Costs of system model components [33].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7131",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Facial Nerve Disorders",title:"Selected Topics in Facial Nerve Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve) is the nerve of facial expression. It innervates all superficial muscles of the face and scalp, the contraction of which is responsible for all our numerous facial expressions like anger, pain, fear, smile, etc. Facial disfigurement resulting from facial nerve disorders can affect the physical, psychological, and emotional integrity of an individual. This might result in a social, occupational, and educational handicap. The facial nerve is one of the most common cranial nerves implicated by disorders. Common disorders involving the facial nerve include Bell's palsy, tumors, hemifacial spasm, and blepharospasm. Among these disorders, Bell's palsy is the commonest with an annual global incidence of 11.5-53.3 per 100,000 in different populations, and it accounts for approximately 60-75% of cases of acute unilateral facial paralysis with the right side being affected in 63% of cases.",isbn:"978-1-83880-178-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-177-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78923-933-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73929",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"selected-topics-in-facial-nerve-disorders",numberOfPages:66,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0c16c1a947ded4fae51c047243593fbf",bookSignature:"Isam Al-Zwaini and Mohammed Jalal Hussein",publishedDate:"May 29th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7131.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6239,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 25th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 24th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 13th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30993/images/system/30993.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Isam Jaber AL-Zwaini was born on January 04, 1963, in Baghdad, Iraq. After graduating from AL-Mustansiryia College of Medicine in 1987, he worked as a house officer in different hospitals in Baghdad for 15 months, followed by military services for 3 years. He started his pediatric study in 1991 and gained the Fellowship of Iraqi Commission for Medical Specializations in 1996. He worked as a lecturer at the Department of Pediatrics, AL-Anbar Medical College, from 1996 to 2001 when he obtained the title of Assistant Professor. In 2005, he began working in the Department of Pediatrics at AL-Kindy Medical College, University of Baghdad, and obtained the title of Professor in 2008. He became an associate member of the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health, UK, in 2007. He has served as head of the pediatric department at AL-Anbar and AL-Kindy Medical Colleges for many years and has published more than thirty scientific papers in different pediatric fields. He has a special interest in pediatric hematology, neurology, and nutrition.",institutionString:"University of Baghdad",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"University of Baghdad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iraq"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"271089",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Jalal Hussein",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Khalidi",slug:"mohammed-jalal-hussein-al-khalidi",fullName:"Mohammed Jalal Hussein Al-Khalidi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/271089/images/system/271089.jpeg",biography:"Mohammed Jalal Hussein Al-Khalidi is Professor and Vice Dean for scientific Affair at Al-Kindy Medical College, Baghdad University, Iraq. He was awarded the M.B.Ch.B. degree from Al-Mustansyria University, Medical College in 1986-1987 and received his Higher Diploma in Pediatrics from Medical College, University of Baghdad in 1995.\nHe was awarded Fellow of Iraqi Medical Specialization in Pediatrics in 1995. Dr. Al-Khalidi Memberships include: Member of American Society of Tropical Medicine& Hygiene (ASTMH) since 2018; Member of ESPGHAN since 2010; Associate MRCPCH (UK), 2005, registration No, 207939; Iraqi Medical Association, 1987, registration No, 14955; Iraqi Pediatrics Association, 2000; and Sulyamania Medical Association, 2006.",institutionString:"Al-Kindy Medical College, Baghdad University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1097",title:"Neurotology",slug:"neurotology"}],chapters:[{id:"66341",title:"Introductory Chapter: Facial Nerve - An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85572",slug:"introductory-chapter-facial-nerve-an-overview",totalDownloads:1782,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini and Mohammed Jalal Hussein",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66341",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66341",authors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],corrections:null},{id:"65792",title:"The Proprioception in the Muscles Supplied by the Facial Nerve",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84463",slug:"the-proprioception-in-the-muscles-supplied-by-the-facial-nerve",totalDownloads:1495,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Proprioception is a quality of somatosensibility that informs the central nervous system about the static and dynamics of muscles and joints. In muscles, the proprioceptive originates in the specialized sensory-organ-denominated muscle spindles. Nevertheless, facial muscles lack muscle spindles, but the facial proprioception plays key roles in the regulation and coordination of facial musculature and diverse reflexes. At the basis of these functional characteristics are the multiple communications between the facial and the trigeminal nerves, and neuroanatomical studies have demonstrated that facial proprioceptive impulses are conveyed via branches of the trigeminal nerve to the central nervous system. Substituting muscle spindles facial muscles contain other kinds of proprioceptors of variable morphology that display immunoreactivity for some putative mechanoproteins known to participate in proprioception (acid-sensing ion channel 2, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4, and Piezo2).",signatures:"Juan L. Cobo, Antonio Solé-Magdalena, Sonsoles Junquera, Teresa Cobo,\nJosé Antonio Vega and Juan Cobo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65792",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64297",title:"Treatment of Facial Nerve Palsy Based on Genetic Analysis of the Facial Muscles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81933",slug:"treatment-of-facial-nerve-palsy-based-on-genetic-analysis-of-the-facial-muscles",totalDownloads:1064,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Details of the molecular biological features of facial nerve palsy have not been widely reported in textbooks. I performed a genetic analysis of facial muscle specimens from Japanese patients with moderate (House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system III) and severe (House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system V) dysfunctions due to Bell’s palsy and rats, after facial nerve resection (total paralysis). Microarray analysis of gene expression was performed using specimens from both the healthy and affected sides, and gene expressions were compared. Changes in gene expression were defined as a palsy/healthy side ratio >2.0 or <0.5. I observed changes of gene expression; in particular, genes for muscle, neuron, and energy function showed changes with the severity of facial nerve palsy. This study may aid the development of new treatments and diagnostic/prognostic markers based on the severity of palsy.",signatures:"Hiroshi Moriyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64297",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64297",authors:[{id:"141619",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Moriyama",slug:"hiroshi-moriyama",fullName:"Hiroshi Moriyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"63954",title:"The Use of Phototherapy for Bell’s Palsy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81508",slug:"the-use-of-phototherapy-for-bell-s-palsy",totalDownloads:1898,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Various methods have been used to treat Bell’s palsy, ranging from physical therapy, medications, to decompression surgery. The standard treatment is currently a prescription of corticosteroids with antiviral agents. All these medical approaches yield mixed results, and there is a need for additional investigation on treatment options. Recent studies have shown that facial palsy responds positively to phototherapy treatment, in particular the low-energy infrared laser. In the present report, we attempt to review the current clinical application of phototherapy, representing a conservative and safe medical approach in the treatment of Bell’s palsy. A literature review was performed. The results of the included studies suggested that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a significant treatment modality for patients recovering from Bell’s palsy. However, the risk of bias of the included studies was relatively high, and further research could change the estimate of effect of this treatment option. In conclusion, there is currently a moderate evidence to support the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of Bell’s palsy. Further randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials and high-quality studies are needed to determine with certainty the benefits of this treatment option for Bell’s palsy.",signatures:"Diego Rothschild and Shu Yan Ng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63954",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63954",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7860",title:"Epilepsy",subtitle:"Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17e914e07088c3e9c4d085a609be1f42",slug:"epilepsy-advances-in-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini and Ban Adbul-Hameed Majeed Albadri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7860.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6210",title:"Thalassemia and Other Hemolytic Anemias",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"857e8a4bff6f78189f15a00423bde1a6",slug:"thalassemia-and-other-hemolytic-anemias",bookSignature:"Isam AL-Zwaini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7072",title:"Cerebral Palsy",subtitle:"Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eebd6581cd862f95edfacb284191e1c5",slug:"cerebral-palsy-clinical-and-therapeutic-aspects",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7072.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9805",title:"Infant Feeding",subtitle:"Breast versus Formula",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d1570fa9b5653287eaa25fe171b404a",slug:"infant-feeding-breast-versus-formula",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini, Zaid Rasheed Al-Ani and Walter Hurley",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7160",title:"Selected Topics in Myasthenia Gravis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eeda0ab67d079aaaef6c71f9d7f1bb26",slug:"selected-topics-in-myasthenia-gravis",bookSignature:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini and Ali AL-Mayahi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30993",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam Jaber",surname:"Al-Zwaini",slug:"isam-jaber-al-zwaini",fullName:"Isam Jaber Al-Zwaini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5603",title:"Advances in Clinical Audiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f52ebfa4173882c42e96ac8325309ab",slug:"advances-in-clinical-audiology",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5603.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174266",title:"Prof.",name:"Stavros",surname:"Hatzopoulos",slug:"stavros-hatzopoulos",fullName:"Stavros Hatzopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7894",title:"The Human Auditory System",subtitle:"Basic Features and Updates on Audiological Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7c43fdbbbca096fea1c40c0a1928343",slug:"the-human-auditory-system-basic-features-and-updates-on-audiological-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba and Piotr H. 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Overall, 10-25% of AP episodes are classified as severe. This leads to an associated mortality rate of 7-30% that has not changed in recent years. Treatment is conservative and generally performed by experienced teams often in ICUs. Although most cases of acute pancreatitis are uncomplicated and resolve spontaneously, the presence of complications has a significant prognostic importance. Necrosis, hemorrhage, and infection convey up to 25%, 50%, and 80% mortality, respectively. Other complications such as pseudocyst formation, pseudo-aneurysm formation, or venous thrombosis, increase morbidity and mortality to a lesser degree. The presence of pancreatic infection must be avoided.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-984-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6779-2",doi:"10.5772/1439",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"acute-pancreatitis",numberOfPages:302,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"b9e4aebaf0e8a2dd617fe38a5d3b2bff",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",publishedDate:"January 18th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/932.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:68106,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfTotalCitations:45,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 20th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 17th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 24th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 24th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2011",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Rodrigo, MD, is a Professor Emeritus of Medicine, at the University of Oviedo, Spain. He has been Chief of Gastroenterology Service at HUCA Hospital, Oviedo, for more than forty years. He obtained a Ph.D. in 1975 and has developed a long teaching and research career. Dr. Rodrigo has published 716 scientific papers, 435 written in English and the rest in Spanish. He has participated as the main investigator in forty-five clinical trials and has directed forty doctoral theses. He has contributed actively to the formation of around 100 specialists in gastroenterology working in his hospital and other hospitals in Spain and abroad. He has written around thirty-five book chapters and edited twenty-six books in his specialty and related diseases.",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"17",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1021",title:"Hepatology",slug:"gastroenterology-hepatology"}],chapters:[{id:"26182",title:"Acute Biliary Pancreatitis",slug:"acute-biliary-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:3892,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"66078",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"İlhan",slug:"mehmet-ilhan",fullName:"Mehmet İlhan"}]},{id:"26183",title:"Acute Pancreatitis Induced by Drugs",slug:"acute-pancreatitis-induced-by-drugs",totalDownloads:5991,totalCrossrefCites:5,authors:[{id:"64832",title:"Dr.",name:"Karel",surname:"Urbánek",slug:"karel-urbanek",fullName:"Karel Urbánek"}]},{id:"26184",title:"Obesity and Acute Pancreatitis",slug:"obesity-and-acute-pancreatitis",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"67987",title:"Prof.",name:"Davor",surname:"Štimac",slug:"davor-stimac",fullName:"Davor Štimac"},{id:"69869",title:"Dr.",name:"Neven",surname:"Franjić",slug:"neven-franjic",fullName:"Neven Franjić"}]},{id:"26185",title:"Acute Pancreatitis During Pregnancy",slug:"acute-pancreatitis-during-pregnancy",totalDownloads:8131,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"69839",title:"Prof.",name:"Davor",surname:"Štimac",slug:"davor-stimac",fullName:"Davor Štimac"},{id:"69845",title:"MSc",name:"Tea",surname:"Štimac",slug:"tea-stimac",fullName:"Tea Štimac"}]},{id:"26186",title:"Pancreatitis in Children",slug:"pancreatitis-in-children",totalDownloads:3976,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"71209",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",surname:"Larrosa-Haro",slug:"alfredo-larrosa-haro",fullName:"Alfredo Larrosa-Haro"},{id:"71216",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen A",surname:"Sánchez-Ramírez",slug:"carmen-a-sanchez-ramirez",fullName:"Carmen A Sánchez-Ramírez"},{id:"71550",title:"Dr",name:"Mariana",surname:"Gomez-Najera",slug:"mariana-gomez-najera",fullName:"Mariana Gomez-Najera"}]},{id:"26187",title:"Pancreatitis in Cystic Fibrosis and CFTR-Related Disorder",slug:"pancreatitis-in-cystic-fibrosis-and-cftr-related-disorder",totalDownloads:4366,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"71852",title:"Dr.",name:"Keith C. 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He earned his PhD with distinction from Graz University of Technology, Austria and secured Gold Medal in his Masters from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has published over 50 research articles in reputed journals and conferences. His research activities encompass the area of Semantic Web, Social Web, Sentiment Analysis, Digital Libraries, eLearning, and Information Integration. He is editor/reviewer/session chair of many journals and conferences. 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With over 620 million people without access to modern electricity in the Sub‐Saharan Africa alone [1], different innovative solutions are being considered. Grid extension is definitely not an option because of the sparse population distribution, which makes the economic viability of such action infeasible. Distributed generation technology based on diesel generators has often been considered as a viable solution but the sky‐rocketing of diesel fuel price and the increasing cost of delivery to remote sites have called for providing a sustainable solution that is environmentally friendly, economical, affordable, and easily accessible. To this end, the use of locally available energy resource has been accepted as a sustainable solution in providing electricity for rural and remote settlements. Matching the consumer demand profile and renewable energy production always has been perceived as enormous problem but can be mitigated by incorporating adequate sized energy storage systems [2, 3].
\nAn autonomous electric power system is one that is not connected to the utility for one or all of the reasons given in the last paragraph. Wind and solar resources are local energy resources that can be efficiently and economically harnessed to provide electric power to remote site electricity consumers. While the cost of such renewable resources are cost‐free, but the system required for harnessing and processing the energy plus the balance of system (BOS) is expensive. However, the system cost of wind and solar energy systems have been continuously decreasing because of the increase in the acceptance and deployment of the energy systems based on renewable resources. For the many Africa people who do not have access to modern energy system, it has been proven that high‐quality electric power can be delivered to remote areas using local energy resources such as wind, solar, biomass, and so on [4–6].
\nMany of the historical technological advantages that resulted in AC power system to dominate over DC power systems are not valid any longer. For example, in the electric power generation sector, many distributed energy resources, such as electrochemical storage systems, fuel cells system, and photovoltaic systems, produce efficient and economical DC power. Many of the modern electrical and electronic loads, as well as energy storage systems, are either internally DC power operated or worked equally well with DC power sources and connect to the AC systems through power electronic converters [7]. Overall improved system efficiency, reduced system cost, increased reliability, and reduced system footprint are attained when multiple conversion stages are eliminated in externally operated AC power system for internally operated DC power devices. Also, many power quality issues, such as harmonics and unbalances, are not present in DC power systems [8, 9]. Advancements in power electronic technology continue unabated, leading to more applications in modern systems such as VSC‐HVDC, electric vehicles, wireless power transfer, fuel cells vehicles, and so on [10, 11].
\nThe design of hybrid renewable energy systems has been extensively studied, and numerous optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithm (GA), linear programming, etc., have been implemented for optimum economic and technical feasibility [12–16]. Many software packages, such as HOMER Pro [9], RETScreen [17], and Hybrid2 [18], have been developed for the proper selection of appropriate generation technologies and capacity sizing. This software makes a multi‐objective optimization process easy to carry out to arrive at a robust and reliable decision. HOMER Pro is user‐friendly software produced by the national renewable energy laboratory by the department of energy in the USA. It uses hourly data for the assessment of hybrid renewable energy systems and performs optimization based on net present cost (NPC). HOMER Pro is used in this study because of its proven ability to design, model, simulate, and perform sensitivity analysis of complex mix of different energy technologies, thermal and electrical load, and storage devices. Both cycle‐charging and load‐following dispatch strategies are available to choose from or use simultaneously as utilized in this study [19, 20].
\nThe rest of the chapter is organized as follows. A brief discussion of two different dispatch strategies used in hybrid energy systems is provided in Section 2 of this chapter. All the energy system components of the studied autonomous hybrid AC/DC microgrid system are briefly discussed in Section 3. Section 4 explains the capability and functionalities of Hybrid Optimization Model of Electric Renewable (HOMER) as powerful software that is designed and optimized for modeling, simulating, optimizing, and performing sensitivity analysis of micropower systems. The system model and simulation process of the studied hybrid system is comprehensively detailed in Section 5 of this chapter. The system simulation results and discussion and conclusion are given in the penultimate and Section 7 of this chapter, respectively.
\nTwo system dispatch strategies are employed in HOMER Pro namely: cycle‐charging and load‐following dispatch strategy. Under the load‐following dispatch strategy, a power generator produces only enough to serve the load and does not charge the battery bank. For the cycle‐charging dispatch strategy, the generator run at full power to serve the load and any excess is used to charge the battery [7].
\nTuglie and Torelli [21] developed a new load following dispatch algorithm that correlates system imbalances with unbalanced transaction in a bilateral transaction‐based market. The developed algorithm is implemented on the IEEE 30‐bus test system under a variety of operating conditions. In Bizon [22], a hybrid power source comprising wind energy conversion system, solar Photovoltaic system, and fuel cell system with energy storage system is designed and optimized for load‐following dispatch strategy. The battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system operates as an auxiliary source for supplying the power deficit based on dynamic balance strategy. An optimal energy management system for a stand‐alone wind turbine/photovoltaic/hydrogen/battery hybrid system with supervisory control based on fuzzy logic is presented in Pablo et al [23]. The energy management system in Ref. [23] uses a fuzzy logic control to satisfy the energy demanded by the load and maintain the state‐of‐charge of the battery and the hydrogen tank level between desired target margins, while trying to optimize the utilization cost and lifetime of the energy storage system. A new method to model and control the aggregated power demand from a population of thermostatically controlled load, with the goal of delivering ancillary services such as frequency regulation and load following, is developed by Callaway [24]. It is shown in the paper that identified models perform only marginally better than the theoretical model. Subho and Sharma [25] developed a hybrid system with cycle charging dispatch strategy using swarm optimization algorithm for a remote area in India. A comparative study of particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm, and HOMER is performed in Ref. [25]. PSO is judged to be better than GA and HOMER in terms of the minimum cost of electricity generation. In another paper by Subho and Sharma [26], different optimization algorithms and software packages are used to evaluate the economics of a hybrid renewable energy system. It is concluded that cycle charging strategy is most cost‐effective compared to the load following and peak shaving dispatch strategies.
\nBoth dispatch strategies are employed in this study to determine which is economically viable and technically feasible.
\nFor the considered autonomous electric power system model in this study, all the components and energy resources involved are briefly discussed. The components related to this work are Solar PV, wind energy conversion system (WECS), electrochemical battery storage device, and bidirectional power electronics converter.
\nSolar PV technology uses semiconductor material, such as silicon, to convert solar radiation energy to direct current (DC) electrical power. The generated DC power is regulated by charge regulator to charge electrochemical battery storage device. The electrochemical storage device supplies power directly to the electrical load if it is a DC load. If not, an inverter is used to convert the DC power supplied by the electrochemical storage device into an AC power for the AC load.
\nPV cell is usually modeled using a single diode or double diodes, but a single‐diode model is shown in Figure 1. Series and shunt resistances represented in the figure are used to represent the leakage current and the inherent loss due to internal electrical connection, respectively [27–29].
\nSingle‐diode model of solar cell.
The insolation intensity is strongly related to the solar cell current, and the cell operating temperature is inversely proportional to the output voltage across the solar cell. These factors basically limit the maximum power that can be generated by the solar cell [30].
\nHomer Pro calculates the power output of the PV array using equation 1 below.
\nWhere fPV is the PV derating factor, YPV is the rated capacity of the PV array (kW), IT is the global solar radiation (beam plus diffuse) incident on the surface of the PV array (kW/m2), and IS is the standard amount of radiation used to rate the capacity of the PV array given as 1 kW/m2.
\nA generic flat plate PV system is selected for the modeled hybrid microgrid from the HOMER Pro components library with a rated capacity of 40 kW. The capital cost of the PV is $3000/kWp, replacement cost of $2000, and operation and maintenance cost of $10.00/year.
\nA blowing wind consists of kinetic energy carried by the atmospheric air. The moving air is converted to rotational kinetic energy by the rotor blade of the wind turbine system. The rotating rotor is coupled via a solid shaft to an electrical generator to generate AC electric power. The extraction of the power contained in the moving is limited by the aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor blade as illustrated in Figure 2.
\nWind energy conversion system (WECS) adopted from Ref. [
The theoretically generated turbine power limit of which is 59% is known as the Betz limit. Most of the modern wind turbines are practically in the 30–40% range. Equation 1 below gives the relationship between the extracted power and other parameters and variable of a wind energy conversion system. The wind speed is strongly coupled to the available power, whereas the power coefficient depends on the tip speed ration (TSR) and the blade pitch angle [10, 16].
\nHOMER Pro determines the output power of the wind turbine in a four‐step process. In the first step, it determines the average wind speed for the hour at the anemometer height by referring to the wind resource data. In the second step of the process, it determines the corresponding wind speed at the turbine’s height using either the logarithmic law or the power law (the logarithmic law is used in this study). Thirdly, it refers to the turbine’s power curve to calculate its output power value at that hourly wind speed assuming standard air density. Finally, it multiplies that output power value by the air density ratio, which is the ratio of the actual air density to the standard air density. HOMER Pro also assumes that air density ratio is constant throughout the year.
\nA generic wind turbine model of 10 kW rated power is selected in HOMER Pro for the study. The capital cost is $5000/kW, replacement cost of $5000/kW, operation, and maintenance cost of $500/year, operational lifetime of 20 years. The hub height of the generic wind turbine model is 24 m above sea level. The power curve of the selected turbine is shown in Figure 3.
\n10 kW generic wind turbine power curve (HOMER Pro).
A common electrochemical energy storage used in autonomous and emergency standby is Lead‐Acid battery that has proven to be robust, cost‐efficient, and cost‐effective. However, many new battery technologies are being developed and utilized for practical applications with improved operational characteristics but are currently more expensive than the traditionally used battery technology [7]. With the interest in electric vehicle, lithium‐ion battery technology is in the pole position to be the mainstream electrochemical technology for various applications. Among the operational parameters of Lead‐Acid battery, maximum state of discharge (DOD), minimum state of charge (SOC), cycle times, round trip efficiency, maximum charge rate, maximum discharge rate are the most important. This battery technology also needs regular maintenance and should be well ventilated especially if it is not the sealed type [7].
\nA generic 1 kWh lead‐acid battery is selected from the Homer Pro library for the hybrid microgrid presented in this study. The nominal voltage of the battery is 12 V configured in a string of 20 batteries (240 Vdc) to conform to the bidirectional rectifier rated input voltage. The maximum capacity and round trip efficiency of the battery are 83.4 Ah and 80% respectively. The capital cost is $300/kWh, replacement cost of $200/kWh, operation and maintenance cost of $20/unit/year.
\nPower electronics converters are needed for various power conversions and conditioning to optimally match electrical power source with electrical and electronic loads. Four main types of such converters are available: AC‐AC, AC‐DC, DC‐DC, and DC‐AC power converter [7]. A bidirectional power electronic converter is considered in this study because the wind energy conversion system is modeled as an AC power source, whereas the energy storage and solar PV are modeled as DC power source. Such power electronic converter allows power to flow bidirectionally between the AC and DC bus. Such functionality is possible by adequately modulating the semiconductor switches that are embedded in the power converter topology [7, 32]. Such configuration that operates as an active end rectifier is shown in Figure 4.
\nThree‐phase pulse‐width modulation (PWM) rectifier.
HOMER Pro assumes that the inverter and rectifier capacities are not surge capacities that the device can tolerate for only short periods of time, but rather, constant capacities that the device can withstand for as long as needed [7].
\nA Leonics MTP41FP 25 kW 240V DC bidirectional power converter is selected for the studied hybrid AC/DC microgrid to interconnect the DC and AC bus. The capital cost of the bidirectional converter is $600/kW, replacement cost of $600, operation and maintenance cost of $0/year. The lifetime of the selected converter is 10 years and its inverter efficiency is 96% while the rectifier relative capacity is chosen to be 80% and its efficiency is 94%.
\nTable 1 shows the associated costs of all the system model components. These costs are used in Section 4 to perform the system simulation in HOMER Pro software.
\nSystem component | \nCapital cost per unit of rated value | \nReplacement cost per unit | \nOperating and maintenance cost per unit per year | \n
---|---|---|---|
PV panels | \n$3000 | \n$2000 | \n$10 | \n
Wind turbine | \n$5000 | \n$5000 | \n$500 | \n
Bidirectional power converter | \n$600 | \n$600 | \n$0 | \n
Electrochemical battery storage system | \n$300 | \n$200 | \n$20 | \n
Costs of system model components [33].
HOMER Pro software is able to evaluate off‐grid or grid connected power system design, choose the best system based on cost, technical requirements, or environmental considerations. It can also simulate many design configurations under market uncertainty and evaluate risk plus the ability of the modeler to choose the best addition or retrofit for an existing system [7].
\nHOMER Pro software is used in this research investigation. Wind energy conversion system, solar PV system, bidirectional converter, electrochemical batteries, AC primary load, and renewable resources are modeled and analyzed. Energy resources data, system components data, typical community load profile, and system components costs are some of the important parameters that are used as inputs in the HOMER Pro model. AC and DC bus are created in the HOMER Pro model to facilitate the connection of different types of locally available resources. HOMER Pro is able to optimize feasible electric power system configurations that are technically possible [7]. Sensitivity analysis of feasible configurations is performed to give an indication of the system robustness which is reported in Section 4 that follows.
\nThe investigated hybrid AC/DC microgrid system model architecture is shown in Figure 5. The system consists of two electrical buses: AC and DC bus. To ensure improved overall system efficiency, 25% of total electrical load is the DC load that is connected to the DC bus. The wind turbine and solar energy system are connected to the AC and DC bus, respectively. In modeling the battery, HOMER Pro includes in the battery model, a charge regulator to ensure that the specified operating condition is not violated via the SOC and DOD characteristic curves. The interlinking power converter connects the two buses together by acting as a rectifier or inverter depending on the power state of the hybrid system. In the rectifier mode, it transfers power from the AC bus to the DC bus whenever there is excess power in the AC bus and there is instant demand of power from the DC bus. Alternatively, in the inverter mode of operation, power is transferred from the DC bus to the AC bus whenever there is excess power on the DC and there is instant demand of power from the AC bus. In both modes of operation, the SOC of the energy storage system is to be taken into consideration. The dispatch strategy can be set in HOMER Pro. Load‐following and cycle‐charging dispatch strategies are available for selection in HOMER Pro. Under the load‐following strategy, generators produce only enough power to serve the load, and do not charge the energy storage device. For the cycle‐charging, the excess energy available after serving the load is used to charge the battery [2, 7, 34].
\nAutonomous AC/DC hybrid microgrid system.
The simulation process models the micropower system under investigation, and the optimization process determines the optimal system configuration that satisfies the modeler‐specific constraints at the lowest total net present cost. The sensitivity analysis functionality of HOMER Pro allows energy planner, which energy technology combinations are optimal under different conditions [7, 9].
\nThe AC load daily and DC load profiles are shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. The data used for this plot are shown in Table 2. The community load profile used in this study is the reference load date available in the HOMER Pro library [9].
\nCommunity daily AC load profile.
Community daily DC load profile.
Electrical loads | \n||
---|---|---|
\n | AC load | \nDC load | \n
Average consumed energy | \n165.56 | \n14.39 | \n
Average power (kW) | \n6.9 | \n0.6 | \n
Peak power (kW) | \n23.17 | \n2.67 | \n
Load factor | \n0.3 | \n0.22 | \n
Community load profile data.
The wind and solar resource data are obtained from the NASA Surface Metrological and Solar Energy database website. Figure 8 depicts the monthly average solar global horizontal irradiance data. These monthly average data are averaged over 22‐year period (July 1983–June 2005) [35]. The solar irradiance of Cape Town is low during the winter months of April, May, June, and July as shown in Figure 8. The wind speed data are also obtained from NASA Surface Metrological and Solar Energy database website. Wind speed at 50 m above the surface of the earth for terrain similar to airport, and monthly averaged values over 10 years period (July 1983–June 1993) are used in this work. These data are displayed in Figure 9 (NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy).
\nMonthly average solar global horizontal irradiance of Cape Town South Africa.
Average wind speed of Cape Town South Africa.
The Cape Town average wind speed as reported by the NASA database is nearly constant throughout the year, with average speed hovering around 6 m/s.
\nThe hybrid microgrid system consisting of PV system, wind turbine, bidirectional converter, lead‐acid battery, and DC and AC load shown in Figure 4 is simulated in HOMER Pro software environment. Both cycle‐charging and load‐following dispatched strategies are investigated. Plausible selected system component ratings are chosen for the simulation to ensure that there is enough search space for HOMER Pro to obtain an optimal system configuration. Net present cost is used as an economic metric to assess the optimal feasible configuration.
\nThe optimal system configuration with load‐following dispatch strategy consists of a 50‐kW generic flat plate PV system, 20 kW wind turbine, 15 kW bidirectional power electronic converter, and 160 kWh lead‐acid battery consisting of eight string. The initial capital cost of this optimal configuration is $307 000. The total present cost is $558,717, with levelized cost of energy (COE) being $0.3652, and the operational cost is of $11 363 throughout the project lifetime. The number of autonomy is 11 days. For more simulation results, see Figure 10.
\nSimulation results of the optimal architecture with load‐following dispatch strategy.
The optimal system configuration with cycle‐charging dispatch strategy consists of a 30‐kW generic flat plate PV system, 20 kW wind turbine, 15 kW bidirectional power electronic converter and 140 kWh lead‐acid battery consisting of seven strings. The initial capital cost of this optimal configuration is $241,000. The total present cost is $453,517, with levelized cost of energy (COE) being $0.2973, and the operation cost is of $9 593 throughout the project lifetime. The number of autonomy is 10 days. For more simulation results, see Figure 11.
\nSimulation results of the optimal architecture with cycle‐charging dispatch strategy.
For the same technically feasible configuration, the total net present cost and the initial capital cost of the load‐following dispatch strategy are more expensive than the cycle‐charging dispatch strategy. The levelized cost of energy of optimal configuration with load‐following strategy is higher compared to the one with cycle‐charging dispatch strategy. In the periods of extended cloudy season and low solar insolation, the configuration with load‐following dispatch strategy offers a marginally extended period of autonomy.
\nThe use of renewable energy as local energy resources enhances the accessibility and affordability of energy to unconnected areas around the world. Renewable energies, such as wind, solar, and biomass, have the potential to reduce the energy poverty of rural areas and sites very far from the grid. Being local resources, they also provide higher energy security to the populace.
\nThe technical and economic analysis of the designed hybrid AC/DC micropower system studied in this work reveals the optimal electric power system configuration that is technically and economically viable using the net present cost as the econometric index. It is concluded that it is marginally better to dispatch load‐following strategy for higher net present cost and autonomy compared to cycle‐charging strategy dispatch. For lower levelized cost of energy (COE) and initial capital cost, it is marginally better to consider a cycle‐charging dispatch strategy compared to a load‐following dispatch strategy.
\nA content analysis of the literature, especially produced over the last decade, was carried out exploring the condition spinocerebellar ataxia and the possible impact that diet and nutrition may have on the outcome of the condition, utilizing the keywords as a guide. The paper was presented in sections concerning diet and wellness, analyzing each concept and the relationship between diet, nutrition, and spinocerebellar ataxia especially in light of quality of life and wellness.
Spinocerebellar Ataxia is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative ataxic disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is an inherited progressive disorder with clinical features including loss of balance and coordination accompanied by slurred speech. The clinical outcome of this disease is usually manifested in adulthood [1, 2]. This condition is similar to many non-communicable diseases insomuch as it is not transmissible from personal contact and has significant impact on quality of life and wellness. Considering the deteriorating neurological features of the condition, health and wellness maintenance is paramount. Diet and nutrition is featured heavily in its effect on clinical outcomes of this condition. Spinocerebellar Ataxia may have important health impact and nutritional risk profile effect due challenges with swallowing, dysphagia, dependence in meal preparations, muscle and coordination challenges. These physiological changes that are characteristic of spinocerebellar ataxia impact dietary intake and negatively affect lean body mass [3, 4]. Importantly weight loss is a predictor of morbidity risk where sepsis and concomitant illnesses were measured outcome criteria [5]. As a consequence of these physical changes and nutritional impact, the healthcare team must be responsive to the special needs of this cohort of individuals to stem possible negative outcomes. A focus on diet and wellness may accrue to significant health benefits in this population.
Diet and wellbeing are pervasive concepts impacting sociology, psychology, medicine, and human thought. Their relationship to health and happiness are significant to human development and livelihood. This chapter explores the connection between diet and wellbeing especially as they contribute to or impact health generally and particularly that of clients diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia. There are important factors that create the link between diet and wellness and include dietary intake, quality of life and wellbeing. The bridge between these concepts will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of diet and wellness and provide summative recommendations for the maintenance of health especially in individuals with neurological disorders such as spinocerebellar ataxia.
Dietary intake is the food and nutrient consumed by an individual daily to maintain life, health, and functionality. Dietary intake is guided by set of recommendations/standards for the daily intake of nutrients and other food components based on the recommended daily allowances. These measurements are used to assess or track food, nutrient or any non-nutritional intake by individuals. The main purpose for assessing an individual’s dietary intake is for nutritional screening and surveillance, which can be used to guide research. In individuals with neurological disorders, resting energy expenditure due to hypermetabolism is increased [6]. Resting energy expenditure is the caloric requirement of an individual needed to maintain life and the function of essential organs and systems at rest. It is an important feature of health management in people with neurological illness. Moreover, it is imperative that caregivers and the health care team manage caloric needs in this population, since under supply of energy increases health risks in this vulnerable group of individuals.
The World Health Organization defines “Quality of Life as an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns” [7]. The quality of life can be affected by an individual’s physical health, psychological state, their personal beliefs and social relationships in relation to significant features of their environment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention views quality of life as a concept that can be applied to various disciplines to evaluate important aspects of individuals’ lives. The concept is usually defined differently for each discipline. The concept of health-related quality of life has been explored since the 1900s. It evaluates a person’s perception of their physical and mental health in relation to their health status and risks, social support and their socioeconomic status. Health- related quality of life also includes the community by identifying the resources, practices and policies of the community that may have an influence on the population’s health perceptions and how well they function [8]. Importantly, in spinocerebellar ataxia many variables help to determine quality of life such as the capacity to carry out activities of living, the level of pain or discomfort and the independence to manage self care, Furthermore, the evidence considers disease related quality of life as an important element in neurological disorders and spinocerebellar ataxia in particular. This element of quality of life examines the progression of the disease relative the activities and competencies that the client retains [9]. The greater the physical independence, self care independence, the fewer the neurological deficit along with higher levels of comfort the higher the levels of general quality of life and disease related quality of life [9]. Nutrition and diet are inextricable to quality of life in these patients, so much as well balanced diets, lower health risks, meets energy needs and is associated with reductions in the progression of the disease. These concepts are explored in greater detail in the remainder of the chapter.
The concept of well-being is usually viewed in a positive way for individuals as it indicates that they perceive that their lives are functioning well. An individual that has good living conditions such as proper housing and are employed is essential to their well-being [8]. Well-being is also recognized state where an individual experiences good health, happiness and prosperity, which includes their good mental health, having the ability to manage stress, satisfaction with their lives and the feeling that they have a meaning and purpose in life. Most people aim to achieve well-being because it represents positivity and general health [10].
The quality of life and wellness of an individual with a neurological disorder are affected by a cyclical relationship between nutrition and the disease state. Where poor nutrition is thought to exacerbate the clinical features of the disease and worsened diseases states negatively impact on nutritional risk profile. Specifically, chewing and swallowing difficulties affecting nutrient intake where suboptimal calorie intake is achieved. Furthermore, biochemical and physiology factors of neurological diseases in general and spinocerebellar ataxia in particular affect nutritional status through limited nutrient absorption and utilization, and physiological process affecting gross dietary intake including infection, depression, muscle atrophy, rigidity, tremor, dyskinesia, reluctance to feed, and dysphagia [6]. The combination of these factors may lead to undesired weight loss with worsened risk of infection, and sepsis. Furthermore, poorer nutritional states are associated with worsened ataxia, dyskinesia and tremors. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate nutritional intake and specifically, caloric intake and expenditure of individuals properly in order to improve the quality of life and enhance health outcomes in clients with neurological diseases.
There are many factors that can have a positive or negative impact on an individual’s dietary intake. The amount and quality of dietary intake is directly linked to nutritional profile of individuals. Considering the need for appropriate quantities of micronutrients and macronutrients to support nutritional wellbeing, the factors underpinning nutritional intake is essential for review. Some of the most significant factors that impact dietary intake are appetite, importation, physical condition, built environment and health conditions. These factors will be explored in detail with a view to understanding how positive health outcomes can be accrued. Furthermore, these factors will be examined more closely in the context of neurological diseases and spinocerebellar ataxia.
The factors impacting dietary intake are expansive and are summarized in Figure 1.
Factors affecting dietary intake [
In many countries, especially developing countries, meals are heavily dependent on importation. However, during a pandemic importation is unreliable and unstable. As a result, these countries are at a higher risk of food shortage [12], which will impact national dietary intake. This means that there may be acute or chronic impact on individual access to food primarily resulting in reduced dietary intake. A pandemic also impacts wages, whether through job loss, reduced working hours. The household purchasing power may be diminished creating impaired food access and decreased dietary intake based on the financial challenges brought on by the pandemic [12]. While importation is not controlled at the individual level, it has important personal impact. Spinocerebellar ataxia has been significantly associated with weight loss and BMI decline due to increases in metabolic demand. The risk of weight loss worsens with disease progression [13]. Importantly, weight loss and BMI decline are treated with regularly adequate intake of energy at the estimated levels to meet total daily energy expenditure. This means that efforts must be made by health care workers, families and government to facilitate safe, and adequate access to food so that energy supply may be appropriate in this population. Importation therefore has a tangential impact on the quality of life of individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia. This exists where importation affects food access, access affects dietary intake, which affects energy balance and body weight. If weight is suboptimal, individuals with ataxia are at greater health risk and the reverse is true when weight is ideal.
There are some health conditions that affect an individual’s dietary intake; that may range from challenges with digestion and absorption of nutrients or side effects from prescribed medications that interfere with absorption and utilization of nutrients and dietary adjustments may be needed in medical nutrition therapy for specified health conditions. As part of the treatment of some conditions, clients may be required to eat smaller portions, restrict some food or nutrients, or limit the amount they can tolerate. Clients with spinocerebellar ataxia are similarly afflicted. The condition is reported to impact swallowing capacity, digestion, and nutrient storage, especially fat ([6]; Ko, Qu, Black, & Tso, 2020). Some micronutrients including niacin, thiamine and tocopherol have high risk of deficiency in clients with spinocerebellar ataxia [14, 15, 16]. Consequently, nutritional support at times can be adjusted and specially formulated to meet their needs. In some instances where digestion is limited, elemental dietary formulations, texture modifications to support swallowing difficulties may be offered, or where gastrointestinal intake is severely restricted parenteral nutritional application may be necessary.
Nutrition and dietary intake have been established as major factors influencing the quality of life of patients diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia. Consequently, it is important to expand the dialog of nutrition in understanding how wellness is affected through dietary influence in this unique population. A major element of physical wellbeing is nutritional status which is directly proportional to the quality of dietary intake. Moreover, social, and emotional wellbeing are affected by dietary intake and nutritional status directly due to the components of food and indirectly because of the perceptions associated with the evaluation of personal nutritional status. Several factors affect dietary intake and include but are not limited to appetite, physiological development, health condition, the built environment, effects of a pandemic and social family settings. These factors will be explored in detail.
Appetite is an individual’s desire to eat food, the body’s biological response to a lack of food is hunger. However, an individual’s appetite can rise and fall due to various factors, sometimes causing people to eat less or more than their body needs [17]. Appetite can be affected by one’s diet, mental health, pregnancy, medications or other health conditions. An individual experiencing a decrease in appetite may lead to a concordant decrease in the general desire to eat food and thus the person may consume less food and nutrients. Appetite is also an important factor impacting the nutritional status of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia. Appetite is primarily affected by the pharmacotherapy approaches used to manage/treat the condition. Drugs including Varenicline and Riluzole are used in the treatment of the neurological features of dystonia and ataxia [18]. The medications are reported to negatively impact on appetite and may potentiate weight loss. These concerns are necessary to be addressed systemically in view of the risks associated with weight loss in spinocerebellar ataxia. Corrective actions including eating by the clock, small frequent meals, colorful and attractive meals, and appetite stimulants may be important to address these appetite changes.
In the general population several personal and psychological factors were examined as factors that contributed to caloric intake. Hunger, appetite, and satiety were identified as important contributors to dietary intake among this population. Appetite was thought to relate to the psychological drive to eat [19]. There remains a concern regarding the factors that regulate appetite but dietary factors including protein and caloric load have been identified as features that influence satiety. At the alternate end of the spectrum, poor appetite is reported as a factor that affects the quality and quantity of food intake in older adults and influences health outcome and morbidity risk [20]. Markedly appetite exerts an important influence across the lifespan and influences nutritional status and wellness. Appetite may also be affected by the capacity to coordinate movements and feed self especially among the psychological influences. In spinocerebellar ataxia, physiological outcomes including uncoordinated actions limit feeding independence may contribute to reductions in appetite [6, 18, 21]. As medications are introduced to correct physiological impact in these neurological conditions caution needs to be exercised in view of the physical impact that pharmacotherapy may have on appetite. Ultimately, a tight balance must be reached between the management of physical limitations to feeding and the impact on appetite, and pharmacological approaches to managing coordination and their impact on appetite. This must be done with careful observations of diet and appetite especially as the impact on weight balance and health related quality of life.
Social changes that have led to structural advances have improved the quality of life of the global population. These changes had led to positive financial impact, changes in commerce, trading, and travel. Conversely, it has had instrumental impact on diet and nutritional intake. Furthermore, even the dynamic of the rural population has changed. Several scholars are identifying that caution should be introduced when these benefits are examined. As the referenced changes have also been recognized as significant drivers of changes in dietary quality, where wealth has led to increased dietary intake, particularly energy and serving sizes [22]. Urbanization has led to reduction in the value of home gardens, reduction in the reliance on agrarian subsistence with resulting declines in the consumption of complex carbohydrates [23]. There is also a notable increased in energy dense, nutrient poor and processed foods. Importantly as well, statisticians have associated the structural changes with dietary changes and with significant steep increases in non-communicable diseases, and sharp declines in quality of life. Moreover, there is a concern with changes in the built environment and green spaces for exercise and physical activity. With automation and innovations in construction, there has been a corresponding decline in physical activity with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases [24]. Physical activity is directly related to nutritional status as physical activity helps to create a balance between caloric intake and expenditure especially as weight maintenance in adulthood is desired. In clients with spinocerebellar ataxia muscle strength, disuse, and incoordination impact on the capacity to engage in the physical activity [6]. Notably, physical activity has been linked to improvement in the quality of life of patients diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia. It has been shown to improve physical capacity of the patient, slow the progression of the disease and limit the severity of the physical symptoms of the condition [25]. Furthermore, physical activity has been found to improve antioxidant capacity and reduction in prooxidant damage in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia [26]. It is therefore important, that green spaces are maintained, gyms and other facilities are created, and physical therapy is made available to this population so that the positive influence of physical activity can be accessed by this population.
Non-communicable diseases account for more than half of the annual deaths in middle eastern countries [22]. The resultant public health advice has been targeted at reducing obesity through dietary and lifestyle changes to produce nutritional and general wellness. Despite the drive to improve dietary intake of complex carbohydrates, fruits and vegetables and reduce simple sugars, saturated fats and total cholesterol the rates of overweight and obesity continue to rise with a concordant increase in the Disability adjusted life years (DALY) [23]. Neurological disorders categorized as other account for approximately 2.5% of all neurological disorders between 1990–2015 and remains a significant concern especially in developed countries (Figure 2). Nevertheless, health condition remains and important factor that influences dietary requirements and recommendations. In clients with neurological disorders especially spinocerebellar ataxia, there are several health conditions that impact on nutrition particularly requirements and dietary intake. Importantly the health conditions of these patients are also affected by nutritional status and intake. Individuals diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia experience, dysphagia, loss of lean body mass with weight loss, uncoordinated movement, micronutrient deficiencies including- niacin (Vitamin B3), Tocopherol (Vitamin E) and thiamine (Vitamin B1) as well as impaired fat metabolism and increased metabolism and prooxidant activity [3, 4, 14, 15, 16]. Dysphagia, uncoordinated movement, and loss of skeletal muscle mass may together create a challenge with feeding and limit dietary intake potentiating weight loss and reducing quality of life. Consequently, texture modification through thickening of food with caregiver support may help to treat swallowing difficulties and improve dietary intake. Limited muscle mass may be treated by introducing branched chain amino acids from supplements and complete proteins [28]. Micronutrient deficiencies constitute a health concern in spinocerebellar ataxia insomuch as they may influence negatively immune response, antioxidant capacity and energy metabolism ataxia [14, 15, 16]. It is therefore imperative that biochemical profile assessments are regularly conducted with a view to guide nutritional support. Increases in complete protein may supply adequate niacin levels, while thiamine levels can be improved from animal-based protein and tocopherol levels can be bolstered by consuming vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables and fortified cereals [29, 30]. Impaired fat metabolism is a critical concern in adults in general, and clients with spinocerebellar ataxia in particular, as this anomaly may lead to cardiovascular health risks including atherosclerosis and may also play a role in non-communicable disease development [6, 15]. To mitigate the negative health outcomes of impaired fat metabolism, caution needs to be taken with respect to meal preparation styles, limiting fry and trimming fats, and the selection of foods items [31]. Foods best suited in this case, should limit trans-fat, thereby reducing processed foods as well as increasing the intake of polyunsaturated fats from fish and nut oils while reducing saturated fats from red meats and animal fat. Finally, prooxidant activity in spinocerebellar ataxia can be managed through the reduction of processed foods, which are thought to have higher levels of prooxidant species and include foods with higher antioxidant capacity such as allium vegetables, fruits and a controlled amount of red wine [32]. Furthermore, when the immune status and antioxidant capacity of clients with spinocerebellar ataxia falls to suboptimal level, several nutritional approaches can be employed to improve these health statuses including supplementation and immunonutrition. Diet has been used to positively influence wellness through positive links with supplemental nutritional support, emotional wellness and immunonutrition. Supplemental nutrition includes the addition of a substance or product with the express goal of improving the intake of key micronutrients including vitamins and minerals [33]. This additional intake is aimed at improving nutritional status and wellness and has been a feature of the public health response in LMICs. It may also be employed in dietary options for clients who have low levels of micronutrients or those who are found to be clinically deficient, which is possible in clients with spinocerebellar ataxia. Supplemental nutrition may be formulated as tablets, pills, shakes and other products. Moreover, immunonutriton is a process or product of bolstering the immunity of individuals through the introduction of a targeted nutrients such as amino acids, especially essential and branched chain, essential poly unsaturated fatty acids, nucleotides, and antioxidants. It is particularly useful in reducing recovery time, improving quality of life and health of individuals who are immunosuppressed [21, 34]. This is another strategy that can be coupled with biochemical analysis to improve the immune status of the client when per os dietary support has not significantly improved antioxidant capacity, immune status, or micronutrient profile.
The global burden of neurological disorders ([
Diet is associated with Quality of Life and Wellness. Several factors impact on the quality of dietary intake including social, physiological, and psychological issues. The dietary quality has important health outcomes ranging from impacts on Disability Life Years to an increased impact on disease burden, risk of concomitant diseases and impact of disease progression. Nevertheless, diet has been shown to improve body weight, muscle strength, immune capacity, disease progression, life expectancy, recovery, and general wellness especially in clients with spinocerebellar ataxia. Given the significance of diet in influencing the illness wellness continuum, public health officials are constantly challenged to improve the population outcomes using diet. The benefits of diet particularly its impact on improving the quality of life of clients with spinocerebellar ataxia, can be best achieved if portion control, nutrient density and meal planning were to be engaged in this population. Portion control addresses the concerns of caloric intake, through a general reduction in the size and amount of a meal at any single sitting and matches caloric requirements with intake goals [35]. This is associated with a strong positive linear relationship with weight maintenance and disease related quality of life. As energy balance is reached, caloric intake equilibrium is achieved, and weight maintenance is maintained even in high metabolic states. This strategy is particularly important as weight loss is mitigated and weight maintenance is achieved. Weight stabilization is an important factor in spinocerebellar ataxia and is an important determinant of disease progression. Nutrient density is a concept of increasing the range of nutrients consumed, particularly micronutrients, for the smallest value of calories [36, 37]. This allows for the increased functional activity of antioxidants, immune supportive micronutrients, and biological supportive nutrients [38]. The concordant impact on recovery, immune support, and reduction in prooxidant activity is important in wellness especially in clients diagnosed with spinocerebellar ataxia in view of the morbidity risk. Meal planning includes multiple principles that benefit overall dietary pattern through the improvement with calorie intake, through energy control, improving diversity and variety and instituting moderation. These result in planned meals that are better aligned with nutritional guidelines and associated with better health outcomes. Generally, these three principles of portion control, nutrient density and meal planning improve the metabolic profile of the individuals who consistently institute these practices, with improved Body Mass Index (BMI) values, more ideal body weight, healthier body fat and lipid profile with lower chronic disease risk profile. The benefits to be had from diet are best achieved with consistency, moderation and diligence and provide significant sustainable advantages to quality of life and wellness. In clients with neurological disorders, coordinated nutritional support and control are positively associated with better disease related quality of life through weight control, healthy micronutrient status and calorie control. It is essential that these activities are guided by appropriate biochemical and clinical tests and involve personalized and individualized strategies for the most beneficial impact. When instituted in spinocerebellar ataxia, dietary programmes involving principles of meal planning, nutrient density and energy balance redound to significant health outcomes such as weight maintenance, with slowed disease progression, improved immune status and healthy micronutrient. Therefore, a multi-team approach is recommended if the best health outcomes are to be achieved in spinocerebellar ataxia ensuring the involvement of the nutritionist/ dietician, the biochemist/ phlebotomist, physiotherapist, the neurologist and the general medical practitioner.
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\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
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This chapter also attempts to differentiate the short-run and the long-run relationship between exchange rates and stock market indices namely BIST All shares, BIST National 100 index, and BIST National 30 index. Our motivating question is whether the relationship between exchange rates and three major stock market indices are symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? To answer this, we first use the linear bivariate and multivariate models assuming the effects are symmetric. We then use the non-linear bivariate and multivariate models to examine whether exchange rate have symmetric or asymmetric effects on selected stock stock market indices in Turkey. The findings show that exchange rates have asymmetric effects on all three major stock market indices both in the short and long run. When we look at the long-run, the currency appreciation has positive and significant impact on selected stock markets but currency depreciation does not have an effect. This finding is in line with the understanding that Turkish sectors heavily depends on the import of raw and intermediate goods. The results also show that the economic activity has positive and significant effects on all stock markets implying that it is the main determinant in the long-run. Moreover, interest rates and volatility index were negative and significant in all markets. 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The motivation for the present study is the recent fall in the global oil price of Brent Crude to US$15.25 per barrel due to the outbreak of the Corona Virus (COVID-19). Consequentially, the Nigerian stock market (NSE) responded with a fall of 4172 point or by a fall of 15.53%. After establishing the presence of heteroscedasticity through the ARCH test and volatility clustering through the returns, the outcome of the study contributes to knowledge by providing financial information and signals to investors about the best GARCH model response to proactively and successfully use to model global oil price shocks so as to reduce financial risk in Nigeria’s stock market.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"David Oluseun Olayungbo",authors:[{id:"265302",title:"Ph.D.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Olayungbo",slug:"david-olayungbo",fullName:"David Olayungbo"}]},{id:"73239",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93655",title:"Efficiency of the City Councils Using Cross-Sectional Model: Challenges in Times of Change and Political Tension",slug:"efficiency-of-the-city-councils-using-cross-sectional-model-challenges-in-times-of-change-and-politi",totalDownloads:334,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The efficiency of city councils is a matter of concern in public discussion in Chile, due to the growing political relevance that citizens demand of them for social and economic management, in the face of the effects of the pandemic and recent social unrest. Despite the marked historical centralization of power in the capital city, the efficiency of the Chilean municipalities will be key to improving the quality of life of the communities, especially in times of political tension, greater social needs and discredit toward national institutions, not well the local ones. A cross-sectional econometric regression model was developed to explain the determinants of the efficiency of the municipalities and identify the variables that have the greatest impact on said efficiency. City councils that are regional capitals with more than 50,000 inhabitants were selected for this study.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Claudio Elórtegui-Gómez, Hanns de la Fuente-Mella, Mauricio Alvarado and Matías Guajardo",authors:[{id:"320374",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Elórtegui-Gómez",slug:"claudio-elortegui-gomez",fullName:"Claudio Elórtegui-Gómez"},{id:"320375",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanns",middleName:null,surname:"De La Fuente-Mella",slug:"hanns-de-la-fuente-mella",fullName:"Hanns De La Fuente-Mella"},{id:"320376",title:"Mr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado Martínez",slug:"mauricio-alvarado-martinez",fullName:"Mauricio Alvarado Martínez"},{id:"320377",title:"Mr.",name:"Matías",middleName:null,surname:"Guajardo Calderón",slug:"matias-guajardo-calderon",fullName:"Matías Guajardo Calderón"}]},{id:"17701",doi:"10.5772/24043",title:"Recent Developments in Seasonal Volatility Models",slug:"recent-developments-in-seasonal-volatility-models1",totalDownloads:3378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"305",slug:"advances-in-econometrics-theory-and-applications",title:"Advances in Econometrics",fullTitle:"Advances in Econometrics - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Julieta Frank, Melody Ghahramani and Aera Thavaneswaran",authors:[{id:"55155",title:"Prof.",name:"Aera",middleName:null,surname:"Thavaneswaran",slug:"aera-thavaneswaran",fullName:"Aera Thavaneswaran"},{id:"59352",title:"Dr.",name:"Julieta",middleName:null,surname:"Frank",slug:"julieta-frank",fullName:"Julieta Frank"},{id:"59353",title:"Dr.",name:"Melody",middleName:null,surname:"Ghahramani",slug:"melody-ghahramani",fullName:"Melody Ghahramani"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73251",title:"Relationship between Economic Growth, Unemployment, Inflation and Current Account Balance: Theory and Case of Turkey",slug:"relationship-between-economic-growth-unemployment-inflation-and-current-account-balance-theory-and-c",totalDownloads:1153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The relations between economic growth, unemployment, inflation and current account balance are analyzed theoretically and different comments on theoretical approaches are discussed in the study. Accordingly, while the unemployment-inflation relationship is considered with Phillips analysis and the scope of the growth-unemployment with Okun Law, the interaction between the current account balance and growth is shown with the equality of national income accounting. After the theoretical approaches described in detail with shared data and interpreted for Turkey. This study also examines the relation between the unemployment, inflation, economic growth, current account deficit with symmetric and asymmetric reserved causality tests were examined for the 2000Q1 − 2020Q4 period. The asymmetric hidden causality relationships between the series were researched with Hatemi-J (2012) method based on Toda-Yamamoto (1995) test in this study. When the relationship between the growth rate and the unemployment rate are examined between these years in Turkey it is observed that there is an inverse relationship between growth and unemployment, especially during crisis periods. After that to find this relationship we used symmetric and asymmetric causality. As a result of the estimates growth also has a one-way symmetrical causality relationship from negative shocks to negative inflation shocks. When the relationship between them is viewed only with one-way or two-way causality, there may be no relationship so the causality must be checked asymmetrically even to catch the assumption of the Okun’s law correctly for Turkey.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Tuğba Dayıoğlu and Yılmaz Aydın",authors:[{id:"320657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuğba",middleName:null,surname:"Dayıoğlu",slug:"tugba-dayioglu",fullName:"Tuğba Dayıoğlu"},{id:"326107",title:"Dr.",name:"Yılmaz",middleName:null,surname:"Aydın",slug:"yilmaz-aydin",fullName:"Yılmaz Aydın"}]},{id:"75250",title:"The Impact of Exchange Rates on Stock Markets in Turkey: Evidence from Linear and Non-Linear ARDL Models",slug:"the-impact-of-exchange-rates-on-stock-markets-in-turkey-evidence-from-linear-and-non-linear-ardl-mod",totalDownloads:384,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this chapter we investigate the asymmetric impact of exchange rates on three major stock market indices in Turkey using four different ARDL models between 2003M1 and 2018M12. This chapter also attempts to differentiate the short-run and the long-run relationship between exchange rates and stock market indices namely BIST All shares, BIST National 100 index, and BIST National 30 index. Our motivating question is whether the relationship between exchange rates and three major stock market indices are symmetric or asymmetric in Turkey? To answer this, we first use the linear bivariate and multivariate models assuming the effects are symmetric. We then use the non-linear bivariate and multivariate models to examine whether exchange rate have symmetric or asymmetric effects on selected stock stock market indices in Turkey. The findings show that exchange rates have asymmetric effects on all three major stock market indices both in the short and long run. When we look at the long-run, the currency appreciation has positive and significant impact on selected stock markets but currency depreciation does not have an effect. This finding is in line with the understanding that Turkish sectors heavily depends on the import of raw and intermediate goods. The results also show that the economic activity has positive and significant effects on all stock markets implying that it is the main determinant in the long-run. Moreover, interest rates and volatility index were negative and significant in all markets. Thus, it has important implications for policy makers to provide stable prices and diverse investors.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Mustafa Çakır",authors:[{id:"335964",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Çakir",slug:"mustafa-cakir",fullName:"Mustafa Çakir"}]},{id:"71382",title:"Governance and Growth in the Western Balkans: A SVAR Approach",slug:"governance-and-growth-in-the-western-balkans-a-svar-approach",totalDownloads:604,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The quality of economic governance is one of the prerequisites for sustainable and faster economic development of the Western Balkan countries, having in mind their historical background, dissolution of the ex-Yugoslavia, specific economic circumstances during the transition recession of the 1990s, slow economic recovery at the beginning of the twenty-first century, strong impact of the global financial and economic crisis, and long and complexed path towards the European Union (EU). The main research problem in this paper is examining the dynamic relationships among government effectiveness, inflation, and GDP across Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. We employ the Worldwide Governance Indicators of the World Bank, namely, the Governance Effectiveness Indicator, as one of the six broad dimensions of governance. Using a structural VAR approach, we examine the time-varying effects of economic governance shocks on inflation and economic growth dynamics for each of the Western Balkan (WB) countries in the period of January 2006 to December 2018. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. 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Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"