Proximate analysis of quinoa seeds (mean values, g/100 g DW).
\r\n\t1. Emphasizing the unique power of the molecular docking method in new drug discovery;
\r\n\t2. Demonstration of how the molecular docking technique has led to the discovery of new molecules in cancer therapy, proteasome, and STAT3 inhibition, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease;
\r\n\t3. Underlining the importance of molecular docking-based modeling methods in the various branches of biotechnology
\r\n\tWe hope that this book will be a common point where researchers working in the fields of life sciences and drug development will eventually meet.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-468-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-467-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-469-2",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",bookSignature:"Dr. Erman Salih Istifli",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",keywords:"Protein-Ligand Interaction, Lead Discovery, Molecular Recognition, Enzyme-Ligand Interaction, Mutant Enzymes, Alanine Screening, Proteasome Inhibitors, Signal Transducers, Transcription Activators (STATs), DNA Recognition Motifs, Neoplastic Cells, Amyloid-Beta Proteins",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 4th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 3rd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A multidisciplinary researcher working in the fields of cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and bioinformatics-based molecular modeling (currently on the structural biology of COVID-19 and the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease). 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During his period of doctoral research, he joined the molecular cytogenetics group at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin, Germany, and he focused there on investigating the molecular cytogenetic causes of some human rare diseases. During these studies, he contributed experimentally to the identification of four candidate genes (GRIA2, GLRB, NPY1R, and NPY5R) responsible for intelligence and obesity. He was assigned as an expert and rapporteur on eight candidate projects in the Marie-Sklodowska Curie-Actions Innovative Training Networks in 2016. In 2017, he completed the online theoretical and practical course 'Introduction to Biology - The Secret of Life', run by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on the edX platform. In April 2019, within the framework of Erasmus+ staff mobility program, he gave seminars on 'DNA microarrays and their use in genotoxicity' at Tirana University in Tirana, Albania. 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Obesity is associated with various noncommunicable diseases (NCD) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes, among others. Globally, two out of three deaths each year are attributable to NCD. In this context, it is very important to take into account some alimentary traditions and the social value of food practices that have been lost with time. Most of the traditional culinary practices, beliefs, attitudes and meanings of certain foods have been neglected and traditional crops have been left aside, missing the food cultural practices of different regions.
An outstanding food crop that has been almost lost is quinoa (
Chilean quinoa plants.
Collected seeds of quinoa.
Quinoa was one of the basic foods in pre‐Hispanic communities of the Andean Region, grown for over 7000 years mainly in the current locations of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina and Colombia, from 2° North latitude (Colombia) to 47° South latitude (Chile) [4–6]. The name refers to “the mother grain” by the Andean people and it was used not only as a food but also for medicinal purposes. The colonists suppressed its cultivation and the remaining crops that survived were cultivated practically hidden in small areas [7]. The locals have preserved quinoa in its natural state, including its many varieties, as food for present and future generations.
Quinoa represents a cultural heritage in many Latin‐American countries. It has survived from extinction in different agroecological zones, ranging from the extremely dry Altiplano highlands at 4000 m above sea level with average rainfall of 150 mm per year to coastal zones of central and southern Chile, where soils are clayish and rainfall is above 1000 mm/year [8]. It spread throughout the central and north‐central Andean valleys and southwards into the Araucanian coastal region and adjacent Patagonia, diversifying into its five principal ecotypes. The crop is produced mainly in Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, with efforts to cultivate it worldwide and the diversity has been described by five major ecotypes linked to the geographical region: Altiplano (Peru and Bolivia), Inter‐Andean valleys (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru), Salt lands (Bolivia, Chile and Argentina), Yunga (Peru, Bolivia and Argentina) and Coastal (Chile) [9, 10].
Miranda et al. [11] observed genetic differentiation among the geographic distribution of quinoa genotypes, which were expressed in morphological, yield responses, chemical composition and functional properties in a common garden assay of six selected genotypes. Using this model, the high capacity of adaptation of the seeds to different environments has been demonstrated [12]. Moreover, these properties of quinoa seeds allow this crop to be used under environmental extreme conditions in countries facing challenges such as drought and salinity under very diverse agroclimatic conditions globally [1].
There are currently more than 6000 varieties of quinoa cultivated by farmers [13]. Due to the wide range of genotypes (including 250 varieties), the possibilities of adaptation to many abiotic stresses abroad have increased significantly the interest of quinoa cultivation [14]. The plant exhibits an enormous adaptability to different environments, including the harsh conditions that characterize much of the Andean zone. Therefore, the production has spread through many different countries, including Japan, Australia, Spain, Germany, England, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Italy, France, Finland, Kenya, Ethiopia, India, the USA, Canada, among others. Many reports indicate that quinoa is an interesting alternative crop for the use of deteriorated and poor soils [5] and it has been successfully tested in various countries in Asia, the Near East and North Africa [6]. In fact, the enormous plasticity of quinoa includes tolerance to frost, salinity and drought, it has the ability to grow on marginal and arid soils and is also adapted to high altitudes [15–18]. The strong tolerance to drought and salinity allows it to resist the current and future challenges of the global climate change, including water shortage [15]. The plant adapts well to climates ranging from desert dry weather to relative humidity from 40 to 88%, with temperatures from −4°C to 38°C.
Several genotypes of quinoa are able to maintain a high photosynthetic efficiency under water‐deficit conditions [19, 20] and to quickly reestablish photosynthesis after a period of rehydration [21–24]. Quinoa shows an extraordinary physiology of adaptation to stress, particularly its highly efficient use of water [8], that is, the quantity of grain obtained per liter of water used is another useful criterion for comparing quinoa with cereals. Martinez [25] reported 500 L water per kilogram quinoa, a significantly lower water‐use footprint compared with rice (2497 L/kg) or maize (1222 L/kg), figures that are even greater if one considers also quantity of protein per kilogram. Crop production is acceptable with rain amounts of 100–200 mm [26]. The drought tolerance of quinoa has been attributed to a reduction in leaf area [23, 24, 27], the presence of calcium oxalate vesicles in leaves, which could reduce the transpiration rate [22, 28] and their branched and dense root system, which is able to penetrate into 1.5 m sandy soil [22, 27].
Regarding the metabolism of quinoa during periods of drought stress, it has been suggested that the induction of antioxidant molecules related with nitrogen metabolism is very important [29]. In fact, drought increases the amount of glutamine in quinoa leaves, which is the main form in which nitrogen is translocated to the grains [30]. Therefore, drought stress episodes increase the content of various amino acids, including Phe, Val, Trp and Met. These changes in quality could compensate the decline of the seed yield under stressful conditions. It has been suggested that the ornithine cycle and induction of amino acids could play a key role in the response to water scarcity and subsequent restoration under conditions of rehydration [29, 30]. Moreover, the aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr and Trp are the main precursors of bioactive secondary metabolites, including the biosynthesis of flavonoids and alkaloids [31], most of which exhibit healthy properties [32]. The physiological relationship between the induction of amino acid synthesis and the production of healthy secondary metabolites is under investigation.
The proximate analysis of quinoa seeds is shown in Table 1.
Quinoa proteins are recognized for their high amount [18, 33–40] and good quality, which was reported for the first time by White et al. in the 1950s [41], who described that the quality of quinoa protein was equal to that of whole dried milk protein when fed to rats. Later, it was reported that pigs fed cooked quinoa grew as well as those fed dried skimmed milk [42]. Proteins exhibit a high content of Lys (4.8 g/100 g) and Thr (3.7 g/100 g), which are in general the limiting amino acids in conventional cereals [43], along with a good albumin/globulin balance and an amino acid score above 1.0 [38, 44–46]. The excellent quality of protein is maintained even taking into account that the amino acid profile is affected by environmental factors [47].
Several methods to obtain protein isolates have been described [35, 48], consisting mainly of 11S globulins and 2S albumins, the main contributor of sulfur amino acids Cys and Met, which are limiting in legumes and they also contain interesting amounts of Arg [49]. Also, various high protein‐rich fractions of interest can be obtained for the food industry [50]. An additional nutritional advantage of quinoa is that it may be consumed by celiac patients, since it is considered a gluten‐free grain because it contains low concentrations of prolamins [51] and has a distant phylogenetic link with gluten containing cereals such as gramineas (wheat, barley and rye). In spite of this, the ability of quinoa cultivars to stimulate gliadin‐specific T cell lines and other immune responses is still under investigation [52].
Quinoa seeds have moderate lipid content (5–9 g/100 g), with an interesting fatty acids profile. Compared with rice oil, quinoa oil contains over 20 times more unsaturated fatty acids. The main saturated fatty acid is palmitic (16:0, around 10%), whereas the main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic (18:1n‐9; 20‐30%), linoleic (18:2n‐6; 49–57%) and α‐linolenic (18:3n‐3; 8.5–12%), corresponding to 87–88% of the total [34, 37]. The oil also contains various tocopherols [39, 46] and other minor lipid constituents.
Among carbohydrates (51–70 g/100 g), the grain contains starch and free sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose). Another healthy property of quinoa grains is their glycemic index (GI), which represents a ranking of carbohydrates on a scale from 0 to 100 according to their impact on blood sugar levels during the 2 h following consumption. For quinoa, the GI ranges 35–53, depending on the cooking time, which are considered low values on the glucose reference scale [53], whereas rice GI values range from 75 to 89 [14]. This property is related with the dietary fiber content of quinoa (7–14 g/100 g), since the fiber contained in the grain affects the digestibility of nutrients, including carbohydrates and the absorption of glucose occurs at a lower rate through a longer area in the gut, lowering the postprandial peak of blood insulin. Most fiber is insoluble, containing galacturonic acid, arabinose, galactose, xylose and glucose, whereas the soluble fiber is composed mainly of glucose, galacturonic acid and arabinose and arabinose‐rich pectic polysaccharides [54]. Additionally, the intake of quinoa has been associated with satiety and appetite control in animal models [55] and humans [56], although further studies are required on this subject.
The grain is also a good source of minerals, exhibiting high amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc [57–59], which are higher than those of conventional cereals [60] and the calcium‐phosphorus ratio (1:0.7–3.9) is better than that of cereals (1:7.8–54.0) [34]. Among vitamins, the B complex is outstanding [61], with a high level of folate [38].
Quinoa is often considered a natural functional food, a property that represents a benefit for health that is generally associated with the presence of bioactive phytochemicals. The crop is recognized as a good source of multiple bioactives, including dietary fiber, carotenoids, phytosterols, squalene, fagopyritols, phytoecdysteroids and phenolic compounds [40, 61–66].
Among phenolics, the seeds contain flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, ferulic acid, phytic acid (the main storage form of P in the plant) and tannins [67–69]. Most of the phenolics in quinoa exhibit antioxidant activity [70–72] and the total antioxidant capacity is further increased by non‐phenolic compounds [73]. The interest on phenolics is not only due to their antioxidant properties but also since they present antiallergic, anti‐inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardiovascular protective properties, among other beneficial effects for health [74, 75]. In a comparative study, Gorinstein et al. [76] showed that pseudocereals have higher antioxidant activity than some cereals (e.g. rice and buckwheat), whereas Laus et al. [77] reported that antioxidants from quinoa seeds may be more readily accessible than those in wheat species. Hirose et al. [78] observed that the amounts of phenolics such as quercetin and kaempferol in quinoa grown in Japan are higher than those of conventionally used edible plants. On the other hand, when cooking or dehydrating quinoa an increase in temperature leads to a reduction in the total phenolics content [79].
Quinoa leaves also contain a high level of phenolics [80], which exhibit anticarcinogenic effects in vitro, linked with inhibitory effects on the proliferation, motility and cellular competence of cancer cells [81]. However, the effects depend on the technological processes and the food matrix in which quinoa grains or leaves are included. For instance, Swieka et al. [82] formulated supplemented bread with phenol‐rich quinoa leaves and observed an improvement of the antioxidant activity of the product obtained, although not as high as expected, probably due to the blocking of reactive groups of phenolic compounds by bread components. Some phenolic compounds in quinoa also inhibit α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase activities, enzymes involved in the breakdown of starch and derivatives, which allows for better control of intestinal glucose absorption and therefore of postprandial glycemia [68, 83]. Moreover, quinoa seeds are also a source of a different kind of phenolics: isoflavones, among which the main are genistein and daidzein [66]. These molecules are usually named as “phytoestrogens,” due to their structural similarity with β‐estradiol (an estrogen) and exhibit a wide range of beneficial effects [84].
Among the secondary metabolites, betalains are quantitatively important in several genotypes of quinoa. In fact, quinoa belongs to one of the 13 families of betalain producers [32]. These chromoalkaloids are water‐soluble pigments containing nitrogen and include the red‐violet betacyanins and the yellow betaxanthins. Studies performed with several genotypes of quinoa indicate that contrastingly with the
Another type of secondary metabolites in quinoa is phytoecdysteroids (polyhydroxylated steroids), structurally related to insect molting hormones, that have been implicated in plant defense since they protect them against nonadapted insects and nematodes [87]. The seeds contain ecdysteroids in amounts ranging from 450 to 1300 μg/g [88]. The main form is 20‐hydroxyecdysone (30 μg/g) and several minors have been reported in a range of 3–9 μg/g, including makisterone A, 24‐epi‐makisterone A, 24,28‐dehydro‐makisterone A and 20,26‐dihydroxyecdysone [89]. Dini et al. [43] showed that quinoa flour contains both 20‐hydroxyecdysone and kancollosterone and Nsimba et al. [73] described the presence of a new set of ecdysteroids. The ecdysteroid content of quinoa seeds from different sources shows significant variations. These molecules are rather stable during food processing, representing an intake of 20‐hydroxyecdysone that may have positive effects on human health (Figure 3) [65].
Bioactive molecules in quinoa.
A characteristic feature of quinoa grains is the presence of saponins (triterpenoid glycosides) in the outer layer. These secondary metabolites are utilized by the plant as a predator repellent and exhibit a series of pharmacological properties [90, 91] and impart a bitter taste. Consequently, saponins are reduced for debittering by various methods that remove the hulls (abrasive processes, washing). The amount in the grains depends on the cultivar and can be classified into “sweet” (<0.11%) or “bitter” (>0.11%) [92].
Although all the grains exhibit excellent nutritional properties, it is necessary to take into consideration that the chemical composition of quinoa varies among ecotypes, that is, according to groups of cultivars and/or landraces defined according to distributional, ecological, agronomic and morphological criteria due to strong genetic variability in addition to environmental differences in the Andean region [93]. Moreover, the nutritional composition varies in relation with the environmental stress factors and several research groups have described changes in nutritional aspects of seeds as a result of environmental stress episodes. For instance, Panuccio et al. [94] reported that under high salt conditions, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of quinoa seeds increased. Miranda et al. [11] compared two Chilean genotypes grown under arid and cold‐humid environments, showing that in cold rainy zones the size and weight of the seeds increased, whereas under hot arid conditions, phenolic compounds and components of proximate analysis (except proteins) increased.
The quality and amount of protein in the seed has also led to the search of bioactive peptides, among which antihypertensive angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides has been demonstrated [95–97]. On the other hand, protein ingredients not only provide nutrition but also good technological properties to facilitate food processing. The technological functional properties of quinoa proteins are well recognized, since they provide emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability, which affect foods by acting on the membrane matrix that surrounds the oil drop in an emulsion, preventing its coalescence [98]. Moreover, quinoa proteins show a high foaming capacity and stability [99].
The nutritional properties of quinoa and specifically the high quantity and quality of protein, allow the use of protein isolates in the formulation of various foods. A series of patents have been described in relation with their production, processing and uses. Just to mention a couple of examples, patent US 7563473 B2 relates to “quinoa protein concentrate” (QPC), which contains at least about 50 wt% protein which is food grade and/or pharmaceutical grade and methods of preparing such protein concentrates as well as starch, oil and fiber from quinoa grain, whereas patent US 20100196569 A1 involves grain products having a reduced bitter flavor with a sweet taste or crunchy texture, among many others. Another line of work is related with the multiple industrial uses of the saponins obtained from quinoa grains, including their processing, for example, in the pharmaceutical industry as immunological adjuvants, to stimulate nonspecific immunity, as well as to enhance an immunological response to a selected antigen and to enhance mucosal absorption of some drugs. As such given examples, many other uses of quinoa seeds and coproducts have been described.
The grain shows a high versatility for culinary uses, but other parts may also be used in cooking: the parts of the plant that have been used as food ingredients include the seed, leaves, stems and roots. The mostly used form of quinoa is the cooked grain (soups, stews), followed by various other forms such as toasted seeds, tender leaves (soups, crepes, pancakes, tortillas), flour (bakery products such as breads, biscuits, cookies, muffins), as well as nutrition bars, granolas, confections and various beverages, fermented or not. Quinoa grains and by‐products (e.g. hay) are also used for animal feed.
The nutritional quality of quinoa grains is well recognized, even by agencies such as the National Research Council and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [100], which included quinoa as part of the controlled ecological life support system (CELSS). As described, this ancient crop is nutritious and healthy, with high adaptability that can withstand food processing and can also be used as a replacement for allergenic nuts and seeds. It can support sustainable production and FAO selected it as one of the crops destined to offer food security, by promoting quinoa as part of a FAO strategy to encourage the cultivation of traditional crops [101].
The rationale for the reintroduction of quinoa into the diet is strongly related with the epidemiological situation prevailing, which is similar in many nations around the world: growing rates of child obesity, high prevalence of obesity during/after pregnancy in women, high rates of NCD such as cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, which are associated with the major causes of death. From the nutritional point of view, quinoa represents an excellent source of nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals that contribute to a healthy diet and, on the other hand, supplies good quality protein to support children\'s healthy growth. The chemical composition of different cultivars is outstanding, although it may be affected by the environmental and climatic factors. Taking into account all its properties, quinoa is currently promoted as an extremely healthy food (“superfood”), the so‐called food of the twenty‐first century.
The authors thank the Research Office of the Universidad de Valparaíso (DIUV) for supporting CIDAF (CID 04/06).
During the last two decades of previous millennium, the world has experienced two significant movements in teacher education. The first is the change in thinking toward alternatives, which bifurcated from the immense dissatisfaction on traditional paper-pencil tests, questionable utility of top-down teaching learning, absolute dependence on quantitative test scores and its inadequacy to assess teachers’ actual competencies [1]. The second trend, which is the paradigm shift from teacher-centered to student-centered teaching and learning [2] that came about because of the necessities of functioning in knowledge economy, changing nature of future teachers’ roles, obligation of continuous learning and, consequent integration of ICT within curriculum [3]. Both paradigm shifts yielded enormous reforms in teacher education and one of them is the introduction of the ‘e-portfolio’ as an alternative, useful and meaningful form of learning tool and assessment. Teachers’ professional development endeavor, various documents and learning artifacts can be better managed, organized, documented, and presented in e-portfolios and its benefits to learning including visible learning through written reflection, promising in-depth thinking [4] have accredited the use of e-portfolios. Technologies used in portfolio shares considerably basic characteristics and can vary depending on design, openness, sharing capabilities, and learning curve for usage [5]. Additionally, the level of implementation of e-portfolios and the buy-in from users (i.e., educators, administrators, and students) can differ across institutions. Thus, this widespread and divergent application of e-portfolios requires examination in specific contexts; or else, it may turn into a platform of ‘self-advertisement’ [6], ‘scrapbook of teaching memorabilia’ [7] or ‘yesterday’s unsuccessful idea’ [8].
E-portfolio is a purposeful collection of work, captured by electronic means that exhibits individuals’ efforts for learning, reflection, and management of learning artifacts and faculty feedback [9, 10, 11]. [12] noted that it must be goal-driven with organized collection of materials which demonstrate expansion of knowledge and skills and can be observed over time. Thereby it allows to figure out artifacts and make connections of reflections supported by peer and instructor feedback [13, 14]. Thus, in line with the objectives of offered face-to-face course or program, teachers can collect, select, reflect, and present professional materials in a pre-determined online platform using multimedia technologies that serves as a mechanism through which educators can facilitate and monitor student learning outcomes [15].
Several researchers advocate introducing e-portfolio for different reasons– easily assessable with the ability to store multiple media and easy to update [16], means to enhance ICT competency [17], promote self-directed [18] and deep learning [19], augment mentoring and e-collaboration boost self-confidence ([20] and enhance language and communication skills [16]. It enhances learning by assisting its creators to reconstruct personal teaching practices, reflect on it in multiple learning contexts [20], to document and unfold learning process in the learning experiences [20]. In this new millennium, researchers from this region are becoming compelled by its potentiality. However, the pulsation of e-portfolio has not touched widely in Asia and relatively little is known about its uses. Particularly, in Malaysia, e-portfolio (either paper-based or electronic) is “never been heard of nor reported” ([21], p. 90).
English is considered as the ‘main determinant’ of Malaysia’s development as it is used as a second language (L2) [22]. Malaysia is one of the Asian countries that is adopting a bilingual system of education [23]. Despite that, daily discussions in print and electronic media indicate a doubtful picture about pre-service ESL teachers’ proficiency in English. Such situation demands pre-service ESL teachers’ re-skilling or up-skilling of competencies as they are entrusted to transform school students into a knowledge driven society. To give them a meaningful purpose of learning and, utilize, explore, and discover the e-portfolio as an instrument, this study extends the literature on e-portfolio implementation by examining the possibilities and challenges of it to enhance the development and growth among pre-service ESL teachers. Such an understanding from the perspective of teacher and to improve communication among them develop virtual community of practice [24].
In other words, e-portfolio use date can be pooled to promote quality e-portfolio practice and implementation in higher education. Therefore, the research question, specifically, ‘how pre-service ESL teachers perceive e-portfolio for their development and growth’ was framed for investigation.
55 Pre-service ESL teachers who were majoring in TESOL at the University Sains Malaysia (USM) participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided into nine groups (on average six members in within each group). As a prerequisite, they developed Community of Practice [25] the group members and created individual e-portfolios. The course
Issues | No of Items | Cronbach Alpha | |
---|---|---|---|
Perception | General perspective toward e-portfolios | 14 | .94 |
Development and growth | Language | 06 | .94 |
Assessment | 05 | .93 | |
Learning | 06 | .91 | |
Pedagogy | 04 | .92 |
Reliability of the instrument.
A lecture session was arranged at the beginning of the semester to orient them with the concept and demonstrate the procedures of creating e-portfolio. For the Internet connection, weekly tutorial sessions (one hour each) were arranged at the computer laboratory. The Course Instructor (CI) played the role of
Data collection period was limited within one semester (fourteen weeks). Content of the e-portfolios (Reflection Journals) were considered as the source of data. In addition, nine interviews (each from one group) were accomplished for data triangulation and gain insights of interesting or unexpected findings and understand how and why they came to that particular perspective. Participation was voluntary and group members themselves selected their representative for interviews. Data from the interview also served to explore challenges. By examining relevant contents data was organized, broken into manageable units, synthesized, and reduced under different themes. A coding system was used to single out the participants (e.g., A1-- where A refers to the ‘Group A’ and 1 is the first participant) and data source (RJ refers to the participants’ discussion and In for the interviews). For citation, data code and participants’ code were used together (e.g., RJF4- reflection journal of fourth participants of group F, InH5- opinion of fifth participant of group H in interview). For qualitative data analysis, as described by Creswell [28], three general processes were followed: preparing and organizing the data, reducing the data into themes and representing data in discussions. Quantitative data of was reduced by measuring mean and presented in tables and graphs.
The survey questionnaire was divided into two sections which are actually in line with the underpinned research questions—participants’ perception toward e-portfolios and their development and growth. Perception toward e-portfolios is presented in two parts: firstly, the general perceptions toward e-portfolio (Figure 1) and secondly, the perceived development (Figures 2
General perceptions toward e-portfolio.
Development of language skill.
Development of Assessment skill.
Development of learning skill.
Development of pedagogical skills.
The Figure 1 shows the mean score for each of thirteen items which ranged between 3.1 and 4.08. The overall mean 3.48 indicates that participants generally perceived e-portfolios positively. It can be noted that the score in ‘enjoyed the creation procedure’ is slightly higher than in ‘felt interest’. The mean scores for the responses indicate that pre-service ESL teachers felt comparatively less interested to develop e-portfolios at the beginning (Mean 3.1). From such comparison, it can be assumed that participants felt agony at the early stage due to unfamiliarity with the e-portfolios and difficulties to connect it with the course outline. Moreover, they faced difficulties (Mean 3.16) to create e-portfolio as well. However, they took the e-portfolio project as a challenge, and later, enjoyed the creation procedure (Mean 3.70).
E-portfolios helped them to reflect on their learning experiences (Mean 4.02), share ideas open-mindedly with other participants (Mean 3.94) and, in turn, to become reflective thinker (Mean 3.97). In such way, e-portfolio facilitated the pre-service ESL teachers to learn course materials deeply (Mean 3.72). Data also confirmed that developing e-portfolio enhanced language skills (Mean 3.89), ICT skill (Mean 4.08), communication skill (Mean 4.05) and pedagogical skill (Mean 3.72). E-portfolios were not only considered as a tool for learning but also to document the learning process (Mean 3.89), which made them aware about the readiness as a future teacher (mean 3.94). It resulted in the feeling of ownership among participants (Mean 3.97) after the e-portfolio project was finished.
Participants claimed that e-portfolio certainly significantly contributed to their language, assessment, learning and pedagogical skills.
Particularly for the enhancement of linguistic ability, the mean score of participants’ responses is more than four in each case (Figure 2). Therefore, it can be claimed that creation of e-portfolio allowed the participants to implement ICT in language learning (Mean 4.21) which enhanced their reading (Mean 4.1) and writing skill (Mean 4.18). They were also able to assess their own linguistic ability (Mean 4.16) which led them to understand their role as language teacher (Mean 4.24).
Regarding assessment participants considered e-portfolio as an effective tool as well since it can develop accountability and responsibility (4.02) to measure various learning objectives (Mean 3.91), increase self-assessment (3.91) and critical thinking (4). As such, participants perceived that e-portfolio is more powerful than single measure (Mean 3.72).
During the e-portfolio creation procedure, participants browsed the e-portfolios of most of their classmates (3.56) which helped them to reflect on merits (3.81) or shortcomings (3.94) of postings. Such process gave the participants opportunity to examine individual learning outcomes (Mean 4.1) and later, deepened classroom learning (Mean 4.08). Most importantly, participants enjoyed such learning strategy (Mean 4.1).
In addition, it was also supposed that pedagogical skills were enhanced through e-portfolio since assisted them to understand content knowledge (4.08), teaching learning approaches (3.81), contextual problems (4.02) and the role of teachers (3.75).
Apart from the development and growth, participants also claimed that they have faced several challenges to use e-portfolios which include internet connection, workload and time constraint, quality of contribution, and value issues.
Among the challenges, lack of access of Internet connection was identified and opined as the most crucial, because “not all students have computers, needless to say access to the Internet” (RJA2). For example, it was claimed “Internet connection was a big problem”, and therefore, “some students might not have the convenience to go online to the website freely” (RJA5). Although participants agreed that it cannot be blamed as the disadvantage of e-portfolio (RJA5), however, for the meaningful execution of any ICT-based appliance these two are the primary requirement (InA2). Such situation hampered the participants to upload their work timely (RJA4) or make e-portfolio going as fluent as they wanted. This was particularly true for the participants who resided in the campus and relied on the wireless connection provided by the University. They argued that CI may think it as a ‘dummy excuse’, but for them it was ‘more than annoying’ reality (RJH1). One participant expressed her annoyance “the only challenge that I had is the wireless connection, it is irritating. I was typing so fast and when wanted to post my view the internet connection is gone” (RJA1). To upload the RJs, such situation was endurable since they could “write it down first and then just cut and paste it” when they were online (RJE6). Participants were required to find place to be online (RJB7), awake till midnight to upload materials (RJE6) or even did not depend on the university server (RJC4). Such frustrating situation led them to state “I wish if we can just print all the RJs and save all the disappointment(s)” (RJH3). Such lack of Internet access “definitely reduced interest” (RJC5) and inculcated their enthusiasm to accomplish works through the e-portfolio (RJF1).
Participants revealed time constraint is another challenge to make the e-portfolio effective. Although it was agreed that the “concept of e-portfolio is nice” (RJB7), but ‘after several weeks of uploading files, posting RJs and RJs’, it was claimed that ‘e-portfolio is time consuming phenomenon’ (RJA2). One participant explained:
I was required to post RJs and RJs on time. To do this, I need to get extra time to post comments and discussions. Besides, e-portfolios require me to do extra research to write. I need extra time to search extra information and complete RJs (RJF1).
Therefore, using e-portfolios became a durable task as they had to care for other RJs ‘with equally heavy workload and mark allocation’ (RJA2). One participant stated, “when many assignments to submit I had no free time to open my e-portfolio” (RJI3). Awful internet connection made the process ‘tougher and harder’ (RJC3). As a result, to “complete the RJs was the big challenge” for them (RJD6). It was argued that the mark allocated for these tasks was comparatively nominal. One participant commented “the workload is quite heavy and time-consuming and deserves more percentage of mark” (RJE2). Under such circumstance it was perceived-- “it was too much to ask everyone to post at least one RJ per week” (RJB7) or “too many things to learn since it is the first time, we exposed to this” (RJG2). Since participants had ‘other commitments and workloads’ (InG1), quality of writing decrease. Therefore, one participant asserted-- “we had the tendency to just write for the sake of mark not with the willingness to write” (RJD6). Sometimes they “tend to beat around the bush, repeating and paraphrasing what others have said” (RJE1).
Participants noticed that because of reluctance or neglecting attitude toward responsibilities, few members remain passive and ‘cheat by not contributing at all’ or believed that “at least someone will contribute” (RJH3). It was argued that such situation discouraged others’ enthusiastic participation. For example, one participant stated “if our comments do not get response from others, it definitely reduces our interest… I felt same when some of my friends did not response to my comments” (RJC5). Moreover, there were students who “do not care about contributing ideas in e-portfolios” (RJF3) or their postings were not valuable for being discussed or debated (RJD6). For example, one participant criticized “many students are not serious when they reply to their comments and just send their comments because they are required to do so” (RJF1) or they tend to “agree and repeat other’s points” (RJE6). It was realized that such kind of postings are useless and noted that “higher quantity does not imply decent quality” (RJE6). Hence, participants suggested others to rethink--“am I posting the discussion just for the sake of posting” (RJC4) or “do we tend to emphasize on quantity of posting instead of the quality” (RJE6). However, few reasons were identified in this regard, firstly, there are students who do not have the ability to work independently (RJF3); secondly, they used the same source from Internet to get information (InA2); and thirdly, from the believe that CI would not be able to evaluate the large number of the postings within the time frame (InI4).
Plagiarism is another issue that could hinder the quality of the contribution, participants supposed. It was unquestionably agreed that e-portfolio gives students’ ‘freedom’ to use Internet to collect information for educational purposes. But they noticed that “students might use this opportunity to simply copy and paste from the internet and use it as their own” (RJH2). It contradicts with the aim of using e-portfolio and they are ‘actually not gaining advantages’ from it (RJA4). However, such practice was not acknowledged, rather expressed their frustration “I thought that each and every of them did their job well without plagiarizing. But today I found one of my group mates is guilty… the moment you started reading, you can tell that it was not his work. I am disappointed and feeling sorry for him” (RJB7). Therefore, it was suggested, CI should remain more observant and needs to consider this issue while giving grades (RJA4).
Findings indicate that despite any prior experiences, pre-service ESL teachers perceived e-portfolios as a useful mediator tool to develop a CoP. They employed e-portfolios as the platform to reveal their voices, argue with their individual opinions, encourage others’ works and outlooks, and provided suggestion for implication. Initially they took creating e-portfolios as an issue of enjoyable initiative. After becoming familiar with it they started to realize that e-portfolios could be a suitable platform to express their different ideas and individual opinions on an issue which they were not able to apprise in a face-to-face classroom where time and scope are limited. As such, these issues (domains) guided them to organize their knowledge and reflect on that. It helped them sort out what to share, how to distinguish trivial idea and which one had real promise. Such practice dictated them to develop a community within the participants. That is, domain denoted the topic participants focused on, the practice is the specific knowledge the community develops and shares. With the help of the shared practices participants were able to develop a commitment about its use in their future job. Wenger, McDermott and Snyder [29] claim that such commitment make a distinction between a community and just a group of friends. Hence, the pre-service teachers in this study have developed a community of practice and functioned and contributed meaningfully to the causes of their online community, particularly in terms of sharing knowledge.
Findings also reveal that pre-service ESL teachers positively considered e-portfolios as a meaningful tool for the enhancement of competencies. However, similar to the previous studies relating to the pre-service teacher’s language [18] and ICT development [16] participants of this study were also feeling frustrated at the beginning due to unfamiliarity with the tasks, later, after becoming confident to deal with, e-portfolios facilitated their development and growth in those areas. This study also corroborates the potentials of e-portfolios to develop an interactive environment for the enhancement of writing skill [30], stimulation of communication skill [16], online collaborative learning [31, 32]. Shy students who felt hesitate to participate in a face-to-face classroom, found it as more suitable way for learning English [18]. It enhanced their insights on drawbacks of traditional paper-pencil tests and developing awareness about the alternative assessment system like e-portfolio. Hence, not surprisingly, most of the participant became aware that this type of tool can contribute to enhancing the teachers’ quality in Malaysian, and, therefore, felt motivated to utilize it in their future job. Such psychological advantage may assist them to foster a sense of pride on their personal work and feeling of satisfaction [33]. Such kind of positive feelings is crucial since the use of e-portfolios in educational settings is not a common practice in Malaysia.
Besides this worthwhile and fulfilling learning experience, there are a few drawbacks that need to be addressed. The most damaging issue, if left unattended to is the issue of Internet connection. For the e-portfolios to be successfully implemented, the Internet connection must be available to the participants, fast, consistent, and reliable. Notably, the issue of the online platform is crucial for the successful e-portfolio implementation. Stefani, Masson and Pegler [8] describe four types of commonly used online platform for e-portfolios (1) commercial software (2) institutional (3) open-source e-portfolio software and (4) open-source common tools. This study used open-source e-portfolio software as the online platform. However, each of these options has few pros and cons [8]. Hence, determination is required which type of online platform is more suitable in Malaysian context in line with the expense, participants’ capability, and their necessity.
Another concern that was voiced by the participants is the need for a structured and comprehensive training on how to create e-portfolios. Indeed, training is required, since creating e-portfolios is described in literature as a ‘daunting job’ (Barrett, 2001 cited in [34]) or not a ‘simple undertaking’ [35]. But before that, policy makers need to take a methodical and organized planning how and for what purposes e-portfolios will be implemented, such as product/ process/showcase, long term/short term (k-12, pre-service, in service), voluntarily/mandatorily, formal accreditation/informal documentation, institutionally or else as a whole. After addressing such questions training can be arranged to ensure its systematic use. Careful planning is also crucial as the lack of time ([36]) and redesigning of course objectives in line with the e-portfolios [8] are two seriously hindering factor that could jeopardize the whole initiative. Most importantly, despite ample promise e-portfolios sometimes ends with “limited success” due to “lack of stickiness” ([37], p. xxxiii). Hence, regular updating is imperative to reap the actual benefits from e-portfolios. Course instructors’ role is vital in this regard. They are required to provide ‘quality and quantity support’ ([32], p. 1139) through frequent interaction, recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of individuals, encouraging to constructive use, monitoring participation, and providing formative suggestions.
This study reveals that meaningful utilization of e-portfolios in pre-service teacher education may confer additional dimensions in the efforts of contemporary web-based language learning in Malaysia. It can be a useful tool to enhance ICT competencies, delivering linguistic exercises, access authentic materials, communication, carry out projects, share opinions and ideas, and work in collaborative and co-operative ways among others. However, this study was limited within a narrow context and does not allow for a generalization of findings. But this study provided an important contribution to the literature on e-portfolio since it synthesized the baseline understandings on the issues of pre-service ESL teachers’ perceptions toward e-portfolios and how it contributed to their development and growth in a context like Malaysia where using e-portfolio is not a widespread practice. The methodology used in this study can also provide insight to motivate and coach teachers to become more reflective and active participants in their learning processes. Developing countries like Malaysia who are intending to persuade e-portfolios in educational settings may get an insight from this study.
However, it could be noted that, for an extensive implementation such baseline understanding is not sufficient since a lot of issues remained unanswered in this study. New technologies are constantly changing and influence the way we learn and teach. Teachers’ capacities to deal with such change, learn from it, and help students learn from it are critical for the future development of societies. Hence, teacher education programs need to adapt the rapid changes of new technologies and stay aligned with contemporary era. Otherwise, such recent technologies may itself create barrier in teachers’ development, instead of making them capable. Further research and experimentation in TESOL as well as other contexts and disciplines is required to examine its feasibility and implement process from different views to establish it as a new pedagogical and technological fad in the developing countries as well as in Malaysian context. Since, the present efforts of the governments, in general, are confined to the quality in education, findings from the study may assist the policymakers to initiate necessary steps to reconsider and modify the conventional practices of teaching-learning and assessment. Teacher training institutions can also implement e-portfolios in line with the specific needs in a local context or as a part of certification in not only pre-service but also in-service teacher education.
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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"56330",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69932",title:"Russian Scientific Trends on Specific Language Impairment in Childhood",slug:"russian-scientific-trends-on-specific-language-impairment-in-childhood",totalDownloads:1941,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"In Russia, there are many decades of experience in the scientific study of the problem of impaired language development in children. Today, the term “Systemic speech-and-language underdevelopment (SLU)” has firmly established in Russian science and practice, implying a complex developmental disorder of speech and language in children with a primary normal hearing and a conserved intellect, in which the main components of the language system are violated: vocabulary, grammar, phonetics, and, as a consequence, dialogic and monologic speech. Traditionally, a differentiated level-by-level analysis of the speech and language abilities of children is used. The variability of the manifestations and severity of speech-and-language disorders were initially systematized and characterized in four levels of underdevelopment: from the complete absence of phrase speech to the availability of simple and complex sentences with lexico-grammatical errors. Effective algorithms of speech therapist work with SLU are introduced. The effectiveness of the application of these models and algorithms on the material of various language groups is proved.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Tatiana Tumanova and Tatiana Filicheva",authors:[{id:"204529",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Volodarovna",middleName:null,surname:"Tumanova",slug:"tatiana-volodarovna-tumanova",fullName:"Tatiana Volodarovna Tumanova"},{id:"208704",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana Borisovna",middleName:null,surname:"Filicheva",slug:"tatiana-borisovna-filicheva",fullName:"Tatiana Borisovna Filicheva"}]},{id:"36452",doi:"10.5772/38931",title:"Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology",slug:"qualitative-research-methods-in-psychology",totalDownloads:35854,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"1997",slug:"psychology-selected-papers",title:"Psychology",fullTitle:"Psychology - Selected Papers"},signatures:"Deborah Biggerstaff",authors:[{id:"123274",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Biggerstaff",slug:"deborah-biggerstaff",fullName:"Deborah Biggerstaff"}]},{id:"56560",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70235",title:"The Role of Speech and Language Therapist in Autism Spectrum Disorders Intervention – An Inclusive Approach",slug:"the-role-of-speech-and-language-therapist-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-intervention-an-inclusive-app",totalDownloads:2342,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"The chapter describes the possibilities of involving a speech-language therapist in the assessment of the pragmatic level of communication in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), where one of the most frequently impaired areas is communication pragmatics. These difficulties lead to a disruption of social interaction, which might be one of the obstacles to speech-language intervention in these children. The text is based on an originally developed testing material aimed at selected pragmatic-oriented communication situations relating to everyday activities and real life. Based on a comparison of domestic and international resources in this area, as well as mediated and own empirical experience, our assessment approach is based on the conclusion that pragmatics can be understood in different contexts and perspectives. The text presents the results of a partial survey comparing the performance of children with ASD and children with typical development. The assessment focused on the children’s election of the correct picture of a pair of pictures that represent usual communication and social situations. The results of the research suggest fewer incorrect responses in children with ASD and in different areas compared with children with typical development. However, the results of a qualitative analysis indicate a necessity to expand the assessment of communication pragmatics by adding an individually specific qualitative analysis of children’s performance.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Kateřina Vitásková and Lucie Kytnarová",authors:[{id:"203061",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kateřina",middleName:null,surname:"Vitásková",slug:"katerina-vitaskova",fullName:"Kateřina Vitásková"},{id:"212035",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Kytnarová",slug:"lucie-kytnarova",fullName:"Lucie Kytnarová"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73271",title:"Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty",slug:"social-media-and-its-effects-on-beauty",totalDownloads:2991,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Beauty is concerned with physical and mental health as both are intimately related. Short-term decisions to alter one’s body structure irrespective of genetic, environmental, occupational and nutritional needs can leave medium- and long-term effects. This chapter analyzes the role of social media and its effects on the standards of beauty. The researchers have summarized the literature on how social media plays a role in affecting beauty trends, body image and self-esteem concerns. There is support that social media affects individuals negatively, in pushing them to engage in life threatening beauty trends due to social compliance and acceptance in society. The aim was to review social networking sites’ impact on perception of standards of beauty and newer unrealistic trends gaining popularity that could alter opinions and also cause harm to individuals in the long run. This is an emerging area of research that is of high importance to the physical and mental health in the beauty, health and hospitality industry with the latter being manifested in depression, anxiety and fear of non-acceptability and being seen as a social gauche.",book:{id:"7811",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",title:"Beauty",fullTitle:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments"},signatures:"Mavis Henriques and Debasis Patnaik",authors:[{id:"320016",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mavis",middleName:"Lilian",surname:"Henriques",slug:"mavis-henriques",fullName:"Mavis Henriques"},{id:"320978",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasis",middleName:null,surname:"Patnaik",slug:"debasis-patnaik",fullName:"Debasis Patnaik"}]},{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6884,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"27237",title:"Emotional Intelligence",slug:"emotional-intelligence",totalDownloads:5728,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"679",slug:"emotional-intelligence-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Emotional Intelligence",fullTitle:"Emotional Intelligence - New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Adrian Furnham",authors:[{id:"85492",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Furnham",slug:"adrian-furnham",fullName:"Adrian Furnham"}]},{id:"70731",title:"Theoretical Perspective of Traditional Counseling",slug:"theoretical-perspective-of-traditional-counseling",totalDownloads:1582,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical perspective of traditional counseling from an African context. Traditional counseling involves a broad perspective that enhances learning for transformation and integration of sociocultural values that are peculiar to each human society. A cursory review of the literature suggests that the concept of traditional counseling is rooted in traditional systems of knowledge and sociocultural customs and practices, and it promotes a collective approach to problem identification, resolution, and management. The traditional counseling process centers on four aspects: traditional counselor, client, family, and community. The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are: cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills.",book:{id:"9136",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Hector Chiboola",authors:[{id:"314172",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Chiboola",slug:"hector-chiboola",fullName:"Hector Chiboola"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7678,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"21",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82260",title:"Psychometric Analysis of an Instrument to Study Retention in Engineering",slug:"psychometric-analysis-of-an-instrument-to-study-retention-in-engineering",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105443",abstract:"Although engineering programs admit highly qualified students with strong academic credentials, retention in engineering remains lower than most other programs of study. Addressing retention by modeling student success shows promise. Instruments incorporating noncognitive attributes have proven to be more accurate than those using only cognitive variables in predicting student success. The Student Attitudinal Success Instrument (SASI-I), a survey assessing nine specific noncognitive constructs, was developed based largely on existing, validated instruments. It was designed to collect data on affective (noncognitive) characteristics for incoming engineering students (a) that can be collected prior to the first year and (b) for which higher education institutions may have an influence during students’ first year of study. This chapter will focus on the psychometric analysis of this instrument. Three years of data from incoming first-year engineering students were collected and analyzed. This work was conducted toward investigating the following research questions: Do the scale scores of the instrument demonstrate evidence of reliability and validity, and what is the normative taxonomy of the scale scores of first-year engineering students across multiple years? Further, to what extent did the overall affective characteristics change over the first year of study?",book:{id:"11441",title:"Psychometrics - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11441.jpg"},signatures:"Kenneth J. Reid"},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",abstract:"The word senescence is derived from the Latin word “senex” (meaning old). In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing. Senescence is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). It is the process of growing old (aging). The underlying mechanisms of senescence and aging at the cellular level are not fully understood. Senescence is a multifactorial process that can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. The most popular theory to explain aging is the free radical theory. Senescence plays a role in the development of several age-related chronic diseases in humans (e.g., ischemic heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer). Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (with mayfly) to potential eternity (with jellyfish and hydra). The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors. There are several ways to potentially extend the lifespan of humans and eventually surpass the maximum theoretical lifespan of 120 years. The tools that can be proposed include lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati"},{id:"81748",title:"Emotional Creativity",slug:"emotional-creativity",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104544",abstract:"Creativity encompasses and is influenced by several emotions. Emotional creativity is a critical component in the creative process. It is the ability to create something new through the influence of emotions evoked from the personal or experiences of others. Creative works inspired by emotions are often original and greeted with Euphoria. This chapter demonstrates how different emotions inspire different forms and levels of creativity with examples of notable artists who experienced emotional creativity. This chapter discusses research linking emotions to creativity and the explanations of how the identification and regulation of emotions, which are often referred to as emotional intelligence, make a difference in whether creativity becomes useful, helpful, or hurtful. The dark side of creativity, which occurs when creativity becomes hurtful instead of helpful, and research into its causes is also discussed in this chapter. An example of a notable figure in the twentieth century, i.e., Adolf Hitler who masterminded World War II, is used to demonstrate how emotions played a role in this phenomenon. A conclusion alluding to the fact that creativity or creative outcomes are not necessarily bad but the application of creative work and the ability to identify emotions and regulate or control the emotions to drive creative performance validates emotional creativeness.",book:{id:"11303",title:"Creativity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11303.jpg"},signatures:"Cynthia Naa Anyimah Botchway"},{id:"82097",title:"Including Religion in Rational-Emotive Behavior Counseling",slug:"including-religion-in-rational-emotive-behavior-counseling",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104980",abstract:"Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) have been disseminated worldwide. This therapeutic approach is being considered some of the best empirically supported treatments for a large variety of psychological disorders. The core tenet of CBT is to restore mental health and promote psychological well-being by focusing on cognitive dysfunctional patterns that cause emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors. First, a general view of the basic principles and origins of cognitive-behavior therapies constitute the basis on which the chapter is built. Thereafter, a more in-depth discussion on specific forms of CBT, namely cognitive therapy (CT) and rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) provides further support for the integration of religion and psychological intervention. Next, a thorough analysis of the theoretical premises of this integration and the ways in which religious beliefs and psychological mechanisms merge in practice is provided. Finally, the REBT conceptualization, techniques, and strategies are illustrated in a practical situation; here, the relationship between religious beliefs and practices on the one hand, and irrational beliefs, dysfunctional emotions, and maladaptive behaviors, on the other hand, is easy to observe. The example provided aptly illustrates the many ways in which REBT can incorporate religious principles, beliefs, and practices; all of them, advocating for the harmonious relationship between Christian values and REBT.",book:{id:"11305",title:"Counseling and Therapy - Recent Developments in Theories and Concepts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11305.jpg"},signatures:"Adrian Opre and Bianca Macavei"},{id:"82075",title:"Sexuality and Disability",slug:"sexuality-and-disability",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104325",abstract:"Sexuality and disability is an important topic in our global society. Dismantling myths about sexuality and disability is considered a final frontier for people with disabilities. Dismantling myths about sexuality and disability is vital to the overall health and well-being of people with disabilities. A major aspect of the dismantling process is to acknowledge that sexuality is a significant quality of life determinant for all human beings. This chapter provides information that will promote a healthier and more accurate view of Sexuality and Disability. Dismantling this last frontier involves providing the readership with relevant historical information; information about psychosocial factors and attitudes that influence sexuality; and information about ethical practice guidelines. Information pertaining to sexuality training, specific provider competencies and how select disabilities and chronic illness impact sexuality is also covered in the chapter.",book:{id:"11267",title:"Human Sexuality",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11267.jpg"},signatures:"Danita H. Stapleton, Sekeria V. Bossie, Angela L. Hall and Lovett O. Lowery"},{id:"81962",title:"Gender and Modern-Day Slavery: Aggression and Violence in the Context of a Nigerian Focus",slug:"gender-and-modern-day-slavery-aggression-and-violence-in-the-context-of-a-nigerian-focus",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104727",abstract:"This chapter explored the various forms of gender-based modern-day slavery in Nigeria. Such modern slaveries as baby factories (unlawful maternity and orphanages where children are sold and their mothers serve as ‘economic-slaves, sex-slaves, procreation-slaves, and money-ritual-slaves’), peonage (debt bondage), and early forced marriage were found to be common and on the increase in Nigeria and fundamentally precipitated by patriarchy. The predictors and risk factors of these slavery typologies were supported by the tenets of feminist and political economy theories, which formed the framework. A patriarchal society engenders inequalities, alienation, subjugation, aggression, violence, deprivations, and frustration, with women on the receiving end, when compared to men. The female population is largely the victim, while most perpetrators are males. The new, emerging trend in slavery enterprise are typically organised and largely motivated by women’s vulnerabilities and powerlessness, with dehumanising and destructive consequences. Arising from this is the conclusion that certain cultural practices and socioeconomic forces intertwine with poverty, lack of qualitative education, and other exclusions to expose women and girls to servitudes. The problem requires robust intersectoral approaches—that is, coordinated intervention, programmes, and collaborative efforts between governments and local authorities and institutions—to (re)solve.",book:{id:"11440",title:"Aggression and Violent Behaviour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11440.jpg"},signatures:"Mary Juachi Eteng and Macpherson Uchenna Nnam"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:50},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. 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