\r\n\tFrom a public health perspective, reduced health literacy can lead to widespread consequences. “Low health literacy is also costly for the country because when people don't understand health information and instructions, they are more likely to have worse health outcomes and unnecessarily use emergency room services,”. Experts agree that health literacy is vital to reducing healthcare costs and improving public health. The path to improving health literacy isn’t always straightforward, however.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\t“Unfortunately, up to 9 out of 10 adults can have limited health literacy, and this can be fluid,” Blue says. “It can be more challenging to be health literate when we are sick or in pain, so even someone who normally has a high level of health literacy may struggle at times to understand and process health information.”
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1. Introduction
Exposure to toxins in the environment, soil and air increase the effects on the health of the population in all ages and physiological states of higher priority such as childhood and pregnancy [1]. The role of the microbiota has been extensively studied with effects on health maintenance, but this is only possible with a diet that promotes its development, growth and maintenance of key bacteria [2]. An adequate diet (complete, varied, balanced, sufficient and safe) generates intestinal health by preserving the microbiota [3]. Among the key nutrients, it is known that soluble fibers function as a prebiotic for bacteria. The fructoligosaccharides represents one kind of these soluble fibers and are found in food such as banana, bean, onion, garlic, etc., that are part of the traditional Mexican diet [4]. After several descriptive studies in the state of Guanajuato, since 2004, first with arsenic in drinking water in population of several communities, in 2015, it is achieved through an intervention study with a supplementation of several vitamins and minerals in population adolescent, a greater urinary arsenic and fluoride excretion, as well as a greater consumption of traditional foods such as beans, bananas, orange and quelites [5, 6, 7]. The traditional Mexican diet composed for quelites, legumes (beans, lentils), a wide variety of fruits and vegetables are rich in flavonoids, vitamins (A, B, C, D, E) have been associated prebiotic effect and a greater excretion of metals. Monroy-Torres, et al found more excretion for fluoride and arsenic in adolescents who maintained these foods in their diet during the study [7]. Knowing the food transition and its impact on the changes in the microbiota is part of a research subline of Environmental Nutrition and Food Security [8].
The contamination of the main environmental resources, necessary to preserve the life of any human being are water, soil and air, which have a deterioration in quantity and quality integrating the presence of various pollutants with their corresponding health risks. Current evidence has integrated and recognized the main toxins present in water, soil, air and therefore in food, with important implications for the health of people at different stages of life, are lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic [9, 10].
Lead, for many years, is part of the compounds of gasoline and to date is still used in pottery despite the existence of a rule that prohibits it for Mexico and in many countries. Low doses begin to generate problems especially in childhood and when there is anemia or poor nutrition, its toxicity is exacerbated. Sweets have been a source of lead exposure and also some lead-based paints. Pregnant women and children are more susceptible to lead exposure due to their high bioavailability at the gastrointestinal level and its permeability of the blood-brain barrier [11].
Cadmium compounds not only are present in batteries and cigarette smoke, but also food could represent a source of exposure to this metal. Cadmium is used in the manufacture of rechargeable batteries (composition based on nickel and cadmium) whose main problem is that everything containing cadmium is reusable or recyclable being household waste one of the most frequent routes of exposure, so that its exposure has increased and ascending during the twentieth century. One concern is the low dose of this metal to generate kidney damage, bone damage and fractures, although this also varies according to the population group [10, 11].
With respect to mercury, this metal mainly causes deterioration and neurological damage and the main source of exposure of people is the consumption of fish contaminated with methylmercury, as well as dental amalgams that in rural communities remain the main option, given their durability. Due to the exposure of mercury orally through the consumption of fish, food alerts have been generated to avoid or minimize its exposure in pregnant women mainly, since the nervous system develops throughout fetal life, so it is vital to alert the population and avoid the consumption of large fish such as tuna, shark and swordfish [9, 12].
Arsenic is a metalloid present at different concentration in water tables. The toxicity of arsenic depends of its valence states and its organic or inorganic form. Organic As is considered less toxic than inorganic, as it is easier to excrete, this can be found mainly in shellfish and some cereals. Inorganic As is most toxic in its trivalent form that can chemically combine with sulfhydryl groups, these functional groups form intermolecular and intramolecular bridges in proteins and their structure and biological function depend accordingly [1, 12].
El To address in this chapter, with utmost importance, we consider a summary of these four toxic heavy metals since little is known about their interactions and role of the microbiota, in the chemical reactions of oxide-reduction or those that apply for their detoxification of the organism. The health effects will depend on the toxic route of entry, dose and exposure time, as well as the nutritional status of each person. One of the main causes of contamination of food by these metals is that the land and water in which they are contaminated with these environmental toxins and this coupled with the fact that they can also be contaminated in processes of their subsequent industrialization and apart from this. The process generates foods with poor null nutrient content (fiber, vitamins and minerals) and also have more additives and preservatives [9, 10]. Reason for achieving a correct diet that is complete, varied, balanced, sufficient, adequate and safe, has become a challenge, especially safety, defined “that the usual consumption of a diet or food does not involve health risks because it is free of pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and contaminants and is consumed in moderation” [3], whose definition we can affirm is difficult to achieve in the toxicological aspect [1].
Recently, the study of intestinal microbiota has increased significantly, because important protective and metabolic functions have been associated. On this regards, intestinal microbiota competes for nutrients, space and receptors with pathogenic microorganisms, as well as stimulating the production of antimicrobial peptides and immunoglobulins. The microbiota converts many complex substances such as starches, cellulose, pectin and gums into metabolites that are easily absorbed by the host, it also ferments another non-digestible residues from the diet, synthesizes some vitamins and is also involved in the absorption of ions [13, 14].
There are several probiotic bacteria that have been administered gastrointestinally to sequester toxins present in food, such as a 250 g yogurt with 1010 CFU of Lactobacillus rhamnosus supplemented with probiotics to reduce exposure to metals in pregnant women and children with elevated blood lead levels in a study conducted in Tanzania, changes in blood metal levels were evaluated and children’s gut microbiomes were analyzed, finding a protective effect against additional increases in mercury (3.2 nmol/L; P 0.035) and arsenic (2.3 nmol/L; P 0.011), only in women, but not in children [1, 2]. One of the reasons for these differences can be explained by the physiological immaturity of children as well as the stage of growth that are most vulnerable them; In the case of women where benefit was observed, it is explained why it is known that women have an efficiency in the excretion of metals, unlike men [1, 2, 15]. On the other hand, as regards Cadmium, it has been observed in women in the menopause stage, differences in metal metabolism and excretion as well as greater absorption of cadmium orally in women with anemia and osteoporis, causing kidney damage, osteoporosis and osteomalacia [15]. As women, in the menopause period should be more monitored being that is when there is a deterioration in nutritional status such as anemia exacerbating increased exposure to lead, for example.
Respect of lifestyle change, nutrition plays an important role in maintain the microbiota; poor quality diets are rich in refined grains and added sugars, salt, unhealthy fats and foods of animal origin; and low in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish and nuts are the main causes of poor microbiome. Processed red meats are associated with an increase in cardiovascular diseases and strokes. However, for our population, the relationship between these variables was not conclusive [16].
Gut microbiota is composed of bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses and protozoa. Some of the functions of gut microbiota are metabolism and the development of the nervous system and immune system [17]. Furthermore, alterations in microbiota, a process known as dysbiosis, have been associated with the development of obesity and diseases such as diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease and even neoplasms such as colon cancer. Some factors that cause intestinal dysbiosis are antibiotics, alcohol consumption, infection of pathogenic microorganisms and diet [18], this last one can favor the proliferation of specific phyla of bacteria in the gut [19]. Likewise, gut dysbiosis has been associated to exposure to heavy metals as cadmium and mercury [20, 21], halogenated compounds such as fluoride and metalloids such as arsenic, these last two contaminants of water for human consumption [22]. On the other hand, the role of the microbiota in the detoxification of xenobiotics [23], arsenic [24] and heavy metals [25], has been little studied. In the case of heavy metals, it has been observed that probiotics, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB), could contribute to their elimination, because these kinds of bacteria have a high affinity for heavy metals [26]. Therefore, a diet that favors the proliferation of LAB could be used as the natural detoxification of the organism in populations exposed to environmental pollutants. In this chapter, we review the role of diet in the gut microbiota and its possible use for the natural detoxification of the organism.
2. Toxicokinetics and heavy metal toxicodynamics
Of the most important aspects to consider in heavy metal poisoning is toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. In this regard, the term toxicokinetics refers to the way through which toxins from the source of exposure enter the body, are distributed, biotransformed and eliminated [27]. On the other hand, toxicodynamics studies the mechanisms at the cellular or molecular level by which toxins cause damage [27]. These branches of toxicology are important to know because through toxicokinetics it is possible to prevent the metal from entering the bloodstream, its distribution can be modified and therapeutic measures can be taken to eliminate and reduce the toxic effects caused in the organism [28].
In this context, there are different sources of exposure to heavy metals, these sources can be natural such as water for human consumption or food of animal and plant origin mainly contaminated with arsenic, mercury or lead [29]. On the other hand, there are other sources of exposure such as the use of clay utensils or glazed earthenware that are used in Mexico to prepare food, industrial activities for the manufacture of accumulators, paints, cosmetics, medicines, thermometer manufacturing, etc., which also contribute to heavy metals being available in the environment so that they can enter the body of those exposed to them [27, 30, 31]. Of these sources of exposure, the most worrisome are natural sources such as water and food contaminated with these metals, because the population is unaware that their natural resources are contaminated and use them daily so they have a high risk of these metals that can damage your health, whether in the short, medium and/or long term [32]. In the case of the sources generated by man as a work practice, it is easier to prevent exposure by taking various hygiene and safety measures in the work environment.
From the sources of exposure, heavy metals enter the body through different routes such as oral, topical and inhalation [27]. However, the main route of entry is the oral and sometimes in the same individual heavy metals can enter through different routes; such as mercury, the most common case is when a glass thermometer containing this metal is broken and the user tries to pick it up with their hands, it will be absorbed through the skin, in addition to room temperature the mercury evaporates in its elementary form so that in this same individual mercury vapors enter by inhalation. But if, in addition, he did not wash his hands after collecting the mercury and immediately consumes food, he can contaminate them by taking them by hand and the mercury will enter orally, although by this route practically the elemental mercury is absorbed very little [33]. In this example, it is clear how the metal can enter via different ways, which increases the amount of metal that enters the body. However, in general, for all metals it is important to consider jointly and not in isolation: the source of exposure, the amount of toxic present, the route of entry of the toxic and the time of exposure to the toxic, since these aspects influence the magnitude of the damage that metals can cause in the organism [27, 28].
From these routes of entry, the four toxicokinetic processes of absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination are initiated. The absorption process refers to the passage of the toxic through the route of entry into the blood, for this to happen, it is important to consider whether it is exposed to organic and inorganic compounds or to the elemental form of the metal that is contaminating either water or the food. In the case of organic compounds, they enter the bloodstream more easily because they are fat soluble and diffuse biological membranes faster and therefore their absorption rate may be higher than that of inorganic species. The species in elementary state evaporate so that when they are inhaled, they diffuse through the alveoli [34]. As for the distribution of heavy metals, it is observed that the organic forms are rapidly distributed to the central nervous system since they can easily cross the blood-brain barrier due to their liposolubility, they are also distributed to adipose tissue and other organs with higher fat content such as liver, heart and kidneys [27]. In contrast, inorganic compounds do not pass blood-brain barrier [28]. In general, metals pass placenta, and are attached to the disulfide bonds present in the keratin of the skin, hair and nails. On the other hand, lead is redistributed and deposited in bone and teeth [27].
In the biotransformation process of some heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic mainly, methylation reactions occur [27]. These occur in the liver and kidney, but various biotransformation reactions in the intestine can also be carried out through the microbiota. In this context, there is evidence at the preclinical level in cell cultures and in animal models that the microbiota performs various chemical reactions that can modify the toxicity of heavy metals; since heavy metals when distributed in the body can be concentrated in the bile and subsequently enter the enterohepatic circuit, or during their journey through the gastrointestinal system they may be susceptible to being biotransformed by the microbiota enzymes to less or more compounds toxic to the individual and even to the microbiota itself [35, 36]. This is a new issue that is changing the approach to toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of heavy metals and other environmental toxins. For example, it has been described in murine models that the intestinal microbiota specifically the presence of bacteria such as Faecalibacterium can protect against acute arsenic toxicity [37]. At the preclinical level, there is a very interesting study on the intestinal microbiome of conventionally raised mice (with normal microbiomes) and of mice with mammalian microbiomes altered with antibiotics and both groups exposed to sodium arsenite. In this regard, the authors found high levels of As in urine of mice with altered mammalian microbiomes, but the levels of As in the total feces were lower in this group, compared with conventionally raised mice. They also observed that the interruption of the intestinal microbiome with antibiotics significantly modified the biotransformation of arsenic and the urinary ratio of monomethylarsonic acid/dimethylarsinic acid increased. Regarding the expression of carbon metabolism genes (folr2, bhmt and mthfr), they observed a downward regulation, and the levels of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) in the liver of mice with mammalian microbiome altered with antibiotics and treated with arsenic they also decreased significantly. Finally, they concluded that altering the microbiome with antibiotics also increases the toxic effects of arsenic in mice [38]. In another study, it was observed that dietary supplementation with a galactooligosaccharide produced an increase in fecal excretion of lead, a decrease in plasma and tissue concentration of the metal in mice. This effect was not observed when the microbiota of the mice was modified with antibiotics [39]. On the other hand, the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661, prevented the absorption of lead in mice by intestinal sequestration, also significantly induced bile acid synthesis, improved bile flow and bile glutathione excretion, and increased bile acid excretion in feces of mice, the outflow of bile lead and improved fecal excretion of lead. Previous antibiotic treatment eliminated the effects induced by L. plantarum CCFM8661 on enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and lead [40].
In another study in rodents with a probiotic strain (Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610) administered orally, significantly improved hepatic synthesis of bile acids, bile glutathione release and fecal excretion of bile acids. The biliary and fecal excretion of cadmium increased markedly after the administration of L. plantarum CCFM8610, which resulted in a marked reduction in Cd levels in tissues. These effects were related to the intestinal microbiota, since prior antibiotic treatment reversed the effects induced by L. plantarum CCFM8610 on the metabolism of bile acids and cadmium [41].
Finally, heavy metals and some demethylated metabolites are eliminated primarily by urine, but they can also be eliminated by bile, feces, breast milk, skin, nails and hair [27, 28]. Once the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of heavy metals are analyzed, it is very important to consider the pharmacokinetic changes that can occur in the most vulnerable populations who suffer from toxic effects such as children and pregnant women (Table 1) [27].
Lead
Mercury
Arsenic
Reference
Children
Oral absorption of lead is more increased compared with an adult. Deficiencies of calcium and iron increase oral absorption of lead. Children accumulate more lead in bone during the growing. A greater amount of lead is absorbed by inhalation (increased ventilatory capacity). Crosses blood-brain barrier.
In pregnancy, lead is redistributed of bone into the bloodstream by increased calcium requirement. A greater amount of lead is absorbed by inhalation (increased ventilatory capacity). Crosses placenta.
Most important aspects to consider in the toxicokinetics of vulnerable populations.
Regarding the toxicodynamics of heavy metals, various toxicity mechanisms have been described, however the most important are:
Production of free radicals with oxidative stress generation.
Enzymatic inhibition in a reversible and irreversible way.
DNA alteration probably due to the products generated in the methylation reactions.
Apoptosis.
Decoupling oxidative phosphorylation.
These cell targets are primarily responsible for alterations and damage in various organs and systems [42]. Currently, the treatment for heavy metal poisoning is based on the administration of chelating drugs, which form a coordination link with heavy metal, favoring its elimination mainly by urine [27, 43]. However, when analyzing toxicodynamics, an important aspect to consider during treatment is to block the free radicals that are formed to prevent damage caused by the oxidation of lipids and proteins of the membranes and thus avoid oxidative cell stress, so that phytochemical compounds present in various foods can be effective in preventing oxidative cell damage. It has been described in the literature that heavy metals readily bind to groups -SH-, -SS-, -NH2-, -OH and -COO-, these groups are present in some endogenous antioxidants such as glutathione and exogenous acids such as acid ascorbic, so many antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids present in food can be an alternative to block the oxidative effect of heavy metals and thereby minimize or prevent oxidative damage in the population that has exposure to heavy metals [28, 44].
3. Microbiota and its composition
In recent years, the study of intestinal microbiota has increased significantly, because important protective and metabolic functions have been associated.
In this regards, intestinal microbiota compete for nutrients, space and receptors with pathogenic microorganisms, as well as stimulating the production of antimicrobial peptides and IgA antibodies; whereas in metabolic functions, the microbiota converts many complex substances such as starches, cellulose, pectins and gums into metabolites that are easily absorbed and used by the host, it also ferments another non-digestible residues from the diet, synthesizes some vitamins and is also involved in the absorption of ions (such as calcium, magnesium and iron) and energy recovery [13, 14].
The intestinal microbiota comprised about 35,000 species of microbes and includes at least six bacteria phyla, among them Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinomycetes and Verrucomicrobia; the predominant bacteria populations constituting about 90% of the total being Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes [45]. In gastrointestinal tract, there is a wide variety of bacteria that survive and have adapted to different pH conditions. In the esophagus, pH <4 is inhabited by bacterial strains from phyla Bacteroides, Gemella, Megasphaera, Pseudomonas, Prevotella, Rothia sps., Streptococcus and Veillonella. The phylas such as Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Enterococcus and Helicobacter reside mainly in stomach (pH = 2). In small intestine (pH = 5–7), the phylas such as Bacteroides, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, g-Proteobacteria and Enterococcus are found mainly (Figure 1). In colon (pH = 5–5.7), Bacteroides, Clostridium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus and Fusobacteria are the resident phylas and finally in cecum (pH = 5–7) the phylas such as Lachnospira, Roseburia, Butyrivibrio, Ruminococcus, Fecalibacterium and Fusobacteria are found [46]. The intestinal microbiota has both a symbiotic and mutualism relationship, and also it has an important influence on the health and physiology of host. In this way, intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with a large array of human diseases such as, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic diseases (obesity and diabetes), as well as allergic and neurological diseases [47, 48, 49].
Figure 1.
The cellular composition of the complex barrier of the small intestine, where cells with different functions, such as enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes are the main residents. In addition, there is a layer of mucus in the intestinal lumen. Moreover, the lamina propria contains mainly T and B lymphocytes (secretory IgA plasmatic cells), macrophages and dendritic cells. It is possible to find the following bacterial phylus in the small intestine microbiota: Bacteroides, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, g-Proteobacteria and Enterococcus that adapt to survive at pH = 5–7. These bacteria are in constant contact with all host cells and they have several functions related to health and illness of host.
There are several factors affecting variations on intestinal microbiota, including age and diet [46, 50, 51]. It has been suggested that intestinal microbiota in healthy individuals is relatively stable when the diet remains without major changes, but with a subtle change in diet, the intestinal bacterial composition may also change and produces important alterations on the protective barrier function of the intestine. It is well known that not only the intestinal microbiota supports the protective functions of host. In addition, there is a complex cellular barrier where a variety of cells with different functions are housed, such as enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes; together with the mucus and lamina propria (which consist of lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells), the main function is to limit the translocation of bacteria or other antigens and, therefore, proinflammatory processes are avoided and controlled (Figure 1). However, some intestinal bacteria from microbiota could produce toxic metabolites that may damage the epithelial barrier, increasing intestinal permeability and allow the entry of bacterial products into the circulatory system [52].
On the other hand, the role of the microbiota in detoxification of xenobiotics and contaminants (pesticides and heavy metals) has been poorly studied. Nevertheless, it has been found that intestinal microbiota contributes to metabolism of xenobiotics [23] and heavy metals such as cadmium [21], mercury [20] and metalloids such as arsenic [24]. In this regards, in rats [53] and mice [54], several bacteria strains have been proposed and used as detoxifying probiotics, including mainly lactic acid bacteria. However, to date, there are no studies about the use of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics in humans. Recently, in Drosophila melanogaster, it has been found that use of L. rhamnosus has reduced both absorption and toxicity of organophosphate pesticides [55]. Also, lactic acid bacteria [56] and Pediococcus [57] have been used to reduce the toxic effects of aflatoxins and mycotoxin present in food, respectively. Likewise, in vitro experiments have shown the ability of lactic acid bacteria to bind and neutralize acrylamide molecules, a carcinogenic component present in some foods [58].
Since 1977, the interaction of the intestinal microbiota with the elimination of heavy metals was demonstrated. Here, elimination of mercury in feces of germ-free mice was lower, while the retention of mercury was slightly higher in organs from germ-free mice than in control mice [59]. In addition, it has been shown that oral administration of probiotics like Lactobacillus plantarum inhibit heavy metal cadmium (Cd) absorption by protecting the intestinal barrier upon acute and chronic Cd intoxication in mice [25]. Recently, it has been proposed that the possible mechanism of detoxification of Cd upon oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic is through the enterohepatic cycle, increasing the metabolism of bile salts, which are conjugated with Cd and favoring its elimination in feces [40]. Similarly, the probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Shermanii js. showed an effective ability to bind cadmium and lead, both in vitro and in experimental mouse model of oral heavy metal intoxication [60, 61]. Additionally, use of probiotics improved the nutritional, biochemical and physiological parameters in experimental rat model intoxicated with chromium, suggesting that probiotic bacteria neutralize the toxic effects of chromium [62]. Also, administration of Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic significantly reduced both renal and hepatic injury induced by aluminum in mice that are chronically exposed to this toxic heavy metal [63]. Recently, human gut commensal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was used as probiotic in mice. Here human stool transplantation restored protection in acute arsenic toxicity in mouse models [24]. Moreover, the functions in detoxification of inorganic arsenic of arsDABC genes from obligate anaerobic bacteria Bacteroides vulgatus, a common resident of the human microbiota have been well characterized [64]. Interestingly, in a clinical pilot study, yogurt supplemented with probiotic was administered to pregnant women and school children living in contaminated areas of Tanzania, resulting in a significant reduction on blood levels of heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic [65].
Finally, the ability of the microbiota to metabolize drugs has been referred as Pharmacomicrobiomics [66]. Intestinal microbiota generates phase I and phase II reactions to metabolize drugs, similar to the one generated by host cells. These include hydrolysis, dealkylation, glucuronidation and others reactions [67]. Thus, it has been strongly suggested that bacteria from the intestinal microbiota produce enzymes that metabolize drugs and contribute to determine the pharmacological properties of several drugs. Some examples of drugs that are metabolized by intestinal microbiota include aminosalicylates and anthranoid laxatives; digoxin; irinotecan and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as rutin, diosmin and baicalin, as well as l-dopa and simvastatin, used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease [68, 69, 70].
4. Evidence in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico
Guanajuato is a Mexican state located in the middle area of the country and according to the 2015 intercensal National Population Census, Guanajuato has 5,853,677 inhabitants, representing 4.9% of the total population of the country. Guanajuato is divided into 6 socioeconomic and geographic regions with 46 municipalities [71]. Since 2005, the risks of arsenic exposure in drinking water have been studied in some rural populations belonging to the State of Guanajuato [72]. In a comparative study in children of 10 years of age on average, arsenic levels were found in hair above the norm (from <0.006 to 1.3 mg/kg) and for the control group <0.006 mg/kg of arsenic [72]; however, it was found that children with non-standard levels of arsenic in hair, referred to drinking only carafe water and not tap water, which was explained because the water used to prepare soups, broths or beans, was used tap water [73]. On the other hand, only 26% had an adequate energy intake and the consumption of protein, folic acid, zinc and fiber was low according to RDA and children used to have mainly soft drinks, fried foods and processed foods [74]. Another study was applied in 352 households (heads of family) and measuring experiences related to access to water [sufficiency, safety (safety), acceptability, availability and accessibility], 33.4% of households reported concern about not having access to water and 74.8% had no access. About 70.8% had to buy water to drink and 5.7% became ill and related it to water consumption. About 65.6% of households presented food insecurity. The correlation was significant for the level of schooling of female heads of household, the number of households with children aged 1 and 12 with the use of tap water for drinking, preparing powdered milk for children and for food at home and fresh water [70, 75], which reflects the problem of exposure to various pollutants.
4.1 Main health problems in the state of Guanajuato
Studies conducted regarding lifestyles and eating habits have found a deterioration in it, where the child and adolescent population are the first years of key life of growth and development, have a low consumption in fruit, vegetables and legumes (beans and lentils), which reflects risks of the absence of having prebiotics that allow maintaining intestinal health (microbiota) [71, 72]. Studies have shown a decrease in breastfeeding that so far during 2019 are changing these figures in Guanajuato but before that, the time of breastfeeding identified was 4.3 months in a range of not breastfeeding up to 7.3 months maximum [71, 72]. It is known that breastfeeding is the best food that promotes intestinal health and thus the microbiota. Guanajuato, as well as several regions of Mexico and in the world, has high rates of prematurity, teenage pregnancy and diabetes, which has a strong component with lifestyles and if we combine environmental pollution problems, we will face an obvious risk. For the first known biotransformation mechanism is the microbiota, but studies are still scarce [72, 73].
Regarding the stage of pregnancy, a study found reports of 26% of the mothers who reported a consumption of soda at least twice a week and preferred to buy already processed foods than prepared at home. The consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, cereals and tubers were low. This reflects problems of access to food and with its food insecurity, in addition to worrying about not having enough access to water, and in the last 3 months, 50% of households experienced water shortages. Most households used tap water to prepare milk for the children, as well as for personal hygiene. About 25% of the interviews reported that water availability has decreased in their homes, while the cost of water has increased [74].
4.2 Dietary and food intervention in the region
Derived from studies with arsenic and knowing its metabolism in addition to deterioration in lifestyles [74], the effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on nutritional status and urinary excretion of arsenic in a group of 45 exposed adolescents was measured to this metal through drinking water [7], supplementation was provided daily for 4 weeks for subsequent weekly assessment of nutritional status and arsenic levels in urine and drinking water. It was observed that the basal nutritional intake was low for protein, fiber, folic acid, vitamin B2, B6, B12, E, C, selenium and iron, as well as the increase of 1 g/dL of hemoglobin in all participants, at the end of the intervention in addition to an increase in fat-free mass and decrease in the percentage of body fat; the average arsenic consumption of drinking water in participants was 96.2 ± 7.5 μg/L with a urinary excretion of arsenic in the first week of intervention [35.91 μg/g Cr (95% CI = 23.2–74.8 μg/g Cr)] resulting higher, which was statistically significant compared with baseline urinary arsenic levels [43.2 μg/g Cr (95% CI = 30.8–117.6 μg/g Cr)] (p < 0.05).
From several species of quelites, which are endemic plants of Mexico, its vast nutritional composition is known. A recent study, evaluated three types of quelites (purslane-Portulaca oleracea-;quintonil-Amaranthus spp.- and quelite ash or green quelite-Chenopodium album-) from Mexico, determined their nutritional composition, antioxidant capacity and physicochemical analysis finding considerable levels of carotenoids (2.85 mg/g DW) and the highest antioxidant activity. The nutritional content of iron, calcium and magnesium were higher for quintonyl, while for phosphorus, potassium and zinc was higher in quelite ash [75]. The ash and purslane quelite showed similar antioxidant activity but a higher level in the phenolic and flavonoid content, while the quintonil showed the presence of chlorophyll and protein concentration higher than those found in the quelite ash.
5. Conclusions
The chapter closes in a compilation of studies that reflect that despite the changes in lifestyle with a greater deterioration in healthy habits and therefore the consumption of an adequate diet (low in fruit and vegetables) and with it a low contribution in nutrients that promote the growth of the microbiota as well as in fiber which is known to have a probiotic effect, the consumption of fruit such as banana, apple and orange that is seasonal and low-cost fruit is preserved; of vegetables such as onion used as a condiment or in the preparation of most Mexican foods such as broths and sauces, as well as the consumption of beans (legume group), which are rich in antioxidants, soluble fiber rich in fructooligosaccharides.
Despite the little evidence, it is clear that the maintenance and promotion of the microbiota is to have a nutritious or adequate, varied, balanced, sufficient diet; as well as considering the alternatives of consuming fermented and probiotic-added dairy products, locally produced nutrients that are known to counteract non-toxic exposures such as those already reviewed, as is the case of prolonged exposure to arsenic, through food and drinking water, as it increases the risk of cancer, diabetes and high blood pressure, among other diseases. The typical Mexican diet is high in soluble fiber, key nutrients such as antioxidants, proteins are beans, tortilla plantain, orange, chili, quelites, showing that they co-help with a greater arsenic excretion through the urinary tract.
It is suggested to continue expanding the evidence of the combination of foods from a diet and lifestyle in general, mainly in women during the menopause period and pregnancy, due to a greater susceptibility to the development of anemia and resorption. Bone with exposure to metals such as lead or cadmium, since arsenic and fluoride are not the only contaminants that have been described in Guanajuato, the presence of lead, chromium and mercury, among the main ones, is known, and it is necessary Scale these experiences to combine nutritional treatment and drug therapy with chelators.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare none conflict interest.
\n',keywords:"microbiome, traditional Mexican diet, soluble fiber, arsenic, fluoride",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69664.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/69664.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69664",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69664",totalDownloads:1009,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:4,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:71,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"May 13th 2019",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2019",datePrePublished:"October 28th 2019",datePublished:"March 4th 2020",dateFinished:"October 22nd 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Exposure to environmental toxins in water, soil and air are increasing with health effects, mainly in older ages and physiological states (childhood and pregnancy). The role of the microbiota has been widely studied with effects on the maintenance of health but this is only possible with a diet that promotes it. The traditional Mexican diet is rich in fiber, which has prebiotic effects and has found a higher excretion of arsenic and fluoride in adolescents who maintained a diet high in fiber derived from traditional foods. After several descriptive studies in the state of Guanajuato, since 2004, first with arsenic in drinking water in population of several communities, in 2015, it is achieved through an intervention study with a supplementation of several vitamins and minerals in population adolescent, a greater urinary arsenic and fluoride excretion, as well as a greater consumption of traditional foods such as beans, bananas, orange and quelites. Food is key to maintain a function of the microbiota, so its review and study should be encouraged.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69664",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69664",book:{id:"6967",slug:"prebiotics-and-probiotics-potential-benefits-in-nutrition-and-health"},signatures:"Rebeca Monroy-Torres, Marco Antonio Hernández-Luna, Xochitl Sofía Ramírez-Gómez and Sergio López-Briones",authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Toxicokinetics and heavy metal toxicodynamics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Microbiota and its composition",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Evidence in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Main health problems in the state of Guanajuato",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Dietary and food intervention in the region",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. 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Gut Pathogens. 2012;4(1):16'},{id:"B63",body:'Sousa T, Paterson R, Moore V, Carlsson A, Abrahamsson B, Basit AW. The gastrointestinal microbiota as a site for the biotransformation of drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2008;363(1-2):1-25'},{id:"B64",body:'Lu L, Wu Y, Zuo L, Luo X, Large PJ. Intestinal microbiome and digoxin inactivation: Meal plan for digoxin users? World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2014;30(3):791-799'},{id:"B65",body:'Klaassen CD, Cui JY. Review: Mechanisms of how the intestinal microbiota alters the effects of drugs and bile acids. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2015;43(10):1505-1521'},{id:"B66",body:'Información por entidad: Guanajuato. Available from: http://www.cuentame.inegi.org.mx/monografias/informacion/gto/'},{id:"B67",body:'Monroy-Torres R, Macias AE, Gallaga-Solorzano JC, Santiago-Garcia EJ, Hernandez I. Arsenic in Mexican children exposed to contaminated well water. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 2009;48(1):59-75'},{id:"B68",body:'Monroy Torres R, Ramírez-Gómez XS, Naves Sanchez J, Macias Hernández AE. Accesibilidad a agua potable para el consumo y preparación de alimentos en una comunidad expuesta a agua contaminada con arsénico. Revista Médica de la Universidad Veracruzana. 2009;9(1):4'},{id:"B69",body:'Monroy Torres R, Arellano-Salgado L, Macías Hernández AE, Claudio L. Food intake and nutritional status of children with high levels of arsenic in hair: Cases study of a historical cohort. Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2017;17(2):127-134. DOI: 10.2174/1871522218666180130154655'},{id:"B70",body:'Monroy-Torres R, Espinoza-Pérez A. Factores que intensifican el riesgo toxicológico en comunidades expuestas al arsénico en agua. CienciaUAT. 2018;12:148-157. DOI: 10.29059/cienciauat.v12i2.803'},{id:"B71",body:'Monroy-Torres R, López López M, Naves Sánchez J. Feeding practices, nutrition and socioeconomic situation in homes with premature children in Guanajuato (Mexico). Anales de Pediatría. 2013;78:21-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.05.001'},{id:"B72",body:'Monroy-Torres R, Naves-Sanchez J, Ortega-Garcia JA. Breastfeeding and metabolic indicators in Mexican premature newborns. Revista de Investigación Clínica. 2012;64(6 Pt 1):521-528. DOI: 10.1080/03670240802575519'},{id:"B73",body:'Ortega-Garcia JA, Tellerias L, Ferris-Tortajada J, Boldo E, Campillo-Lopez F, van den Hazel P, et al. Threats, challenges and opportunities for paediatric environmental health in Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. Anales de Pediatría. 2019;90(2):124 e121. DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2018.11.015'},{id:"B74",body:'Monroy-Torres R, Pérez E, Antonio J, Pérez González RM. Evaluación de las prácticas de alimentación y nutrición en una población expuesta a arsénico: Una propuesta para integrar indicadores de exposición nutricional. Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria. 2016;2:140-149. DOI: 10.12873/362monroytorres'},{id:"B75",body:'Santiago Saenz Y, Hernández-Fuentes AD, Monroy Torres R, Cariño Cortés R, Jiménez Alvarado R. Physicochemical, nutritional and antioxidant characterization of three vegetables (Amaranthus hybridus L., Chenopodium berlandieri L., Portulaca oleracea L.) as potential sources of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2018;12(4):2855. DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9900-7'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Rebeca Monroy-Torres",address:"rmonroy79@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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In our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel throughout the world to present our publications and support our Authors and Academic Editors. We attend international symposia, conferences, workshops and book fairs as well as business meetings with science, academic and publishing professionals. Take a look at the current events.
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen events",metaDescription:"In our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel worldwide to present our publications, authors and editors at international symposia, conferences, and workshops, as well as attend business meetings with science, academia and publishing professionals. We are always happy to host our scientists in our office to discuss further collaborations. Take a look at where we’ve been, who we’ve met and where we’re going.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/events",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
Upcoming Events
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IntechOpen Journals Webinar - Introduction to Open Science
26 November - 04 December 2022, Guadalajara, Mexico
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IntechOpen Represented by LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones SA de CV
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Examples of IKS such as Ayurveda from India and Acupuncture from China are well known. IK covers diverse areas of importance for society, spanning issues concerned with the quality of life - from agriculture and water to health. The IK resident in India and China have high relevance to rural life, especially given the level of engagement with agricultural and health technologies. The goal is to establish a heuristic whereby IK can be reviewed and evaluated within particular contexts to determine if the IKS can lead to the development of appropriate technology (AT) addressing that need sustainably. Although much work on cataloguing and documenting IKS has been completed in these two countries, a paucity of attention has been paid to the scientific rationale and technological content of these IKS. Evaluation of many indigenous technologies reveal that many of these technologies can be classified as ‘appropriate’, focused on basic needs of water, sanitation and agriculture, and many have origins in IKS that survived. Thus, IKS must be validated, exploited and integrated into AT innovation and development.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"John Tharakan",authors:[{id:"198534",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Tharakan",slug:"john-tharakan",fullName:"John Tharakan"}]},{id:"56510",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69890",title:"Role of Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Indigenous Institutions in Sustainable Land Management in Western Highlands of Kenya",slug:"role-of-traditional-ethnobotanical-knowledge-and-indigenous-institutions-in-sustainable-land-managem",totalDownloads:2594,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to elucidate the relevance of indigenous knowledge and institutions in natural resource management using western highlands of Kenya as a case study. The research design was a mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 350 individuals (comprising farmers, herbalists and charcoal burners) from households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, 50 in-depth interviews and 35 focus group discussions. The results show that indigenous knowledge and institutions play a significant role in conserving natural resources in the study area. There was gender differentiation in knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of indigenous knowledge as applied to sustainable land management. It is recommended that deliberate efforts should be put in place by the County Governments to scale up the roles of indigenous institutions in managing natural resources in the study area.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Chris A. 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This recent transition presents a growing opportunity for indigenous people who live in nature-rich areas (national parks, etc.) to collaborate with ‘outside stakeholders’ such as governmental agencies, scholars and environmental NGOs in natural resource management. In such situations, it is necessary to deeply understand the value of indigenous resource management (IRM) practices to promote self-directed and effective resource management. This chapter focuses on local forest resource management and its suitability in the local social-cultural context in central Seram, east Indonesia. First, I describe how the well-structured forest resource use is constructed and maintained through the indigenous resource management practices based on ‘supernatural enforce mechanism’. After that, I investigate what social-ecological roles the IRM in Amanioho has, and how IRM practices relate to the social-cultural context of an upland community in central Seram. Then, I discuss the possible future applications for achieving self-directed resource management by people who ‘coexist’ with supernatural agents.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Masatoshi Sasaoka",authors:[{id:"198898",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaoka",slug:"masatoshi-sasaoka",fullName:"Masatoshi Sasaoka"}]},{id:"56601",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69887",title:"Revisiting Indigenous Biotic and Abiotic Weather Forecasting for Possible Integration with Scientific Weather Prediction: A Case from the Borana People of South Ethiopia",slug:"revisiting-indigenous-biotic-and-abiotic-weather-forecasting-for-possible-integration-with-scientifi",totalDownloads:1656,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This study assesses how Borana herders make weather forecast using abiotic and biotic indicators. Survey questionnaire, observations, focus group discussions, and key informant interview were employed to obtain data. Field data were analyzed and interpreted using appropriate analytical tools and procedures. The result revealed that the Borana herders have time-tested weather forecasting experience of using astrological, intestinal, plant, and animal body language indicators. Astrological and intestinal readings that need special training and local expertise are known as Urgii Elaltus and Uchuu, respectively. Forecast information is disseminated using the Borana sociocultural institutions. Based on the disseminated forecast information, the Borana herders take measures such as strengthening enclosure, storing hay, migrating with animals, destocking, and changing schedules of social and cultural festivities such as wedding. The precision and credibility of traditional weather forecast steadily declined and led to repeated faulty predictions. Poor documentation and knowledge transfer system, influence of religion and modern education, premature death of forecast experts, and expansion of alcoholism were identified as causes undermining the vitality of Borana indigenous weather forecast. It is high time that the tenets of indigenous weather forecasting be assessed scientifically and be integrated into the modern science of weather forecasting before they vanish.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Desalegn Yayeh Ayal",authors:[{id:"198164",title:"Dr.",name:"Desalegn",middleName:"Yayeh",surname:"Ayal",slug:"desalegn-ayal",fullName:"Desalegn Ayal"}]},{id:"67479",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86677",title:"Exploring Aboriginal Identity in Australia and Building Resilience",slug:"exploring-aboriginal-identity-in-australia-and-building-resilience",totalDownloads:1337,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter will discuss the challenges faced by Aboriginal people seeking recognition of their identity as Indigenous Australians. It will explore government policies, their impact on identity formation and the ongoing impact of colonisation on education and health outcomes for Indigenous people in Australia. The issues raised will include historical and contemporary experiences as well personal values and attitudes. The strategies and programs introduced within educational settings as part of an inclusive practice regime will be highlighted. Aboriginal people have faced many challenges, and continue to do so in postcolonial times, including challenges to their identity.",book:{id:"8522",slug:"indigenous-aboriginal-fugitive-and-ethnic-groups-around-the-globe",title:"Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe",fullTitle:"Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe"},signatures:"Clair Andersen",authors:[{id:"296447",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Clair",middleName:null,surname:"Andersen",slug:"clair-andersen",fullName:"Clair Andersen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56426",title:"Indigenous Resource Management Practices and the Local Social-Cultural Context: An Insight towards Self-Directed Resource Management by People who ‘Coexist’ with Supernatural Agents",slug:"indigenous-resource-management-practices-and-the-local-social-cultural-context-an-insight-towards-se",totalDownloads:1775,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In recent arguments in the governance of natural resource management, effectiveness and desirability of collaborative management among various stakeholder including indigenous people has been recognized. In the context of Indonesia, the reformation movement has stimulated the growth of a new perception of indigenous people’s rights to their land in the country. This recent transition presents a growing opportunity for indigenous people who live in nature-rich areas (national parks, etc.) to collaborate with ‘outside stakeholders’ such as governmental agencies, scholars and environmental NGOs in natural resource management. In such situations, it is necessary to deeply understand the value of indigenous resource management (IRM) practices to promote self-directed and effective resource management. This chapter focuses on local forest resource management and its suitability in the local social-cultural context in central Seram, east Indonesia. First, I describe how the well-structured forest resource use is constructed and maintained through the indigenous resource management practices based on ‘supernatural enforce mechanism’. After that, I investigate what social-ecological roles the IRM in Amanioho has, and how IRM practices relate to the social-cultural context of an upland community in central Seram. Then, I discuss the possible future applications for achieving self-directed resource management by people who ‘coexist’ with supernatural agents.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Masatoshi Sasaoka",authors:[{id:"198898",title:"Dr.",name:"Masatoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaoka",slug:"masatoshi-sasaoka",fullName:"Masatoshi Sasaoka"}]},{id:"56259",title:"Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Appropriate Technology Development",slug:"indigenous-knowledge-systems-for-appropriate-technology-development",totalDownloads:4099,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) comprises knowledge developed within indigenous societies, independent of, and prior to, the advent of the modern scientific knowledge system (MSKS). Examples of IKS such as Ayurveda from India and Acupuncture from China are well known. IK covers diverse areas of importance for society, spanning issues concerned with the quality of life - from agriculture and water to health. The IK resident in India and China have high relevance to rural life, especially given the level of engagement with agricultural and health technologies. The goal is to establish a heuristic whereby IK can be reviewed and evaluated within particular contexts to determine if the IKS can lead to the development of appropriate technology (AT) addressing that need sustainably. Although much work on cataloguing and documenting IKS has been completed in these two countries, a paucity of attention has been paid to the scientific rationale and technological content of these IKS. Evaluation of many indigenous technologies reveal that many of these technologies can be classified as ‘appropriate’, focused on basic needs of water, sanitation and agriculture, and many have origins in IKS that survived. Thus, IKS must be validated, exploited and integrated into AT innovation and development.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"John Tharakan",authors:[{id:"198534",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Tharakan",slug:"john-tharakan",fullName:"John Tharakan"}]},{id:"67017",title:"Late Antiquity: Then and Now",slug:"late-antiquity-then-and-now",totalDownloads:834,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Late Antiquity as a period has a complex history with moments when the issues pertaining to it seem to intensify. One of these was without a doubt the aftermath of World War I and reached its apex in 1923 during the International Congress of Historical Sciences in Brussels. The tragic events that had shaken Europe had a deep impact on historiography. In the aftermath of World War II, this trend was reversed on account of a progressive change of perspective and sensibility. In the last decades the favored epithets applied to Late Antiquity were “transformation”, “change”, “transition” and “evolution”. The idea of a “long” Late Antiquity has eventually superseded the previous discourse on when and why the Roman Empire declined. Instead of a caesura, the historical continuum, the longue durée, is stressed. The continuities between Christian Rome, Sasanian Iran, and Islam are being explored. Late Antiquity has become a popular subject of a historical research that is characterized by a wide variety of methods and a paradigm shift.",book:{id:"8893",slug:"antiquity-and-its-reception-modern-expressions-of-the-past",title:"Antiquity and Its Reception",fullTitle:"Antiquity and Its Reception - Modern Expressions of the Past"},signatures:"Arnaldo Marcone",authors:[{id:"287376",title:"Prof.",name:"Arnaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Marcone",slug:"arnaldo-marcone",fullName:"Arnaldo Marcone"}]},{id:"70226",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Importance of Reception Studies for Ancient History",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-importance-of-reception-studies-for-ancient-history",totalDownloads:765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8893",slug:"antiquity-and-its-reception-modern-expressions-of-the-past",title:"Antiquity and Its Reception",fullTitle:"Antiquity and Its Reception - Modern Expressions of the Past"},signatures:"Helena Trindade Lopes, Isabel Gomes de Almeida and Maria de Fátima Rosa",authors:[{id:"202246",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Trindade Lopes",slug:"helena-trindade-lopes",fullName:"Helena Trindade Lopes"},{id:"203967",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Almeida",slug:"isabel-almeida",fullName:"Isabel Almeida"},{id:"315029",title:"Dr.",name:"Fátima",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"fatima-rosa",fullName:"Fátima Rosa"}]},{id:"56510",title:"Role of Traditional Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Indigenous Institutions in Sustainable Land Management in Western Highlands of Kenya",slug:"role-of-traditional-ethnobotanical-knowledge-and-indigenous-institutions-in-sustainable-land-managem",totalDownloads:2594,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to elucidate the relevance of indigenous knowledge and institutions in natural resource management using western highlands of Kenya as a case study. The research design was a mixed method, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 350 individuals (comprising farmers, herbalists and charcoal burners) from households were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, 50 in-depth interviews and 35 focus group discussions. The results show that indigenous knowledge and institutions play a significant role in conserving natural resources in the study area. There was gender differentiation in knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of indigenous knowledge as applied to sustainable land management. It is recommended that deliberate efforts should be put in place by the County Governments to scale up the roles of indigenous institutions in managing natural resources in the study area.",book:{id:"5866",slug:"indigenous-people",title:"Indigenous People",fullTitle:"Indigenous People"},signatures:"Chris A. Shisanya",authors:[{id:"200734",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Shisanya",slug:"chris-shisanya",fullName:"Chris Shisanya"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"275",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
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\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. 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She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. 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Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. 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She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. 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He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. 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\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
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\r\n\tThe Business and Management series topic focuses on the most pressing issues confronting organizations today and in the future. Businesses are trying to figure out how to lead in a time of global uncertainty. In emerging markets, issues such as ill-defined or unstable policies, as well as corrupt practices, can be hugely problematic. Changes in governments can result in new policy, regulations, and interest rates, all of which can be detrimental to foreign businesses and investments. A growing trend towards economic nationalism also makes the current global political landscape potentially hostile towards international businesses.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe demographic shifts are creating interesting challenges. People are living longer, resulting to an aging demographic. We have a large population of older workers and retirees who are living longer lives, combined with a declining birthrate in most parts of the world. Businesses of all types are looking at how technology is affecting their operations. Several questions arise, such as: How is technology changing what we do? How is it transforming us internally, how is it influencing our clients and our business strategy? It is about leveraging technology to improve efficiency, connect with customers more effectively, and drive innovation. The majority of innovative companies are technology-driven businesses. Realizing digital transformation is today’s top issue and will remain so for the next five years. Improving organizational agility, expanding portfolios of products and services, creating, and maintaining a culture of innovation, and developing next -generation leaders were also identified as top challenges in terms of both current and future issues.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe most sustained profitable growth occurs when a company expands its core business into an adjacent space. This has significant implications for management because innovation in business ecosystems differs from traditional, vertically integrated firms. Every organization in the ecosystem must be aware of the bigger picture. Innovation in ecosystems necessitates collaborative action to invent and appraise, efficient, cross-organizational knowledge flows, modular architectures, and good stewardship of legacy systems. It is built on multiple, interconnected platforms. Environmental factors have already had a significant impact in the West and will continue to have an impact globally. Businesses must take into account the environmental impact of their daily operations. The advantage of this market is that it is expected to grow more rapidly than the overall economy. Another significant challenge is preparing the next generation of leaders to elevate this to the number one priority within the next five years. There can be no culture of innovation unless there is diverse leadership or development of the next generation of leaders; and these diverse, next-generation leaders are the ones who will truly understand the digital strategies that will drive digital transformation.
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\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
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\r\n\tMarketing is an important aspect in the functioning of all types of organizations. The external environment is characterized by constant and dynamic changes, that pose risks to the company. It is associated with changes in macroeconomic, political, legal, and demographic, as well as new consumer trends. It is necessary to carefully plan marketing activities in order to provide the market with products that satisfy consumers' needs and desires, provide them with value, and bring satisfaction and contentment. Therefore, in this topic, we focus on overall marketing efforts, including marketing communications through traditional and social media, pricing strategies, distribution strategies, branding, innovation, and new product launches, as well as researching the current market and consumer trends. We also analyze the latest trends and tendencies in marketing, such as product placement and neuromarketing.
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