullName:"Salam Ibrahim"},{id:"218786",title:"Dr.",name:'Mulumebet "Millie"',middleName:null,surname:"Worku",slug:'mulumebet-"millie"-worku',fullName:'Mulumebet "Millie" Worku'},{id:"218789",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley",middleName:null,surname:"Ekwemalor",slug:"kingsley-ekwemalor",fullName:"Kingsley Ekwemalor"},{id:"223195",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Adjei-Fremah",slug:"sarah-adjei-fremah",fullName:"Sarah Adjei-Fremah"}]},{id:"49285",title:"Morphological Identification of Actinobacteria",slug:"morphological-identification-of-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:8456,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:43,abstract:"Actinobacteria is a phylum of gram-positive bacteria with high G+C content. Among gram-positive bacteria, actinobacteria exhibit the richest morphological differentiation, which is based on a filamentous degree of organization like filamentous fungi. The actinobacteria morphological characteristics are basic foundation and information of phylogenetic systematics. Classic actinomycetes have well-developed radial mycelium, which can be divided into substrate mycelium and aerial mycelium according to morphology and function. Some actinobacteria can form complicated structures, such as spore, spore chain, sporangia, and sporangiospore. The structure of hyphae and ultrastructure of spore or sporangia can be observed with microscopy. Actinobacteria have different cultural characteristics in various kinds of culture media, which are important in the classification identification, general with spores, aerial hyphae, with or without color and the soluble pigment, different growth condition on various media as the main characteristics. The morphological differentiation of actinobacteria, especially streptomycetes, is controlled by relevant genes. Both morphogenesis and antibiotic production in the streptomycetes are initiated in response to starvation, and these events are coupled.",book:{id:"5056",slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Qinyuan Li, Xiu Chen, Yi Jiang and Chenglin Jiang",authors:[{id:"175852",title:"Dr.",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"chen-jiang",fullName:"Chen Jiang"}]},{id:"68772",title:"Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens: Impact on Human Health and Economy",slug:"multidrug-resistant-bacterial-foodborne-pathogens-impact-on-human-health-and-economy",totalDownloads:1030,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The drug abuse known to occur during growth of animals intended for food production, because of their use as either a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment, promotes the emergence of bacterial drug resistance. It has been reported that at least 25% of the foodborne isolates show drug resistance to one or more classes of antimicrobials (FAO 2018). There are diverse mechanisms that promote drug resistance. It is known that the use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics in animals intended for food production promotes mutations of some chromosomal genes such as gyrA-parC and mphA, which are responsible for quinolone and azithromycin resistance, respectively. Also, the horizontal transfer of resistance genes as groups (“cassettes”) or plasmids makes the spread of resistance to different bacterial genera possible, among which there could be pathogens. The World Health Organization considers the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria as a health problem, since the illnesses caused by them complicate the treatment and increase the morbidity and mortality rates. The complication in the illness treatment caused by a multidrug-resistant pathogen causes economic losses to patients for the payment of long stays in hospitals and also causes economic losses to companies due to the absenteeism of their workers.",book:{id:"8133",slug:"pathogenic-bacteria",title:"Pathogenic Bacteria",fullTitle:"Pathogenic Bacteria"},signatures:"Lilia M. Mancilla-Becerra, Teresa Lías-Macías, Cristina L. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. 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