\r\n\tNeck pain is poorly understood and managed. Whiplash remains a controversial subject. The role of surgery in neck pain versus conservative treatment. \r\n\tThis book aims to provide a clear understanding of how to differentiate between the causes of shoulder and neck pain, which investigations are appropriate and how to treat once a diagnosis has been made. Controversies in current understanding will be discussed and some light shone upon them.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"640cc34565a8454e518556742175c98a",bookSignature:"Mr. Roger Hackney",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7915.jpg",keywords:"History, Diagnosis Confirmation, Aetiology, Investigation, Prevalance, Classification, Internal Ompingement, Instability Arthropathy, Referred Pain, Cervical Spondylosis, Facet Joint Pain, Discogenic Pain",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 18th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 11th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 10th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 29th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 27th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"204122",title:"Mr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Hackney",slug:"roger-hackney",fullName:"Roger Hackney",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204122/images/system/204122.jpeg",biography:"Roger Hackney trained in Orthopaedics and Trauma in the Royal Air Force (UK), London and Nottingham where he was shoulder fellow to Professor W Angus Wallace. He furthered his upper limb interest with a travelling fellowship visiting centres in the USA. Roger has a background as an Olympic steeplechase runner and has been passionate in the development of sports trauma in the UK and Europe. He has written papers on tendinopathy, ankle instability, rotator cuff disease, shoulder instability and groin pain. He has served on the board of EFOST, been President of BOSTAA and was chair of the organizing committee of the World Sports Trauma congress in London 2012. Roger is on the education committee of BESS and has, in the past developed sports medicine training course for sports physicians in the UK. He has lectured worldwide on topics as varied as shoulder instability, groin pain in sport, hamstring ruptures and Achilles tendon injury. His current major research interest is in the use of patch augmentation for rotator cuff disease and designed the Leeds Kuff patch. He is primary investigator in the SPARC study assessing the role of the Kuff patch for irreparable tears of the rotator cuff.",institutionString:"Spire Hospital Leeds",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"46550",title:"Current Status of Advisory and Extension Services for Organic Agriculture in Europe and Turkey",doi:"10.5772/58541",slug:"current-status-of-advisory-and-extension-services-for-organic-agriculture-in-europe-and-turkey",body:'
1. Introduction
Europe continent is covering more than 50 countries and the third most populous and the world\'s second-smallest continent by surface area of which 28 belong to the European Union (EU). The European Union reached its current size of 28 member countries with the accession of Croatia on July 1, 2013. The EU was not always as big as it is today. When European countries started to cooperate economically in 1951, only Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands participated. Since that day, more and more countries decided to join the Union. As it known the European Union was built after the Second World War by the six countries who signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Since its creation European agricultural policy discussions have been dominated by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has always been adapted to respond to the challenges of its time. From its start in 1962, the CAP begins to restore Europe’s capacity to feed itself. In the 1980s production control measures begin. The CAP refocuses on quality, safety and affordability of food and on becoming greener, fairer and more efficient. The EU’s role as the world’s biggest trader in farm goods gives it additional responsibilities. A big CAP reform package in 1992 requires farmers to assume responsibility for environment protection and sustainable agriculture [13].
Significant reforms have been also made in recent years, notably in 2003 and during the CAP Health check in 2008, to modernise the sector and make it more market-oriented. The Europe 2020 strategy offers a new perspective. In this context, through its response to the new economic, social, environmental, climate related and technological challenges facing our society, the CAP can contribute more to developing intelligent, sustainable and inclusive growth. The CAP must also take greater account of the wealth and diversity of agriculture in the EU Member States. As a result it is adapted to meet the challenges ahead by being more efficient and contributing to a more competitive and sustainable EU agriculture. EU agriculture needs to attain higher levels of production of safe and quality food, while preserving the natural resources that agricultural productivity depends upon [14]. As shown in Figure 1, in the current situation economic, environmental and territorial challenges, sustainable use of the environment, and sustainability development are among the most important objectives.
The above information shows that in the EU common agricultural policy are given high importance such as sustainability, conservation of natural resources, safe food and quality food production issues. For these reasons, organic agriculture is to serve the basic objectives of the CAP. In this context, the development of organic agriculture is one of the important issues. Therefore, a brief information on the subject is presented below.
Figure 1.
The CAP post-2013: challenges to reform objectives
In recent years, the organic movement has increasingly become a focus of policy interest in Europe. EU countries support organic farming through agri-environmental programmes and action plans, among other instruments. These policy interventions aim at both supporting consumer choice through development of the market for organic food and encouraging the provision of public goods through support for organic land management [29]. At the EU level, organic farming as a policy domain is a recent development, and arose when the CAP became more sensitive to environmental issues. In consequence, the concept of organic farming is now increasingly shaped by actors outside the organic movement.
The EU Action Plan for Organic Food and Farming was elaborated over a period of five years from a first formulation of the idea at a European Conference in Vienna 1999 to the final communication of the Commission in 2004. Organic action plans are widely used in Europe as a means of integrating different policies that can be used to support organic food and farming.
At a global level, many countries have regulatory requirements similar to those in the EU, and there are formal agreements covering trade in organic products between these countries. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) has formulated principles, sets international baseline standards, accredits national certification schemes to facilitate international trade and collaborates with the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and other international organisations to harmonise International Organic Standards [35].
2. An overview on organic agriculture
Overall for organic farming, could be called the oldest forms of agriculture on earth. But today, this definition has become quite complex. In this context organic agriculture is a holistic production management or agricultural production system that uses matter, energy knowledge and natural life for its production and processes and for providing services. Organic agriculture is a farming system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems [15]. This is accomplished by using, where possible, agronomic, biological, and mechanical methods, as opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfill any specific function within the system. The production factor natural life is considered here a natural resource with particular sets of characteristics that in order to function effectively has to be respected [18]. To assess the resilience of a farming system, various elements that can build resilience are identified and the analysis shows that organic farming has a number of promising characteristics building resilience [33]. In general, the relative importance of agriculture has decreased in all European countries over last decades. However, 28 countries of the EU have significant shares in both export and demand of agricultural products in the world [8, 22]. As a result, organic agriculture is very important production system for health of human, food, soils and ecosystem.
Albert Howard is often referred as the father of the modern organic agriculture because first he applies the modern scientific knowledge and method to traditional agriculture. He worked as agriculture advisor from 1905-1924 in Bengal India where they documented the traditional Indian farming practices and came to regard them as superior to their conventional agriculture science. In Germany Rudoff Steiner’s development was probably first comprehensive system of what we now call organic farming. Steiner emphasized the role of farmers in guiding and balancing the interaction of the animals, plant and soil. Healthy animal depend on healthy plant, health plant depends on healthy soil and health soil depends on healthy animal [24].
According to this, European organic agriculture emerged in 1924 based on the work of Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) delivered his bio-dynamic agriculture course (7-16 June 1924), at Koberwitz in Silesia. His courses, the first known to have been given on organic agriculture. After Steiner, was delivered by other persons on bio-dynamic agriculture in the 1930s and 1940s. Organic agriculture was developed in Switzerland by Hans Mueller, in Britain by Eve Balfour and Albert Howard and in Japan by Masanobu Fukuoka.
In europe, numerous farms have started to convert to organic farming since 1960s, and development of organic agriculture has been supported by goverment subsidies. In many other countries, organic agriculture was adopted because of the growing demand for organic products in Europe, North America and Japan [54].
Technological advances during Second World War accelerated post-war innovation in all aspects of agriculture, resulting in large advances in mechanization, fertilization, and pesticides. In 1944, an international campaign called the Green Revolution was launched in Mexico which encouraged the development of hybrid plants, chemical controls, large-scale irrigation, and heavy mechanization in agriculture around the world. During the 1950s, sustainable agriculture was a topic of scientific interest, but research tended to concentrate on developing the new chemical approaches the one of the reasons for this, was the widespread belief that high global population growth, would soon create worldwide food shortages unless humankind rescue itself through agricultural technology. In 1962, Rachel Carson, a prominent scientist and naturalist, published Silent Spring, chronicling the effects of DDT and other pesticides on the environment [41]. In 1972, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) was founded and dedicated to spread principles and practices of organic agriculture throughout the world. In the 1980s, around the world, farming and consumer groups began seriously pressuring for government regulation of organic production. This led to legislation and certification standards being enacted through the 1990s and to date. Since the early 1990s, the retail market for organic farming in developed economies has been growing by about 20% annually due to increasing consumer demand.
In recent years, there has been growing trend in world trade for organic agricultural products and EU countries rank in the first place in terms of organic agricultural trade. There has been growing debate that using chemical inputs excessively following the green revolution in agricultural production raised concerns on environment and human health. For this reason, organic agriculture has developed rapidly and spread around the world [56] and organic farming is considered an alternative production sysytem. In fact, demand for organic products has increased tremendously in last a couple of decades.
IFOAM, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements established in 1972, a non-profit organization, is a international umbrella organisation of organic agriculture organisations, and has about 778 affiliates (members, associates, and supporters) in 117 countries [26]. The mission of this organization is to lead, unit and assist the organic movement in its full diversity and its main goal is to enhance the worldwide adoption of ecologically, socially and economically sound systems based on the principles of organic agriculture [25, 26]. As it seen, organic agriculture is not a temporary fashion since bio-dynamic farming was introduced as early as in 1924. There are also other farms of organic farming with a long-standing tradition such as organic-biological or environmentally adapted farming. Organic farming is managed in harmony with nature and the agricultural holding is mainly perceived as on organism comprising humans, flora, fauna and soil [3]. However, organic agriculture, a new model for farming development, has set the goals such as minimization of environmental pollution and sustainability of farming systems [56].
In Turkey, organic agriculture has been started in 1985 with the aiming for mainly export purposes. Turkish Association of Organic Agriculture Movements (ETO), a non-profit organization of organic agriculture, established in 1992 after twenty years IFOAM [1, 11]. By the Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, prepared the Regulation for plant and animal production based on organic production methods in 1994 [2].
According to norms of EU-Regulation on organic production of agricultural products determined on June 24th 1991 the regulation (EEC) NO. 2092/91 was published in the Official Journal of the EU and became legally binding on January 1st 1993. Until then it was only valid for organic plant products. The publishing of the regulation (EEC) No 1804/99 also included organic livestock products. The regulations on livestock products became effective on August 24th 2000 [20].
Advisory or extension services have been developing for organic farming in developed and developing countries. While this services have mainly provided by producer organizations and special advisory firms in EU countries it is given by buyers of organic products products in Turkey [39].
In this study, developments of organic farming in Eropean countries and European Union members and Turkey were investigated with special attention given to advisory and extension services. More specifically, advisory service providers, how these services provided and similarities and differences were investigated between EU-28 countries, and Turkey.
3. Organic development
Evidence for significant environmental amelioration via conversion to organic agriculture is very substantial, pesticides are virtually eliminated and nutrient pollution has been substantially reduced loss of biodiversity, wind and water erosion, and fossil fuel use and greenhouse warming potential are all reduced in organic agriculture relative to comparable conventional agriculture systems. As it given above the agroecological characteristics of organic agriculture are reviewed-weed, invertebrate, disease, and soil fertility management practices. Yield reductions of organic agriculture systems relative to conventional agriculture average 10-15%, however these are generally compensated for by lower input costs and higher gross margins. Large-scale conversion to organic agriculture would not result in food shortages and could be accomplished with a reduction in meat consumption. Organic agriculture systems consistently outperform conventional agriculture in drought situations, out-yielding conventional agriculture by up to 100% [30]. One argument for supporting organic farming has been that it requires more labour and leads to higher rural employment. On the other hand, the high labour costs may constrain the development of the organic sector [27, 39].
Worldwide there are 1.8 million organic producers more than three quarters of the producers are located in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The countries with most producers are India (547591), Uganda (186625) and Mexico (169570). There has been 12% increase in number of producer from 2010 to 2011. Total number of producers in 2000 were 0.25 million which and it was 1.8 in 2011, 34% are from Asia, 30% in Africa, 18% in Latin America, 16% in Europe and 1% in each Latin America and Oceania.
With regard to the growth of organic agriculture after first decade of 21st century organic agriculture area has been trebled (37.2 million hectare in 2011) as compared to 1999 (11 million hectare). According to the SOEL’s Survey results, more than 37.2 million hectares are managed organically worldwide [57]. Among regions Oceania is the region with highest organic agriculture area 12.2 m ha (32,8%) followed by Europe (10.6 million ha, 28,5%), Latin America (6.9 million ha, 18,5%), Asia (3.7 million ha, 9,9%), North America (2.8 million ha, 7,5%) and Africa (1.1 million ha, 3%).
Australia (12 million ha) followed by Argentina (3.8 million ha) and USA(1.9 million ha) are the countries with highest share of organic agriculture land. The total share of top three countries is 48 percent of world organic agriculture land and 70% of world organic agriculture land is based in 10 countries with 26.3 million ha.
The world total organic agriculture land is just 0.9% of total agricultural land; again Oceania is the region where organic agriculture land is 2.9% of total agriculture land followed by Europe (2.2%) and Latin America (1.1%). China, Spain, Canada, France, Poland, Russia Federation, Kazakhstan, Turkey and Romania are the countries where the rate of increase in organic agriculture land is very high.
Much of the increase is occurring in third world countries where some farmers are attracted to the export benefits of organic food production. Many governments have been encouraging farmers to convert to organic farming for this reason, however, the study calls for a cautionary approach for the potential of export markets is often overstated. Market growth rates are slowing and supply-demand imbalances are expected to become a feature of the global organic food industry. The global market is projected to continue to expand however at slower growth rates. The industrialized world is expected to comprise most revenues, however, other regions are expected to show high growth due to the growing popularity of regional markets. The formation of trading blocs and convergence of consumer demand are also other main factors stimulating demand in other countries [54, 39].
In European Union organic farming has been implemented in almost all countries, but five of these countries – Spain, Italy, Germany, England and France-account for about 57.4% of total organic farming area. Turkey with a 325 thousands hectares organic farming area has about 3.92% organic farming area compared to EU. With respect to organic farming enterprises, the share of organic farms in Turkey is around 17% (Table 1). These indicators show that organic farming has been realized in small scale. In fact, average farm size in Turkey (9.2 ha) is significantly lower than that of EU-28 (39.7 ha).
Realizing that favorable climatic conditions and topografic structure in Turkey, organic farming area is relatively low. In order to use organic farming more effectively and increaase organic farming area in Turkey, suitable conditions need to be provided.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tCountry\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tOrganic Area\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tFarm\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
AvarageFarm Size Scale (ha)
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tHectares\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t%\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tNumber\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t%\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Spain
\n\t\t\t
1330774
\n\t\t\t
15.97
\n\t\t\t
25291
\n\t\t\t
12.05
\n\t\t\t
52.6
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Italy
\n\t\t\t
1106684
\n\t\t\t
13.28
\n\t\t\t
43029
\n\t\t\t
20.51
\n\t\t\t
25.7
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Germany
\n\t\t\t
947115
\n\t\t\t
11.37
\n\t\t\t
21047
\n\t\t\t
10.03
\n\t\t\t
45.0
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
UK
\n\t\t\t
721726
\n\t\t\t
8.66
\n\t\t\t
5156
\n\t\t\t
2.46
\n\t\t\t
140.0
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
France
\n\t\t\t
677513
\n\t\t\t
8.13
\n\t\t\t
16446
\n\t\t\t
7.84
\n\t\t\t
41.2
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Austria
\n\t\t\t
518757
\n\t\t\t
6.23
\n\t\t\t
21000
\n\t\t\t
10.01
\n\t\t\t
24.7
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Czech Republic
\n\t\t\t
398407
\n\t\t\t
4.78
\n\t\t\t
2665
\n\t\t\t
1.27
\n\t\t\t
149.5
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Sweden
\n\t\t\t
391524
\n\t\t\t
4.70
\n\t\t\t
4816
\n\t\t\t
2.30
\n\t\t\t
81.3
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Poland
\n\t\t\t
367062
\n\t\t\t
4.41
\n\t\t\t
17092
\n\t\t\t
8.15
\n\t\t\t
21.5
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Greece
\n\t\t\t
326252
\n\t\t\t
3.92
\n\t\t\t
23665
\n\t\t\t
11.28
\n\t\t\t
13.8
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Portugal
\n\t\t\t
209090
\n\t\t\t
2.51
\n\t\t\t
1902
\n\t\t\t
0.91
\n\t\t\t
109.9
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Romania
\n\t\t\t
168288
\n\t\t\t
2.02
\n\t\t\t
3078
\n\t\t\t
1.47
\n\t\t\t
54.7
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Finland
\n\t\t\t
166171
\n\t\t\t
1.99
\n\t\t\t
4087
\n\t\t\t
1.95
\n\t\t\t
40.7
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Latvia
\n\t\t\t
160175
\n\t\t\t
1.92
\n\t\t\t
4016
\n\t\t\t
1.91
\n\t\t\t
39.9
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Denmark
\n\t\t\t
156433
\n\t\t\t
1.88
\n\t\t\t
2694
\n\t\t\t
1.28
\n\t\t\t
58.1
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Slovakia
\n\t\t\t
145490
\n\t\t\t
1.75
\n\t\t\t
363
\n\t\t\t
0.17
\n\t\t\t
400.8
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Hungary
\n\t\t\t
140292
\n\t\t\t
1.68
\n\t\t\t
1617
\n\t\t\t
0.77
\n\t\t\t
86.8
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Lithuania
\n\t\t\t
129055
\n\t\t\t
1.55
\n\t\t\t
2652
\n\t\t\t
1.26
\n\t\t\t
48.7
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Estonia
\n\t\t\t
66767
\n\t\t\t
0.80
\n\t\t\t
1277
\n\t\t\t
0.61
\n\t\t\t
52.3
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Netherlands
\n\t\t\t
51911
\n\t\t\t
0.62
\n\t\t\t
1413
\n\t\t\t
0.67
\n\t\t\t
36.7
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Ireland
\n\t\t\t
47864
\n\t\t\t
0.57
\n\t\t\t
1328
\n\t\t\t
0.63
\n\t\t\t
36.0
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Belgium
\n\t\t\t
41459
\n\t\t\t
0.50
\n\t\t\t
997
\n\t\t\t
0.48
\n\t\t\t
41.6
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Slovenia
\n\t\t\t
29388
\n\t\t\t
0.35
\n\t\t\t
2096
\n\t\t\t
1.00
\n\t\t\t
14.0
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Croita
\n\t\t\t
14193
\n\t\t\t
0.17
\n\t\t\t
885
\n\t\t\t
0.42
\n\t\t\t
16.0
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Bulgaria
\n\t\t\t
12320
\n\t\t\t
0.15
\n\t\t\t
379
\n\t\t\t
0.18
\n\t\t\t
32.5
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Cyprus (South)
\n\t\t\t
3816
\n\t\t\t
0.05
\n\t\t\t
732
\n\t\t\t
0.35
\n\t\t\t
5.2
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Luxemburg
\n\t\t\t
3614
\n\t\t\t
0.04
\n\t\t\t
77
\n\t\t\t
0.04
\n\t\t\t
46.9
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Malta
\n\t\t\t
26
\n\t\t\t
0.00
\n\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t
0.01
\n\t\t\t
2.2
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tTotal EU-28\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t8307943\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t100.00\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t210501\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t100.00\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t39.7\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tTurkey\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t325 831\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t3.92\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t35 565\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t16.90\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t9.2\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 1.
The Avarage Scale and Number of Farm and Land Area Under Organic Management in EU and Turkey (2009)
In table 2, developments of organic farming in EU and Turkey were examined during last 14 years. Organic farming area and number of holdings main countries of the EU were showed about 5.9 and 3.5 folds increases during 1995-2009. Turkey has experienced an increase in the organic farming area (21.4 folds) but average organic farm size showed a decrease during the same period.
4. Organic product market
Worldwide organic food market has been significantly increasing. It is related to the commercial certified organic agriculture which has spread to over 130 countries worldwide. Sustained high rates of growth in sales of certified organic products in the U.S. and worldwide, averaging 20-25% in each year since 1990, have spurred concomitant growth and activities in production, processing, research, regulation and trade agreements, and exports. The global organic products market value in 2001 was estimated to be $20 billion, and the organic products share of total food sales is near 2% in the US and 1-5% in EU countries. Processed organic products have shown particularly rapid growth, often over 100% annually [30]. In 2002, the global market for organic food and drink was valued at $23 billion. Although production of organic crops is in creasing across the globe, sales are concentrated in the industrialised parts of the world. North America and Western Europe comprise the bulk of global revenues, however consumer interest is growing in other regions [39].
As an illustration of the growing international trade for organic food, its sale at retail level showed 2.5 folds increase from 9.5 billion dollars in 1996. Organic food sales mainly increased in Western countries, USA, Japan and Australia, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 and 3 folds respectively, and 5.3 folds in other countries. These values show that demand for organic products has been growing and strong [39].
The Western European market for organic food and drink was traditionally the largest (44.3%) in the world, however it has now been overtaken by North America (37.1%). European sales of organic products were estimated to have expanded by about 8 percent in 2002 to reach $ 10.5 billion [19, 44].
Today, globally market for certified organic foods and drinks has also become fourfold larger as compared to 1999 (15billion USD) which is more than 63 billion USD in 2011 and largest market were USA 21 billion euros of organic food sales. In Europe largest market were also Germany 6.6 billion euros and France 3.8 billion euros of organic food sales. Highest per capita consumption was recorded in Switzerland (177 Euros) and Denmark (162 Euros). Denmark, Switzerland and Austria had highest shares of organic food sales [16].
It is related that organic imports into European Union members states from the developing world are growing rapidly. Certification regulations for the import of organic products are very rigorous and smallholder farmers, in common with all farmers7. Despite the developments for organic sale in the world market, domestic market is not enough strong in Turkey and almost all of the organic food is produced for export. During the period of 2000 and 2011, organic food export in Turkey showed significant increases, rising from about 18 million to 200 million euros-an increase of nearly 11 folds. Turkey has mainly exported organic products to Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Northern European countries, USA, Canada, Australia and Japan are most important for Turkey. In 2023, export target of Turkish organic production is 1.7 billion Euros [1, 19].
This structure shows that Turkey has not been using its organic farming potential very efficiently. Main reasons for these can be stated as insufficient domestic demand and not using proper extension systems and approaches etc. Furthermore, poor advisory services and limited number of advisory activities are other factors that prevented the development of organic farming in Turkey [39].
5. Advisory and extension services and legislation
Organic agriculture production has different features from than conventional farming. For that reason it should be different extension and advisory services. Organic farming is realized under controlled field and applied prespecified rules. Moreover, all stages of production need to be documented. Therefore, producers and all involved firms or individuals in organic production should have enough information and experience. For this reason, all fims or individuals need to have cooperation with each others. In other words, producers are not independent as in convetional production since organic production is a controlled production system until the product reaches to consumers. There are some difficulties for organic agriculture that is mainly stem from applying internaional standards, production, processing and import of organic products, inspection procedures, labelling and marketing [39].
Especially two regulations on organic agriculture are significantly important, the US and the EU legislation which influence strongly the standards of organic production and trade worldwide. Production and inspection standards of US organic products, EU organic products and organic products from a lot of other parts of the world are equivalent with each other. The EU regulation on organic production and plant-animal products, and processed agricultural goods imported into the EU were also investigated. In the member states of the European Union (EU), the labelling of plant products as organic is governed by EU Regulation 2092/91, which came into force in 1993, while products from organically managed livestock are governed by EU Regulation1804/99, enacted in August 2000. Each European country is responsible for enforcement and for its own monitoring and inspection the system. Applications, supervision and sanctions are dealt with at regional levels. At the same time, each country has the responsibility. All these regulations lay down minimum rules governing the production, processing and import of organic products, including inspection procedures, labelling and marketing [28].
As it noticed, producers, processors and export-import firms of organic products are responsible for certification bodies. Otherwise farmers or traders who want to export organic products should already with application for certification know the potential final destinations of their products to assure that both production standards and procedures for imported products in the aimed market are met.
In Turkey, on the other hand, the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock provide extension service at the national level. In addition, due to organic production is made mostly for foreign markets, advisory and extension services for organic agricultural producers in particular are provided by private companies who contract production. Therefore, beside the Ministry, the exporter companies also provide extension service for organic farmers [9].
In Turkey, the Ministry takes a major role on extension services. According to 2006 regulation, private advisory system and advisory companies are encouraged. But the support method behind this policy is not yet enough to develop the system. Provincial directorates of the Ministry gave organic training to 1214 employees in 2003-2009 periods. In addition, they organized 2093 training programs for farmers and a total of 40.010 farmers were given training related to organic farming between 2004 and 2009. These trainings are extremely important. For this reason, the number of training activities and farmers’ participation must be increased. Training activities should be more practical instead of giving theoretical information and emphasis should be placed on improving the quality and effectiveness. To achieve this, technical personnel in charge with organic agriculture departments must be provided with adequate equipment and update their professional competencies to overcome with the shortcomings in the sector. In order to develop the organic system in the central and provincial levels, a strong extension model must be developed with adequate infrastructure, physical equipment, and human resources. In order to institutionalize and build a suitable infrastructure for organic farming an effective extension model must be developed. Because as it is in developed countries, the development of organic agriculture in Turkey also depends on farmers’ training and extension and advisory services provided for this purpose. Undertaking this mission in our country for many years, and organized in every province and district, the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock has been carrying an important task [9].
Turkey may learn about expert knowledge and advisory systems in the EU and the roles of the stakeholders. In the European Union, advisory services are provided by the ministries, advisory companies working under ministries, agricultural chambers, private advisory firms, and private advisors. There have been an increasing trend in private advisors and advisory companies in Europe. Most of the countries want to decrease the effect of the state in advisory services, Yet, even in North-West Europe were farmers are on average much, much better off than Turkish farmers, only the most successful are prepared to fully pay their advisors. All others, including most organic farmers, rely on the state to at least contribute substantially to advisory systems. Often this is done as a project based support to research one of the many open questions concerning organic agriculture. Organic farmers in Northern Germany have therefore founded “Research and Advisory Associations” [48].
6. Advisory and extension services in Europe
Organic farming is not simple production activity for farmers becouse of they have a huge experience of conventional farming. For that reason advisory and extension service is vital for farmers. Since organic farming is applied under strict rules, producers and processors need to have high level of knowledge for organic farming. All the rules has to be performed and can be controlled by certification firms. For these reasons, extension services need to be provided by advisory units, having expert knowledge, in order to educate farmers and assure that necessary information reach to farmers at proper time. Considering the importance of advisory units, special advisory units specializing on organic farming has to be established [39].
The advisory services play an important role in transfering of scientific results into agricultural practice, ideally it should be the link between practice and research. The organic advisory services are quite well developed in the German language and in the Nordic countries which is partly integrated into the conventional advisory service. Most development in terms of advisory service is needed in the countries of southern Europe [55].
Based on development levels, countries use different extension sytems and approaches [36]. When organic farming is evaluated for farmers training and extension, fourteen major subjects should be considered:
training of researchers and extension worker or adviser on organic farming
teaching the benefits of organic products to children
making awareness of consumers on organic products [39]
developing awareness of policy maker on organic sector
developing awareness of all relevant direct and indirect stakeholders on organic products
organizing promotional and educational activities (urban extension) for enhancing domestic and foreign markets
considering the use of information technology and internet in this subject [39]
developing awareness to cooperate all relevant public, farmers\' organization, and private sector on organic products.
One of the major aims of this study is to examine advisory services for organic agriculture in EU member states and Turkey. These advisory units were examined in four groups based on services provided to farmers such as fundemantal knowledge required for organic farming, increasing problem solving ability of farmers, deciding suitable product variety and purchasing production inputs. These four groups were determined as Private advisory services, Farmer’s organizations, Ministries of agriculture and Others. In table 3, advisory service units in EU and some other European countries and Turkey were presented. All countries have more than one or more advisory units having different characteristics.
Table 3.
Advisory Services for Organic Agriculture in Europen Countries (*)
In order to see the number and share of these units, table 4 was produced from the table 3. Similar units according to management and functions were considered in the same group.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tAdvisory Service\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
The number of advisory unit service(European Union)
\n\t\t\t
The number of advisory unit serviceEurope(34 Countries)
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EU-15(a)
\n\t\t\t
EU-13(b)
\n\t\t\t
EU-28(a+b)
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Number
\n\t\t\t
Share (%)
\n\t\t\t
Number
\n\t\t\t
Share (%)
\n\t\t\t
Number
\n\t\t\t
Share (%)
\n\t\t\t
Number
\n\t\t\t
Share (%)
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Private services
\n\t\t\t
14
\n\t\t\t
35.9
\n\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t
37.5
\n\t\t\t
26
\n\t\t\t
36.6
\n\t\t\t
29
\n\t\t\t
34.9
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Farmer’s organization
\n\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t
30.8
\n\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t
21.9
\n\t\t\t
19
\n\t\t\t
26.8
\n\t\t\t
21
\n\t\t\t
25.3
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Ministry of agriculture
\n\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t
15.4
\n\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t
40.6
\n\t\t\t
19
\n\t\t\t
26.8
\n\t\t\t
25
\n\t\t\t
30.1
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Others
\n\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t
17.9
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
0.0
\n\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t
9.9
\n\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t
9.6
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Total
\n\t\t\t
39
\n\t\t\t
100.0
\n\t\t\t
32
\n\t\t\t
100.0
\n\t\t\t
71
\n\t\t\t
100.0
\n\t\t\t
83
\n\t\t\t
100.0
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 4.
Distribution of Advisory Units in European Countries
As shown in table 4, the most important advisory units in EU-15 are private advisory services (35.9%) and farmer’s organizations (30,8%). These units are followed by the ministry of agriculture (15.4%) and others (17.9%). But the situation for the EU-13 is different, the main advisory units are private advisory services (37,5%) and ministry of agriculture (40,6%). These units are followed by farmer’s organizations (21,9%). When all EU Members and non-member European countries are considered together, the most important advisory units are private advisory services (34.9%) and ministry of agriculture (30,1%). These units are followed by farmer’s organizations (25.3%) and others (9.6%). As can be seen in tables 3 and 4, there are some differences between the first 15 members of the European Union (EU-15) and the 13 countries. These differences are related with their extension systems. Especially after 2004, the higher presence of the ministry of agriculture was interesting in the farmer’s organization.
Generally, in the group of private advisory, the most important services provided are called Private consulting advisory firms and conventional advisory firms, however, Organic agriculture consulting units and Organic Producer organizations are important services in the farmer’s organizations. In the ministries, the most important services are Ministry of Agriculture in organic farm unit and Regional agriculture authorities in districts.
Since organic farming is mainly considered for export purposes, advisory services for organic products have been implemented by Private firms via contract farming (foreign exporter firms) which is the most important advisory unit for contract farmers. For this reason, advisory units have been mainly formed and managed by importing firms in Turkey.
In addition to this, Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock has been conducting advisory services for organic agriculture with cooperation of Universities and Turkish Association of Organic Agriculture Movements (ETO). It is expected that these units will have significant importance in providing extension services in Turkey. However, the major difference bettween EU-15 countries and Turkey is the lack of producer organizations in Turkey.
7. The public extension model for organic agriculture of Turkey
In Turkey, mostly extension and advisery services for organic agriculture are implemented by public (the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock). In order to institutionalize and build a suitable infrastructure for organic farming an effective and applicable extension model must be developed for the country. Because as it is in developed countries, the development of organic agriculture in Turkey also depends of farmers’ training and extension and advisory services provided for this purpose. Undertaking this mission in our country for many years, and organized in every province and district, the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock has been carrying an important task and the organic farming units of the Ministry are carrying out their mission.
Currently organic agriculture units in 81 provinces mostly employed in Farmer Training and Extension Division are serving as extension agents. In general, except a couple of provinces, 2-5 personnel are working in organic farming units. These aren’t completely devoting their efforts for extension activities but for some other departmental work. Considering provincial potential of organic farming and personnel status of each province, the number of personnel working for organic units must be arranged. The determined leader provinces will also make contributions to the neighboring provinces due to similarities in environmental conditions and agricultural structures [9]. Therefore, these provinces can be identified as “Organic Farming Central Provinces” (OFCP). Administratively no province will supersede each other but the provincial directorates will work in a cooperative way with a professional manner (Figure 2). Once the professional staff members of OFCP work effectively, they will probably develop organic farming in their own province and will make further contributions to neighboring cities. In this way professional staff of organic farming units working in provinces with lower and/or uneconomical organic potential may concentrate on other activities. In addition, the TARGEL (public extension) personnel must also be used for organic agriculture especially in villages with high organic potential. All this process will increase the effectiveness of extension services and will contribute to organic farming as well as proper use of human resources in the Ministry.
Figure 2.
Re-organizing public extension for organic farming in Turkey [38].
In the new suggested extension advisory system, the following measures must be taken to make the personnel of OFCP and OFU work effectively [9, 38]:
Ensuring full-time work in organic agricultural extension: Among the other duties and responsibilities, personnel working in organic farming must perform two major tasks; control and advisory. However, according to agreement with the international sense, control and extension duties and responsibilities should not be undertaken by the same personnel. The control function is completely different from the advisory function. In this case, the extension advisor and the controller must be different people and independent of each other. Accordingly, workload of the personnel working in the field of organic agriculture must be reduced.
Technical information capacity must be increased: In every region there is a need of expertise and technical information in organic farming activities. Therefore, personnel working for the extension services of organic farming must be provided with technical information and update their professional competencies.
Personnel must be gained practical skills and field experience: Beside theoretical information, technical staff must be trained in the field to gain practical experiences, particularly for the specific region. They also must participate in hands-on training activities and be able to apply their skills in the field.
Adoption of participatory extension approaches: It is important to utilize the positive sides of the participatory extension approaches. These approaches require institutional changes and appropriate arrangements for the implementation. In this way, participatory approaches must be taught to extension personnel and the efficiency of extension work must be increased.
Continuous in-service education to update and upgrade occupational knowledge of extension personnel: In order to develop well-educated and skillful extension personnel extension staff must be given in-service education in certain times. In order for the extension personnel to use proper extension methods and to give farmers correct information them must take a “training of trainers” program. This can be possible with adoption of continuous education programs [9, 38].
As it can be seen, if the public wants to provide effective extension or advisory services for organic agriculture the most appropriate model should be develop or use in the actual conditions in Turkey.
8. Conclusions
As a result, the main objective of organic farming is to optimize the life circle and to establish a sustainable farming system for the health and productivity of societies of plants, animals and people. Accordingly healthy food and in this context organic agricultural products are vital for all nations. Communities are willing to consume more healthy foods that has been controlled by government or related organizations. Nowadays the quality of food is an emerging trend for consumers especially in developed nations. For this reason, farmers as a food producers are required to benefit from the education and extension services more frequently.
Demand for organic food has been increasing not only in developed but also in developing countries in the last two or three decades. Due to characteristics of organic farming, advisory units has to be establish at the production decision.
Because of high price, the demand for organic food is not expected to increase in a short period of time in Turkey. However, increasing awareness of consumers to health concern might stimulate the demand for organic products in the long term. Regarding advisory units, the approaches used in the EU countries might be used in Turkey such as establishing farmers and private organizations [39].
The contract farming approach which was initiated by importing firms must be considered for Turkey’s organic sector. Furthermore, there is a urgent need to stress on encouraging advisory units to achieve the competitiveness and efficiency.
Both, the EU and other countries, it is necessary to benefit from the experiences. Establishing a network to share experiences would be useful to every country.
Participatory extension approaches which are very effective, would be very helpful in the use of organic agricultural producers. Farmers’ organizations can play an important role to increase the efforts unfortunately these organizations are not effective. Countries should contribute to the development of organic farming because domestic demand for organic agricultural products has been increasing day by day. Each country according to their own conditions to establish the most effective advisory system.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/46550.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/46550.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46550",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46550",totalDownloads:2472,totalViews:320,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,totalAltmetricsMentions:3,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:70,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"October 24th 2013",dateReviewed:"March 27th 2014",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 7th 2014",dateFinished:"April 24th 2014",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/46550",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/46550",book:{id:"3830",slug:"organic-agriculture-towards-sustainability"},signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",email:"orhan.ozca@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. An overview on organic agriculture",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Organic development",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Organic product market",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Advisory and extension services and legislation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Advisory and extension services in Europe",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. The public extension model for organic agriculture of Turkey",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Aksoy,U., 1999. Organic Agriculture in the World and Turkey. First Symposium on Organic Agriculture. 21-23 June 1999, Ege University, Izmir.'},{id:"B2",body:'Anonymous, 1994. The Regulation for Plant and Animal Production Based on Organic Production Methods. 18 December 1994, No: 22145 Official Journal of Republic of Turkey, Ankara.'},{id:"B3",body:'Anonymous, 2001. Organic Farming in Europe-Provincial Statistics 2001 (.http://organic-europe.net/ europe_eu/statistic.asp). SÖL:Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau, Germany.'},{id:"B4",body:'Anonymous, 2011. Liechtenstein-Country Report. FiBL Sippo ‘The Organic Market in Europe Publication, Switzerland. (www.organic-europe.net/country-report-liectenstein.html)'},{id:"B5",body:'Anonymous, 2013. Organic agriculture Serbia at a glance 2013. FiBL 2013, Switzerland. (http://www.organic-world.net/news-organic-world.html?&L=0&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news %5D=1049&cHash=a39f8ab896e47a8e2087d2dd2326d5a8).'},{id:"B6",body:'Apostolov, S., 2012. Bulgaria: Country Report, The World Of Organic Agriculture. (www.organic-europe.net/1684.html)'},{id:"B7",body:'Barrett, H.R., A.W. Browne, P.J.C. Haris, K. Cadoret. 2001. Smallholder Farmers and Organic Certification: Accessing the EU Market from the Developing World. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, Vol. 19 (2) 183-199, '},{id:"B8",body:'BML, 1999. Agriculture and Forestry in Germany. Data and Facts 1999. The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry.Printed by Mintzel-Druck, 95028. Hof/Saale. feb.1999,Germany.'},{id:"B9",body:'Boz, İ, Aksoy, U., Özçatalbaş,O., Enhancing Organic Farming in Turkey. Workshops and Training Programmes, UTF/TUR/052/TUR, July 2011, Published by FAO.'},{id:"B10",body:'Dezseny, Z., and Drexler. D., 2013. Organic Agriculture İn Hungary-Past, Present and Future, FİBL and IFOAM (2013) The World of Organic Agriculture, Frick and Bonn. (www.organic-europe.net/2547.html)'},{id:"B11",body:'Ertem, A., 1993. Organic Agriculture and Rapunzel, Izmir.'},{id:"B12",body:'ETO,2012, Organik Tarım Ürünleri İhracatında İşbirliği bildirisi(Organic Agricultural Products Export Cooperation), Turkish Ecological Agriculture Organization Association (Ekoloji Tarım Organizasyonu Derneği), İzmir. '},{id:"B13",body:'EU, 2012. The Common Agricultural Policy. European Commission Agricultural European Union. ISBN: 978-92-79-23265-7. printed in Belgium'},{id:"B14",body:'EU, 2013. Overview of CAP Reform 2014-2020, European Commission Agricultural Policy Perspectives Brief. No 5, December 2013 (http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/policy-perspectives/policy-briefs/05_en.pdf)'},{id:"B15",body:'FAO, 1999. Food Standard Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission Report Joint FAO/WHO. Rome.'},{id:"B16",body:'FiBL, 2011. The World of Organic Agriculture, Statistics and Emerging Trends, 2011. FiBL & IFOAM. Switzerland.'},{id:"B17",body:'Frieden, C., and Huber, 2010.Country Report About Organic Agricultur in İceland. FİBL-Sippo ‘The Organic Market İn Europe’, Handbook. Switzerland. (www.organic-europe.net/country-report-iceland.html)'},{id:"B18",body:'Goewie E.A., 2002. Organic Agriculture in the Netherlands; Developments and Challenges. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol:50 (2): 153-169.Royal Netherlands Soc. Agr. Sci, Wageningen.'},{id:"B19",body:'GTHB, 2013, Organic Agricultural Products Exports and Imports. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, (http://www.tarim.gov.tr/). Ankara.'},{id:"B20",body:'GTZ, 2004. Organic Agriculture. (http://www.gtz.de/organic-agriculture/ english/ com/com. html) Postfach 5180 D-65726 Eschborn, Germany.'},{id:"B21",body:'Guda, A., 2009. Country Report About Organic Agriculture in Albania. Sasa Project, Tirana. FİBL, Switzerland. (www.organic-europe.net/country-info-albania-report.htmı)'},{id:"B22",body:'Haccius, M., I.Lünzer, 2000. Organic Agriculture in Germany. (.http://organic-europe.net, 23.06.2000). Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau(SÖL), Bad Dürkeim-Germany.'},{id:"B23",body:'Heinonen, S., 2009. Organic Agriculture in Finland 2008. Fibl 2012. Switzerland. (www.organic-europe.net/finland.html)'},{id:"B24",body:'Holger Kirchmann; Gudni Thorvaldsson, Lars Bergström, Martin Gerzabek, Olof Andrén, Lars-Olov Eriksson and Mikael Winninge (2008). Holger Kirchmann and Lars Bergström, ed. Organic Crop Production – Ambitions and Limitations. Berlin: Springer. pp. 13–37. '},{id:"B25",body:'IFOAM, 2004. Uniting the organic world. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (http://www.ifoam.org/).'},{id:"B26",body:'IFOAM, 2013. The Organic Movement Worldwide: Directory of IFOAM Affiliates 2013 International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (http://www.ifoam.org/en/about-us-1).'},{id:"B27",body:'Jansen, K., 2000. Labour, livelihoods and the quality of life in organic agriculture in Europe. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 17 (3): 247-278 2000.'},{id:"B28",body:'Kilcher, L., B. Huber, O. Schmid, 2004. Standards and Regulations. The World of Organic Agriculture-Statistics and Emerging Trends-2004. (eds:Willer,H., M.Yussefi) IFOAM, Bonn,Germany.'},{id:"B29",body:'Lampkin, N. H. and M. Stolze (2006). EuropeanAction Plan for Organic. Food and Farming. Law, Science and Policy. 3: 59-73.'},{id:"B30",body:'Lotter, D.W., 2003. Organic agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 21 (4): 59-128 2003'},{id:"B31",body:'Maciejczak, M. And Matera, D., 2010. Food Safety in the New Member States. IUCN programme Office for central Europe. Brussels, Belgium.'},{id:"B32",body:'Matera, D., 2005. Organic Agriculture in Poland. FiBL 2012, Switzerland, (http://www.organic-europe.net/fileadmin/documents/country_information/ARCHIVE/poland-2005-organic-europe.pdf) '},{id:"B33",body:'Milestad, R., and Darnhofer, K., 2003. Building farm resilience: The prospects and challenges of organic farming. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 22 (3): 81-97 2003'},{id:"B34",body:'Moschitz H., and M. Stolze, 2007. Policy networks of organic farming in Europe. Organic Farming in Europe:Economics and Policy, Volume 12. Published by Universitat Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany..'},{id:"B35",body:'ORC, 2013. Overview of European Regulation on organic food. The Organic Research Centre, Elm Farm, Hamstead Marshall, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 0HR, UK. (http://www.organicresearchcentre.com/).'},{id:"B36",body:'Özçatalbaş, O., Y. Gurgen, 1998. Agricultural Extension and Communication. Baki Publication. ISBN: 975-72024-02-3, Adana.'},{id:"B37",body:'Özçatalbaş, O., 2000. Horticultural Information System and Extension Organization in Hannover Region, Germany. Hannover University, Horticultural Faculty, Institute of Horticultural Economics. Hanover, Germany (unpublished report).'},{id:"B38",body:'Özçatalbaş, 2010. Türkiye’de Organik Tarımın Güçlendirilmesi Bölge için Yeni Fırsatlar:Fındık ve Diğer Ürünler Çalıştayı Raporu, Samsun.'},{id:"B39",body:'Özçatalbaş,O., R.Brumfield, B.Karaturhan,2010. Advisory services for organic agriculture in the European Union and Turkey.Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.8 (2) : 507-511. 2010, WFLPublisher Science and Technology Meri-Rastilantie 3 B, FI-00980 Helsinki, Finland.'},{id:"B40",body:'Padel, S., 2001. Information and Advisory Services for Organic Farming in Europe. 15thESEE Integrating Multiple Landuse for a Sustainable Future Seminar. August 27-31, 2001. Wageningen-The Netherlands. '},{id:"B41",body:'Paull, John 2007. "Rachel Carson, A Voice for Organics-the First Hundred Years". Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania. pp. (86) 37–41.)'},{id:"B42",body:'Prokopchuk, N. and Eisenring, T., 2011. Switzerland Country Report. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) Switzerland, (www.organic-europe.net/country-info-ukraine-report.html?&L=0#c6433).'},{id:"B43",body:'Radulovic, J., 2008. Country Report About Organic Agriculture In Montenegro 2008, FİBL, Switzerland. (www.organic-europe.net/country-info-montenegro.html) '},{id:"B44",body:'Sahota, A., 2004. Overview of the Global Mar ket for Organic Food and Drink. The World of Organic Agriculture-Statistics and Emerging Trends-2004. (eds:Willer,H.,M.Yussefi) IFOAM, Bonn,Germany.'},{id:"B45",body:'Slabe, A,. 2012. Organic Farming in Slovenia. Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD) Slovenia, BiBL 2012 Switzerland. (http://www.organic-europe.net/slovenia.html?&L=0) '},{id:"B46",body:'Stefanescu, S.L., 2012. Current Status of the Agricultural Advisory and Extension System in Romania. Education-Extension Coordinator, PMU MAKIS/CESAR, Bucharest, Romania. '},{id:"B47",body:'Stefanescu, S.L., Steriu,S. and Dumitraşcu, M., 2013. Private and Public Players on the Market Agricultural Advise and Extension in Romania. 21st European Seminar on Extension Education: Extension education worldwide, September 2-6, Antalya, Turkiye'},{id:"B48",body:'Thimm, C., et al, 2011. Enhancing Organic Farming in Turkey, FAO, UTF/TUR/052/TUR Sub-regional Office for Central Asia, February 2011. Published by FAO.'},{id:"B49",body:'Trajkovic, R., 2011. Organic Farming in The Farmer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. FİBL, Switzerland. (www.organic-europe.net/country-info-macedonia-fyrom.html)'},{id:"B50",body:'Urban, J., 2012. Organic Agriculture in The Czech Republic (Country Report 2011). In: Wiesinger, K., and Cais, K., (eds) Bayerische Landesanstalt Für Landwirtshnft, Freising, No. 4/2012 pp.169-178. (http://orgprints.org/20991/)'},{id:"B51",body:'Vatemaa, A., and Milkk, M., 2009. Organic Farming in Estonia. FİBL, Switzerland. (www.organic-europe.net/estonia.html)'},{id:"B52",body:'Willer, H. and Niggli, U., 2010. Switzerland-country report. FiBL Switzerland, (http://www.organic-europe.net/switzerland.html?&L=0#c929).'},{id:"B53",body:'Willer, H., I.Luenzer, M.Haccius, 2002. Organic Agriculture in Germany 2002, (Update: October 2002 http://www.organic-europe.net/country_reports/default.asp).'},{id:"B54",body:'Willer, H., M.Yussefi, 2001. Organic Agriculture Worlwide 2001, Statistics and Future Prospects. Stiftung Ökologie & Landbau –SÖL No:74. Bad Dürkeim-Germany.'},{id:"B55",body:'Willer, H., U. Zerger, 1999. Demand of Research and Development in Organic Farming in Europe. FAO Worksop on Research Methodologies in Organic Agriculture at the FIBL(.http://wwwsoel.de/inhalte/oekolandbau/research_intro.html).Frick, Switzerland. '},{id:"B56",body:'Xie, B., X.R.Wang, 2003. Organic Agriculture in China, Journal of Outlook on Agriculture. Vol.32 (3): 161-164.'},{id:"B57",body:'Yussefi, M., 2004. Development and State of Organic Agriculture Worldwide. The World of Organic Agriculture-Statistics and Emerging Trends-2004. (eds:Willer,H., M.Yussefi) IFOAM, Bonn,Germany.'},{id:"B58",body:'Zarina, L., 2009. Organic Farming in Latvia:Country Report. FiBL, Switzerland. (www.organic-europe.net/latvia.html)'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",address:"ozcatalbas@akdeniz.edu.tr",affiliation:'
Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Antalya, Turkey
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"3830",type:"book",title:"Organic Agriculture Towards Sustainability",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Organic Agriculture Towards Sustainability",slug:"organic-agriculture-towards-sustainability",publishedDate:"May 7th 2014",bookSignature:"Vytautas Pilipavicius",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3830.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1340-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5392-4",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:34,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"86510",title:"Prof.",name:"Vytautas",middleName:null,surname:"Pilipavicius",slug:"vytautas-pilipavicius",fullName:"Vytautas Pilipavicius"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"311"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"46514",type:"chapter",title:"Organic Agriculture, Sustainability and Consumer Preferences",slug:"organic-agriculture-sustainability-and-consumer-preferences",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Terrence Thomas and Cihat Gunden",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170188",title:"Prof.",name:"Terrence",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Terrence Thomas",slug:"terrence-thomas"},{id:"170301",title:"Prof.",name:"Cihat",middleName:null,surname:"Gunden",fullName:"Cihat Gunden",slug:"cihat-gunden"}]},{id:"46505",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Production and Consumption of Organic Products in South Africa",slug:"analysis-of-production-and-consumption-of-organic-products-in-south-africa",totalDownloads:3326,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Maggie Kisaka-Lwayo and Ajuruchukwu Obi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170318",title:"Prof.",name:"Ajuruchukwu",middleName:null,surname:"Obi",fullName:"Ajuruchukwu Obi",slug:"ajuruchukwu-obi"},{id:"170319",title:"Dr.",name:"Maggie",middleName:null,surname:"Kisaka-Lwayo",fullName:"Maggie Kisaka-Lwayo",slug:"maggie-kisaka-lwayo"}]},{id:"46549",type:"chapter",title:"Organic agricultural practices among small holder farmers in South Western Nigeria",slug:"organic-agricultural-practices-among-small-holder-farmers-in-south-western-nigeria",totalDownloads:3950,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Sijuwade Adebayo and Idowu O Oladele",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170251",title:"Prof.",name:"Idowu",middleName:null,surname:"Oladele",fullName:"Idowu Oladele",slug:"idowu-oladele"},{id:"170252",title:"Dr.",name:"Sijuwade",middleName:null,surname:"Adebayo",fullName:"Sijuwade Adebayo",slug:"sijuwade-adebayo"}]},{id:"46550",type:"chapter",title:"Current Status of Advisory and Extension Services for Organic Agriculture in Europe and Turkey",slug:"current-status-of-advisory-and-extension-services-for-organic-agriculture-in-europe-and-turkey",totalDownloads:2472,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas"}]},{id:"46459",type:"chapter",title:"Lithuanian Organic Agriculture in the Context of European Union",slug:"lithuanian-organic-agriculture-in-the-context-of-european-union",totalDownloads:1959,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vytautas Pilipavičius and Alvydas Grigaliūnas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"86510",title:"Prof.",name:"Vytautas",middleName:null,surname:"Pilipavicius",fullName:"Vytautas Pilipavicius",slug:"vytautas-pilipavicius"},{id:"170369",title:"MSc.",name:"Alvydas",middleName:null,surname:"Grigaliunas",fullName:"Alvydas Grigaliunas",slug:"alvydas-grigaliunas"}]},{id:"46524",type:"chapter",title:"Mixtures of Legumes with Cereals as a Source of Feed for Animals",slug:"mixtures-of-legumes-with-cereals-as-a-source-of-feed-for-animals",totalDownloads:1979,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Mariola Staniak, Jerzy Księżak and Jolanta Bojarszczuk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170201",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariola",middleName:null,surname:"Staniak",fullName:"Mariola Staniak",slug:"mariola-staniak"},{id:"170281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Księżak",fullName:"Jerzy Księżak",slug:"jerzy-ksiezak"},{id:"170282",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Bojarszczuk",fullName:"Jolanta Bojarszczuk",slug:"jolanta-bojarszczuk"}]},{id:"46456",type:"chapter",title:"Tomato Fruit Quality from Organic and Conventional Production",slug:"tomato-fruit-quality-from-organic-and-conventional-production",totalDownloads:3924,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Ilić S. Zoran, Kapoulas Nikolaos and Šunić Ljubomir",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170288",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Ilić",fullName:"Zoran Ilić",slug:"zoran-ilic"},{id:"170291",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",middleName:null,surname:"Kapoulas",fullName:"Nikolaos Kapoulas",slug:"nikolaos-kapoulas"},{id:"170292",title:"Mr.",name:"Ljubomir",middleName:null,surname:"Suniç",fullName:"Ljubomir Suniç",slug:"ljubomir-sunic"}]},{id:"46461",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Active EM-Calcium in Green Agricultural Production — Case Study in Tomato and Flue-cured Tobacco Production",slug:"application-of-active-em-calcium-in-green-agricultural-production-case-study-in-tomato-and-flue-cure",totalDownloads:2499,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiaohou Shao, Tingting Chang, Maomao Hou, Yalu Shao and\nJingnan Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170250",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaohou",middleName:null,surname:"Shao",fullName:"Xiaohou Shao",slug:"xiaohou-shao"},{id:"170272",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaohou",middleName:null,surname:"Shao",fullName:"Xiaohou Shao",slug:"xiaohou-shao"},{id:"170295",title:"Dr.",name:"Tingting",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Tingting Chang",slug:"tingting-chang"},{id:"170296",title:"Dr.",name:"Maomao",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",fullName:"Maomao Hou",slug:"maomao-hou"}]},{id:"46506",type:"chapter",title:"The Suitability of Different Winter and Spring Wheat Varieties for Cultivation in Organic Farming",slug:"the-suitability-of-different-winter-and-spring-wheat-varieties-for-cultivation-in-organic-farming",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk, Jan Kuś, Krzysztof Jończyk and Jarosław\nStalenga",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170285",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Feledyn-Szewczyk",fullName:"Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk",slug:"beata-feledyn-szewczyk"},{id:"170286",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuś",middleName:null,surname:"Jan",fullName:"Kuś Jan",slug:"kus-jan"},{id:"170287",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Jonczyk",fullName:"Krzysztof Jonczyk",slug:"krzysztof-jonczyk"},{id:"170741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarosław",middleName:null,surname:"Stalenga",fullName:"Jarosław Stalenga",slug:"jaroslaw-stalenga"}]},{id:"46034",type:"chapter",title:"Organic Production of Cash Cereals and Pseudocereals",slug:"organic-production-of-cash-cereals-and-pseudocereals",totalDownloads:2226,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Franc Bavec",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170270",title:"Prof.",name:"Franc",middleName:null,surname:"Bavec",fullName:"Franc Bavec",slug:"franc-bavec"}]},{id:"46462",type:"chapter",title:"Environmental Aspects Of Organic Farming",slug:"environmental-aspects-of-organic-farming",totalDownloads:2628,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jan Moudrý jr. and Jan Moudrý",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"170254",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Moudrý",fullName:"Jan Moudrý",slug:"jan-moudry"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3060",title:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b517f307caac739435f7fbaed5326ac",slug:"plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields",bookSignature:"Sven Bode Andersen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven Bode",surname:"Andersen",slug:"sven-bode-andersen",fullName:"Sven Bode Andersen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40396",title:"Genomic in situ Hybridization in Triticeae: A Methodological Approach",slug:"genomic-in-situ-hybridization-in-triticeae-a-methodological-approach",signatures:"Sandra Patussi Brammer, Santelmo Vasconcelos, Liane Balvedi\nPoersch, Ana Rafaela Oliveira and Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal",authors:[{id:"74308",title:"Dr.",name:"Santelmo",middleName:null,surname:"Vasconcelos",fullName:"Santelmo Vasconcelos",slug:"santelmo-vasconcelos"},{id:"160855",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Brammer",slug:"sandra-brammer"},{id:"160856",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Brasileiro-Vidal",fullName:"Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal",slug:"ana-christina-brasileiro-vidal"},{id:"160857",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana Rafaela",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Ana Rafaela Oliveira",slug:"ana-rafaela-oliveira"},{id:"160858",title:"MSc.",name:"Liane Balvedi",middleName:null,surname:"Poersch",fullName:"Liane Balvedi Poersch",slug:"liane-balvedi-poersch"},{id:"165999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Patussi",middleName:null,surname:"Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Patussi Brammer",slug:"sandra-patussi-brammer"}]},{id:"44340",title:"SRAP Molecular Marker Technology in Plant Science",slug:"srap-molecular-marker-technology-in-plant-science",signatures:"Genyi Li, Peter B. E. McVetty and Carlos F. Quiros",authors:[{id:"160577",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Genyi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Genyi Li",slug:"genyi-li"}]},{id:"40178",title:"Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Breeding in Plants",slug:"molecular-markers-and-marker-assisted-breeding-in-plants",signatures:"Guo-Liang Jiang",authors:[{id:"158810",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Guo-Liang Jiang",slug:"guo-liang-jiang"}]},{id:"44012",title:"Genetic Dissection of Blackleg Resistance Loci in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)",slug:"genetic-dissection-of-blackleg-resistance-loci-in-rapeseed-brassica-napus-l-",signatures:"Harsh Raman, Rosy Raman and Nick Larkan",authors:[{id:"76347",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsh",middleName:null,surname:"Raman",fullName:"Harsh Raman",slug:"harsh-raman"},{id:"166451",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosy",middleName:null,surname:"Raman",fullName:"Rosy Raman",slug:"rosy-raman"},{id:"166452",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Larkan",fullName:"Nicholas Larkan",slug:"nicholas-larkan"}]},{id:"44502",title:"Marker Assisted Selection for Common Bean Diseases Improvements in Tanzania: Prospects and Future Needs",slug:"marker-assisted-selection-for-common-bean-diseases-improvements-in-tanzania-prospects-and-future-nee",signatures:"George Muhamba Tryphone, Luseko Amos Chilagane, Deogracious\nProtas, Paul Mbogo Kusolwa and Susan Nchimbi-Msolla",authors:[{id:"157660",title:"M.Sc.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Tryphone",fullName:"George Tryphone",slug:"george-tryphone"},{id:"166366",title:"Dr.",name:"Deogracious",middleName:null,surname:"Protas",fullName:"Deogracious Protas",slug:"deogracious-protas"},{id:"166412",title:"Dr.",name:"Luseko",middleName:null,surname:"Chilagane",fullName:"Luseko Chilagane",slug:"luseko-chilagane"},{id:"166413",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kusolwa",fullName:"Paul Kusolwa",slug:"paul-kusolwa"},{id:"166414",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Nchimbi-Msolla",fullName:"Susan Nchimbi-Msolla",slug:"susan-nchimbi-msolla"}]},{id:"44503",title:"Breeding for Drought Resistance Using Whole Plant Architecture — Conventional and Molecular Approach",slug:"breeding-for-drought-resistance-using-whole-plant-architecture-conventional-and-molecular-approach",signatures:"H.E. Shashidhar, Adnan Kanbar, Mahmoud Toorchi, G.M.\nRaveendra, Pavan Kundur, H.S. Vimarsha, Rakhi Soman, Naveen G.\nKumar, Berhanu Dagnaw Bekele and P. Bhavani",authors:[{id:"157332",title:"Dr.",name:"Halagappa",middleName:null,surname:"Shashidhar",fullName:"Halagappa Shashidhar",slug:"halagappa-shashidhar"}]},{id:"44529",title:"Breeding to Improve Symbiotic Effectiveness of Legumes",slug:"breeding-to-improve-symbiotic-effectiveness-of-legumes",signatures:"Vladimir A. Zhukov, Oksana Y. Shtark, Alexey Y. Borisov and Igor A.\nTikhonovich",authors:[{id:"73360",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey",middleName:"Y.",surname:"Borisov",fullName:"Alexey Borisov",slug:"alexey-borisov"},{id:"81134",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Zhukov",fullName:"Vladimir Zhukov",slug:"vladimir-zhukov"},{id:"81139",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:"Yurievna",surname:"Shtark",fullName:"Oksana Shtark",slug:"oksana-shtark"},{id:"81142",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Tikhonovich",fullName:"Igor Tikhonovich",slug:"igor-tikhonovich"}]},{id:"44504",title:"Opium Poppy: Genetic Upgradation Through Intervention of Plant Breeding Techniques",slug:"opium-poppy-genetic-upgradation-through-intervention-of-plant-breeding-techniques",signatures:"Brij Kishore Mishra, Anu Rastogi, Ameena Siddiqui, Mrinalini\nSrivastava, Nidhi Verma, Rawli Pandey, Naresh Chandra Sharma and\nSudhir Shukla",authors:[{id:"156649",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhir",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Sudhir Shukla",slug:"sudhir-shukla"}]},{id:"44016",title:"Castor Breeding",slug:"castor-breeding",signatures:"Máira Milani and Márcia Barreto de Medeiros Nóbrega",authors:[{id:"74313",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Maira",middleName:null,surname:"Milani",fullName:"Maira Milani",slug:"maira-milani"},{id:"156611",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto De Medeiros Nóbrega",fullName:"Márcia Barreto De Medeiros Nóbrega",slug:"marcia-barreto-de-medeiros-nobrega"}]},{id:"41024",title:"Participatory Plant Quality Breeding: An Ancient Art Revisited by Knowledge Sharing. The Portuguese Experience",slug:"participatory-plant-quality-breeding-an-ancient-art-revisited-by-knowledge-sharing-the-portuguese-ex",signatures:"Maria Carlota Vaz Patto, Pedro Manuel Mendes-Moreira, Mara Lisa\nAlves, Elsa Mecha, Carla Brites, Maria do Rosário Bronze and Silas\nPego",authors:[{id:"70071",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bronze",fullName:"Maria Bronze",slug:"maria-bronze"},{id:"160017",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carlota",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz Patto",fullName:"Maria Carlota Vaz Patto",slug:"maria-carlota-vaz-patto"},{id:"160020",title:"MSc.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes-Moreira",fullName:"Pedro Mendes-Moreira",slug:"pedro-mendes-moreira"},{id:"160021",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Brites",fullName:"Carla Brites",slug:"carla-brites"},{id:"160022",title:"Dr.",name:"Silas",middleName:null,surname:"Pego",fullName:"Silas Pego",slug:"silas-pego"},{id:"166078",title:"MSc.",name:"Mara Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Mara Lisa Alves",slug:"mara-lisa-alves"},{id:"166079",title:"MSc.",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Mecha",fullName:"Elsa Mecha",slug:"elsa-mecha"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"597",title:"Crop Production Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f87c31dfd7e38f3e10cf7ec02df2201",slug:"crop-production-technologies",bookSignature:"Peeyush Sharma and Vikas Abrol",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73200",title:"Dr.",name:"Peeyush",surname:"Sharma",slug:"peeyush-sharma",fullName:"Peeyush Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1248",title:"Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3445faea41382312cdb15ca628229a20",slug:"resource-management-for-sustainable-agriculture",bookSignature:"Vikas Abrol and Peeyush Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1248.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136230",title:"Dr.",name:"Vikas",surname:"Abrol",slug:"vikas-abrol",fullName:"Vikas Abrol"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1404",title:"Aflatoxins",subtitle:"Detection, Measurement and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3a2b9bd1c46dd47875d6a0f3d8b2a39",slug:"aflatoxins-detection-measurement-and-control",bookSignature:"Irineo Torres-Pacheco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62984",title:"Dr.",name:"Irineo",surname:"Torres-Pacheco",slug:"irineo-torres-pacheco",fullName:"Irineo Torres-Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2030",title:"Research in Organic Farming",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11136b8e73780b3196ddb1ef0ce1571e",slug:"research-in-organic-farming",bookSignature:"Raumjit Nokkoul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87654",title:"Dr.",name:"Raumjit",surname:"Nokkoul",slug:"raumjit-nokkoul",fullName:"Raumjit Nokkoul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2079",title:"Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"183bb777195754e887da67131255661f",slug:"problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management",bookSignature:"Manish Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2079.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Kumar",slug:"manish-kumar",fullName:"Manish Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3830",title:"Organic Agriculture Towards Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"161df84ac3bf59b500caef123fdcd99b",slug:"organic-agriculture-towards-sustainability",bookSignature:"Vytautas Pilipavicius",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86510",title:"Prof.",name:"Vytautas",surname:"Pilipavicius",slug:"vytautas-pilipavicius",fullName:"Vytautas Pilipavicius"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74721",title:"3D Ionic Networked Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Nano Channeled Triboelectric Nanogenerators",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95324",slug:"3d-ionic-networked-hydrophilic-hydrophobic-nano-channeled-triboelectric-nanogenerators",body:'
1. Introduction
The urbanization process is quickening in the recent past due to speedy economic development and population growth in megalopolises considerably leads to the upsurge of resource demand, especially energy. Energy demand is gradually rising due to global warming and ecological degradation to overcome Technologists/academic scientists who are considering potential substitute energies that can desperately exchange the traditional sources for example solar, wind, and tidal energies, etc. [1, 2, 3, 4]. Numerous kinds of energy harvesting methods were developed for accumulating energies which are thermoelectric, electromagnetic devices piezoelectric, photoelectric, electrostatic, and triboelectric devices [5, 6]. On the other hand, more robust, eco-friendly, economically viable, miniature and easy to handle, and highly reproducible energy harvesting systems with advanced technologies are desirable to satisfy the tight requirement of manufacturing demand. The energy produced from mechanical devices is a common renewable energy resource that is achieved using various modes such as humanoid motion, including the body’s pulsation, and rotation, etc. [7, 8]. Freshly, triboelectric nanogenerators (TEGs) have received worldwide attention for the collecting of feasible green energy from ambient resources. Classical TEGs were designed and established based on a combination of synthetic polymers for contact and separation electrification, and electrostatic induction for generating mechanical energy [9, 10]. The appropriate choice of triboelectric paired polymers and their coherent design can upsurge the rate of energy collection and conversion efficiency [11, 12]. The oppositely charged material surfaces when they contact each other at regular intervals, consequently, the ions or electrons should be motivated to flow over the external load and, create a continuous voltage, and currents, respectively. Whiteside et al. and others have studied the ion-transfer technique by integrating ionic functional groups on the solid surface such as polystyrene (PS), glass, and silicone to produce ionic electrets on the active surface [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Microspheres with internal cross-linking’s that contain mobile ions and counter ions which transfer some of them in the air through another material upon contact [20].
2. Different working mechanisms of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs)
Generally, TENGs produced energy by contact electrification through the coupling effect of two oppositely charged materials. While contact electrification, the dissimilar materials becomes charged after contacting each other and generate opposites triboelectric charge from the surface of two dissimilar materials with different electron affinities. When the external mechanical motion is driven, the materials were separated resulted in the potential difference between the two opposite electrodes on the backside of the resource materials. To continue the electrostatic equilibrium, the free electrons from the electrodes were flown in the external circuit to balance the induced potential difference, consequently, the mechanical energy converted into electrical energy.
Depending on the different construction strategies of potential electrodes which show four different modes of TENGs have been constructed, as explained as follows.
2.1 Vertical contact-separation style
The mechanistic approach of vertical contact-separation mode is described typically by an example. The simplest construction of TENG includes two metal electrodes, and dielectric surface, in which two Aluminum layers work as a top electrode and bottom electrode attached to a dielectric film, respectively [21, 22]. When the mechanical system is vertically functions, the top electrode and dielectric film will be contacted each other, and therefore, the dielectric layer and electrode become positively charged, and negatively charged, respectively, owing to the triboelectrification. Once they were separated by a small detachment, the potential difference among the two electrodes could be convinced, which drive electrons to flow from the posterior-electrode to the top-electrode, subsequent in a pulse current with an external circuit coupled. If the two electrodes are brought into exchange again, the electrons will be flown back, and the current will be upturned (Figure 1a).
Figure 1.
The four basic triboelectric nanogenerator styles: (a) vertical contact- departure style, (b) in-plane contact-descending style, (c) single electrode style, and (d) free-standing triboelectric-layer style.
2.2 Lateral-sliding style
The basic construction of TENG in lateral sliding mode is the same as vertical contact-separation mode, but the difference is the top electrode will be moved over the bottom surface electrode as shown in Figure 1b. Next, the top electrode, and dielectric surface are fully overlap, and intimate interaction with each other, prominent to the oppositely charged surfaces. With the top electrode descending outward, the contact surface-area is gradually decreased until the wide-ranging departure of two surfaces. The departed surface will create a potential difference across the two TENG electrodes that generate a current movement from the upper electrode to the lower electrode. When the electrode moves backward, then there is reversed current flow to equilibrium the potential variance [23, 24]. The four fundamental methods of triboelectric nanogenerators: (a) vertical contact departure style, (b) in-plane contact-descending style, (c) single-electrode style, and (d) free standing triboelectric layer style.
2.3 Single-electrode style
The single-electrode mode TENG shows a bottom electrode is connected with the ground and the top surface is connected to the upper surface to get charged then the triboelectric effect is triggered as shown in Figure 1c. While approaching and leaving the top surface, the generated electric field is distributed through charged surfaces when they change. Then, the change in potential difference occurs between the bottom electrode and the ground. Subsequently, electrons can exchange between them to maintain the potential change [25, 26].
2.4 Freestanding triboelectric-layer style
Figure 1d shows the moving electrode surface which is a dielectric layer, and the two electrodes were positioned in the similar horizontal direction. The distance between the two symmetric electrodes is lesser than the length of the dielectric layer. The state of the dielectric layer and electrode are the same as in the lateral-sliding mode. Once the movement starts, simultaneously, the dielectric layer and bottom electrodes are charged oppositely as mentioned earlier. During movement the dielectric layer is sliding forward and backward, the potential difference is triggered between the two electrodes owing to the change of the affected area, and drives the electron exchanges between them [27, 28].
3. Experimental and methods of fabrication
3.1 Construction of the contact and separation mode Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENG devices
The construction and the functioning principle of the contact and separation Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENGs were discussed [20, 21]. A methodical understanding of Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENGs are designated in diverse studies. Here, the building of the typical TENG models are depicted in Figure 2. First, the SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG was developed by attributing the SO3H.Bno-Spi membrane with the sizes of 2 cm x 2 cm = 4 cm2 on an Aluminum (Al) conductor. Next, the SO3H.Bno-Spi-Al conductor was glued to soft sponge to reduce the reflecting strength during experiment. First, a load cell was linked to the top of the Al conductor. Secondly, the Al conductor was placed on the PTFE (or) PVDF film with similar dimensions along with soft sponge and a linear oscillator connected to a DC motor with an eccentric arrangement steadily fluctuated on a linear slider. The extreme swinging amplitude is 4 cm. The higher portion of the Bno-Spi (or) wCF-PANI.ES films (load cell, and Al) was then postponed by a cantilever style shaft of light that is connected to the linear slider. The cautious setting of the complete arrangement lead to in a slender contact between the upper and lower films while the slider oscillation is consistent. The similar protocol was followed for the all designated TENGs such as SO3Li. Bno-Spi-Al, SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi-Al, and wCF-PANI.ES-Al TENGs.
Figure 2.
Schematic illustration of a dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs aimed at robust contact electrification through vertical contact and separation style.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs for strong contact-electrification using a vertical contact-separation approach through ions and electrons charge transfer
In this study, for the first time, we motivated to use, a Bno-Spi-TENG as a real ion, and electron-transfer route with a counter electronegative Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface for the contact-separation electrification process [29, 30]. The anticipated novel Bno-Spi-TENG shown superior characteristics which have a special π-π stacked layer-on-layer oligomer morphology with an alternate hydrophobic and hydrophilic network with representative regular nano-channels that are comprising with -SO3H or SO3Li ionic electrets for active ions transfer, and inter-connected merged aromatic sextets with imides bridges for electrons transfer, respectively. The robust coordination can empower the Bno-Spi-TENG to endure the time-honored electrostatic potential on the contact surface which displays an inequality between the number of protons (cations), and electron on the targeted surface. Moreover, Bno-Spi film displays an ions hopping mechanism at hydrophilic -SO3H or SO3Li centers through ion charge electrets, and at the same time, the hydrophobic π-π stacking network can prompt the triboelectric open-circuit voltage Voc, and short circuit currents Jsc, individually. The induced charges on the Bno-Spi surface are comparative to its surface area and are close to the theoretical limit levied by the dielectric breakdown by air [30]. However, a noteworthy claim was shown to enhance the triboelectric polarity by fluctuating their surface morphologies, chemical construction, and interpenetration of ionic groups within the polymer network. The projected novel polymeric Bno-Spi-TENGs might show robust chemical steadiness, stretchable modulus, and strength to improve the triboelectric current [31]. The electric out-puts through altered frequencies of contact-separation manner have shown the increased Voc and Jsc of 75 V, and 1 μA at 6 Hz (Figure 2).
4.2 Mechanism of the dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs for strong contact-electrification through hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels
In this study, for the first time, we motivated to use, a Bno-Spi-TENG is an effective ion and electron-transfer root with a counter electronegative PTFE film for the contact-separation electrification process [29, 30]. The anticipated novel Bno-Spi-TENG shown superior characteristics which have a superior π-π stacked layer-on-layer oligomeric morphology with an alternate hydrophobic and hydrophilic network with representative regular nano-channels that are comprising with -SO3H, or SO3Li ionic electrets for active ions transfer, and inter-connected merged aromatic sextets with imides bridges for electrons transfer, respectively. The vigorous arrangement could allow the Bno-Spi-TENG to bear the enduring electrostatic potential on the contact surface which shows an imbalance between the numbers of electrons. For the first time, we have examined the mechanism of contact electrification procedure in two methods among the Bno-Spi films (i.e. SO3H.Bno-Spi, SO3Li.Bno-Spi, and SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi) as a positive layer, and PTFE as a negative TENG layer. At this point, the projected Bno-Spi-TENGs have been fabricated with interchanged hydrophilic, and hydrophobic nano-channels for the generation of high-throughput Voc, and Isc [32].
The mechanistic approach of sulfonic acid (SO3H) group was attached to the backbone of Bno, during the triboelectric process, when they interact with an adjacent fluorocarbon (-CF2) of PTFE polymer chain has comprised the splitting of the -SO3H, or -SO3Li into positive H+ protons or Li+ ions, and negative SO3− ions. Consequently, the H+ protons or Li+ ions attract momentarily on the C–F to form a temporary chemical bond by the transition state of [C+---F----- H+ or Li+---SO3−----C] to transfer the charges through an ionic mechanism between two surfaces. In certain, the charge-transfer application was approved in three steps (Figure 3) [33, 34, 35, 36]. In the Step 1, the Bno-Spi, and PTFE surfaces have generated initial charges on their surfaces where the ions from -SO3H or -SO3Li of the Bno-Spi, and CF2 groups on PTFE. The Bno-Spi can produce the temporary charge-transfers through ion transfer mechanism at hydrophilic sites through nano-channels, and electron transfer at the hydrophobic nano-channels. In Step-2, when the PTFE was brought into contact, the H+ protons or Li+ ions were at hydrophilic nano-channels, and π-electrons at hydrophobic nano-channels of SO3H.Bno-Spi- or SO3Li.Bno-Spi was induced by electrostatic field effect. Thus, the projected Bno-Spi-TENG was produced electric charges through ions, and electrons from both surfaces. In Step-3, during transporting of H+ protons or Li+ ions from the Bno-Spi surfaces into PTFE wherein transition state, and forms a momentary ion bridge. In the four, while detaching of electrodes, the generated electric TENG charges were excited through π-π bonds in aromatic ring systems through hydrophobic nano-channels were moved into Bno-Spi-TENGs, and the net negative charges are remain the same on PTFE surface. This TENG process is continued during the contact and separation process [20].
Figure 3.
The mechanistic approach of Bno-Spi-TENGs through chemical reaction pathways for the ions and electrons transfer at the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels, respectively, by contact-separation mode TENG.
The SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG, and SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs have shown the Voc and Jsc of 75 V, and 1 μA, 43 V, and 0.6 μA, and 9 V, and 0.13 μA at applied frequency of 6 Hz, correspondingly. The Voc, and Jsc of SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs have shown upto 733%, and 669% concerning SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs since the movement of H+ ions remains very high on the device surface. Therefore, the maximum instantaneous power of SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENGs, and SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs were reached to 71.4 μW, 18.07 μW, and 10.89 μW at 20 MΩ conforming to the power density of 17.85 μW/cm2 (0.1785 W/m2), 4.515 μW/cm2 (0.0045 W/m2), and 2.72 μW/cm2 (0.0272 W/m2), correspondingly. The numerical characterization of the output performance has presented from SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG is 8 folds higher than SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENG, and 1.8 folds higher than that of SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG since the ion sizes were enlarged from H+ > Li+ > SO3H.TEA. It was strongly recommended that the competence of the SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENGs is significantly larger over the corresponding SO3H.TEA-Bno-Spi-TENGs and SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENGs (Figure 4) [36, 37, 38, 39].
Figure 4.
(a), (c), and (e) open circuit voltages Voc and (b), (d), and (f) short-circuit currents Jsc of Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG, SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG, and SO3H.TEA.Bno-Spi-TENG in contradiction of PTFE film at 3 Hz, 4 Hz, 5 Hz, and 6 Hz, respectively. Inset: An enlarged view of the signals when the Bno-Spi-TENGs were interacts with PTFE surface.
4.3 Electric impulse spring-assisted contact separation mode TENG
In this study, we established a self-effacing and movable self-powered contact-separation approach that includes coil-aided Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG such as positive interaction superficial surface, and PVDF membrane as a negative triboelectric electrode. The established Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG presented special appearances such as inner π-π stacking’s network, and amidic connections together with quaternary anilinium ions that are linking between each monomer of aniline blocks. The width, and resistivity of the Wcf-Pani.Es deposition are 0.65 μm, and 0.324 Ω which are determined by four-point probe method [21]. Owing to this morphology, the Wcf-Pani.Es is showed a huge superficial zone which is increasing the output presentation of the TENG. The established innovative Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG is revealed a short circuit current (Isc) of ~180 μA, and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 95 V (Figure 5) [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45].
Figure 5.
Schematic illustration of electric impulse coil-aided contact separation style TENG. Stage 1. Chemical alteration of Wcf-Pani.Es film (a) woven carbon fiber mat (Wcf); b) chemically oxidized woven carbon fiber mat (Wcf-COOH); c) construction of Wcf-Pani.Es composite through electrostatic connections with aniline monomer, and in-situ oxidative polymerization using (NH4)2.S2O8. Stage 2. a) the actual archetypal of coil-aided TENG, (inset nanoporous PVDF membrane (upper) and variable Wcf-Pani.Es nano-pillared composite (lower) and their inset SEM pictures. b) Voc, and c) Isc.
4.4 Ions transfer mechanism of contact-separation of Wcf-Pani.Es TENG
Figure 6 showed the mechanistic approach between Pani.Es and PVDF where the electric charges were reorganized when the electrification happens. During the triboelectrification process, the formation of H+ protons from Pani.Es, and adjacent F- ions from PVDF interact to induce opposite charges. Successively, when they are in full contact mode, the H+ ions are attracted temporarily on the C-F to form a transition bond of PVDF---F-----H+ ---Pani.Es to transmit the charges through an ionic passage or temporary chelation between the two films [46]. The charge-transfer mechanism is carried out in four steps. Step 1, it represents the Wcf-Pani.Es, and PVDF membrane are display an early charges on their surfaces through NH+ and F− positioned on the Wcf-Pani.Es and PVDF, respectively. Step 2, when the PVDF membrane was carried into interaction, the H+ protons of Wcf-Pani.Es are induced by the electrostatic field effect. Therefore, the electric charges by H+ protons and F− ions can generate in both films. Step 3, shows the transferring of H+ protons is occur from the Wcf-Pani.Es surface into PVDF during the transition state, and form a temporary ion bridge between them. Step 4, during the separation process, the two oppositely charged surfaces induced a potential variance, and to minimize these differences, the flow of electrons emerged between two electrodes. For the validation of the automatic investigations, we achieved a measureable analysis of the out-put presentation of Wcf-Pani.Es [47, 48, 49].
Figure 6.
The mechanism pathway of ions that are prompted between negative PVDF, and wCF-PANI.ES surfaces when they contact separated each other.
4.5 Demonstration of output presentation of Wcf, Wcf-COOH, and Wcf-Pani.Es-TENGs
Initially, we inspected the performance of the Wcf, Wcf-TENG, and Wcf-COOH-TENG in contradiction of PVDF membrane through the contact-separation style technique at numerous applied regularities of 1 Hz, 3 Hz, and 5 Hz, correspondingly, is depicted in Figure 7. Figure 7a and b showed the Voc, and Isc of Wcf-TENG were at −2.5 V to 2.7 V, and 170 nA to −171 nA, −2.3 V to +3.1 V, and 225 nA to −221 nA, and 2.4 V to −3.7 V, and 326 nA to −328 nA at 1 Hz, 3 Hz, and 5 Hz, correspondingly, upon regular contact and separation of electrodes. Subsequently, the examination remained discovered the Voc, and Isc of Wcf-COOH-TENG have shown 3.7 V to −4.1 V, and 0.2 μA to −0.6 μA, 4.6 V to −6.4 V and 0.5 μA to −1.3 μA, and 6.4 V to −9.5 V and 2.2 μA to −2.2 μA at 1 Hz, 3 Hz, and 5 Hz, correspondingly, as depicted in Figure 7c and d. The Voc, and Isc of Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG showed of 15 V to −15 V, and 19.7 μA to −26.3 μA, 25.5 V to −37.5 V, and 34 μA to −56 μA, and 39.7 V to −55.3 V, and 70 μA to −119 μA at 1 Hz, 3 Hz and 5 Hz, correspondingly (Figure 7e and f) [21, 50].
Figure 7.
The Voc, and Isc in different input circumstances in open circuit arrangements. The Voc, and Isc of (a, b) Wcf-TENG, (c, d) Wcf-COOH-TENG, and (e, f) Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG.
5. Conclusions
To develop novel technologies for the harvesting of energy, TENG is an alternative mode of technology by collecting trillions of electrons combining. These electrons are collectively obtained from various smart materials that contain high characteristic features such as flexibility, thinness and durability, long self-life, high power density, and reproducibility to harvest clean energy. Besides, TENGs can be used to transform physical characteristics such as pressure contact mode, sliding mode, and single electrode mode of features for the accumulation of energies at sub-molecular levels. Based on our novel technologies, the self-powered energy systems have given the higher out-put performance of voltage and currents. The proposed Bno-Spi-TENG and Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG are highly durable and can be used with a lower speed of contact separation modes to generate the desired amount of voltage and Isc. The systematic method created on the ionic electrets mechanism on the superficial electric potential of the polymeric surface has been maintained the generation of Voc and Isc from our developed novel TENGs. The established Bno-Spi-TENGs have been transported together ions, and electrons through ion, and electron transfer device when they communicated each other through PTFE. The H+ protons or Li+ ions attract temporarily on the C–F of PTFE surface to form a transition state of [C+----F---- H+ or Li+−---SO3----C] bond to transfer the charges through ionic mechanism between two active TENG films. In particular, the rate of transmission of H+ protons, and Li+ ions from the SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG, and SO3Li.Bno-Spi-TENG surfaces have achieved huge voltage, and currents owing to the presence of the SO3H and SO3Li ionic clusters involved to hydrophilic nanochannels, and effective electron transfer arisen at the hydrophobic nanochannels. Also, Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG showed extraordinarily vigorous, and reliable energy gathering presentations owing to mechanically strong material assets of woven carbon fibers chemically changed by the Pani nano-flakes using a simple chemical process, this Wcf-Pani.Es-TENG has shown a great potential for self-powered TENGs even under numerous strict surroundings, and in distinct medical applications without harmful effects.
Acknowledgments
There is no funding support for this book chapter.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"triboelectric nanogenerator, contact-electrification, Bno-Spi, Wcf-TENG, ionic electrets",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74721.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74721.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74721",totalDownloads:298,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 1st 2020",dateReviewed:"December 1st 2020",datePrePublished:"January 7th 2021",datePublished:"June 9th 2021",dateFinished:"January 7th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The power demand is increasing day by day owing to the diminishing of fossil fuel reserves on the globe. To overcome the future energy crises, there is a strong need to fulfill the energy loophole by novel technologies such as triboelectric nanogenerators to harvest miniature resources from renewable natural resources. Here, I discussed the synthesis and fabrication of novel triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) using highly reproducible power generators as electropositive surfaces from the monomers of naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride, benzdiene diamine, and sulfonated polyimide (Bno-Spi), and modified nonwoven carbon fibers (Wcf) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) as electronegative TENG electrodes, respectively. Here, novel double characteristic hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels concerned with Bno-Spi films were proposed through contact electrification process through ion and electron transfer by an electron-donor-acceptor complex mechanism. The proposed Bno-Spi-TENG system High triboelectric open circuit voltage 75 V (Voc) and short circuit current 1 μA (Jsc) have been achieved from Bno-Spi-TENGs, in particular, and for SO3H.Bno-Spi-TENG at 6 Hz. Besides that, we used improved knitted woven carbon fiber composite (wcf-COOH), as one of the TENGs to generate a greater open-circuit voltage (Voc), and short circuit current (Isc). Also, I aimed the contact and separation mode TENG which is using spring structure through oxidation of Wcf into Wcf-COOH followed by coupling of aniline through and one-step oxidative polymerization to get woven carbon fiber-polyaniline emraldine salt (Wcf-Pani.Es). The Wcf-PANI.Es composite film (thickness ~ 100 nm) shows the surface resistivity of 0.324 Ω m, and functions as a rubbing surface to produce charges through harvesting of energy using vertical contact-separation mode TENG. The vibrant exchanges of novel Wcf-Pani.Es, and PVDF membrane produced higher Voc of 95 V, and Isc of 180 μA, correspondingly. In specific, Wcf-Pani.Es -TENG is shown an enhancement of 498% of Voc concerning Wcf-COOH-TENG due to the availability of the Pani.Es layer. The novel Bno-Spi-TENGs and Wcf-Pani.Es are the potential candidates for fulfilling the need for improved energy harvesting devices as an alternate substantial choice for contact-separation mode TENGs.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74721",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74721",signatures:"Ravi Kumar Cheedarala",book:{id:"10414",type:"book",title:"Novel Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Nanomaterials",slug:"novel-nanomaterials",publishedDate:"June 9th 2021",bookSignature:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10414.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-026-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-025-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-027-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"278690",title:null,name:"Karthikeyan",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamoorthy",slug:"karthikeyan-krishnamoorthy",fullName:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"322681",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravi Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Chidrala",fullName:"Ravi Kumar Chidrala",slug:"ravi-kumar-chidrala",email:"rkchidrala@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Different working mechanisms of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Vertical contact-separation style",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Lateral-sliding style",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Single-electrode style",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Freestanding triboelectric-layer style",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Experimental and methods of fabrication",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Construction of the contact and separation mode Bno-Spi (or) Wcf-Pani.ES TENG devices",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1 Dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs for strong contact-electrification using a vertical contact-separation approach through ions and electrons charge transfer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.2 Mechanism of the dual demonstrative Bno-Spi-TENGs for strong contact-electrification through hydrophilic and hydrophobic nano-channels",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.3 Electric impulse spring-assisted contact separation mode TENG",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.4 Ions transfer mechanism of contact-separation of Wcf-Pani.Es TENG",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.5 Demonstration of output presentation of Wcf, Wcf-COOH, and Wcf-Pani.Es-TENGs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Wiles JA, Grzybowski BA, Winkleman A, Whitesides GM. Analytical Chemistry. 2003;75:4859'},{id:"B2",body:'Diaz AF, Guay J. IBM Journal of Research and Development. 1993;37:249'},{id:"B3",body:'Horn RG, Smith DT, Grabbe A. Nature. 1993;366:442'},{id:"B4",body:'Horn RG, Smith DT. Science. 1992;256:362'},{id:"B5",body:'Fan FR, Tian ZQ , Wang ZL. Nano Energy. 2012;1:328'},{id:"B6",body:'Fan FR, Lin L, Zhu G, Wu W, Zhang R, Wang ZL. Nano Letters. 2012;12:3109'},{id:"B7",body:'Zhu G, Pan C, Guo W, Chen CY, Zhou Y, Yu R, et al. Nano Letters. 2012;12:4960'},{id:"B8",body:'Wang S, Lin L, Wang ZL. Nano Letters. 2012;12:6339'},{id:"B9",body:'Zhu G, Lin ZH, Jing Q , Bai P, Pan C, Yang Y, et al. Nano Letters. 2013;13:847'},{id:"B10",body:'Lowell J, Rose-Innes AC. Advances in Physics. 1980;29:9947'},{id:"B11",body:'Zhao D, Duan LT, Xue MQ , Ni W, Cao TB. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2009;48:6699'},{id:"B12",body:'Bandodkar AJ, Jeerapan I, Wang J. ACS Sensors. 2016;1:464'},{id:"B13",body:'Soh S, Kwok SW, Liu H, Whitesides GM. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2012;134:2015'},{id:"B14",body:'Diaz AF. The Journal of Adhesion. 1998;67:11'},{id:"B15",body:'Diaz AF, Alexander DF. Langmuir. 1993;9:1009'},{id:"B16",body:'Liu C, Bard AJ. Nature Materials. 2008;7:505'},{id:"B17",body:'McCarty LS, Winkleman A, Whitesides GM. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2007;129:4075'},{id:"B18",body:'McCarty LS, Whitesides GM. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). 2008;47:2188'},{id:"B19",body:'Soh S, Liu H, Cademartiri R, Yoon HJ, Whitesides GM. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2014;136:13348'},{id:"B20",body:'Cheedarala RK, Duy LC. K. K. Ahna. Nano Energy. 2018;44:430'},{id:"B21",body:'Cheedarala RK, Parvez AN, Ahn KK. Nano Energy. 2018;53:362'},{id:"B22",body:'B. J. Akle, M. D. Bennett, D. J. Leo, Sen. Actuator, A2006, 126, 173'},{id:"B23",body:'V. Panwar K. Cha, J. Park, S. Park, Sen. Actuators, B,2012, 161, 460.'},{id:"B24",body:'Rajagopalan M, Oh IK. ACS Nano. 2011;5:2248'},{id:"B25",body:'Jeon JH, Cheedarala RK, Kee CD, Oh IK. Advanced Functional Materials. 2013;23:6007'},{id:"B26",body:'Cheedarala RK, Jeon JH, Kee CD, Oh IK. Advanced Functional Materials. 2014;25:6005'},{id:"B27",body:'J. W. Lee, Y. T. Yoo, Sen. Actuator, B2009, 137, 539'},{id:"B28",body:'J. W. Lee, S. M. Hong, J. Kim, C. M. Koo, Sen. Actuator, B2012, 162, 369'},{id:"B29",body:'Jo C, Pugal D, Oh IK, Kim KJ, Asaka K. Progress in Polymer Science. 2013;38:1037'},{id:"B30",body:'Imaizumi S, Kokubo H, Watanabe M. Macromolecules. 2013;45:401'},{id:"B31",body:'Park S, An J, Suk JW, Ruoff RS. Small. 2010;6:210'},{id:"B32",body:'Lee JW, Kim JH, Goo NS, Lee JY, Yoo YT. Journal of Bionic Engineering. 2010;7:19'},{id:"B33",body:'C. A. Dai, C. J. Chang, A. C. Kao, W. B. Tsai, W. S. Chen, W. M. Liu, W. P. Shih, C. C. Ma, Sensors and actuators, A2009, 155, 152'},{id:"B34",body:'Rajagopalan M, Jeon JH, Oh IK. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2011;151:198'},{id:"B35",body:'Jeon JH, Kang SP, Lee S, Oh IK. Sensors and actuators. B. 2009;143:357'},{id:"B36",body:'Mirfakhrai T, Madden JDW, Baughman RH. Materials Today. 2007;10:30'},{id:"B37",body:'Lee JW, Yu S, Hong SM, Koo CM. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2012;1:3784'},{id:"B38",body:'Imaizumi S, Kokubo H, Watanabe M. Macromolecules. 2013;45:401'},{id:"B39",body:'K. Cui, X. Feng, Y. Huang, Q . Zhao, Z. Huang, W. Zhang, Proc. SPIE, DOI: 10.1117/2.1200710.0901'},{id:"B40",body:'Li J, Ma W, Song L, Niu Z, Cai L, Zeng Q , et al. Nano Letters. 2011;11:4636'},{id:"B41",body:'Yoonessi M, Shi Y, Scheiman DA, Lebron-Colon M, Tigelaar DM, Weiss RA, et al. ACS Nano. 2012;6:7644'},{id:"B42",body:'Pyshkina OA, Panova TV, Boeva ZA, Lezov AA, Polushina GE, Lezov AV, et al. Nanotechnologies in Russia. 2012;7:629'},{id:"B43",body:'Cui K, Zheng Y, Liang J, Wang D. Nano Research. 2018;11:1873'},{id:"B44",body:'Liu J, Rinzler AG, Dai H, Hafner JH, Bradley RK, Boul PJ, et al. Fuller. Pipes Sci. 1998;280:1253'},{id:"B45",body:'Lu J, Kim SG, Lee S, Oh IK. Advanced Functional Materials. 2008;18:1290'},{id:"B46",body:'Cheedarala RK, Song JI. RSC Advances. 2019;9:31735'},{id:"B47",body:'S A Nahian, R. K. Cheedarala, A. N. Parvez, K. K. Ahn, Nano Energy, 2017, 38, 447'},{id:"B48",body:'Cheedarala RK, Kim GH, Cho S, Lee JH, Kim J, Song HK, et al. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2011;21:843'},{id:"B49",body:'R. K.Cheedarala, J. I. Song, Int. J. of Smart and Nano Materials, 2020, 11, 38'},{id:"B50",body:'Cheedarala RK, Song JI, Journal of Mechanics Engineering and Automation, 2019, 9, 225-229'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ravi Kumar Cheedarala",address:"rkchidrala@gmail.com",affiliation:'
School of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10414",type:"book",title:"Novel Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Novel Nanomaterials",slug:"novel-nanomaterials",publishedDate:"June 9th 2021",bookSignature:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10414.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-026-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-025-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-027-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"278690",title:null,name:"Karthikeyan",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamoorthy",slug:"karthikeyan-krishnamoorthy",fullName:"Karthikeyan Krishnamoorthy"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"5624",title:"Dr.",name:"Siew",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",email:"siewchan@wsu.edu",fullName:"Siew Chan",slug:"siew-chan",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"6858",title:"Motivational Framework: Insights into Decision Support System Use and Decision Performance",slug:"motivational-framework-insights-into-decision-support-system-use-and-decision-performance",abstract:null,signatures:"Siew H. Chan and Qian Song",authors:[{id:"5624",title:"Dr.",name:"Siew",surname:"Chan",fullName:"Siew Chan",slug:"siew-chan",email:"siewchan@wsu.edu"},{id:"12005",title:"Dr.",name:"Qian",surname:"Song",fullName:"Qian Song",slug:"qian-song",email:"qsong@saunders.rit.edu"}],book:{id:"3153",title:"Decision Support Systems",slug:"decision-support-systems",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"1440",title:"dr.",name:"Rok",surname:"Rupnik",slug:"rok-rupnik",fullName:"Rok Rupnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"5598",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor Maizura",surname:"Mohamad Noor",slug:"noor-maizura-mohamad-noor",fullName:"Noor Maizura Mohamad Noor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"5644",title:"Mrs.",name:"Rosmayati",surname:"Mohemad",slug:"rosmayati-mohemad",fullName:"Rosmayati Mohemad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"5760",title:"Ms.",name:"Cassandra X.H.",surname:"Tang",slug:"cassandra-x.h.-tang",fullName:"Cassandra X.H. Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hong Kong Polytechnic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"5811",title:"M.S.",name:"Angel",surname:"Iglesias",slug:"angel-iglesias",fullName:"Angel Iglesias",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12005",title:"Dr.",name:"Qian",surname:"Song",slug:"qian-song",fullName:"Qian Song",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"82322",title:"PhD.",name:"Henry",surname:"Lau",slug:"henry-lau",fullName:"Henry Lau",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"131342",title:"Prof.",name:"Dolores",surname:"Del Castillo",slug:"dolores-del-castillo",fullName:"Dolores Del Castillo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"131344",title:"Prof.",name:"José Ignacio",surname:"Serrano",slug:"jose-ignacio-serrano",fullName:"José Ignacio Serrano",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"131346",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Oliva",slug:"jesus-oliva",fullName:"Jesus Oliva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"publishing-process-steps",title:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",intro:"
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\n
Please complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n
2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\n
After approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n
3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\n
External reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n
4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\n
If the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n
We will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\n
At this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n
5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\n
Your manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\n
After we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\n
Additionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n
6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\n
The invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Credit Card
\\n\\t
PayPal
\\n\\t
Bank Transfer
\\n
\\n\\n
IntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n
7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\n
IntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\n
If you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
Please complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n
2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\n
After approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n
3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\n
External reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n
4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\n
If the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n
We will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\n
At this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n
5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\n
Your manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\n
After we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\n
Additionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n
6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\n
The invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\n
\n\t
Credit Card
\n\t
PayPal
\n\t
Bank Transfer
\n
\n\n
IntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n
7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\n
IntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\n
If you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"19"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11680",title:"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - New Insights and Recent Progress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"65dc94eb0a8dd733522f67d95b2c2d48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afsheen Raza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11680.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"339296",title:"Dr.",name:"Afsheen",surname:"Raza",slug:"afsheen-raza",fullName:"Afsheen Raza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11688",title:"Advances in Drug Delivery Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b237999737fb375b4f629ab01a498a9f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11688.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"340226",title:"Prof.",name:"Bhupendra",surname:"Prajapati",slug:"bhupendra-prajapati",fullName:"Bhupendra Prajapati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11690",title:"COVID-19 Drug Development - Recent Advances, New Perspectives, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8092a491f68ca0b63cc6d40936a010a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Arli Aditya Parikesit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11690.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11812",title:"New Insights Into Pharmacodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b889e24b3132aa437b6745db36fffe9b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11812.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11813",title:"RNA Therapeutics - History, Design, Manufacturing, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fbffd7b2f97a65ffb0901de38a65bed0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Irina Vlasova-St. Louis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11813.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211159",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",surname:"Vlasova-St. Louis",slug:"irina-vlasova-st.-louis",fullName:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11814",title:"Liposomes - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"62d8542d18b8cddcf507f7948b2ae74b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12205",title:"Photodynamic Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8099dd8f660b401e5ecfa85ce3f0df81",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12205.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12206",title:"Antibiotic Resistance - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"708d9c997d91bdbe75c55cb5d9f7b526",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ghulam Mustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12206.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"298756",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"ghulam-mustafa",fullName:"Ghulam Mustafa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12207",title:"Statins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"245ddb277df310de302579b803b715b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12207.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12208",title:"Metformin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6c00637f80ef05f5f46217dcbeaaa6e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12208.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12209",title:"Vitamin B Complex",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f1277fdd717bc84d0437d483a1b78332",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12209.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12210",title:"Pharmacy Practice - Recent Advances in Therapeutic Approaches for Improved Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"faa98d6992643387af28c6ddf1b8df3e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12210.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:18},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4389},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"723",title:"Hybrid Control Systems",slug:"hybrid-control-systems",parent:{id:"115",title:"Control Engineering",slug:"engineering-control-engineering"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:69,numberOfWosCitations:204,numberOfCrossrefCitations:164,numberOfDimensionsCitations:238,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"723",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"2091",title:"Frontiers of Model Predictive Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6166a4de20ca045671e04f32ba700957",slug:"frontiers-of-model-predictive-control",bookSignature:"Tao Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2091.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10515",title:"Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"tao-zheng",fullName:"Tao Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"160",title:"Advanced Model Predictive Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3750d51b11b698f9ad36dd8eac98ac7",slug:"advanced-model-predictive-control",bookSignature:"Tao Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10515",title:"Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"tao-zheng",fullName:"Tao Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3656",title:"Model Predictive Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"model-predictive-control",bookSignature:"Tao Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10515",title:"Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"tao-zheng",fullName:"Tao Zheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3618",title:"Switched Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"switched-systems",bookSignature:"Janusz Kleban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3618.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2934",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Kleban",slug:"janusz-kleban",fullName:"Janusz Kleban"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3697",title:"Frontiers in Adaptive Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"frontiers_in_adaptive_control",bookSignature:"Shuang Cong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3697.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3118",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuang",middleName:null,surname:"Cong",slug:"shuang-cong",fullName:"Shuang Cong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3699",title:"Adaptive Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"adaptive_control",bookSignature:"Kwanho You",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3699.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252219",title:"Dr.",name:"Kwanho",middleName:null,surname:"You",slug:"kwanho-you",fullName:"Kwanho You"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29691",doi:"10.5772/37638",title:"A Real-Time Gradient Method for Nonlinear Model Predictive Control",slug:"a-real-time-gradient-method-for-nonlinear-model-predictive-control",totalDownloads:2656,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:66,abstract:null,book:{id:"2091",slug:"frontiers-of-model-predictive-control",title:"Frontiers of Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Frontiers of Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Knut Graichen and Bartosz Käpernick",authors:[{id:"113632",title:"Prof.",name:"Knut",middleName:null,surname:"Graichen",slug:"knut-graichen",fullName:"Knut Graichen"},{id:"139321",title:"MSc.",name:"Bartosz",middleName:null,surname:"Kaepernick",slug:"bartosz-kaepernick",fullName:"Bartosz Kaepernick"}]},{id:"16069",doi:"10.5772/18535",title:"Model Predictive Control and Optimization for Papermaking Processes",slug:"model-predictive-control-and-optimization-for-papermaking-processes",totalDownloads:4799,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"160",slug:"advanced-model-predictive-control",title:"Advanced Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Advanced Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Danlei Chu, Michael Forbes, Johan Backstrom, Cristian Gheorghe and Stephen Chu",authors:[{id:"24575",title:"Dr.",name:"Danlei",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",slug:"danlei-chu",fullName:"Danlei Chu"},{id:"31788",title:"Mr",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Gheorghe",slug:"cristian-gheorghe",fullName:"Cristian Gheorghe"},{id:"31789",title:"Mr",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Backstrom",slug:"johan-backstrom",fullName:"Johan Backstrom"},{id:"31790",title:"Mr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",slug:"stephen-chu",fullName:"Stephen Chu"},{id:"79673",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Forbes",slug:"michael-forbes",fullName:"Michael Forbes"}]},{id:"5999",doi:"10.5772/6500",title:"Adaptive Estimation and Control for Systems with Parametric and Nonparametric Uncertainties",slug:"adaptive_estimation_and_control_for_systems_with_parametric_and_nonparametric_uncertainties",totalDownloads:2969,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"3699",slug:"adaptive_control",title:"Adaptive Control",fullTitle:"Adaptive Control"},signatures:"Hongbin Ma and Kai-Yew Lum",authors:null},{id:"11594",doi:"10.5772/9922",title:"MPC in Urban Traffic Management",slug:"mpc-in-urban-traffic-management",totalDownloads:2980,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3656",slug:"model-predictive-control",title:"Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Tamás Tettamanti, Istvan Varga and Tamas Peni",authors:null},{id:"16055",doi:"10.5772/16319",title:"Fast Model Predictive Control and its Application to Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles",slug:"fast-model-predictive-control-and-its-application-to-energy-management-of-hybrid-electric-vehicles",totalDownloads:4309,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"160",slug:"advanced-model-predictive-control",title:"Advanced Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Advanced Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Sajjad Fekri and Francis Assadian",authors:[{id:"24709",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Fekri",slug:"sajjad-fekri",fullName:"Sajjad Fekri"},{id:"25497",title:"Prof.",name:"Francis",middleName:null,surname:"Assadian",slug:"francis-assadian",fullName:"Francis Assadian"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"16069",title:"Model Predictive Control and Optimization for Papermaking Processes",slug:"model-predictive-control-and-optimization-for-papermaking-processes",totalDownloads:4799,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"160",slug:"advanced-model-predictive-control",title:"Advanced Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Advanced Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Danlei Chu, Michael Forbes, Johan Backstrom, Cristian Gheorghe and Stephen Chu",authors:[{id:"24575",title:"Dr.",name:"Danlei",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",slug:"danlei-chu",fullName:"Danlei Chu"},{id:"31788",title:"Mr",name:"Cristian",middleName:null,surname:"Gheorghe",slug:"cristian-gheorghe",fullName:"Cristian Gheorghe"},{id:"31789",title:"Mr",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Backstrom",slug:"johan-backstrom",fullName:"Johan Backstrom"},{id:"31790",title:"Mr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",slug:"stephen-chu",fullName:"Stephen Chu"},{id:"79673",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Forbes",slug:"michael-forbes",fullName:"Michael Forbes"}]},{id:"16067",title:"Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous Inputs Based Model Predictive Control for Batch Citronellyl Laurate Esterification Reactor",slug:"nonlinear-autoregressive-with-exogenous-inputs-based-model-predictive-control-for-batch-citronellyl-",totalDownloads:5486,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"160",slug:"advanced-model-predictive-control",title:"Advanced Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Advanced Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Siti Asyura Zulkeflee, Suhairi Abdul Sata and Norashid Aziz",authors:[{id:"26810",title:"Dr.",name:"Norashid",middleName:null,surname:"Aziz",slug:"norashid-aziz",fullName:"Norashid Aziz"},{id:"31236",title:"Mrs.",name:"Siti Asyura",middleName:null,surname:"Zulkeflee",slug:"siti-asyura-zulkeflee",fullName:"Siti Asyura Zulkeflee"},{id:"31237",title:"Dr.",name:"Suhairi",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Sata",slug:"suhairi-abdul-sata",fullName:"Suhairi Abdul Sata"}]},{id:"16065",title:"Model Predictive Control Strategies for Batch Sugar Crystallization Process",slug:"model-predictive-control-strategies-for-batch-sugar-crystallization-process",totalDownloads:5740,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"160",slug:"advanced-model-predictive-control",title:"Advanced Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Advanced Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Luis Alberto Paz Suarez, Petia Georgieva and Sebastiao Feyo de Azevedo",authors:[{id:"19463",title:"Prof.",name:"Pétia",middleName:null,surname:"Georgieva",slug:"petia-georgieva",fullName:"Pétia Georgieva"},{id:"26484",title:"Dr",name:"Luis Alberto Paz",middleName:null,surname:"Suárez",slug:"luis-alberto-paz-suarez",fullName:"Luis Alberto Paz Suárez"},{id:"34006",title:"Dr",name:"Sebastiao",middleName:null,surname:"Feyo de Azevedo",slug:"sebastiao-feyo-de-azevedo",fullName:"Sebastiao Feyo de Azevedo"}]},{id:"16071",title:"MBPC – Theoretical Development for Measurable Disturbances and Practical Example of Air-path in a Diesel Engine",slug:"mbpc-theoretical-development-for-measurable-disturbances-and-practical-example-of-air-path-in-a-dies",totalDownloads:2282,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"160",slug:"advanced-model-predictive-control",title:"Advanced Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Advanced Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Jose Vicente Garcia-Ortiz",authors:[{id:"31373",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Vte.",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Ortiz",slug:"jose-vte.-garcia-ortiz",fullName:"Jose Vte. Garcia-Ortiz"}]},{id:"16061",title:"Fuzzy–neural Model Predictive Control of Multivariable Processes",slug:"fuzzy-neural-model-predictive-control-of-multivariable-processes",totalDownloads:3439,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"160",slug:"advanced-model-predictive-control",title:"Advanced Model Predictive Control",fullTitle:"Advanced Model Predictive Control"},signatures:"Michail Petrov, Sevil Ahmed, Alexander Ichtev and Albena Taneva",authors:[{id:"24879",title:"Dr.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Petrov",slug:"michail-petrov",fullName:"Michail Petrov"},{id:"33551",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Ichtev",slug:"alexander-ichtev",fullName:"Alexander Ichtev"},{id:"33552",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sevil",middleName:"Aptula",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"sevil-ahmed",fullName:"Sevil Ahmed"},{id:"33553",title:"Dr.",name:"Albena",middleName:null,surname:"Taneva",slug:"albena-taneva",fullName:"Albena Taneva"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"723",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. Prof. Rashed was recognized in Stanford University’s list of the World’s Top 2% Scientists in 2020 and 2021.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:9,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80485",title:"Potential Marker for Diagnosis and Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102792",signatures:"Yulia Nadar Indrasari, Siti Nurul Hapsari and Muhamad Robiul Fuadi",slug:"potential-marker-for-diagnosis-and-screening-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:42,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79693",title:"Ferroptosis: Can Iron be the Last or Cure for a Cell?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101426",signatures:"Asuman Akkaya Fırat",slug:"ferroptosis-can-iron-be-the-last-or-cure-for-a-cell",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79616",title:"Dietary Iron",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101265",signatures:"Kouser Firdose and Noor Firdose",slug:"dietary-iron",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"78977",title:"FERALGINE™ a New Oral iron Compound",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100445",signatures:"Valentina Talarico, Laura Giancotti, Giuseppe Antonio Mazza, Santina Marrazzo, Roberto Miniero and Marco Bertini",slug:"feralgine-a-new-oral-iron-compound",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/5624",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"5624"},fullPath:"/profiles/5624",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()