Efrain Navarro-Olivos

By Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna, Efraín Navarro-Olivos, Marissa Padilla-Morales and Francisco J. Magos-Vázquez

It is a review of epidemiology data of development dysplasia of the hip; it was reviewed the pre pathogenic period: agent, host and environment and the role of risk factors for the presence of developmental dysplasia of the hip. What are the clinical data for the diagnosis; the sound transmission tests for the diagnosis of the developmental dysplasia of the hip. Also, the imaging procedures for the diagnosis of the same pathology.

Part of the book: Hip Replacement

By Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna, Efraín Navarro-Olivos, Francisco Javier Magos-Vázquez and Daniel Alberto Díaz-Martínez

In late 2019, pneumonia cases from unknown origin were detected in Wuhan, China. The cause was a new coronavirus. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the virus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 the associated disease. In the first months of 2020, this disease became a pandemic with a high lethality reported. Since then, the search for treatments began. We started by searching among treatments previously approved for human use that were not designed for COVID-19 and were considered to treat this condition. We continued searching on the therapeutics guidelines published by the WHO for the management of infection by SARS-CoV-2. Based on these results, we searched for the literature in PubMed to obtain further evidence on the drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The treatments presented in this chapter are Ivermectin, Hydroxychloroquine, Nitazoxanide, Azithromycin, Molnupiravir, Casirivimab-Imdevimab, Ritonavir-Nirmatrelvir, Ritonavir-Lopinavir, Remdesivir, and Favipiravir. Two years ahead of the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a plenty of options for treatment have been investigated. Only a few of them have been shown to be efficient and safe. According to the WHO, Ritonavir-Nirmatrelvir outperforms other proposed therapeutics.

Part of the book: COVID-19 Drug Development

By Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna, Efraín Navarro-Olivos, Guadalupe Irazú Morales-Reyes and Jessica Paola Plascencia-Roldán

This chapter presents some insights into COVID-19 in children. We begin by summarizing the fundamental aspects of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. We also cover issues about the severity of the disease and fatality and factors associated with the outcome of pediatric patients with COVID-19. Most evidence treated in this chapter comes from reports in Mexico, but a general landscape in Latin America is pictured. COVID-19 does not seem to be so severe among children. It is worth noting that those at higher risk are the children between 0 and 2 years who develop pneumonia. In this chapter, we did not discuss extensively the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome nor the social impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on children. Many studies used for this chapter relied on open data sources resulting from a surveillance system designed for the general population. Therefore, specific variables for children were not analyzed.

Part of the book: Epidemiological and Clinico-Pathological Factors of COVID-19 in Children

By Efraín Navarro-Olivos, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, Guadalupe Irazú Morales-Reyes, Jéssica Paola Plascencia-Roldán, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna and Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza

In this chapter, we discuss general information about the post-COVID-19 condition, also known as long COVID. Since it is still under research, many questions remain unanswered. Nevertheless, post-acute complications due to infections have been previously reported for other viruses. Among those complications that remain are anosmia, fatigue, cardiovascular, and pulmonary. The evidence so far suggests that these complications decrease with time. The most worrying persistent symptoms due to COVID-19 are related to neurological damage. Most post-COVID-19 complications can be treated in a standard way, but their impact on life quality is unknown. Finally, we present a rough landscape of long COVID-19 in Mexico and Latin America. More studies are needed to study this condition and its impact on public health.

Part of the book: Post COVID-19

By Guadalupe Irazú Morales-Reyes, Jessica Paola Plascencia-Roldán, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna, Efraín Navarro-Olivos and Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza

Immunization is a simple, effective, and low-cost way to protect the child population against infectious diseases. However, various barriers interrupt compliance with the necessary vaccination schedule. For example, anti-vaccine groups that encourage fear and misinform—in this scenario, social networks are an unreliable source of information with high diffusion. Health personnel must help generate trust in patients, provide truthful information and reduce vaccination hesitancy among the population. The main objective of the universal vaccination program is to obtain the greatest possible coverage of vaccines in the entire population, so as to prevent the development of certain pathologies.

Part of the book: New Topics in Vaccine Development [Working title]

By Guadalupe Irazú Morales-Reyes, Jessica Paola Plascencia-Roldán, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna, Efraín Navarro-Olivos and Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza

Hip replacement has evolved over the years, previously considered exclusively for geriatrics. It changed until it became an elective surgery in various pathologies. Certain conditions predominantly affect one age group. Hip dysplasia predominates in pediatrics, hip osteoarthritis in adults, and post-traumatic in geriatrics. Therefore, the indications for carrying out this procedure vary depending on age.

Part of the book: Advancements in Synovial Joint Science - Structure, Function, and Beyond

By Luis Ulises Pérez-Arenas, Jessica Paola Plascencia-Roldán, Guadalupe Irazú Morales-Reyes, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna, Efraín Navarro-Olivos, Francisco Javier Magos-Vázquez and Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to the virus transmission and propagation since its origin, numerous mutations and variants have occurred. The concern relies on the ability to evade natural immunity and cause infections, even bypassing the immunity generated after the application of vaccines. The World Health Organization classified the variants into “variants of interest” (VOI) and “variants of concern” (VOC). From 2020 to 2021, the VOC variants were the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta types, currently adding the omicron variant. On the other hand, the VOI variants were the eta, iota, kappa, lambda, and mu types. The importance of their study leads to the problem of the possible generation of new waves of contagion, after their appearance, with a high possibility that the immunity known as herd achieved with some previous variant does not become effective.

Part of the book: New COVID-19 Variants

By Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza, Faina Linkov, Gilberto Flores-Vargas, María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna, Efraín Navarro-Olivos and Francisco Javier Magos-Vázquez

In this chapter, we discuss Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome in children and adults. We begin by mentioning the antecedents and the origin of this disease. We frame this chapter in the ecological triad scheme and present the agent, host, and environment. It is necessary to theorize the new health threats in this scheme, based on a primary health-care approach, to understand how to prevent or inform accordingly. Due to its novelty, this syndrome originated from the SARS-CoV-2 infection still poses many questions. Future directions of this work include understanding the pathogenesis of MIS, including its mechanisms, risk factors, and diversity of outcomes.

Part of the book: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome