IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\n
Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\n
After a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\n
Our innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\n
\n\t
Topic Focused Publications - Each topic showcases high impact subject areas
\n\t
Renowned Editorial Expertise - Series Editors, Topic Editors, and a team of international Board Members that permanently support each Book Series
\n\t
Fast Publishing - quick turnaround which is unique for book publishing
\n\t
The benefit of ISSN and ISBN for increased citation and indexing possibilities
\n
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
We invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\n
Note: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8006",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Livestock Health and Farming",title:"Livestock Health and Farming",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Livestock Health and Farming provides a detailed description of key aspects of livestock health issues and farming practices. Chapters cover such topics as antimicrobial resistance in livestock, nutrition and its role in animal health and farming, nutrition and health management in dairy animals, and livestock feeding in semi-arid regions.",isbn:"978-1-78985-904-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-903-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-636-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77836",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"livestock-health-and-farming",numberOfPages:156,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f5d1afd2e7d3ed2ff77988629de50355",bookSignature:"Muhammad Abubakar",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8006.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5593,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 14th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 13th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 1st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112070/images/system/112070.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar, a scientist from the National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan, has more than fifteen years of experience in various fields of veterinary sciences. His main area of expertise is transboundary animal diseases (TADs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). He has worked in academics as well as in the field of implementing disease control programs. He has worked with local and international projects to establish diagnostic laboratories for TADs. He has also conducted various training for field as well as laboratory staff. Dr. Abubakar has published numerous research papers, review articles, and book chapters on different subjects in the veterinary sciences, especially TADs like avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, and peste des petits ruminants. He is the co-editor of The Role of Biotechnology in Improvement of Livestock. He is currently an editor in chief for the Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners and Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Laboratory",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"31",title:"Animal Biology",slug:"animal-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"71474",title:"Introductory Chapter: Livestock Health and Farming - Regional to Global Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91679",slug:"introductory-chapter-livestock-health-and-farming-regional-to-global-perspectives",totalDownloads:628,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Muhammad Abubakar, Abdullah Iqbal, Shumaila Manzoor and Muhammad Javed Arshed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71474",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71474",authors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],corrections:null},{id:"68552",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance and Rational Use of Antimicrobials in Livestock: Developing Countries’ Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88458",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-and-rational-use-of-antimicrobials-in-livestock-developing-countries-perspe",totalDownloads:702,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"India is one of the top consumers of antibiotics in agriculture worldwide, which accounts for 3% of global consumption, which is estimated to double in 2030. The use of antibiotics, particularly in chickens, is expected to triple in India by 2030. The overuse, injudicious use, and misuse of these antimicrobial drugs have spawned the evolution of life-threatening bacteria that is making the current antimicrobials’ reserve useless. Suitable extension outreach and continuing programmes should be devised to promote the judicious use of antimicrobials. Innovative approaches, such as One Health, Antimicrobial Stewardship, and antimicrobial conservation are the need of present alarming situation. There is need to reduce the antimicrobial use in animals, particularly domesticated animals; provision of infection surveillance in hospitals; improving hospital surveillance for monitoring antibiotic resistance; promoting rational and judicious use of drug through education, monitoring, and supervision; researching new drugs; and developing and implementing a more restrictive and participatory antibiotic policy by including various stakeholders. Thus, tracking the rate of veterinary antimicrobial use, resistance, and residues, through a nationwide surveillance and monitoring system, and educating farmers, veterinarians, and consumers could pave the way to fight against this catastrophic situation of antimicrobial resistance.",signatures:"Hans Ram Meena and Vikash Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68552",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68552",authors:[{id:"214286",title:"Dr.",name:"Hr",surname:"Meena",slug:"hr-meena",fullName:"Hr Meena"},{id:"301498",title:"Mr.",name:"Vikash",surname:"Kumar",slug:"vikash-kumar",fullName:"Vikash Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"70111",title:"Farm Animals’ Health Behaviours: An Essential Communicative Signal for Farmers’ Veterinary Care and Sustainable Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89738",slug:"farm-animals-health-behaviours-an-essential-communicative-signal-for-farmers-veterinary-care-and-sus",totalDownloads:763,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Farm animals constitute valuable source of quality nutrition and economic development across the world, and sustainable farm animal production is greatly being challenged by pests and disease infestation with the resultant poor productivity, death of animals and economic losses to the farmers and nations at large. But before infections reached the threshold of debilitative effects, an infected animal communicates a physiological disturbance by vocalisation and/or visual cues. While a healthy animal communicates its good health status by active display and movement of the body parts in response to its environment, a sick animal manifests its health situation by looking dull, by being self-isolated from the stock, by being sluggish or by refusing to move on when approached or to be fed. Although the communicated cues by a farm animal are determined by the kind of physiological impairment experienced by the animal, farmers’ understanding of the specific communication cues by the farm animals would make quick detection of any laden disease in the animals possible and stimulate prompt health care service provision. Consequently, several ways by which farm animals communicate their health situation and the veterinarian actions to be taken in the light of a disease outbreak are highlighted in this article.",signatures:"Okanlade Adesokan Lawal-Adebowale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70111",authors:[{id:"282579",title:"Dr.",name:"Okanlade",surname:"Adesokan Lawal-Adebowale",slug:"okanlade-adesokan-lawal-adebowale",fullName:"Okanlade Adesokan Lawal-Adebowale"}],corrections:null},{id:"69719",title:"Nutrition and Health-Management in Dairy Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89447",slug:"nutrition-and-health-management-in-dairy-production",totalDownloads:733,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ‘barrel model’ of an organism’s resource allocation pattern represents the basics for feeding regimes in farm practice. Several objections can be raised against the underlying theoretical assumptions, the generalizations derived from them, and the application of the model in practice. The concept particularly neglects the role of glucose and the increased competition for it between lactocytes and immune cells. It also fails to recognize the large variation between and within dairy herds. Lack of success in reducing production diseases calls for a modified approach – one which not only deals appropriately with the large variation between and within the dairy herds but also strives to balance the existing productivity/animal health/financial trade-offs. Instead of following general procedures, nutrient supply and outflow via milk have to be adapted to the individual requirements and health risks. To do so, the percentage of dairy cows affected by production diseases and failing to cope is a key criterion. Benchmarking of production diseases could act as an orientation point for farmers to compare their own position to other farms and thus set realistic target figures. Furthermore, means and measures to achieve goals have to be validated in the context in which they are used.",signatures:"Albert Sundrum",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69719",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69719",authors:[{id:"156788",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sundrum",slug:"albert-sundrum",fullName:"Albert Sundrum"}],corrections:null},{id:"69628",title:"Nutrients Cycle within Swine Production: Generation, Characteristics, Treatment and Revaluation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89733",slug:"nutrients-cycle-within-swine-production-generation-characteristics-treatment-and-revaluation",totalDownloads:599,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The swine production generates slurries nutrients rich, which could be revaluated in cereal crops used for its food and energy generation (biogas) for use on the farm. However, the revaluation requires to know their physical–chemical and biological characteristics, which allow giving an adequate transformation (treatment). On the one hand, swine production and consumption market reveal the superiority of emergent countries on meat/cereal (feed) production and swine meat consumption (concentrated population). The food composition and growth phase will influence the swine slurries composition, which is rich in organic matter, macronutrients (N, P) and micronutrients (Cu and Zn). These characteristics will generate odors (organic matter, macronutrients) and ecotoxicology effects (macro/micronutrients) if they are not treated. Moreover, the swine slurries treatment allows revaluated them in agriculture and obtaining energy. Anaerobic technologies (anaerobic lagoon, mixed complete reactors, UASB, among others) are the most used/cost-effective to organic matter removal from swine slurries, obtaining from 0.28 to 0.83 m3 biogas/kg organic matter. Meanwhile, passive technologies (constructed wetlands) are the most used technologies to nutrients and metals removal. Treated swine slurries from constructed wetlands have agronomic properties. Therefore, the nutrients cycle within swine production would favor concepts of revaluation in origin.",signatures:"Cristina Alejandra Villamar and Cristóbal Sardá",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69628",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69628",authors:[{id:"301099",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Villamar",slug:"cristina-villamar",fullName:"Cristina Villamar"},{id:"307316",title:"Mr.",name:"Cristóbal",surname:"Sardá",slug:"cristobal-sarda",fullName:"Cristóbal Sardá"}],corrections:null},{id:"70061",title:"Livestock Feeds and Feeding in Semi-Arid Areas of Southern Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90109",slug:"livestock-feeds-and-feeding-in-semi-arid-areas-of-southern-africa",totalDownloads:810,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Livestock production is the major source of rural livelihoods in semi-arid regions of Southern Africa. However, nutrition is the major limiting factor of livestock production in these areas characterised by declines in rangeland productivity due to the increases in drought frequency, deliberate overstocking by farmers, and climate change and variability. For instance, the grazing resource is strongly influenced by seasonality of rainfall. Poor-quality cereal crop residues are the main dry season supplementary feed source, yet the predominant crops such as sorghum and maize are deficient in protein and other essential nutrients. Additionally, although conventional supplements, fodder crops and agro by-products are an alternative dry season supplementary feed source; they are costly and not readily available. They are also mostly based on staple food crops such as maize, creating competition in use between humans and livestock. Therefore, indigenous browse species remain a significant source of abundant and persistent animal feeds. Other innovations with the potential to improve feed availability include straw ammoniation and silages, veld reinforcement and rehabilitation, and strategic destocking. However, they are not readily adopted by farmers. There is thus a need to promote technologies that improve livestock feeds and feeding for sustainable livelihoods.",signatures:"Clarice Princess Mudzengi, Everson Dahwa and Clayton Simbarashe Kapembeza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70061",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70061",authors:[{id:"270580",title:"Ms.",name:"Clarice",surname:"Mudzengi",slug:"clarice-mudzengi",fullName:"Clarice Mudzengi"},{id:"304914",title:"MSc",name:"Clayton",surname:"Kapembeza",slug:"clayton-kapembeza",fullName:"Clayton Kapembeza"},{id:"311514",title:"Mr.",name:"Everson",surname:"Dahwa",slug:"everson-dahwa",fullName:"Everson Dahwa"}],corrections:null},{id:"69363",title:"Climate Change Mitigation in Livestock Production: Nonconventional Feedstuffs and Alternative Additives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89433",slug:"climate-change-mitigation-in-livestock-production-nonconventional-feedstuffs-and-alternative-additiv",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Livestock production has widely contributed to increase global production of greenhouse gases (GHG), mostly through digestive fermentation in ruminants. Moreover, emissions derived from livestock are estimated over 14% of the total anthropogenic GHG emissions to atmosphere. In addition, methane emitted from ruminal enteric fermentation is responsible for 25% of the total global methane emissions, which turns livestock activity into a main promoter of the climate change effect. However, these emissions may be diminished by modifying livestock diets through alterations in forage-concentrate ratios, the supplementation of feed additives, and the inclusion of alternative feedstuffs not commonly used as forage and protein sources in farm animal feeding. Additionally, the use of nonconventional feedstuffs is highly recommended since their production does not compete with human feeding and may provide metabolites used as methanogenesis suppressors. Likewise, agricultural by-products should be considered as potential feedstuffs for animal production by increasing the livestock efficiency and reducing the energy losses due to methane synthesis.",signatures:"Pámanes-Carrasco Gerardo, Herrera-Torres Esperanza, Murillo-Ortiz Manuel and Reyes-Jáquez Damián",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69363",authors:[{id:"304221",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",surname:"Pámanes-Carrasco",slug:"gerardo-pamanes-carrasco",fullName:"Gerardo Pámanes-Carrasco"},{id:"309558",title:"Dr.",name:"Esperanza",surname:"Herrera-Torres",slug:"esperanza-herrera-torres",fullName:"Esperanza Herrera-Torres"},{id:"309559",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Murillo-Ortiz",slug:"manuel-murillo-ortiz",fullName:"Manuel Murillo-Ortiz"},{id:"309560",title:"Dr.",name:"Damián",surname:"Reyes-Jáquez",slug:"damian-reyes-jaquez",fullName:"Damián Reyes-Jáquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"71504",title:"Water Use and Dairy Production System: An Indian Experience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91193",slug:"water-use-and-dairy-production-system-an-indian-experience",totalDownloads:675,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Increasing water scarcity and simultaneously growing demands for food and feed challenge agricultural production. Globally livestock feed sourcing is one of the major causes for water depletion; therefore, increasing livestock water use efficiency (LWUE) is necessary. There is a need to synthesise LWUE knowledge generated across different forage based livestock production systems (FLPS) over time and systematically identify entry points to enhance productive uses of freshwater resources. Although these systems vary by their degree of intensification, scale of water-related problems, and therefore in their values of LWUE, a number of common entry points to increase LWUE can be identified. To understand the pattern of livestock water use and social dynamics involved in water use and milk production, around 240 small and medium dairy farms in Karnataka, India, were used for the present study. Direct and indirect consumptive uses of water by animals considered were water used for drinking, water inputs through green and dry fodder, consumptive water usage for on-farm servicing and crop irrigation and water inputs through all upstream inputs such as medicines, vaccines and others. Water use efficiency (WUE) for production of milk alone is operationally defined in this study.",signatures:"G. Letha Devi, Anjumoni Mech, Sejian Veerasamy, Ravikiran Gorti and Mukund A. Kataktalware",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71504",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71504",authors:[{id:"89780",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerasamy",surname:"Sejian",slug:"veerasamy-sejian",fullName:"Veerasamy Sejian"},{id:"303516",title:"Dr.",name:"Letha",surname:"Devi",slug:"letha-devi",fullName:"Letha Devi"},{id:"303526",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukund",surname:"Kataktalware",slug:"mukund-kataktalware",fullName:"Mukund Kataktalware"},{id:"309789",title:"Dr.",name:"Anjumoni",surname:"Mech",slug:"anjumoni-mech",fullName:"Anjumoni Mech"},{id:"309791",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravikiran",surname:"G",slug:"ravikiran-g",fullName:"Ravikiran G"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7023",title:"Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"733dc7d7724a77a929f274703361982f",slug:"ticks-and-tick-borne-pathogens",bookSignature:"Muhammad Abubakar and Piyumali K. Perera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7023.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5405",title:"Trends and Advances in Veterinary Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b81ca0dfa8e83073171dd1b5c29b2232",slug:"trends-and-advances-in-veterinary-genetics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6473",title:"Animal Welfare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0814e6a1deeca43ab829e3ec1abb7402",slug:"animal-welfare",bookSignature:"Muhammad Abubakar and Shumaila Manzoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6473.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6206",title:"Ruminants",subtitle:"The Husbandry, Economic and Health Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f4344b633afc742eb0cfc50413c928b",slug:"ruminants-the-husbandry-economic-and-health-aspects",bookSignature:"Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6206.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10751",title:"Bovine Science",subtitle:"Challenges and Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e3eb325f9fce20e6cefbce1c26d647a",slug:"bovine-science-challenges-and-advances",bookSignature:"Muhammad Abubakar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6053",title:"Animal Domestication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc949732f3a3442f988ae91112645354",slug:"animal-domestication",bookSignature:"Fabrice Teletchea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6053.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190135",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",surname:"Teletchea",slug:"fabrice-teletchea",fullName:"Fabrice Teletchea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6478",title:"Bats",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90a4ab5d70985630b12f49cb23939c02",slug:"bats",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6488",title:"Reptiles and Amphibians",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ddf77d32ec38b68c8147aabf78ceb371",slug:"reptiles-and-amphibians",bookSignature:"David Ramiro Aguillón Gutiérrez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"113287",title:"Ph.D.",name:"David",surname:"Aguillón-Gutiérrez",slug:"david-aguillon-gutierrez",fullName:"David Aguillón-Gutiérrez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5882",title:"Primates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"795a774e23c200dad2b806b83d186c9b",slug:"primates",bookSignature:"Mark Burke and Maurice Ptito",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200803",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Burke",slug:"mark-burke",fullName:"Mark Burke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8109",title:"Arthropods",subtitle:"Are They Beneficial for Mankind?",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55116f0344314d5aa595b035d7d401a1",slug:"arthropods-are-they-beneficial-for-mankind-",bookSignature:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8109.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"67322",slug:"corrigendum-to-sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",title:"Corrigendum to: Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67322.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67322",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67322",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67322",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67322",chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:"September 18th 2019",book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:"September 18th 2019",book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11755",leadTitle:null,title:"Nanoclay - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThis book aims to present the state-of-the-art results of characterization and applications of nanoclay or nano-layered silicate which are optimised-clay minerals with several enhanced properties. Adsorption, wetting, dispersing, coagulation, sedimentation, structure formation, capillary, electrokinetic, ion exchange, mechanical response, and other phenomena in nanoclay lie at the basis of a lot of geological, technological, and biological processes.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe main objective of this work is to contribute to a thorough understanding of these phenomena as far as the rapid development of nanotechnologies is concerned. In addition, this book will also aim to provide a comprehensive account of the use of nanoclay as reinforcing fillers among the various nanoparticles focusing especially on polymer and biopolymer-clay nanocomposites. Furthermore, incorporating clay nanoparticles into polymers reveals improvements in mechanical, thermal, electrical, flame retardant, and gas barrier properties.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book is intended to be useful for students, faculty, and researchers interested in learning more about nanoclay and its applications in the fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology, environmental science, and industrial remediation.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-558-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-557-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-559-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"b716126dd284217d47a657db8ae22ef4",bookSignature:"Dr. Walid Oueslati",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11755.jpg",keywords:"Nanoparticles and Nanomodifications, Clay Minerals, Synthesized Nanomaterials, Mechanical Properties, Organoclay, Hybrid Materials, Surface Engineering, Theoretical Calculations, Modeling, Sustainable Materials, Smart Food Packaging, Contaminants Control",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 11th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 28th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in crystallography, lamellar disordered material, and X-ray powder diffraction structure analysis, visiting professor for some French universities, Top reviewers in the field: Multidisciplinar in 2017 (Publons) academic editor in ACE journal.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"176192",title:"Dr.",name:"Walid",middleName:null,surname:"Oueslati",slug:"walid-oueslati",fullName:"Walid Oueslati",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176192/images/system/176192.png",biography:"Walid OUESLATI, Ph.D, HU. is an associate professor at the faculty of science of Bizerte (Tunisia) and permanent member of resources, materials and ecosystems (LR19ES20) laboratory-University of Carthage. In the year 2008 he completed his Ph.D. At the faculty of science of Bizerte in the field of mineralogy and crystallography (condensed matter). In 2018 Walid completed the HU degree at the preparatory institute for scientific and technical studies in Tunis (which is an equivalent degree to HDR_ Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches). His research areas cover solid state physics, materials science, and experimental physics. More precisely, lamellar disordered material and X-ray powder diffraction structure analysis. At present time, his research activities are concerned mainly on preparation and structural characterization of hybrid materials, nanomaterials synthesis, the use of clays nanofillers to clay/polymer nanocomposites, phyllosilicate substrates of inorganic/organic compounds, perovskite structure, mesoporous/microporous materials.",institutionString:"University of Carthage",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Carthage",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"17",title:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347259",firstName:"Karmen",lastName:"Daleta",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"karmen@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5884",title:"Unraveling the Safety Profile of Nanoscale Particles and Materials",subtitle:"From Biomedical to Environmental Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5811aa0f15ab9d8b6a235e8408875d",slug:"unraveling-the-safety-profile-of-nanoscale-particles-and-materials-from-biomedical-to-environmental-applications",bookSignature:"Andreia C. Gomes and Marisa P. Sarria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5884.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146466",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreia",surname:"Ferreira de Castro Gomes",slug:"andreia-ferreira-de-castro-gomes",fullName:"Andreia Ferreira de Castro Gomes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7325",title:"Nanostructures in Energy Generation, Transmission and Storage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e49924dd2c3e28c82fdc115ce04f925",slug:"nanostructures-in-energy-generation-transmission-and-storage",bookSignature:"Yanina Fedorenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7325.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199149",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanina",surname:"Fedorenko",slug:"yanina-fedorenko",fullName:"Yanina Fedorenko"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9230",title:"Smart Nanosystems for Biomedicine, Optoelectronics and Catalysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d1af591d87490c9ad728a1352e62d96",slug:"smart-nanosystems-for-biomedicine-optoelectronics-and-catalysis",bookSignature:"Tatyana Shabatina and Vladimir Bochenkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237988",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatyana",surname:"Shabatina",slug:"tatyana-shabatina",fullName:"Tatyana Shabatina"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9322",title:"Hybrid Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Flexible Electronics Materials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"beff6cce44f54582ee8a828759d24f19",slug:"hybrid-nanomaterials-flexible-electronics-materials",bookSignature:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal, Peng He and Shuye Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182114",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Vargas-Bernal",slug:"rafael-vargas-bernal",fullName:"Rafael Vargas-Bernal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10463",title:"Nanomechanics",subtitle:"Theory and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0c14ad42c145ac8720b4ab4d666f395",slug:"nanomechanics-theory-and-application",bookSignature:"Alexander V. Vakhrushev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10463.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140718",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander V.",surname:"Vakhrushev",slug:"alexander-v.-vakhrushev",fullName:"Alexander V. Vakhrushev"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"49403",title:"HERVs in Multiple Sclerosis — From Insertion to Therapy",doi:"10.5772/61726",slug:"hervs-in-multiple-sclerosis-from-insertion-to-therapy",body:'
1. Introduction
1.1. HERVs
The endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) could be defined as “genetic parasites” of vertebrates [1], given that their origin is very different from the one displayed by the rest of the genome. Their existence in the genome of mammals is only known since 1970 [2], although, they resulted from ancestral infections by exogenous retroviruses millions of years ago. During an infection, the exogenous retroviruses are able to integrate one copy of their genome (provirus) into the genome of the host. Thus, they can stay permanently associated with the host and be transmitted horizontally by the creation of new virions (the typical spread of an infectious virus). Only when they infect a germ line cell, the integrated DNA can become part of the gene pool and be transmitted in a Mendelian fashion like ERVs [1, 3-5], as shown in Figure 1. Those who are present in the human genome are named human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs).
The endogenization process profoundly impacts on the survival and evolution of the virus and the host. It results from the balance achieved between the immune surveillance and the virus virulence [6]. In this way, the HERVs must surpass the host’s antiviral defense mechanisms and infect the germ cells without causing a cytotoxicity that would prevent persistence in the progeny of the host [6]. Furthermore, from this moment on, all host cells are carriers of an integrated provirus [6].
Figure 1.
The endogenization process: once the retrovirus infects a germ line cell, vertical transmission in a Mendelian fashion occurs.
The retroviral insertion is aleatory, in the sense that no specific sites for retroviral integration exist in the host genome. Nonetheless, due to the epigenetic chromatin packaging, integrated HERVs elements are more commonly found within the transcriptionally active genome [6]. Currently, HERVs comprise nearly 8% of the human genome [7], distributed in approximately 31 independently acquired multigene families [8]. Even though no standard nomenclature has been defined for HERVs, they have been classified based on their homology with different groups of exogenous retroviruses. They are grouped as class I, class II, or class III retroviruses considering their homology with Gamma and Epsilon retroviruses, Betaretrovirus or Spumavirus, respectively [9, 10]. The family name is usually given by “HERV” followed by a one-letter amino acid code that corresponds to the tRNA specific of the site used to initiate reverse transcription [10]; consequently, the HERV-W family would use a tryptophan.
As mentioned, HERVs have a similar structure to proviruses of infectious retroviruses, with three principal genes, gag, pol, and env, flanked by two long terminal repeats (LTRs) [6]. The gag gene codes for the viral assembly proteins, including the nucleocapsid, matrix, and capsid proteins. The pol gene codes for the viral replication proteins, yielding the reverse transcriptase, protease, ribonuclease, and integrase proteins. Finally, the env gene codes for a viral glycoprotein, with both a surface and a transmembrane subunit. However, important changes are observed in the HERVs expression compared to that of exogenous retroviruses. Most HERVs encode incomplete proteins and accumulate mutations and recombinations. Furthermore, most HERVs with functional LTRs remain in a latent state under homeostatic conditions, owing to the epigenetic silencing of the provirus in heterochromatin [11]. Exceptionally, specific HERVs have been selected during evolution, provided that their biological functions could be beneficial for the host. In these cases, HERVs suffer a “domestication,” meaning that a foreign gene can be used for cellular functions of the host [12]. In this group, we find proteins like Syncytin-1 from the HERV-W family, and Syncytin-2 from the HERV-FRD family [13]. These highly fusogenic envelope proteins are necessary to allow the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast layer; furthermore, they could be involved in the immune tolerance to the fetus [13].
In addition to these “domestic HERVs,” several studies show reactivation of HERVs under pathologic conditions, such as different types of cancer [14-20]; autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) [21-37], rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [38], psoriasis [39], or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [40]; and other diseases like schizophrenia [41, 42]. Nonetheless, we do not know whether their reactivation or increased expression is a causal effect, or conversely, is an underlying consequence of the disease.
1.2. Potential expression mechanisms of HERVs
Many factors can interfere or modulate the expression of HERVs, such as recombination events between two or more replication-defective HERVs [43, 44], infectious agents like Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) [34, 45] and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) [46, 47], several transcription factors [31, 48], and the epigenomic context of the HERVs [6, 49, 50].
Recombination events
Two or more replication-defective HERVs can restore their own defects through recombination events, resulting in a replication-competent retrovirus [5]. Even though this is an infrequent event, a study in mice points to a significantly increased frequency in specific immune deficiencies [44]. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that recombination between three HERV-K defective proviruses is possible, leading to an infectious retrovirus [5, 43].
Infectious agents
A putative explanation about the preferential expression of HERVs found in human brain samples could be the tropism of specific viruses and bacteria to the central nervous system (CNS). Neurotropic agents like herpesvirus [29, 51], Toxoplasma gondii [52], or certain strands of influenza virus [53] are able to cross the hematoencephalic barrier into the CNS. Usually, they are intercepted by cerebral macrophages leading to an abortive infection, but their transient presence in the CNS could activate the HERVs expression as a consequence of their immediate-early (IE) genes expression [4]. The expression of the IE genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and its interaction with the transcription factor binding sites situated in the U3 region of the LTR, such as AP-1 [54] and Oct-1 [55], lead to an activation of transcription in HERV-K and HERV-W families.
The herpesviruses are one of the best candidates: they may be neurotropic, remain latent, and can be reactivated. Furthermore, the expression of the Env epitopes in the surface of B cells and monocytes could be a consequence of the interaction between HERVs and herpesviruses [25]. Thus, the herpesviruses could play a dual role in neurodegenerative diseases, acting as pathological entities per se and as inducers of HERVs [6].
Transcription factors
An important component of the antiviral innate immunity is the regulation of the expression and replication of HERVs by different transcription factors [48]. In HERV-W and HERV-K elements, both families previously related to multiple sclerosis (MS), different binding sites for transcription factors such as NF-Kβ [31, 48] are located in their promoter regions and could drive an increased expression of HERVs during inflammation.
Epigenomic context
The chromatin state as well as the methylation state of GpC islands within the HERV promoter and regulatory regions seem to be crucial factors in the control of HERVs expression [49, 50]. Both play an important role as a part of the defense system against the potential effects of inserted sequences. Previously published studies describe how proviruses and solitary LTRs are densely methylated under physiological conditions, but hypomethylated in placenta [49, 50]. Thus, DNA hypomethylation, as observed in certain types of cancer, could allow reactivation of retroelements. In MS, HERVs have been described as susceptible elements to undergo epigenetic modifications, mainly due to modifications in the methylation state, resulting in activation of their expression and, consequently, inappropriate activation of the immune system.
1.3. Pathogenic mechanisms of HERVs
Even though most inserted copies in the human genome are defective copies, some HERVs could maintain the potential to cause or contribute to disease by different mechanisms [5]. As mentioned, HERVs may alter cellular functions by two ways, either acting as a genetic element or as a viral pathogen [6].
Gene disruption
HERVs, like transposons, are able to experience transposition, recombination, and integration cycles. Some HERVs families include a high number of copies in the genome. It is believed that these families have been spread around the genome through the reintegration of a provirus. However, each new integration process increases the risk of a harmful insertion. They can disrupt genes present in their integration sites, for example, HERV-K integrations have been identified into tumor suppressor genes like BRCA2 and into the repair XRCC1 gene [6, 56].
Modulation of gene expression
Some HERVs conserve regulatory sequences that can operate as functional promoters, enhancers, or polyadenylation signals, so they could change the expression of adjacent or distal genes [4]. They can also form part of regulatory RNAs: microRNAs (miRNA), small interfering RNAs (siRNA), and long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), contributing to the complex regulatory network of gene expression [5]. Furthermore, HERVs integrated into introns can provide alternative transcription start and termination sites [5].
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
The HERVs expression products, both nucleic acids and proteins, can modulate immune responses. They have the potential to interact with components involved in the immune innate response and to activate proinflammatory signaling pathways [57, 58]. Therefore, certain HERVs proteins could directly interact with specific toll-like receptors (TLRs), for example with TLR4, resulting in the production of TNFα and proinflammatory cytokines [58-60]. The nucleic acids derived from HERVs may also activate cytosolic PRRs; in this way, both an increased expression of RNA and the presence of cDNA in a nonfamilial compartment like the cytosol could activate PRRs [60]. Nonetheless, the human being has coevolved with endogenous retroelements and this could have shaped the sensibility of DNA sensors of the innate immune system, leading to an increased cDNA detection threshold to avoid an immune response against them. The cDNA levels are restrained by the action of gene products like Trex1 or SAMHD1 [60] and a loss-of-function mutation in these enzymes could result in the cDNA accumulation and the consequent sensors activation. This process would lead to a chronic immune response with release of pathogenic type I IFN and inflammatory mediators, similar to those observed in autoimmune diseases [60].
Viral proteins: molecular mimicry, superantigen activity, or immunosuppressive proteins
HERVs proteins hold epitopes to B and T cells and molecular mimicry between viral proteins and certain autoantigens may exist, resulting in an autoimmune response. Moreover, some HERVs sequences are able to encode for superantigens. Superantigens combine with MHC class-II molecules to form ligands that stimulate T cells [61], and this may end in an abnormal activation of autoreactive T lymphocytes [62].
Alternatively, evidences exist of the immunosuppressive activity of certain HERVs Env proteins [63, 64]. This activity is reminiscent of their exogenous antecessors, which in this way increased the viability of the virions in the host. This capacity has suffered an adaptation process, and nowadays it might be implicated in the materno-fetal tolerance and could also prevent the immune response to exogen pathogens and tumors [60].
Retroviral help for B cells
HERVs can also help B cells to quickly produce antibodies directed against pathogenic antigens [65]. The bacterial polysaccharide antigens and the carbohydrates linked to viral glycoproteins have the ability to stimulate B cells in the absence of T-cell help. These antigens are called thymus-independent antigens (TI), and they can be classified into two types: TI-1 or TI-2 antigens. TI-2 antigens cause extensive cross-linking of the BCR, leading to a quick differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Finally, these plasma cells secrete protective antibodies, IgM and IgG [66]. However, the mechanism by which the TI-2 antigens activate B cells in the marginal zone without the help of T cells still remains poorly understood. It has been recently described that the cross-linking of B cells activates a signaling cascade, including the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase and the nuclear transcription factor NF-Kβ, allowing transcription of endogenous retroviral DNA [66]. The retroviral RNA may activate B cells by two complementary but different pathways: first, it could activate the retinoic-acid-inducible gene 1 receptor (RIG-1), resulting in a mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS); second, the RNA can be converted into DNA and can activate the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS, cGAMP synthase). Finally, both signaling pathways would finish in the antigen-specific B-cell activation [65, 66].
2. HERVs and autoimmune diseases
HERVs represent the immunological limit between the self and the foreign. Their peculiar origin is very different from that of other genome elements, as they can share properties with infectious agents. Indeed, in case they would produce particles, these would not be so different from those originated from exogenous retroviruses. Therefore, they could activate the immune system and would induce autoimmunity [67]. As it has been previously discussed, HERVs have been associated, among other infectious or neurologic diseases, with different autoimmune diseases like MS [21-37], RA [38], psoriasis [39], T1D [68], or SLE [40], as shown in Table 1. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) showed the existence of a genetic basis shared between different autoimmune diseases, discovering new immunogenic mechanisms implicated, and HERVs could be part of these shared genetic elements.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tClass\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tFamily\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPBS\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tRelated diseases\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tExpression mechanisms\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPathogenic mechanisms\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
I
\n\t\t\t
HERV-W
\n\t\t\t
Trp
\n\t\t\t
MS Schizophrenia HIV Osteoarthitis
\n\t\t\t
Herpesviruses Transcription factors Toxoplasma gondii Influenza A virus
\n\t\t\t
Pro-inflammatory Env protein Superantigen activity OPCs differentiation interference Altered glial function
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
I
\n\t\t\t
HERV-F
\n\t\t\t
Phe
\n\t\t\t
MS
\n\t\t\t
Demethylating agents
\n\t\t\t
Superantigen activity
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
I
\n\t\t\t
HERV-H
\n\t\t\t
His
\n\t\t\t
3q13.31 microdeletion syndrome
\n\t\t\t
N/A
\n\t\t\t
Genetic deletion by recombination
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
I
\n\t\t\t
HERV-E
\n\t\t\t
Glu
\n\t\t\t
SLE
\n\t\t\t
Hypomethylation
\n\t\t\t
Immunosupressor potential of Env
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
I
\n\t\t\t
HERV-P
\n\t\t\t
Pro
\n\t\t\t
Cancer
\n\t\t\t
Unkown
\n\t\t\t
Unknown
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
II
\n\t\t\t
HERV-K
\n\t\t\t
Lys
\n\t\t\t
MS ALS HIV Schizophrenia T1D RA Juvenil arthitis Cancer
\n\t\t\t
Herpersviruses HTLV-1 Type 1 IFN Transcription factors Hypomethylation
MS, multiple sclerosis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SLE, Systemic lupus erythematosus; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; T1D, type 1 diabetes; RA, rheumatoid arthritis, HTLV-1, human T-lymphotropic virus-1; IFN, interferon; Env, envelope; OPCs, olygodendrocyte precursor cells; N/A, not applicable. Based on Douville and Nath, 2014 [6].
3. HERVs and MS
MS is one of the conditions more frequently related with HERVs. It is a chronic progressive disease characterized by neuroinflammation in the CNS accompanied by demyelination, axonal damage, and progressive neurologic dysfunction [69]. It is a complex disease, originated from the interaction of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors [70]. Recently, its incidence seems to be increased; at present MS affects 2.3 million people in the world [71]. However, many aspects of its pathogenesis are still poorly understood. GWAS have not completely explained the MS genetic background [72-74], albeit including the ImmunoChip Project [75] a total of 110 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with MS susceptibility. Even considering the strongest risk factor, the HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele, each SNP has a modest effect and all together are able to explain only 20–28% of MS heritability [75]. Part of the missing heritability could reside on HERVs, as repetitive regions were not analyzed in the GWAS. Those repetitive regions were previously considered as “junk DNA” because it was thought that they had little or no physiological role. However, nowadays we know that these sequences could play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases, including MS.
In 1989, Perron et al. [76] described the presence of extracellular virions associated with reverse transcriptase activity in a culture of leptomeningeal cells (LM7) obtained from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of an MS patient. In the beginning, it was thought that those virions could correspond to the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) due to the similarities between the tropical spastic paraparesis (a demyelinating progressive disease) caused by HTLV-1, and MS. However, a new retroviral element called MSRV (Multiple-sclerosis-associated retrovirus) was identified, the founder of the HERV-W family [77]. This multicopy family, consisting of approximately 650 loci around the human genome [35], comprises a total of 311 inserts (more or less complete proviruses or pseudogenes) and 343 additional HERV-W LTRs [78].
Only the env gene mapping on chromosome 7, encoding Syncytin, presents a complete open reading frame (ORF) and has been selectively conserved [35]. The MSRV env sequence can be differentiated from the one corresponding to Syncytin-1 by a 12-nucleotide insertion in the transmembrane moiety. Both genes are expressed in the brain of MS patients, but the MSRV-type env DNA copies were found sixfold more frequently in MS patients than in healthy controls, while comparable copy numbers of Syncytin-1 were observed [79]. Furthermore, Syncytin-1 is originated from the retroviral copy inserted in chromosome 7, and the pathogenic protein MSRV-type Env could be originated from several integrations in the human genome, or it could result from recombination events between insertions in different chromosomes [80, 81]. The genomic origin of HERV-W Env remains unknown although recent works consider the copy mapping to chromosome X one plausible candidate [4, 80, 81]. This copy, located on Xq22.3, would encode for an almost complete MSRV-type protein, truncated on its N-terminal end due to the presence of a stop codon mutation at position 39 [81]. Ex vivo, this copy still conserves coding capacity, as it is able to produce a truncated N-terminally Env protein [80]. Furthermore, the reversion of this stop codon would lead to a complete protein with signal peptide, expressed in the cellular surface in the same way that Syncytin [80].
Recently, a genetic screening was performed by specific PCR amplification followed by High Resolution Melting (HRM) analyses of the two MSRV-like env copies which show the ORF with the highest length similarity and homology to Syncytin (1614 bp), inserted in chromosome X (1428 bp) and in chromosome 20 (1419 bp). Both chromosomal origins show similar lengths of their respective ORFs, 10% shorter than the one measured for Syncytin, and could putatively originate functional proteins. The results pointed to the insertion in chromosome X, and not the one in chromosome 20, as an origin of MSRV. One polymorphism identified in chromosome X, rs6622139*T, was associated in women with MS susceptibility and severity [82], and it was also associated with higher MSRV-like env levels of expression (Mann–Whitney U test: p=0.003), while the two polymorphisms found in chromosome 20 did not show evidence of association [83].
Since it was described, several studies have associated the HERV-W family with MS: the presence of MSRV-type Env protein has been found in demyelinated acute lesions in MS patients [31], as well as an increased number of DNA copies [84] or a higher prevalence of MSRV-type RNA in serum and CSF of MS patients compared with patients suffering from other neurological diseases or healthy controls from all ethnic groups [24, 27, 28, 31, 84-86]. The MSRV presence in serum and CSF is correlated with the clinical progression, severity, and prognosis of MS [28, 46], while the absence of MSRV relates with a more stable course of the disease [28, 36]. The MSRV production is stimulated by cytokines like TNFα, IL6, and IFNγ[87], and current MS therapies like IFN-β and Natalizumab, which are able to reduce MS symptomatology, promote a diminution of MSRV virus load levels in blood [87-89].
HERV-W Env proteins, MSRV-type Env, and Syncytin have proinflammatory and superantigenic properties. They can cause neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, immune system dysregulation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress [4, 21, 22, 58, 90, 91]. Their pathogenicity has been studied in vitro using different types of cell cultures and in vivo using a humanized Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) animal model, showing neurotoxic effects in both settings [22, 92] and a reduced capacity of olygodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) differentiation, interfering in the remyelination process [57]. A recent study clarifies the possible pathogenic mechanisms of MSRV. In a human model of BBB, the endothelial cell line HCMEC/D3, they show that MRSV-type Env interacts with TLR4 and induces a dose-dependent overexpression of ICAM1, as well as an induced IL6 and IL8 production; while the Env protein derived from Syncytin-1 did not show these effects [59]. Furthermore, they also described that the MSRV-type Env presence significantly stimulates the adhesion and migration of activated immune cells through the layer of endothelial cells. These results support the hypothesis that MSRV can be involved in MS pathogenesis, as well as in other chronic inflammatory diseases, at least in the maintenance of the underlying inflammatory condition [59]. Table 2 reflects the possible pathogenic mechanisms described for MSRV.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tCell type\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tReceptor\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPathogenic mechanisms\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
T lymphocytes
\n\t\t\t
TCR
\n\t\t\t
Superantigen activity, T lymphocytes proliferation and CK liberation
Even though the HERV-W family is one of the HERV families more related to MS, other families like HERV-K18 [37, 93] or HERV-Fc1 [29, 94, 95] have also been associated with MS susceptibility.
HERV-K is a multicopy family including approximately 332 copies dispersed through the human genome. It is the only known retroviral element that codes for all the structural and enzymatic proteins (Gag, Prt, Pol), as well as for the Env protein and for the accessory Rec protein [96]. This family has been related with different autoimmune diseases as MS [37], type-1diabetes (T1D) [68], or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis [38]; and different cancer types [14-17]. One specific member of this family, HERV-K18, has been associated with MS susceptibility and its expression is induced by herpesvirus [97, 98] and by EBV [99-102], both viruses previously proposed as potential environmental factors involved in MS development [45, 51, 97, 103-108]. Three different variants of the HERV-K18 copy mapping to chromosome 1 [37] have been described. They conform haplotypes within the first intron of CD48 that can be defined by two SNPs (18.1 SNP1*A/SNP2*A, 18.2 SNP1*G/SNP2*G, 18.3 SNP1*A/SNP2*G), all of them coding for an Env protein with superantigenic properties. However, only one of these variants (18.3) has been associated with a higher risk to MS [37] and with an overall higher susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, as described by a meta-analysis including a total of 2656 patients and 2016 controls [93].
Considering the HERV-Fc family, a total of 6 HERV-Fc elements and 11 LTRs have been identified across the human genome. Among them, only two elements correspond to a complete HERV-Fc provirus (Fc1env and Fc2master) [109]. Related to MS, it has been observed that the HERV-Fc1 RNA levels were significantly increased in the plasma of patients suffering from active MS, compared to nonactive MS or controls [30]. The HERV-Fc1 is an unusual provirus, because it includes a single copy in the genome, located on Xq21.33. Furthermore, it is a recent acquisition for the genome, only present in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas [109]. Nexo et al. [94] were the first to describe that rs391745, located in the promoter region of HERV-Fc1, was associated with MS susceptibility in Danish cohorts and, then, a replication study was performed with a Norwegian cohort. The latter study also detailed that the association was only observed in the nonprimary-progressive MS forms [29], results validated in further studies [95]. Regarding the HERV-Fc1 expression mechanisms, it has been observed that the transcriptional expression levels of HERV-Fc1 RNA sequences are negatively correlated with the methylation levels of CpG islands on the 5’ LTR region and, therefore, a higher HERV-Fc1 expression involves DNA demethylation [11, 110].
4. HERVs as future treatment options
An increased expression of HERVs in several autoimmune diseases [21-40, 68] and different types of cancer [14-20], along with the decreased expression levels observed in successfully treated patients with immunomodulatory therapies [88, 89] or chemotherapy [111] point to the potential pathogenic role of HERVs and their putative consideration as a good target for new treatments.
A humanized monoclonal antibody anti-Env-SU MSRV/HERV-W, GNbAC1, has been studied as a putative MS treatment due to its potential neuroprotector effects [112-115]. The results of a phase IIa clinical trial [114] show that the GNbAC1 treatment blocks the transcription of proinflammatory genes mediated by Env, prevents the formation of nitrosantine, and restores OPC differentiation. Furthermore, GNbAC1 has advantages compared to other MS treatments, because the patients retain all their immune capacity. This treatment has also been studied in other diseases like diabetes and schizophrenia.
The proteins encoded by HERV-K env have been proposed as therapeutic targets for different types of cancer, due to the fact that a general hypomethylation of HERVs sequences has been observed, as well as an increased expression of Np9 and Rec proteins originating from HERV-K in different cancer cells [116]. Both proteins bind to the PLZF protein, a transcriptional repressor of the C-MYC proto-oncogen. The inflammation and the deregulation of proto-oncogen signaling caused by the HERV-K protein results in a protumorogenic microenvironment, which favors cell proliferation and metastasis [116]. The use of monoclonal antibodies against HERV-K Env protein inhibits tumoral growth and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vitro [116]; therefore, it could be considered a good candidate as a therapy used together with other cancer treatments.
In addition to autoimmune diseases and cancer, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been also related to HERVs, particularly with the HERV-K family, raising the issue of potential beneficial effects of a therapy directed against HERVs in AIDS. Some studies report an increased expression of HERV-K provirus in HIV patients compared to controls [117, 118] and show that the immune responses against HERV-K decrease the HIV-1 viral load. In vitro, the use of an antibody directed against the HERV-K transmembrane protein (HML-2), HA-137, was able to eliminate the cells that displayed the antigen in their surface. This was carried out by an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism by natural killer (NK) cells. It has been described that the HIV-infected cells display this membrane antigen in their surface [119]; therefore, they would be potential targets of the antibody. The possibility of finding a target epitope different from those of the HIV virus could open up opportunities to the development of vaccines against this disease; a field that has been very limited due to the high rate of mutation of the HIV [119].
5. Conclusion
This work aimed to provide a systematic revision of HERVs, with particular emphasis on their potential pathogenic role in MS. Although many aspects of the etiology of this disease remain to be solved, different works support the relevance that HERVs may have in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and specifically in MS. HERVs may contribute to both, disease onset and maintenance, through an exacerbated activation of the immune system. Recently, the results of a phase IIa clinical trial that studies the effectiveness of a human monoclonal antibody (GNbAC1) as a therapeutic target in MS have been published with promising outcome. Thus, evidences support the role of HERVs as potential therapeutic armory in different autoimmune diseases, cancer, and HIV.
\n',keywords:"Multiple sclerosis, HERV, MSRV, GNbAC1",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/49403.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/49403.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49403",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49403",totalDownloads:1665,totalViews:322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:1,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:1,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"April 16th 2015",dateReviewed:"October 12th 2015",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 16th 2016",dateFinished:"October 26th 2015",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not been able to completely elucidate the genetic background of complex diseases. Part of it could lie in repetitive sequences not studied in the GWAS, as those corresponding to Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs). In the present work, we aim to review the potential role of HERVs in the etiology of autoimmune diseases, especially in multiple sclerosis (MS); their potential pathogenic role and their putative consideration as a good target for new treatments. For this purpose, we carried out an in-depth literature review on HERVs, and we integrated our previous findings about HERV-W, HERV-K18, and HERV-Fc1 and MS susceptibility. The study was carried out by a systematic search from electronic databases using the keywords “HERV,” “Multiple sclerosis,” “HERV-W,” “MSRV,” “HERV-K,” “HERV-Fc1,” and “GNbAC1.”",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/49403",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/49403",book:{id:"5078",slug:"advances-in-molecular-retrovirology"},signatures:"Belén de la Hera and Elena Urcelay",authors:[{id:"176421",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Urcelay",fullName:"Elena Urcelay",slug:"elena-urcelay",email:"elena.urcelay@salud.madrid.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"177568",title:"MSc.",name:"Belén",middleName:null,surname:"De La Hera",fullName:"Belén De La Hera",slug:"belen-de-la-hera",email:"belenhhernanz@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1. HERVs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2. Potential expression mechanisms of HERVs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"1.3. Pathogenic mechanisms of HERVs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"2. HERVs and autoimmune diseases",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. HERVs and MS",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. HERVs as future treatment options",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Ribet D, Heidman T. Formation et évolution des rétrovirus endogènes. Virologie. 2010;14:141-50. DOI:10.1684/vir.2010.0294.'},{id:"B2",body:'Coffin JM. Structure, replication, and recombination of retrovirus genomes: some unifying hypotheses. J Gen Virol. 1979;42:1-26.'},{id:"B3",body:'Chuong EB. Retroviruses facilitate the rapid evolution of the mammalian placenta. Bioessays. 2013;35:853-61. DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300059.'},{id:"B4",body:'Perron H, Bernard C, Bertrand JB, Lang AB, Popa I, Sanhadji K, et al. Endogenous retroviral genes, Herpesviruses and gender in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2009;286:65-72.'},{id:"B5",body:'Young GR, Stoye JP, Kassiotis G. Are human endogenous retroviruses pathogenic? An approach to testing the hypothesis. Bioessays. 2013;35:794-803. DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300049.'},{id:"B6",body:'Douville RN, Nath A. Human endogenous retroviruses and the nervous system. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;123:465-85. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00022-5.'},{id:"B7",body:'Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature. 2001;409:860-921. DOI:10.1038/35057062.'},{id:"B8",body:'Belshaw R, Katzourakis A, Paces J, Burt A, Tristem M. High copy number in human endogenous retrovirus families is associated with copying mechanisms in addition to reinfection. Mol Biol Evol. 2005;22:814-7. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msi088.'},{id:"B9",body:'Voisset C, Weiss RA, Griffiths DJ. Human RNA "rumor" viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2008;72:157-96. DOI:10.1128/MMBR.00033-07.'},{id:"B10",body:'Gifford R, Tristem M. The evolution, distribution and diversity of endogenous retroviruses. Virus Genes. 2003;26:291-315. DOI:10.1023/A:1024455415443.'},{id:"B11",body:'Laska MJ, Nissen KK, Nexo BA. (Some) cellular mechanisms influencing the transcription of human endogenous retrovirus, HERV-Fc1. PLoS One. 2013;8:e53895. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0053895.'},{id:"B12",body:'Patel MR, Emerman M, Malik HS. Paleovirology - ghosts and gifts of viruses past. Curr Opin Virol. 2011;1:304-9. DOI:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.06.007.'},{id:"B13",body:'Dupressoir A, Heidmann T. [Syncytins – retroviral envelope genes captured for the benefit of placental development]. Med Sci (Paris). 2011;27:163-9. DOI:10.1051/medsci/2011272163.'},{id:"B14",body:'Buscher K, Trefzer U, Hofmann M, Sterry W, Kurth R, Denner J. Expression of human endogenous retrovirus K in melanomas and melanoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 2005;65:4172-80. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2983'},{id:"B15",body:'Herbst H, Kuhler-Obbarius C, Lauke H, Sauter M, Mueller-Lantzsch N, Harms D, et al. Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-K transcripts in gonadoblastomas and gonadoblastoma-derived germ cell tumours. Virchows Arch. 1999;434:11-5. DOI:10.1007/s004280050298'},{id:"B16",body:'Lower R, Lower J, Frank H, Harzmann R, Kurth R. Human teratocarcinomas cultured in vitro produce unique retrovirus-like viruses. J Gen Virol. 1984;65 (Pt 5):887-98.'},{id:"B17",body:'Wang-Johanning F, Liu J, Rycaj K, Huang M, Tsai K, Rosen DG, et al. Expression of multiple human endogenous retrovirus surface envelope proteins in ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:81-90. DOI:10.1002/ijc.22256.'},{id:"B18",body:'Florl AR, Lower R, Schmitz-Drager BJ, Schulz WA. DNA methylation and expression of LINE-1 and HERV-K provirus sequences in urothelial and renal cell carcinomas. Br J Cancer. 1999;80:1312-21. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690524.'},{id:"B19",body:'Menendez L, Benigno BB, McDonald JF. L1 and HERV-W retrotransposons are hypomethylated in human ovarian carcinomas. Mol Cancer. 2004;3:12. DOI:10.1186/1476-4598-3-12.'},{id:"B20",body:'Wentzensen N, Coy JF, Knaebel HP, Linnebacher M, Wilz B, Gebert J, et al. Expression of an endogenous retroviral sequence from the HERV-H group in gastrointestinal cancers. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:1417-23. DOI:10.1002/ijc.22826.'},{id:"B21",body:'Antony JM, Ellestad KK, Hammond R, Imaizumi K, Mallet F, Warren KG, et al. The human endogenous retrovirus envelope glycoprotein, syncytin-1, regulates neuroinflammation and its receptor expression in multiple sclerosis: a role for endoplasmic reticulum chaperones in astrocytes. J Immunol. 2007;179:1210-24. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1210'},{id:"B22",body:'Antony JM, van Marle G, Opii W, Butterfield DA, Mallet F, Yong VW, et al. Human endogenous retrovirus glycoprotein-mediated induction of redox reactants causes oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7:1088-95. DOI:10.1038/nn1319.'},{id:"B23",body:'Antony JM, Zhu Y, Izad M, Warren KG, Vodjgani M, Mallet F, et al. Comparative expression of human endogenous retrovirus-W genes in multiple sclerosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2007;23:1251-6. DOI:10.1089/aid.2006.0274..'},{id:"B24",body:'Arru G, Mameli G, Astone V, Serra C, Huang YM, Link H, et al. Multiple Sclerosis and HERV-W/MSRV: A Multicentric Study. Int J Biomed Sci. 2007;3:292-7.'},{id:"B25",body:'Brudek T, Christensen T, Aagaard L, Petersen T, Hansen HJ, Moller-Larsen A. B cells and monocytes from patients with active multiple sclerosis exhibit increased surface expression of both HERV-H Env and HERV-W Env, accompanied by increased seroreactivity. Retrovirology. 2009;6:104. DOI:10.1186/1742-4690-6-104.'},{id:"B26",body:'Dolei A. MSRV/HERV-W/syncytin and its linkage to multiple sclerosis: the usability and the hazard of a human endogenous retrovirus. J Neurovirol. 2005;11:232-5. DOI:10.1080/13550280590952899.'},{id:"B27",body:'Dolei A, Perron H. The multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and its HERV-W endogenous family: a biological interface between virology, genetics, and immunology in human physiology and disease. J Neurovirol. 2009;15:4-13. DOI:10.1080/13550280802448451.'},{id:"B28",body:'Dolei A, Serra C, Mameli G, Pugliatti M, Sechi G, Cirotto MC, et al. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) in Sardinian MS patients. Neurology. 2002;58:471-3. DOI:10.1212/WNL.58.3.471.'},{id:"B29",body:'Hansen B, Oturai AB, Harbo HF, Celius EG, Nissen KK, Laska MJ, et al. Genetic association of multiple sclerosis with the marker rs391745 near the endogenous retroviral locus HERV-Fc1: analysis of disease subtypes. PLoS One. 2011;6:e26438. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0026438.'},{id:"B30",body:'Laska MJ, Brudek T, Nissen KK, Christensen T, Moller-Larsen A, Petersen T, et al. Expression of HERV-Fc1, a human endogenous retrovirus, is increased in patients with active multiple sclerosis. J Virol. 2012;86:3713-22. DOI:10.1128/JVI.06723-11.'},{id:"B31",body:'Mameli G, Astone V, Arru G, Marconi S, Lovato L, Serra C, et al. Brains and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients hyperexpress MS-associated retrovirus/HERV-W endogenous retrovirus, but not Human herpesvirus 6. J Gen Virol. 2007;88:264-74. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81890-0'},{id:"B32",body:'Mameli G, Astone V, Khalili K, Serra C, Sawaya BE, Dolei A. Regulation of the syncytin-1 promoter in human astrocytes by multiple sclerosis-related cytokines. Virology. 2007;362:120-30. DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.019.'},{id:"B33",body:'Rolland A, Jouvin-Marche E, Saresella M, Ferrante P, Cavaretta R, Creange A, et al. Correlation between disease severity and in vitro cytokine production mediated by MSRV (multiple sclerosis associated retroviral element) envelope protein in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2005;160:195-203. DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.019.'},{id:"B34",body:'Ruprecht K, Obojes K, Wengel V, Gronen F, Kim KS, Perron H, et al. Regulation of human endogenous retrovirus W protein expression by herpes simplex virus type 1: implications for multiple sclerosis. J Neurovirol. 2006;12:65-71. DOI:10.1080/13550280600614973.'},{id:"B35",body:'Schmitt K, Richter C, Backes C, Meese E, Ruprecht K, Mayer J. Comprehensive analysis of human endogenous retrovirus group HERV-W locus transcription in multiple sclerosis brain lesions by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. J Virol. 2013;87:13837-52. DOI:10.1128/JVI.02388-13..'},{id:"B36",body:'Sotgiu S, Arru G, Mameli G, Serra C, Pugliatti M, Rosati G, et al. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus in early multiple sclerosis: a six-year follow-up of a Sardinian cohort. Mult Scler. 2006;12:698-703. DOI:10.1177/1352458506070773'},{id:"B37",body:'Tai AK, O\'Reilly EJ, Alroy KA, Simon KC, Munger KL, Huber BT, et al. Human endogenous retrovirus-K18 Env as a risk factor in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2008;14:1175-80. DOI:10.1177/1352458508094641.'},{id:"B38",body:'Sicat J, Sutkowski N, Huber BT. Expression of human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K18 superantigen is elevated in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005;32:1821-31.'},{id:"B39",body:'Moles JP, Tesniere A, Guilhou JJ. A new endogenous retroviral sequence is expressed in skin of patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:83-9. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06555.x.'},{id:"B40",body:'Wu Z, Mei X, Zhao D, Sun Y, Song J, Pan W, et al. DNA methylation modulates HERV-E expression in CD4+ T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Dermatol Sci. 2015;77:110-6. DOI:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.12.004.'},{id:"B41",body:'Perron H, Mekaoui L, Bernard C, Veas F, Stefas I, Leboyer M. Endogenous retrovirus type W GAG and envelope protein antigenemia in serum of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;64:1019-23. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.028.'},{id:"B42",body:'Yao Y, Schroder J, Nellaker C, Bottmer C, Bachmann S, Yolken RH, et al. Elevated levels of human endogenous retrovirus-W transcripts in blood cells from patients with first episode schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav. 2008;7:103-12. DOI:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00334.x.'},{id:"B43",body:'Lee YN, Bieniasz PD. Reconstitution of an infectious human endogenous retrovirus. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e10. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030010.'},{id:"B44",body:'Young GR, Eksmond U, Salcedo R, Alexopoulou L, Stoye JP, Kassiotis G. Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses in antibody-deficient mice. Nature. 2012;491:774-8. DOI:10.1038/nature11599.'},{id:"B45",body:'Alvarez-Lafuente R, Garcia-Montojo M, De Las Heras V, Dominguez-Mozo MI, Bartolome M, Benito-Martin MS, et al. Herpesviruses and human endogenous retroviral sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2008;14:595-601. DOI:10.1177/1352458507086425.'},{id:"B46",body:'Mameli G, Madeddu G, Mei A, Uleri E, Poddighe L, Delogu LG, et al. Activation of MSRV-type endogenous retroviruses during infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus latency: the missing link with multiple sclerosis? PLoS One. 2013;8:e78474. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078474..'},{id:"B47",body:'Mameli G, Poddighe L, Mei A, Uleri E, Sotgiu S, Serra C, et al. Expression and activation by Epstein Barr virus of human endogenous retroviruses-W in blood cells and astrocytes: inference for multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2012;7:e44991. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0044991.'},{id:"B48",body:'Manghera M, Douville RN. Endogenous retrovirus-K promoter: a landing strip for inflammatory transcription factors? Retrovirology. 2013;10:16. DOI:10.1186/1742-4690-10-16.'},{id:"B49",body:'Matouskova M, Blazkova J, Pajer P, Pavlicek A, Hejnar J. CpG methylation suppresses transcriptional activity of human syncytin-1 in non-placental tissues. Exp Cell Res. 2006;312:1011-20. DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.12.010.'},{id:"B50",body:'Reiss D, Zhang Y, Mager DL. Widely variable endogenous retroviral methylation levels in human placenta. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:4743-54. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm455.'},{id:"B51",body:'Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Keir G, Cunnington M, Thompson EJ. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;114:363-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00677.x.'},{id:"B52",body:'Frank O, Jones-Brando L, Leib-Mosch C, Yolken R, Seifarth W. Altered transcriptional activity of human endogenous retroviruses in neuroepithelial cells after infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1447-9. DOI:10.1086/508496.'},{id:"B53",body:'Li F, Nellaker C, Sabunciyan S, Yolken RH, Jones-Brando L, Johansson AS, et al. Transcriptional derepression of the ERVWE1 locus following influenza A virus infection. J Virol. 2014;88:4328-37. DOI:10.1128/JVI.03628-13..'},{id:"B54",body:'Kwun HJ, Han HJ, Lee WJ, Kim HS, Jang KL. Transactivation of the human endogenous retrovirus K long terminal repeat by herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early protein 0. Virus Res. 2002;86:93-100.'},{id:"B55",body:'Lee WJ, Kwun HJ, Kim HS, Jang KL. Activation of the human endogenous retrovirus W long terminal repeat by herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early protein 1. Mol Cells. 2003;15:75-80.'},{id:"B56",body:'Misra A, Chosdol K, Sarkar C, Mahapatra AK, Sinha S. Alteration of a sequence with homology to human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-K) in primary human glioma: implications for viral repeat mediated rearrangement. Mutat Res. 2001;484:53-9. DOI:10.1016/S0027-5107(01)00240-8.'},{id:"B57",body:'Kremer D, Schichel T, Forster M, Tzekova N, Bernard C, van der Valk P, et al. Human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope protein inhibits oligodendroglial precursor cell differentiation. Ann Neurol. 2013;74:721-32. DOI: 10.1002/ana.23970..'},{id:"B58",body:'Rolland A, Jouvin-Marche E, Viret C, Faure M, Perron H, Marche PN. The envelope protein of a human endogenous retrovirus-W family activates innate immunity through CD14/TLR4 and promotes Th1-like responses. J Immunol. 2006;176:7636-44. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7636'},{id:"B59",body:'Duperray A, Barbe D, Raguenez G, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Couraud PO, et al. Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to a human endogenous retrovirus associated with multiple sclerosis is mediated by TLR4. Int Immunol. 2015;27. DOI:10.1093/intimm/dxv025.'},{id:"B60",body:'Hurst T, Magiorkinis G. Activation of the innate immune response by endogenous retroviruses. J Gen Virol. 2014. DOI:10.1099/jgv.0.000017.'},{id:"B61",body:'Herman A, Kappler JW, Marrack P, Pullen AM. Superantigens: mechanism of T-cell stimulation and role in immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol. 1991;9:745-72. DOI:10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.003525.'},{id:"B62",body:'Zhang J, Vandevyver C, Stinissen P, Mertens N, van den Berg-Loonen E, Raus J. Activation and clonal expansion of human myelin basic protein-reactive T cells by bacterial superantigens. J Autoimmun. 1995;8:615-32. DOI:10.1016/0896-8411(95)90012-8.'},{id:"B63",body:'Mangeney M, Renard M, Schlecht-Louf G, Bouallaga I, Heidmann O, Letzelter C, et al. Placental syncytins: Genetic disjunction between the fusogenic and immunosuppressive activity of retroviral envelope proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:20534-9. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0707873105.'},{id:"B64",body:'Morozov VA, Dao Thi VL, Denner J. The transmembrane protein of the human endogenous retrovirus--K (HERV-K) modulates cytokine release and gene expression. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70399. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0070399.'},{id:"B65",body:'Grasset EK, Cerutti A. Immunology. Retroviral help for B cells. Science. 2014;346:1454-5. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0070399.'},{id:"B66",body:'Zeng M, Hu Z, Shi X, Li X, Zhan X, Li XD, et al. MAVS, cGAS, and endogenous retroviruses in T-independent B cell responses. Science. 2013;346:1486-92. DOI: 10.1126/science.346.6216.1486.'},{id:"B67",body:'Nexo BA, Villesen P, Nissen KK, Lindegaard HM, Rossing P, Petersen T, et al. Are human endogenous retroviruses triggers of autoimmune diseases? Unveiling associations of three diseases and viral loci. Immunol Res. 2015. DOI:10.1007/s12026-015-8671-z.'},{id:"B68",body:'Marguerat S, Wang WY, Todd JA, Conrad B. Association of human endogenous retrovirus K-18 polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53:852-4. DOI:10.2337/diabetes.53.3.852'},{id:"B69",body:'Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:938-52.'},{id:"B70",body:'Oksenberg JR, Baranzini SE. Multiple sclerosis genetics--is the glass half full, or half empty? Nat Rev Neurol. 2010;6:429-37. DOI:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.91.'},{id:"B71",body:'Browne P, Chandraratna D, Angood C, Tremlett H, Baker C, Taylor BV, et al. Atlas of Multiple Sclerosis 2013: A growing global problem with widespread inequity. Neurology. 2013;83:1022-4. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000768.'},{id:"B72",body:'IMSGC, Hafler DA, Compston A, Sawcer S, Lander ES, Daly MJ, et al. Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:851-62.'},{id:"B73",body:'IMSGC, Sawcer S, Hellenthal G, Pirinen M, Spencer CC, Patsopoulos NA, et al. Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature. 2011;476:214-9. DOI:10.1038/nature10251.'},{id:"B74",body:'Gourraud PA, Harbo HF, Hauser SL, Baranzini SE. The genetics of multiple sclerosis: an up-to-date review. Immunol Rev. 2012;248:87-103. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01134.x.'},{id:"B75",body:'IMSGC, Beecham AH, Patsopoulos NA, Xifara DK, Davis MF, Kemppinen A, et al. Analysis of immune-related loci identifies 48 new susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis. Nat Genet. 2013;45:1353-60. DOI:10.1038/ng.2770..'},{id:"B76",body:'Perron H, Geny C, Laurent A, Mouriquand C, Pellat J, Perret J, et al. Leptomeningeal cell line from multiple sclerosis with reverse transcriptase activity and viral particles. Res Virol. 1989;140:551-61.'},{id:"B77",body:'Perron H, Garson JA, Bedin F, Beseme F, Paranhos-Baccala G, Komurian-Pradel F, et al. Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus repeatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis. The Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:7583-8.'},{id:"B78",body:'Pavlicek A, Paces J, Elleder D, Hejnar J. Processed pseudogenes of human endogenous retroviruses generated by LINEs: their integration, stability, and distribution. Genome Res. 2002;12:391-9. DOI:10.1101/gr.216902'},{id:"B79",body:'Mameli G, Poddighe L, Astone V, Delogu G, Arru G, Sotgiu S, et al. Novel reliable real-time PCR for differential detection of MSRVenv and syncytin-1 in RNA and DNA from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Virol Methods. 2009;161:98-106. DOI:10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.024..'},{id:"B80",body:'Roebke C, Wahl S, Laufer G, Stadelmann C, Sauter M, Mueller-Lantzsch N, et al. An N-terminally truncated envelope protein encoded by a human endogenous retrovirus W locus on chromosome Xq22.3. Retrovirology. 2010;7:69. DOI:10.1186/1742-4690-7-69.'},{id:"B81",body:'Laufer G, Mayer J, Mueller BF, Mueller-Lantzsch N, Ruprecht K. Analysis of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus env sequences. Retrovirology. 2009;6:37. DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-37.'},{id:"B82",body:'Garcia-Montojo M, de la Hera B, Varade J, de la Encarnacion A, Camacho I, Dominguez-Mozo M, et al. HERV-W polymorphism in chromosome X is associated with multiple sclerosis risk and with differential expression of MSRV. Retrovirology. 2014;11:2.'},{id:"B83",body:'Varadé J, García-Montojo M, de la Hera B, Camacho I, García-Martíneza MA, Arroyo R, et al. Multiple sclerosis retrovirus-like envelope gene: Role of the chromosome 20 insertion. BBA Clin. 2015;3:162-7. DOI:10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.02.002.'},{id:"B84",body:'Garcia-Montojo M, Dominguez-Mozo M, Arias-Leal A, Garcia-Martinez A, De las Heras V, Casanova I, et al. The DNA copy number of human endogenous retrovirus-W (MSRV-type) is increased in multiple sclerosis patients and is influenced by gender and disease severity. PLoS One. 2013;8:e53623. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0053623.'},{id:"B85",body:'Garson JA, Tuke PW, Giraud P, Paranhos-Baccala G, Perron H. Detection of virion-associated MSRV-RNA in serum of patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1998;351:33. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)24001-3.'},{id:"B86",body:'Perron H, Germi R, Bernard C, Garcia-Montojo M, Deluen C, Farinelli L, et al. Human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope expression in blood and brain cells provides new insights into multiple sclerosis disease. Mult Scler. 2012;18:1721-36. DOI: 10.1177/1352458512441381..'},{id:"B87",body:'Serra C, Mameli G, Arru G, Sotgiu S, Rosati G, Dolei A. In vitro modulation of the multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated retrovirus by cytokines: implications for MS pathogenesis. J Neurovirol. 2003;9:637-43. DOI:10.1080/13550280390246462.'},{id:"B88",body:'Mameli G, Serra C, Astone V, Castellazzi M, Poddighe L, Fainardi E, et al. Inhibition of multiple-sclerosis-associated retrovirus as biomarker of interferon therapy. J Neurovirol. 2008;14:73-7. DOI:10.1080/13550280701801107.'},{id:"B89",body:'Arru G, Leoni S, Pugliatti M, Mei A, Serra C, Delogu LG, et al. Natalizumab inhibits the expression of human endogenous retroviruses of the W family in multiple sclerosis patients: a longitudinal cohort study. Mult Scler. 2014;20:174-82. DOI: 10.1177/1352458513494957.'},{id:"B90",body:'Antony JM, Deslauriers AM, Bhat RK, Ellestad KK, Power C. Human endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis: innocent bystanders or disease determinants? Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1812:162-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.016..'},{id:"B91",body:'Perron H, Jouvin-Marche E, Michel M, Ounanian-Paraz A, Camelo S, Dumon A, et al. Multiple sclerosis retrovirus particles and recombinant envelope trigger an abnormal immune response in vitro, by inducing polyclonal Vbeta16 T-lymphocyte activation. Virology. 2001;287:321-32. DOI:10.1006/viro.2001.1045.'},{id:"B92",body:'Firouzi R, Rolland A, Michel M, Jouvin-Marche E, Hauw JJ, Malcus-Vocanson C, et al. Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus particles cause T lymphocyte-dependent death with brain hemorrhage in humanized SCID mice model. J Neurovirol. 2003;9:79-93. DOI:10.1080/13550280390173328.'},{id:"B93",body:'de la Hera B, Varade J, Garcia-Montojo M, Lamas JR, de la Encarnacion A, Arroyo R, et al. Role of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K18 in autoimmune disease susceptibility: study in the Spanish population and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8:e62090. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0062090..'},{id:"B94",body:'Nexo BA, Christensen T, Frederiksen J, Moller-Larsen A, Oturai AB, Villesen P, et al. The etiology of multiple sclerosis: genetic evidence for the involvement of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-Fc1. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16652. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016652.'},{id:"B95",body:'de la Hera B, Varade J, Garcia-Montojo M, Alcina A, Fedetz M, Alloza I, et al. Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-Fc1 association with multiple sclerosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e90182. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090182.'},{id:"B96",body:'Kraus B, Fischer K, Sliva K, Schnierle BS. Vaccination directed against the human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) gag protein slows HERV-K gag expressing cell growth in a murine model system. Virol J. 2014;11:58. DOI:10.1186/1743-422X-11-58.'},{id:"B97",body:'Turcanova VL, Bundgaard B, Hollsberg P. Human herpesvirus-6B induces expression of the human endogenous retrovirus K18-encoded superantigen. J Clin Virol. 2009;46:15-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.05.015.'},{id:"B98",body:'Tai AK, Luka J, Ablashi D, Huber BT. HHV-6A infection induces expression of HERV-K18-encoded superantigen. J Clin Virol. 2009;46:47-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jcv.2009.05.019.'},{id:"B99",body:'Hsiao FC, Lin M, Tai A, Chen G, Huber BT. Cutting edge: Epstein-Barr virus transactivates the HERV-K18 superantigen by docking to the human complement receptor 2 (CD21) on primary B cells. J Immunol. 2006;177:2056-60. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.4.2056'},{id:"B100",body:'Sutkowski N, Conrad B, Thorley-Lawson DA, Huber BT. Epstein-Barr virus transactivates the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K18 that encodes a superantigen. Immunity. 2001;15:579-89. DOI:10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00210-2.'},{id:"B101",body:'Hsiao FC, Tai AK, Deglon A, Sutkowski N, Longnecker R, Huber BT. EBV LMP-2A employs a novel mechanism to transactivate the HERV-K18 superantigen through its ITAM. Virology. 2009;385:261-6. DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.025.'},{id:"B102",body:'Sutkowski N, Chen G, Calderon G, Huber BT. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein LMP-2A is sufficient for transactivation of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K18 superantigen. J Virol. 2004;78:7852-60. DOI:10.1128/JVI.78.14.7852-7860.2004'},{id:"B103",body:'Buljevac D, van Doornum GJ, Flach HZ, Groen J, Osterhaus AD, Hop W, et al. Epstein-Barr virus and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1377-81. DOI:10.1136/jnnp.2004.048504'},{id:"B104",body:'Christensen T. The role of EBV in MS pathogenesis. Int MS J. 2006;13:52-7.'},{id:"B105",body:'Nielsen TR, Pedersen M, Rostgaard K, Frisch M, Hjalgrim H. Correlations between Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels and risk factors for multiple sclerosis in healthy individuals. Mult Scler. 2007;13:420-3. DOI:10.1177/1352458506071470'},{id:"B106",body:'DeLorenze GN, Munger KL, Lennette ET, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Ascherio A. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: evidence of association from a prospective study with long-term follow-up. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:839-44. DOI:10.1001/archneur.63.6.noc50328.'},{id:"B107",body:'Hollsberg P, Kusk M, Bech E, Hansen HJ, Jakobsen J, Haahr S. Presence of Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6B DNA in multiple sclerosis patients: associations with disease activity. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;112:395-402. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00516.x.'},{id:"B108",body:'Martinez A, Alvarez-Lafuente R, Mas A, Bartolome M, Garcia-Montojo M, de Las Heras V, et al. Environment-gene interaction in multiple sclerosis: human herpesvirus 6 and MHC2TA. Hum Immunol. 2007;68:685-9. DOI:10.1016/j.humimm.2007.05.005.'},{id:"B109",body:'Benit L, Calteau A, Heidmann T. Characterization of the low-copy HERV-Fc family: evidence for recent integrations in primates of elements with coding envelope genes. Virology. 2003;312:159-68. DOI:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00163-6.'},{id:"B110",body:'Strissel PL, Ruebner M, Thiel F, Wachter D, Ekici AB, Wolf F, et al. Reactivation of codogenic endogenous retroviral (ERV) envelope genes in human endometrial carcinoma and prestages: Emergence of new molecular targets. Oncotarget. 2012;3:1204-19.'},{id:"B111",body:'Rhyu DW, Kang YJ, Ock MS, Eo JW, Choi YH, Kim WJ, et al. Expression of human endogenous retrovirus env genes in the blood of breast cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15:9173-83. DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069173.'},{id:"B112",body:'Kremer D, Forster M, Schichel T, Gottle P, Hartung HP, Perron H, et al. The neutralizing antibody GNbAC1 abrogates HERV-W envelope protein-mediated oligodendroglial maturation blockade. Mult Scler. 2014;21:1200-3. DOI:10.1177/1352458514560926.'},{id:"B113",body:'Curtin F, Perron H, Kromminga A, Porchet H, Lang AB. Preclinical and early clinical development of GNbAC1, a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeting endogenous retroviral MSRV-Env protein. MAbs. 2015;7:265-75. DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985021.'},{id:"B114",body:'Derfuss T, Curtin F, Guebelin C, Bridel C, Rasenack M, Matthey A, et al. A phase IIa randomised clinical study of GNbAC1, a humanised monoclonal antibody against the envelope protein of multiple sclerosis-associated endogenous retrovirus in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 2014;21:885-93. DOI: 10.1177/1352458514554052.'},{id:"B115",body:'Curtin F, Lang AB, Perron H, Laumonier M, Vidal V, Porchet HC, et al. GNbAC1, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the envelope protein of multiple sclerosis-associated endogenous retrovirus: a first-in-humans randomized clinical study. Clin Ther. 2012;34:2268-78. DOI:10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.11.006.'},{id:"B116",body:'Downey RF, Sullivan FJ, Wang-Johanning F, Ambs S, Giles FJ, Glynn SA. Human endogenous retrovirus K and cancer: Innocent bystander or tumorigenic accomplice? Int J Cancer. 2014;137:1249-57. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29003.'},{id:"B117",body:'van der Kuyl AC. HIV infection and HERV expression: a review. Retrovirology. 2012;9:6. DOI:10.1186/1742-4690-9-6.'},{id:"B118",body:'Bhardwaj N, Maldarelli F, Mellors J, Coffin JM. HIV-1 infection leads to increased transcription of human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K (HML-2) proviruses in vivo but not to increased virion production. J Virol. 2014;88:11108-20. DOI:10.1128/JVI.01623-14.'},{id:"B119",body:'Michaud HA, SenGupta D, de Mulder M, Deeks SG, Martin JN, Kobie JJ, et al. Cutting edge: An antibody recognizing ancestral endogenous virus glycoproteins mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity on HIV-1-infected cells. J Immunol. 2014;193:1544-8. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1302108.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Belén de la Hera",address:null,affiliation:'
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"5078",type:"book",title:"Advances in Molecular Retrovirology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Molecular Retrovirology",slug:"advances-in-molecular-retrovirology",publishedDate:"March 16th 2016",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5078.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-953-51-2261-6",printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5424-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:7,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"427"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"50038",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Retroviruses",slug:"molecular-biology-and-pathogenesis-of-retroviruses",totalDownloads:3363,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shailendra K. Saxena and Sai V. Chitti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena"}]},{id:"49875",type:"chapter",title:"Role of Host Proteins in HIV-1 Early Replication",slug:"role-of-host-proteins-in-hiv-1-early-replication",totalDownloads:1585,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lokeswara S. Balakrishna and Anand K. Kondapi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"176706",title:"Prof.",name:"Anand K",middleName:null,surname:"Kondapi",fullName:"Anand K Kondapi",slug:"anand-k-kondapi"},{id:"176713",title:"Dr.",name:"Lokeaswara",middleName:null,surname:"Balakrishna S",fullName:"Lokeaswara Balakrishna S",slug:"lokeaswara-balakrishna-s"}]},{id:"49704",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Mechanisms Controlling HIV Transcription and Latency – Implications for Therapeutic Viral Reactivation",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-controlling-hiv-transcription-and-latency-implications-for-therapeutic-viral-re",totalDownloads:2259,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Michael D. Röling, Mateusz Stoszko and Tokameh Mahmoudi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"176509",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tokameh",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoudi",fullName:"Tokameh Mahmoudi",slug:"tokameh-mahmoudi"},{id:"176551",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Dmitri",surname:"Röling",fullName:"Michael Röling",slug:"michael-roling"},{id:"176552",title:"MSc.",name:"Mateusz",middleName:null,surname:"Stoszko",fullName:"Mateusz Stoszko",slug:"mateusz-stoszko"}]},{id:"49621",type:"chapter",title:"Which Vaccination Strategies and Immune Responses are More Effective Against HIV Infections?",slug:"which-vaccination-strategies-and-immune-responses-are-more-effective-against-hiv-infections-",totalDownloads:1729,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Azam Bolhassani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43525",title:"Prof.",name:"Azam",middleName:null,surname:"Bolhassani",fullName:"Azam Bolhassani",slug:"azam-bolhassani"}]},{id:"49607",type:"chapter",title:"Retroviral Vectors in Gene Therapy",slug:"retroviral-vectors-in-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Miroslava Matuskova and Erika Durinikova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"176504",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslava",middleName:null,surname:"Matuskova",fullName:"Miroslava Matuskova",slug:"miroslava-matuskova"},{id:"177393",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Durinikova",fullName:"Erika Durinikova",slug:"erika-durinikova"}]},{id:"49403",type:"chapter",title:"HERVs in Multiple Sclerosis — From Insertion to Therapy",slug:"hervs-in-multiple-sclerosis-from-insertion-to-therapy",totalDownloads:1665,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Belén de la Hera and Elena Urcelay",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"176421",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Urcelay",fullName:"Elena Urcelay",slug:"elena-urcelay"},{id:"177568",title:"MSc.",name:"Belén",middleName:null,surname:"De La Hera",fullName:"Belén De La Hera",slug:"belen-de-la-hera"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3311",title:"Current Perspectives in HIV Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bcacf84d50370cac414fea1616244c6",slug:"current-perspectives-in-hiv-infection",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3311.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"42225",title:"Immune Responses and Cell Signaling During Chronic HIV Infection",slug:"immune-responses-and-cell-signaling-during-chronic-hiv-infection",signatures:"Abdulkarim Alhetheel, Mahmoud Aly and Marko Kryworuchko",authors:[{id:"158520",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulkarim",middleName:null,surname:"Alhetheel",fullName:"Abdulkarim Alhetheel",slug:"abdulkarim-alhetheel"},{id:"158765",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Aly",fullName:"Mahmoud Aly",slug:"mahmoud-aly"},{id:"158766",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",middleName:null,surname:"Kryworuchko",fullName:"Marko Kryworuchko",slug:"marko-kryworuchko"}]},{id:"43828",title:"Role of Dendritic Cell Subsets on HIV-Specific Immunity",slug:"role-of-dendritic-cell-subsets-on-hiv-specific-immunity",signatures:"Wilfried Posch, Cornelia Lass-Flörl and Doris Wilflingseder",authors:[{id:"58974",title:"Dr.",name:"Doris",middleName:null,surname:"Wilflingseder",fullName:"Doris Wilflingseder",slug:"doris-wilflingseder"},{id:"58982",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Posch",fullName:"Wilfried Posch",slug:"wilfried-posch"}]},{id:"43842",title:"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in HIV Infected Patients",slug:"hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplantation-in-hiv-infected-patients",signatures:"Nitya Nathwani",authors:[{id:"94102",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitya",middleName:null,surname:"Nathwani",fullName:"Nitya Nathwani",slug:"nitya-nathwani"}]},{id:"43843",title:"Screening for HIV Infection in Pregnancy",slug:"screening-for-hiv-infection-in-pregnancy",signatures:"Chi Dola, Maga Martinez, Olivia Chang and Amanda Johnson",authors:[{id:"39979",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi",middleName:null,surname:"Dola",fullName:"Chi Dola",slug:"chi-dola"},{id:"160268",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",fullName:"Amanda Johnson",slug:"amanda-johnson"},{id:"160269",title:"Ms.",name:"Olivia",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Olivia Chang",slug:"olivia-chang"},{id:"160270",title:"Dr.",name:"Maga",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Maga Martinez",slug:"maga-martinez"}]},{id:"43844",title:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing Algorithm in Resource Limiting Settings",slug:"human-immunodeficiency-virus-testing-algorithm-in-resource-limiting-settings",signatures:"Teddy Charles Adias and Osaro Erhabor",authors:[{id:"35140",title:"Dr.",name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor"},{id:"35151",title:"Prof.",name:"Teddy",middleName:"Charles",surname:"Adias",fullName:"Teddy Adias",slug:"teddy-adias"}]},{id:"43845",title:"NeuroAIDS: Mechanisms, Causes, Prevalence, Diagnostics and Social Issues",slug:"neuroaids-mechanisms-causes-prevalence-diagnostics-and-social-issues",signatures:"Shailendra K. Saxena, Sneham Tiwari and Madhavan P.N. Nair",authors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena"}]},{id:"42914",title:"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Co-Morbid Mental Distress",slug:"human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-and-co-morbid-mental-distress",signatures:"Peter J. Chipimo and Knut Fylkesnes",authors:[{id:"36670",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter J.",middleName:"Jay",surname:"Chipimo",fullName:"Peter J. Chipimo",slug:"peter-j.-chipimo"}]},{id:"43848",title:"Neurological Manifestations of HIV-1 Infection and Markers for HIV Progression",slug:"neurological-manifestations-of-hiv-1-infection-and-markers-for-hiv-progression",signatures:"Rehana Basri and Wan Mohamad Wan Majdiah",authors:[{id:"64177",title:"Dr.",name:"Wan Majdiah",middleName:null,surname:"Wan Mohamad",fullName:"Wan Majdiah Wan Mohamad",slug:"wan-majdiah-wan-mohamad"},{id:"157254",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehana",middleName:null,surname:"Basri",fullName:"Rehana Basri",slug:"rehana-basri"}]},{id:"44027",title:"Persistence of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy",slug:"persistence-of-hiv-associated-neurocognitive-disorders-in-the-era-of-antiretroviral-therapy",signatures:"Jennifer M. King, Brigid K. Jensen, Patrick J. Gannon and Cagla Akay",authors:[{id:"50483",title:"Dr.",name:"Cagla",middleName:null,surname:"Akay",fullName:"Cagla Akay",slug:"cagla-akay"},{id:"159175",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer",middleName:null,surname:"King",fullName:"Jennifer King",slug:"jennifer-king"},{id:"159176",title:"Ms.",name:"Brigid",middleName:null,surname:"Jensen",fullName:"Brigid Jensen",slug:"brigid-jensen"},{id:"159177",title:"Mr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Gannon",fullName:"Patrick Gannon",slug:"patrick-gannon"}]},{id:"43852",title:"Oral Manifestations of HIV",slug:"oral-manifestations-of-hiv",signatures:"G.A. Agbelusi, O.M. Eweka, K.A. Ùmeizudike and M. Okoh",authors:[{id:"73549",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbemisola",middleName:null,surname:"Agbelusi",fullName:"Gbemisola Agbelusi",slug:"gbemisola-agbelusi"}]},{id:"43859",title:"Endocrine Manifestations of HIV Infection",slug:"endocrine-manifestations-of-hiv-infection",signatures:"Bakari Adamu Girei and Sani-Bello Fatima",authors:[{id:"35257",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakari",middleName:null,surname:"Adamu Girei",fullName:"Bakari Adamu Girei",slug:"bakari-adamu-girei"},{id:"159369",title:"Dr.",name:"Sani-Bello",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",fullName:"Sani-Bello Fatima",slug:"sani-bello-fatima"}]},{id:"43885",title:"Lipodystrophy: The Metabolic Link of HIV Infection with Insulin-Resistance Syndrome",slug:"lipodystrophy-the-metabolic-link-of-hiv-infection-with-insulin-resistance-syndrome",signatures:"Paula Freitas, Davide Carvalho, Selma Souto, António Sarmento and José Luís Medina",authors:[{id:"157643",title:"Prof.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",fullName:"Paula Freitas",slug:"paula-freitas"}]},{id:"40955",title:"HIV/AIDS: Vertical Transmission",slug:"hiv-aids-vertical-transmission",signatures:"Enrique Valdés Rubio",authors:[{id:"158037",title:"Prof.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Valdes",fullName:"Enrique Valdes",slug:"enrique-valdes"}]},{id:"43866",title:"Reproductive Health Challenges of Living with HIV-Infection in Sub Saharan Africa",slug:"reproductive-health-challenges-of-living-with-hiv-infection-in-sub-saharan-africa",signatures:"O. Erhabor, T.C. Adias and C.I. Akani",authors:[{id:"35140",title:"Dr.",name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor"}]},{id:"43867",title:"The Downside of an Effective cART: The Immune Restoration Disease",slug:"the-downside-of-an-effective-cart-the-immune-restoration-disease",signatures:"Claudia Colomba and Raffaella Rubino",authors:[{id:"156663",title:"M.D.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Colomba",fullName:"Claudia Colomba",slug:"claudia-colomba"},{id:"158632",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaella",middleName:null,surname:"Rubino",fullName:"Raffaella Rubino",slug:"raffaella-rubino"}]},{id:"43872",title:"HIV Infection and Viral Hepatitis in Drug Abusers",slug:"hiv-infection-and-viral-hepatitis-in-drug-abusers",signatures:"Arantza Sanvisens, Ferran Bolao, Gabriel Vallecillo, Marta Torrens, Daniel Fuster, Santiago Pérez-Hoyos, Jordi Tor, Inmaculada Rivas and Robert Muga",authors:[{id:"54723",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Muga",fullName:"Robert Muga",slug:"robert-muga"},{id:"54782",title:"Ms.",name:"Arantza",middleName:null,surname:"Sanvisens",fullName:"Arantza Sanvisens",slug:"arantza-sanvisens"},{id:"98336",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Fuster",fullName:"Daniel Fuster",slug:"daniel-fuster"},{id:"165772",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferran",middleName:null,surname:"Bolao",fullName:"Ferran Bolao",slug:"ferran-bolao"},{id:"165773",title:"Dr.",name:"Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Hoyos",fullName:"Santiago Pérez-Hoyos",slug:"santiago-perez-hoyos"},{id:"165775",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordi",middleName:null,surname:"Tor",fullName:"Jordi Tor",slug:"jordi-tor"},{id:"165776",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Torrens",fullName:"Marta Torrens",slug:"marta-torrens"},{id:"165777",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Vallecillo",fullName:"Gabriel Vallecillo",slug:"gabriel-vallecillo"},{id:"165778",title:"Dr.",name:"Inmaculada",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas",fullName:"Inmaculada Rivas",slug:"inmaculada-rivas"}]},{id:"43875",title:"Prevention of Sexually Transmitted HIV Infection",slug:"prevention-of-sexually-transmitted-hiv-infection",signatures:"Jose G. Castro and Maria L. Alcaide",authors:[{id:"156798",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Jose Castro",slug:"jose-castro"},{id:"163277",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Alcaide",fullName:"Maria Alcaide",slug:"maria-alcaide"}]},{id:"43876",title:"HIV-2 Interaction with Target Cell Receptors, or Why HIV-2 is Less Pathogenic than HIV-1",slug:"hiv-2-interaction-with-target-cell-receptors-or-why-hiv-2-is-less-pathogenic-than-hiv-1",signatures:"José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira",authors:[{id:"156781",title:"Prof.",name:"José Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo-Pereira",fullName:"José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira",slug:"jose-miguel-azevedo-pereira"}]},{id:"43878",title:"Interaction of FIV with Heterologous Microbes in the Feline AIDS Model",slug:"interaction-of-fiv-with-heterologous-microbes-in-the-feline-aids-model",signatures:"Joseph Ongrádi, Stercz Balázs, Kövesdi Valéria, Nagy Károly and Pistello Mauro",authors:[{id:"36151",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Ongrádi",fullName:"Joseph Ongrádi",slug:"joseph-ongradi"},{id:"137863",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Nagy",fullName:"Károly Nagy",slug:"karoly-nagy"},{id:"158528",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Balázs",middleName:null,surname:"Stercz",fullName:"Balázs Stercz",slug:"balazs-stercz"},{id:"158531",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",middleName:null,surname:"Pistello",fullName:"Mauro Pistello",slug:"mauro-pistello"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1775",title:"Molecular Virology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e80abf77926d0ba82ba2bfd729031b0",slug:"molecular-virology",bookSignature:"Moses P. Adoga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90529",title:"Mr.",name:"Moses",surname:"Adoga",slug:"moses-adoga",fullName:"Moses Adoga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5078",title:"Advances in Molecular Retrovirology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c523c89d0884b6e909a6d49d8c3a9dd",slug:"advances-in-molecular-retrovirology",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5078.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6294",title:"Advances in Ebola Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b99780e19093622c55844a782f2b468",slug:"advances-in-ebola-control",bookSignature:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6294.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6910",title:"Bacteriophages",subtitle:"Perspectives and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f28b4e1886882252219cac01e75b69c",slug:"bacteriophages-perspectives-and-future",bookSignature:"Renos Savva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252160",title:"Dr.",name:"Renos",surname:"Savva",slug:"renos-savva",fullName:"Renos Savva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7011",title:"Viruses and Viral Infections in Developing Countries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e62364f82e1b5737c8cd1b90a88c5f53",slug:"viruses-and-viral-infections-in-developing-countries",bookSignature:"Snežana Jovanović-Ćupić, Muhammad Abubakar, Ayşe Emel Önal, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Ana Božović and Milena Krajnovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288767",title:"Dr.",name:"Snežana",surname:"Jovanović-Ćupić",slug:"snezana-jovanovic-cupic",fullName:"Snežana Jovanović-Ćupić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"5078",title:"Advances in Molecular Retrovirology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c523c89d0884b6e909a6d49d8c3a9dd",slug:"advances-in-molecular-retrovirology",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5078.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80870",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ross Procedure in Adults with Congenital Aortic Valve Stenosis - New Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102901",slug:"perspective-chapter-ross-procedure-in-adults-with-congenital-aortic-valve-stenosis-new-perspectives",body:'
1. Introduction
Congenital aortic valve (AV) stenosis is a progressive pathology that can affect up to 5% of patients with congenital heart disease [1, 2]. It can occur in isolation, in association with genetic syndromes, or as a part of a constellation of findings in other defects in up to 20% of patients [3]. The AV in these cases is usually a bicommissural or bicuspid [4, 5], however unicommisurral, unicuspid and aortic annular hypoplasia can also occur. In adolescents and young adults, congenital aortic stenosis may be asymptomatic or present only on exertion in active patients.
The most common presenting symptoms occur secondary to left ventricular outflow obstruction and may include syncope, angina, dyspnea, and heart failure. Endocarditis, and sudden cardiac death can occur as well. In patients with mild (peak gradient less than 40 mmHg) aortic stenosis, 20% go on to develop moderate stenosis in 10 years after diagnosis, which increases to 45% at 20 years [6]. Evaluation with echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and stress testing allows for prompt diagnosis and proper intervention.
2. Advantages of the Ross procedure in young adults
The Ross procedure entails the use of the patient’s pulmonary root (autograft) to replace the diseased aortic valve/root and reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract using a pulmonary homograft. In comparison with simple aortic valve replacement with either mechanical or biological prosthesis, the procedure is more complex and is technically demanding, however it carries several advantages that are particularly important in young adults. This includes great hemodynamics, freedom from anticoagulation, excellent lifestyle, and more importantly better longer-term survival in comparison to any other AV replacement option [7, 8, 9]. One recent meta-analysis of 3516 adults revealed that the Ross procedure is associated with a significant 46% lower all-cause mortality compared to mechanical aortic valve replacement [7]. In fact, long-term data of the Ross procedure shows that it has survival similar to that of the age-matched healthy general population. This makes it the procedure of choice for treating AV disease in young adults by many surgeons.
3. Potential drawbacks of the Ross procedure
No doubt, the Ross procedure is technically demanding and more complex compared to standard AV replacement. Initial concerns were related to higher operative mortality, however this is not supported by recent data, especially if performed at institutions with Ross and aortic root surgical expertise [9]. There is a significant learning curve. The utilization of the Ross procedure peaked in 1990s, when it represented 1.2% of all AV replacements in North America, and subsequently declined to 0.09% in 2010 [10]. A majority of the data surrounding the Ross procedure are from high-volume single center reports; it was noted that only 9 institutions in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) database complete on average at least 5 Ross procedures per year [11]. A bare minimum volume of 10 to 15 Ross procedures per year is needed to ensure operative safety and success for patients [11].
One of the arguments against the Ross procedure is related to the concept of “two-valve” disease which results in increased need for reintervention and or reoperation which more often complex with higher mortality. Recent technical refinements in the procedure have improved durability and decreased risks of reintervention significantly. Several long-term studies showed lower rate of reinterventions on the neo-aortic root and the pulmonary homograft, ranging from 0.5–1.2% per patient-year. Autograft dilation represents one of the main reasons for repeat intervention after the Ross procedure, however in many of these cases, the neo-aortic valve can be spared. In addition, the current outcomes for the reinforced Ross procedure appear to be encouraging in terms of stability of the aortic root and lack of dilation.
4. Who is the ideal candidate?
Patient selection is key to ensuring success with the Ross procedure, and many of the early failures of the procedure were attributed to poor patient selection. It is important to consider the patient’s age, etiology of the aortic valve disease, and associated comorbidities. While age should be strongly considered, those with life expectancy of at least 15 years should be strongly considered for the procedure. Those young adults with isolated aortic valve stenosis and small annuli appear to be the ideal candidates for the Ross procedure.
5. Contraindications for the Ross procedure
A. Absolute contraindications:
Connective tissue disorders: collagen vascular disorders and familial aortopathies (Marfan’s Syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome) in addition to some rheumatologic and autoimmune conditions. These conditions have been shown to lead to vasculitic degeneration and earlier autograft failure.
Anatomic anomalies of the pulmonary valve: these may not be apparent until intraoperative inspection of the autograft.
Lack of pulmonary autograft: The Ross procedure is impossible in patients with prior truncus arteriosus repair, pulmonary atresia, and those with congenital pulmonary valve lesions.
B. Relative contraindications:
Aortic/pulmonary annular size mismatch: This has been showing as a predictor for autograft failure.
Aortic insufficiency: This has also been associated with increased risk of later autograft failure [12]. This may be the concomitant aortic annular dilation, however several recent technical modifications allowed expansion of the Ross procedure in those subset of patients with excellent results and acceptable autograft durability [13].
Bicuspid aortic valve: Fewer data exists in patients with bicuspid valves undergoing the Ross procedure and this remains a controversial topic, but it is not currently a contraindication [14]. It is thought that the hesitation to perform the Ross in these patients is primarily due to the bicuspid valve’s association with other histopathologic abnormalities of the aorta, placing patients at higher risk for post-Ross aortic dilatations and accelerated autograft failure [15]. The most recent data do not demonstrate an increased risk of pulmonary autograft failure in patients with bicuspid aortic valves [14].
6. Technical details of the Ross procedure
The technical complexity of the Ross procedure stems from several operative steps that are not part of the standard AV replacement operation. This includes dissecting the aortic root, mobilizing the coronary arteries, meticulous harvesting of the pulmonary autograft, coronary artery reimplantation, and finally pulmonary homograft implantation [16]. Thus, not only should operators be well-trained in the intricacies of this procedure, but experience with aortic root surgery is also extremely important for a successful and durable Ross.
Three variations exist for specific techniques to implant the pulmonary autograft, including:
The subcoronary technique, the initial strategy used by Donald Ross. This approach is technically difficult due to pulmonary and aortic anatomic variation in both size and commissure alignment [17].
The full root replacement technique, associated with higher risk of pulmonary autograft dilatation due to the high pressures of the systemic circulation, initially described by Stelzer and Elkins in the late 1980s [18].
The root inclusion technique, the most recent rendition of the procedure [19]. This allows for implantation of the pulmonary autograft within the patient’s own aortic root, reducing the risk of maladaptive remodeling against the pulmonary root. Modifications using a Dacron graft for further reinforcement have also been used [20].
A general overview of the operative steps of the Ross procedure is as follows:
Median sternotomy followed by standard cardiopulmonary bypass with aortic and bicaval cannulation (Figure 1).
After cardioplegic arrest, the aortic valve is inspected, and decision is made regarding the potential for repair.
If the native AV deemed to be irreparable, the pulmonary valve is then inspected via a pulmonary arteriotomy to determine its suitability as an AV substitute (Figure 2).
Harvesting and Preparation of the pulmonary autograft
Using a right-angled clamp through the pulmonary valve helps directing the right ventricular free wall incision (Figure 3a). The autograft is then harvested either with scissors or with electrocautery, paying attention to closely related left main and left anterior descending coronary arteries (Figure 3b).
Removal of the autograft posteriorly is more or less, a process of enucleation, paying attention not to injure the first septal perforator artery (Figure 3c).
Once the autograft is harvested, the infundibular muscle is trimmed, leaving only 2–3 mm below the pulmonary cusps that will allow suturing without leaving too much muscle below the valve.
Aortic valve cusps are then excised (Figure 4a), and the annulus is debrided.
Coronary buttons are then harvested (Figure 4b and c).
The autograft is then implanted into the left ventricular outflow tract using one of the techniques described above. This can be done using running (Figure 5a) or interrupted suture techniques with or without pledgets (Figure 5b and c) [16].
Coronary artery reimplantation into their respective sinuses of Valsalva of the autograft (Figure 6a and b).
The distal anastomosis of the pulmonary homograft is then performed prior to completion of the distal aortic anastomosis, which allows adequate visualization and ensure good hemostasis of the distal homograft to pulmonary branch anastomosis.
Distal aortic anastomosis with the native ascending aorta is then completed (Figure 7).
Proximal pulmonary homograft to right ventricular (RV) anastomosis is then completed (Figure 8a and b).
Weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, and evaluation of the neo-aortic valve, and the pulmonary homograft is done with transesophageal echocardiography (Figure 9).
Hemostasis and chest closure per routine.
Figure 1.
Cardiopulmonary bypass is initiated typically via aortic and bicaval cannulation.
Figure 2.
After initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, the main pulmonary artery is transected just proximal to its bifurcation and the pulmonary valve is inspected to determine its suitability as an aortic valve substitute.
Figure 3.
Operative steps of harvesting the pulmonary autograft. (a): A right angled-clamp is passed through the pulmonary valve into the right ventricular outflow tract below the nadir of the anterior cusp of the pulmonary valve, (b): using electrocautery or scissors, the autograft is harvested paying attention to the pulmonary cusps location, and the close by left anterior descending coronary artery (marked blue in the photo), and (c): along the posterior harvest line, the autograft is enucleated from the right ventricular outflow tract to avoid injury to the first septal perforator branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery.
Figure 4.
The left ventricular outflow tract is being prepared. (a): Aortic valve cusps are resected, and the annulus is debrided, (b): the left coronary artery button is harvested, and (c): both coronary artery buttons are prepared.
Figure 5.
Different techniques have been used to secure the autograft to the left ventricular outflow tract. (a): Running, (b): interrupted simple, and (c): interrupted pledgeted sutures.
Figure 6.
Once the autograft is secured, the left coronary button is then reimplanted (a), followed by the implantation of the right coronary button (b).
Figure 7.
The distal aortic anastomosis is then performed.
Figure 8.
The pulmonary homograft is being implanted. (a). The distal anastomosis is constructed first. This can be done prior to completion of the distal aortic anastomosis if there is concern related to adequate exposure to ensure proper hemostasis. (b): The proximal anastomosis of the homograft is done to the right ventricular outflow tract. This can be done on beating heart.
Figure 9.
Final appearance of the completed Ross procedure. In this case, the autograft is reinforced with a Dacron graft.
7. Modifications of the Ross procedure
7.1 Technical tips to stabilize the autograft and minimize risk of future dilation
Autograft dilation has been considered the Achilles’ heel of the Ross operation. Early failure of the procedure has been attributed to autograft dilation with or without neo-aortic valve regurgitation. Several tips are important to consider during implantation of the autograft:
Trimming of the autograft muscle to a minimum facilitates the implantation of the autograft in to the LVOT. This creates an external supporting layer at the base of the autograft which prevents dilation.
The autograft length has to be cut to minimum to decrease the amount of the pulmonary tissue that has the potential for future dilation
Replacement of the ascending aorta or a short segment of the ascending aorta is preferred when it is 40 mm or more to prevent dilation of the distal autograft.
Stabilization of the sinotubular junction of the autograft with a Dacron strip if the ascending aorta will not be replaced.
Using the native non-coronary sinus of Valsalva of the aortic root to externally support the autograft.
In those with dilated aortic annulus (most likely in the presence of aortic regurgitation), a strip of Dacron can be used as an annuloplasty and is secured to the left ventricular/aortic junction prior to implantation of the autograft (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
In patients with severe aortic valve regurgitation and dilated aortic annulus. The annulus can be reduced with a Dacron strip that is secured to the left ventricular/aortic junction with multiple interrupted sutures to sinch the annulus prior to implantation of the autograft, thus preventing future dilation of the proximal end of the autograft.
7.2 Ross-Konno procedure
The Ross-Konno procedure provides more or less a radical solution to multilevel left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. It combines autograft aortic root replacement (Ross) with the aortic annular enlargement (Konno-Rastan), thus addressing both valvular and subvalvular obstruction, in addition to aortic annular hypoplasia.
In this version of the procedure, the pulmonary autograft is harvested with a right ventricular infundibular muscle (skirt) that will be used to augment the aortic annulus and the LVOT anteriorly. The aortic annulus and the LVOT are enlarged anteriorly by incising the annulus and the interventricular septum to the left of the right coronary artery button or along the right/left coronary commissure (Figure 11). This procedure carries slightly higher risk of heart block, and it has been modified further to decrease the length of the incision into the interventricular septum (mini-Konno) and to further enlarge the subvalvular area with a septal myectomy.
Figure 11.
Operative photo showing the Konno incision in a patient with small left ventricular outflow tract and significant size mismatch between the aortic and pulmonary annuli. The incision is created across the interventricular septum and to the left of the right coronary artery button.
7.3 Beating-heart harvest of the autograft
The length of the ischemic time with the Ross procedure is longer in comparison to routine AV replacement. To decrease the cross-clamp time, the autograft can be harvested on a beating heart (Figure 12). This, however, requires caution to avoid injury to the autograft valve or the close by coronary arteries. It can be done in cases where the surgeon is confident that the AV cannot be repaired, so initial inspection of the aortic root is not required.
Figure 12.
The autograft is being harvested on a beating heart. This serves to minimize the aortic cross clamp and ischemic time.
7.4 The reinforced Ross
Recently, the autograft has been implanted in a Dacron graft prior to its securement to the LVOT. The theoretical advantage is prevention of future autograft dilation, and it also allows the ease of implantation of the autograft into the LVOT as a routine full root replacement technique which further decreases the complexity of the procedure.
After harvesting the autograft, it is trimmed, and its proximal end is sized with Hegar dilator (Figure 13a). A 3–4 mm are then added to determine the size of the Dacron graft needed. The autograft is then secured proximally (Figure 13b) and distally (Figure 13c) to the Dacron graft using running 5/0 polypropylene sutures and the valve is tested. The reinforced autograft is then secured to the LVOT using running/interrupted polypropylene sutures. Coronary arteries are then reimplanted into the corresponding sinus of Valsalva of the reinforced autograft. This implantation is a three-layer implantation which includes the native coronary artery wall, the Dacron graft, and the autograft wall.
Figure 13.
Operative photos showing the steps taken in reinforcement of the autograft. (a): After harvesting the autograft, its proximal end is sized with the appropriate Hegar dilator, (b) the Dacron graft is usually sized by adding 4 mm to the Hegar size. The autograft is placed inside the Dacron graft, and secured proximally with three running 5/0 polypropylene sutures, and (c): the distal end of the autograft is then secured to the distal end of the Dacron graft with running or interrupted polypropylene sutures.
This technique does not allow growth of the autograft and therefore is only recommended for adults and fully grown patients.
7.5 The loose jacket technique
This is another technique that has been proposed recently to prevent further autograft dilation using autologous tissue. In this modification, the aortic root wall is not resected. The non-coronary sinus of Valsalva of the aortic root is incised all the way towards the annulus. It is then augmented using a teardrop shaped piece of fresh pericardium. The aortic valve is then excised, and autograft is harvested in the standard fashion. The autograft is secured to the LVOT. The coronary buttons are harvested and threaded through corresponding defects into the aortic wall to be reimplanted into the autograft. The distal aortic anastomosis is then completed. Once the pulmonary homograft implantation is completed, the “loose Jacket” is created. This involves suturing the autologous pericardium to the aortic wall and securing it distally to the ascending aorta with multiple interrupted sutures. This theoretically allows further stabilization of the autograft and may prevent future dilation.
7.6 Ross PEARS (personalized external aortic root support) modification
Recently, an external aortic root support has been used in combination with the Ross procedure to stabilize the autograft and prevent future dilation. This personalized prosthesis is designed based on the pulmonary artery and root measurement on preoperative CT scan. No long-term data exist about this technique.
8. Operative risks and current status
Historically there have been mixed results surrounding the early mortality rates after the Ross procedure, which potentially why some institutions do not support the procedure as a first-line option in younger populations. There is likely a volume-outcome relationship that exists with the Ross procedure [10], and a majority of studies which have reported acceptable lower operative mortality rates are from expert centers. The range in operative and early mortality of the Ross in the current era is approximately 0–4% [21, 22]; these differences are possibly due to [1] volume-outcome relationship, [2] patient selection, and [3] which Ross modification techniques are utilized.
One recent study using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database reported an almost 3-fold greater operative mortality compared to standard AVR (2.7% versus 0.9%) [10]. This statistic was unfortunately partly responsible for declining interest in the procedure over the last decade, however the reason for this increased operative mortality is due to the study’s inclusion of extremely low-volume centers. Only 6 of the 231 institutions included in this study had experience performing at least 5 procedures per year, which has been suggested as the bare minimum needed to begin to achieve competency in this complex operation [10]. These misleading mortality data are contrasted with single institutional experiences frequently reporting early mortality rates less than 1% [7, 8, 23].
9. Long-term outcomes after the Ross procedure
9.1 Freedom from valve complications and long-term survival
The major drawback to the Ross procedures is the possible need of reoperation due to potential failure of both the autograft and/or the pulmonary homograft. This is often referred to the “Achilles’ heel” of the Ross procedure [24]. This could be one of a few reasons why the Ross procedure is not included as a first-line Class Ia recommendation in cardiology and cardiac surgery societal guidelines on AV replacement [25, 26]. Older reports found that after 13 years of follow-up, freedom from autograft and homograft reoperation was 57% and 93% respectively [24]. Of note, when compared to other AVR options, studies have shown that the Ross has superior long-term freedom from valve-related mortality and all-cause mortality compared to mechanical valves (97% vs. 89%) [27, 28]. There are currently no published reports comparing bioprosthetic AVR versus the pulmonary autograft in the Ross, and there is only one randomized trial comparing it to homografts in adult patients [29].
Several studies have compared homografts and autografts in the pediatric population, including prospective randomized clinical trials. One early trial of 182 patients showed improved survival, reduced 30-day mortality, and greater freedom from reoperation [30]. This greater freedom from reoperation benefit was particularly present in the younger age groups, where the autografts had superior outcomes and there was no evidence of autograft structural degeneration. The most recent studies have reported much lower rates of reoperation for both the autograft and the pulmonary homograft, approximately. 0.5%–1.5% per patient-year, which results in approximately 85–95% freedom from reoperation after 10 years [8, 12, 29]. One of the longest-term outcomes studies by Chambers and Ross of 131 patients who underwent the Ross from 1967 to 1984 reported freedom from autograft replacement after 10 and 20 years of 88% and 75% respectively [31]. These excellent autograft outcomes were also shown for freedom from pulmonary reintervention during the same time course, 89% and 80%. Pathologic evaluation of 30 explanted autografts in this study showed only 3 of 30 underwent degenerative changes. One single center study reported overall survival in pediatric patients (mean age 10.1 years) at 5, 15, and 25 years of 96.7%, 94.4%, and 94.4%, respectively [32]. Accompanying these data on freedom from intervention, a randomized control trial of the Ross versus aortic homograft replacement demonstrated patients who underwent the Ross had better short-term quality of life [29]. Thus, even since the early experience with the Ross, long-term outcomes of using a patient’s own ‘living’ valve for aortic valve replacement are superb in growing adolescent and young adult patients when performed at expert centers.
There are currently 9 studies with more than 15 years of follow-up after the Ross procedure which have demonstrated overall survival that parallels that of the general population [16]. Importantly, such superior outcomes have not been seen in the young adult population with other forms of aortic valve replacement, as discussed here.
9.2 Cardiac remodeling after the Ross procedure
Donald Ross originally demonstrated that the pulmonary autograft was the ideal option to replace the aortic valve, compared to aortic allografts or mechanical valves [33, 34]. The same can be said nearly six decades since the procedure was first described. Few studies have tried to identify specific biologic reasons why the Ross appears to offer superior outcomes in patients with congenital aortic valve disease. As Mazine and colleagues point out, the aortic root composed of the annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, valve and valve leaflets are all living dynamic structures and have expansile and contractile functions to ensure adequate aortic valvular hemodynamics [16]. In short, the complex aortic structure informs its function. Thus, replacing the aortic valve with something that most closely retains its native tissue properties, as with the pulmonary autograft, offers patients the best opportunity for full restoration of aortic valve functionality.
Based on current research, it is plausible that the pulmonary autograft, through persistent cellular viability and biologic mechanisms, leads to adaptive cardiac remodeling, reducing long-term morbidity in young patients. In fact, on the gene expression level, the specific endothelial cells lining the pulmonary autograft undergo a phenotypic switch to express genes associated with higher left-sided heart systemic circulatory pressures when implanted in the aortic position [35]. This living valve has the capacity to grow as a viable living structure as the patient develops into middle adulthood, unlike with mechanical or other bioprosthetic valves. Its superior hemodynamic performance is likely due to the preservation of valve mobility with the living pulmonary autograft, compared to mechanical valves, bioprostheses and even homografts [36]. One study demonstrated autografts have reduced LVOT peak velocities after valve replacement and reduced left ventricular wall thickness, which was not seen in a comparison to patients who receiving aortic homografts [37, 38, 39]. Beyond these benefits, the Ross procedure is typically used in physically active young adults, and the reason for this is due to the pulmonary autograft’s ability to adapt to aerobic exercise without increasing the neo-aortic valve gradient, thus mimicking normal aortic physiology [40, 41].
Ex-vivo simulations have allowed for in-depth study of the pulmonary valve biomechanics in the Ross procedure [42]. Some have investigated the proteomic signatures that could be responsible for pulmonary homograft failure after the Ross, suggesting the molecular basis for maladaptive pulmonary remodeling [43]. Such computational modeling studies will allow for further identification of how to modify the original procedure in specific patient situations to ensure optimal long-term results of both the neo-aorta the pulmonary homograft.
10. Reoperation after the Ross procedure: managing the failing Ross
Despite the benefits just discussed, reoperation after the Ross procedure is not entirely benign and requires expertise in reoperative surgery similar to cases of patients with adult congenital heart disease. One small single center study reported approximately a 90% 1-year survival after Ross reoperations, which often involve multiple structures [44]. While a patient with congenital aortic stenosis originally presented with one problem, the Ross procedure in effect converts his or her disease into a 2-valve problem. Current research has focused on understanding predictors of valve failure and refining and improving operative technique to avoid the need for early operation.
Ross reoperation can include a complex spectrum of reoperative cardiac surgery in patients with congenital aortic valve disease. These must be performed in experienced centers with higher-than-average volumes and significant aortic experience. One of the largest studies, using the German Ross Registry of 1779 patients, reported a 2.9% reoperative mortality [8]. Data from the Toronto group of 212 patients with 14-years of follow-up demonstrated no reoperative mortality [27].
10.1 Ross reoperation: autograft failure
This is the most common need for reintervention after the Ross procedure [7]. Reasons for failure include [1] primary leaflet failure, and/or [2] dilatation of the annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, and/or sinotubular junction of the autograft. Predictive factors of autograft reoperation include pre-Ross aortic insufficiency, male gender, and aortic annulus diameter greater than or equal to 15 mm/m2, and pulmonary-aortic dimension/size mismatch [7]. To take this one step further, it was determined that the majority of the post-Ross neo-aortic root remodeling leading to autograft failure actually occurs prior to patient discharge [45, 46]. This leaves areas for improvement, particularly continuing to research and refine intraoperative technique to ensure optimal long-term outcomes.
Other preoperative predictors of both autograft and pulmonary homograft failure include high systemic and pulmonary pressures [16]. Thus, patients with uncontrolled hypertension or pulmonary hypertension could be poor candidates for this procedure, especially if there is any concern with controlling blood pressure after the Ross. Close follow up with cardiology can prevent maladaptive remodeling by tight control of systolic pressures below <115 mmHg in the first year of the operation [16].
Another consideration is patients with evidence of aortic dilatation on imaging during follow-up but with an otherwise competent and well-functioning neo-aortic valve. There are few cases of dissection in this patient population, thus the specific diameter at which replacement should be considered is unknown; Mazine and colleagues have suggested an autograft diameter of 50 mm is an indication for reintervention [16].
Several options are available to manage the failing autograft:
10.1.1 Valve-sparing autograft root replacement
If the primary failure is the result of the autograft dilation (Figure 14a), the autograft valve can be saved with a valve-sparing root procedure that is similar to patients with Marfan’s syndrome and other aortopathies. The aneurysmal autograft wall is excised leaving the valve (Figure 14b and c), which is then implanted in a Dacron graft in a similar manner to other valve-sparing root procedures (Figure 14d and e). The procedure, however, is a bit more complex and more technically demanding due to the complexity of the dissection required and the adherence between the autograft and the pulmonary homograft from the previous procedure.
Figure 14.
Valve-sparing aortic root replacement (VSRR) is an option to save the autograft valve in those presented with dilated autograft after Ross procedure. (a) Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan with 3-dimensional reconstruction in a patient who underwent Ross procedure previously showing significant pulmonary autograft dilation, (b) the aneurysmal autograft wall was resected and measures are taken to determine the size of the Dacron graft to be used, (c) the autograft valve is evaluated and appeared structurally normal, (d) the autograft valve is implanted inside the Dacron graft and the commissures are secured to the graft wall, and (e) postoperative CT scan after VSRR.
In some situation, a remodeling technique combined with suture annuloplasty can be utilized. This allows downsizing the annulus without the need for deeper dissection.
10.1.2 Ross reversal
Petterrsson and colleagues in 2007 proposed the concept of “Ross reversal”. [47]. This operation is indicated for patients with autograft insufficiency secondary to aortic remodeling including root dilatation, and concomitant pulmonary homograft dysfunction. It consists of transplanting the autograft back to its native pulmonary position, and a composite graft (Bentall), or allograft aortic root replacement. This effectively converts a patient’s Ross-created 2-valve disease back into a 1-valve (aortic) disease [48]. The physiology behind the ability to rescue the failing pulmonary autograft includes the previous remodeling that took place after the initial Ross procedure from constant exposure to higher left-sided systemic pressure and stress [49]. Patients are also more likely able to tolerate pulmonary regurgitation after the native pulmonary valve is restored, compared to aortic insufficiency. Further, the patient’s own living autograft is once again the best option for pulmonary valve replacement, compared to bioprostheses, mechanical, and transcatheter valves.
In 2018, the first early and midterm outcomes from the original Ross reversal operation were published [50]. This study included 39 adult patients, of whom 30 underwent successful Ross reversals. The time from initial Ross to the reversal operation was approximately 12 years (range 5–19 years). There was no major postoperative morbidity, no operative deaths, and no reoperation during the mean follow-up period of four years. A minority of patients (6/30) had moderate to severe pulmonary regurgitation that was clinically insignificant. The Ross reversal represents a new era in Ross research, and long-term outcomes data are needed to understand the safety and overall effectiveness of this novel salvage option.
10.1.3 Personalized external aortic root support (PEARS) procedure
As mentioned previously, PEARS is a personalized external aortic root support that has been designed to support the autograft at the time of Ross procedure and has been also used to salvage the failing dilated autograft. The advantages of this technique is the lack of need for cardiopulmonary bypass and ischemic time, however no long-term data is available yet regarding its outcomes.
10.1.4 Transcatheter aortic valve implantation after Ross procedure
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for autograft valve regurgitation has been reported. This may present an additional future option for patients with failed Ross. With the progress and improvement in transcatheter valve technology, this may present a valuable option in the future, but long-term data will be needed to prove its effectiveness.
10.2 Ross reoperation: pulmonary homograft failure
Pulmonary homograft failure, most commonly consists of homograft dysfunction from progressive pulmonary stenosis with peak systolic gradients greater than 40 mmHg [51]. An inflammatory process along the pulmonary distal anastomosis has been suggested a potential etiology of the stenosis [52]. Other pathologies of homograft failure include pulmonary insufficiency from leaflet prolapse [53]. Similar to risk factors associated with autograft failure, pulmonary homograft dysfunction can be accelerated from high preoperative pulmonary arterial pressures.
Younger patients, smaller homograft diameters, increases in body surface area during follow-up, and male gender are potential predictors of post-Ross higher peak homograft pressure gradients [54, 55]. Careful attention during the operation should be paid to avoid under-sizing of the pulmonary homograft. In fact, the Toronto group published a series of 212 patients using this technique of homograft oversizing, and at 20-years of follow-up, there was 93% freedom from pulmonary reoperation [7].
Although historically Ross reintervention was primarily a result of pulmonary autograft failure, as the modifications for autograft implantation and reinforcement have become popularized, some studies are now reporting increased rates of pulmonary reintervention in addition to autograft failure. Particularly in younger patients, there is up to a 2-fold increased risk of pulmonary homograft reintervention compared to aortic reintervention [32]. Fortunately, in the current era of transcatheter and percutaneous technology, homograft failure can occasionally be treated with minimally invasive approaches. There is early experience with both the Medtronic Melody valve and the Edwards-Life Sciences Sapien valve in these situations [56, 57, 58] In conclusion, the new era modifications for Ross reinforcement, coupled with an expansion of options for pulmonary reintervention may lead to increased utilization of the Ross procedure over the next few decades.
11. Conclusions and future directions
In this chapter, we have discussed the indications and outcomes of the Ross procedure for young adult patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis. The Ross procedure offers exceptional biologic and hemodynamic results for these patients. This cannot be achieved by using mechanical or other bioprosthetic valves including xenograft or homografts. While there is increased complexity to the Ross procedure compared to the traditional AV replacement, requiring significant operator expertise, thinking about the long-term durability and longevity for young patients is critical.
As we enter a new era of the Ross procedure’s evolution, attention to patient selection is critical to identify and risk-stratify patients who will benefit most from this procedure. Continued research examining predictors of pulmonary homograft failure and consequences of aortic remodeling in these patients is needed. Basic science and computational models to elucidate the hemodynamic benefits of the Ross will also lead to greater understanding of the benefits of the procedure and identify ways to further refine the technique. New options for pulmonary homograft replacement, including transcatheter intervention and even engineered living valves that grow with patients [59, 60] may alleviate some of the main concerns with converting patients with congenital aortic stenosis into a 2-valve disease process after the Ross. Referral of such patients to expert centers is also imperative. Given the recent positive literature surrounding this procedure as discussed in this chapter, it is also possible that there will be an increase in dedicated training for surgeons interested in gaining Ross operative experience. This will allow for expanded access for patients with congenital aortic stenosis and will lead to the opportunity to conduct gold-standard clinical trials using real-world, multicenter, and international experiences.
Conflict of interest
Disclosures/Funding: Dr. Sameh M. Said is a consultant for Cryolife, Abbott and Stryker.
\n',keywords:"congenital aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve replacement, pulmonary autograft, Ross, reinforced Ross",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80870.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80870.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80870",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80870",totalDownloads:53,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 23rd 2022",dateReviewed:"January 27th 2022",datePrePublished:"March 17th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"March 17th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Congenital aortic valve stenosis represents 3–5% of patients with congenital heart disease. Management options include both transcatheter and surgical. Open valvotomy/valvuloplasty and aortic valve replacement represent the main surgical choices, and while aortic valve repair is preferred, replacement may be the only option for non-repairable valves. Current available replacement options include pulmonary autograft, homografts, and biological or mechanical prostheses. The Ross procedure first introduced in 1967 by Donald Ross utilizes the patient’s pulmonary valve (autograft) as an aortic valve substitute. Despite being technically challenging it carries the advantages of maintaining the growth potentials and freedom from anticoagulation which are important in young patients. The procedure gained wide interest initially, however it fell out of favor due to concerns related to its complexity and risks of creating “two-valve” disease. Recently, long-term data confirmed the Ross procedure excellent outcomes and better survival in comparison to other aortic valve replacement options. As a result, currently it is considered the procedure of choice for young adults with congenital aortic valve stenosis at many institutions. This chapter discusses the technical aspects of the Ross procedure, and its modifications, and available options for the failing Ross, in addition to outcomes and future directions.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80870",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80870",signatures:"Lena E. Trager and Sameh M. Said",book:{id:"11221",type:"book",title:"Aortic Stenosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Aortic Stenosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-604-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-603-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-605-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Advantages of the Ross procedure in young adults",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Potential drawbacks of the Ross procedure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Who is the ideal candidate?",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Contraindications for the Ross procedure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Technical details of the Ross procedure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Modifications of the Ross procedure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"7.1 Technical tips to stabilize the autograft and minimize risk of future dilation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"7.2 Ross-Konno procedure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"7.3 Beating-heart harvest of the autograft",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"7.4 The reinforced Ross",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"7.5 The loose jacket technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"7.6 Ross PEARS (personalized external aortic root support) modification",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"8. Operative risks and current status",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"9. Long-term outcomes after the Ross procedure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"9.1 Freedom from valve complications and long-term survival",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"9.2 Cardiac remodeling after the Ross procedure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"10. Reoperation after the Ross procedure: managing the failing Ross",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"10.1 Ross reoperation: autograft failure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"10.1.1 Valve-sparing autograft root replacement",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"10.1.2 Ross reversal",level:"3"},{id:"sec_20_3",title:"10.1.3 Personalized external aortic root support (PEARS) procedure",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"10.1.4 Transcatheter aortic valve implantation after Ross procedure",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_2",title:"10.2 Ross reoperation: pulmonary homograft failure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25",title:"11. Conclusions and future directions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_29",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002;39(12):1890-1900'},{id:"B2",body:'Kitchiner D, Jackson M, Malaiya N, Walsh K, Peart I, Arnold R. Incidence and prognosis of obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract in Liverpool (1960-91): A study of 313 patients. British Heart Journal. 1994;71(6):588-595'},{id:"B3",body:'Braunwald E, Goldblatt A, Aygen MM, Rockoff SD, Morrow AG. Congenital aortic stenosis. I. Clinical and hemodynamic findings in 100 patients. II. Surgical treatment and the results of operation. Circulation 1963;27:426-462'},{id:"B4",body:'Tutar E, Ekici F, Atalay S, Nacar N. The prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve in newborns by echocardiographic screening. American Heart Journal. 2005;150(3):513-515'},{id:"B5",body:'Basso C, Boschello M, Perrone C, Mecenero A, Cera A, Bicego D, et al. An echocardiographic survey of primary school children for bicuspid aortic valve. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2004;93(5):661-663'},{id:"B6",body:'Gaynor JW, Bull C, Sullivan ID, Armstrong BE, Deanfield JE, Taylor JF, et al. Late outcome of survivors of intervention for neonatal aortic valve stenosis. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1995;60(1):122-125. discussion 5-6'},{id:"B7",body:'David TE, David C, Woo A, Manlhiot C. The Ross procedure: Outcomes at 20 years. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2014;147(1):85-93'},{id:"B8",body:'Sievers HH, Stierle U, Charitos EI, Takkenberg JJ, Horer J, Lange R, et al. A multicentre evaluation of the autograft procedure for young patients undergoing aortic valve replacement: Update on the German Ross Registrydagger. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2016;49(1):212-218'},{id:"B9",body:'Mastrobuoni S, de Kerchove L, Solari S, Astarci P, Poncelet A, Noirhomme P, et al. The Ross procedure in young adults: Over 20 years of experience in our institution. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2016;49(2):507-512. discussion 12-3'},{id:"B10",body:'Reece TB, Welke KF, O\'Brien S, Grau-Sepulveda MV, Grover FL, Gammie JS. Rethinking the ross procedure in adults. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;97(1):175-181'},{id:"B11",body:'Ouzounian M, Mazine A, David TE. The Ross procedure is the best operation to treat aortic stenosis in young and middle-aged adults. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017;154(3):778-782'},{id:"B12",body:'David TE, Woo A, Armstrong S, Maganti M. When is the Ross operation a good option to treat aortic valve disease? The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2010;139(1):68-73. discussion 5'},{id:"B13",body:'Mazine A, El-Hamamsy I. The Ross procedure is an excellent operation in non-repairable aortic regurgitation: Insights and techniques. Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 2021;10(4):463-475'},{id:"B14",body:'Hanke T, Charitos EI, Stierle U, Robinson DR, Hemmer W, Moritz A, et al. The Ross operation - a feasible and safe option in the setting of a bicuspid aortic valve? European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2010;38(3):333-339'},{id:"B15",body:'de Sa M, Moshkovitz Y, Butany J, David TE. Histologic abnormalities of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease: Clinical relevance to the ross procedure. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1999;118(4):588-594'},{id:"B16",body:'Mazine A, El-Hamamsy I, Verma S, Peterson MD, Bonow RO, Yacoub MH, et al. Ross procedure in adults for cardiologists and cardiac surgeons: JACC state-of-the-art review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;72(22):2761-2777'},{id:"B17",body:'David TE, Omran A, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, de Sa MP, Sonnenberg B, et al. Dilation of the pulmonary autograft after the Ross procedure. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2000;119(2):210-220'},{id:"B18",body:'Stelzer P, Elkins RC. Pulmonary autograft: An American experience. Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 1987;2(4):429-433'},{id:"B19",body:'Starnes VA, Bowdish ME, Cohen RG, Baker CJ, Elsayed RS. The Ross procedure utilizing the pulmonary autograft inclusion technique in adults. JTCVS Techniques. 2021;10:372-376'},{id:"B20",body:'Carrel T, Kadner A. Long-term clinical and imaging follow-up after reinforced pulmonary autograft Ross procedure. Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual. 2016;19(1):59-62'},{id:"B21",body:'Khwaja S, Nigro JJ, Starnes VA. The Ross procedure is an ideal aortic valve replacement operation for the teen patient. Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual. 2005;8(1):173-175'},{id:"B22",body:'Pessotto R, Wells WJ, Baker CJ, Luna C, Starnes VA. Midterm results of the Ross procedure. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001;71(Suppl. 5):S336-S339'},{id:"B23",body:'Bouhout I, Noly PE, Ghoneim A, Stevens LM, Cartier R, Poirier N, et al. Is the Ross procedure a riskier operation? Perioperative outcome comparison with mechanical aortic valve replacement in a propensity-matched cohort. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2017;24(1):41-47'},{id:"B24",body:'Klieverik LM, Takkenberg JJ, Bekkers JA, Roos-Hesselink JW, Witsenburg M, Bogers AJ. The Ross operation: A Trojan horse? European Heart Journal. 2007;28(16):1993-2000'},{id:"B25",body:'Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, et al. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. European Heart Journal. 2017;38(36):2739-2791'},{id:"B26",body:'Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(23):2440-2492'},{id:"B27",body:'Mazine A, David TE, Rao V, Hickey EJ, Christie S, Manlhiot C, et al. Long-term outcomes of the Ross procedure versus mechanical aortic valve replacement: Propensity-matched cohort study. Circulation. 2016;134(8):576-585'},{id:"B28",body:'Pettersson GB, Blackstone EH. Is it time to reconsider use of the Ross procedure for adults? Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(12):1345-1346'},{id:"B29",body:'El-Hamamsy I, Eryigit Z, Stevens LM, Sarang Z, George R, Clark L, et al. Long-term outcomes after autograft versus homograft aortic root replacement in adults with aortic valve disease: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9740):524-531'},{id:"B30",body:'Aklog L, Carr-White GS, Birks EJ, Yacoub MH. Pulmonary autograft versus aortic homograft for aortic valve replacement: Interim results from a prospective randomized trial. The Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 2000;9(2):176-188. discussion 88-9'},{id:"B31",body:'Chambers JC, Somerville J, Stone S, Ross DN. Pulmonary autograft procedure for aortic valve disease: Long-term results of the pioneer series. Circulation. 1997;96(7):2206-2214'},{id:"B32",body:'Martin E, Laurin C, Jacques F, Houde C, Cote JM, Chetaille P, et al. More than 25 years of experience with the Ross procedure in children: A single-Center experience. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2020;110(2):638-644'},{id:"B33",body:'Livi U, Abdulla AK, Parker R, Olsen EJ, Ross DN. Viability and morphology of aortic and pulmonary homografts. A comparative study. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1987;93(5):755-760'},{id:"B34",body:'Gerosa G, McKay R, Davies J, Ross DN. Comparison of the aortic homograft and the pulmonary autograft for aortic valve or root replacement in children. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1991;102(1):51-60. discussion 1'},{id:"B35",body:'Rabkin-Aikawa E, Aikawa M, Farber M, Kratz JR, Garcia-Cardena G, Kouchoukos NT, et al. Clinical pulmonary autograft valves: Pathologic evidence of adaptive remodeling in the aortic site. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2004;128(4):552-561'},{id:"B36",body:'Um KJ, McClure GR, Belley-Cote EP, Gupta S, Bouhout I, Lortie H, et al. Hemodynamic outcomes of the Ross procedure versus other aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2018;59(3):462-470'},{id:"B37",body:'Lupinetti FM, Duncan BW, Lewin M, Dyamenahalli U, Rosenthal GL. Comparison of autograft and allograft aortic valve replacement in children. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003;126(1):240-246'},{id:"B38",body:'Duebener LF, Stierle U, Erasmi A, Bechtel MF, Zurakowski D, Bohm JO, et al. Ross procedure and left ventricular mass regression. Circulation. 2005;112(Suppl. 9):I415-I422'},{id:"B39",body:'Hauser M, Bengel FM, Kuhn A, Sauer U, Zylla S, Braun SL, et al. Myocardial blood flow and flow reserve after coronary reimplantation in patients after arterial switch and ross operation. Circulation. 2001;103(14):1875-1880'},{id:"B40",body:'Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG, Briand M, Laforest I, Cartier P. Hemodynamic performance during maximum exercise in adult patients with the ross operation and comparison with normal controls and patients with aortic bioprostheses. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000;86(9):982-988'},{id:"B41",body:'Laforest I, Dumesnil JG, Briand M, Cartier PC, Pibarot P. Hemodynamic performance at rest and during exercise after aortic valve replacement: Comparison of pulmonary autografts versus aortic homografts. Circulation. 2002;106(12 Suppl. 1):I57-I62'},{id:"B42",body:'Zhu Y, Marin-Cuartas M, Park MH, Imbrie-Moore AM, Wilkerson RJ, Madira S, et al. Ex vivo biomechanical analysis of the Ross procedure using the modified inclusion technique in a 3-dimensionally printed left heart simulator. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2021;21:S0022-5223 (In Press)'},{id:"B43",body:'Chiarini A, Dal Pra I, Faggian G, Armato U, Luciani GB. Maladaptive remodeling of pulmonary artery root autografts after Ross procedure: A proteomic study. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2020;159(2):621-32 e3'},{id:"B44",body:'Stulak JM, Burkhart HM, Sundt TM III, Connolly HM, Suri RM, Schaff HV, et al. Spectrum and outcome of reoperations after the Ross procedure. Circulation. 2010;122(12):1153-1158'},{id:"B45",body:'David TE, Omran A, Webb G, Rakowski H, Armstrong S, Sun Z. Geometric mismatch of the aortic and pulmonary roots causes aortic insufficiency after the Ross procedure. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1996;112(5):1231-1237. discussion 7-9'},{id:"B46",body:'Hokken RB, Takkenberg JJ, van Herwerden LA, Roelandt JR, Bogers AJ. Excessive pulmonary autograft dilatation causes important aortic regurgitation. Heart. 2003;89(8):933-934'},{id:"B47",body:'Flynn M, Little SG, Blackstone EH, Pettersson GB. Reversing the Ross operation: A new reoperation option for autograft failure. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2007;133(6):1645-1647'},{id:"B48",body:'Girardi LN. Ross reversal: One to one, one to two, or two to two? The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2018;155(2):573-574'},{id:"B49",body:'Weiss AJ, Pettersson GB. The Ross reversal. JTCVS Techniques. 2021;10:417-422'},{id:"B50",body:'Hussain ST, Majdalany DS, Dunn A, Stewart RD, Najm HK, Svensson LG, et al. Early and mid-term results of autograft rescue by Ross reversal: A one-valve disease need not become a two-valve disease. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2018;155(2):562-572'},{id:"B51",body:'Fricke TA, Skillington PD, Shi WY, Buratto E, Wynne R, Larobina M, et al. Pulmonary valve function late after Ross procedure in 443 adult patients. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2020;109(4):1127-1131'},{id:"B52",body:'Carr-White GS, Kilner PJ, Hon JK, Rutledge T, Edwards S, Burman ED, et al. Incidence, location, pathology, and significance of pulmonary homograft stenosis after the Ross operation. Circulation. 2001;104(12 Suppl. 1):I16-I20'},{id:"B53",body:'Ward KE, Elkins RC, Overholt ED, Knott-Craig CJ, Razook JD, Lane MM, et al. Evaluation of cryopreserved homografts in the right ventricular outflow tract after the Ross procedure: Intermediate-term follow up. The Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 1997;6(2):130-133'},{id:"B54",body:'da Costa FD, Takkenberg JJ, Fornazari D, Balbi Filho EM, Colatusso C, Mokhles MM, et al. Long-term results of the Ross operation: An 18-year single institutional experience. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2014;46(3):415-422 discussion 22'},{id:"B55",body:'Oeser C, Uyanik-Uenal K, Kocher A, Laufer G, Andreas M. Long-term performance of pulmonary homografts after the Ross procedure: Experience up to 25 years. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2019;55(5):876-884'},{id:"B56",body:'Alassas K, Mohty D, Clavel MA, Husain A, Hijji T, Aljoufan M, et al. Transcatheter versus surgical valve replacement for a failed pulmonary homograft in the Ross population. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2018;155(4):1434-1444'},{id:"B57",body:'Gillespie MJ, McElhinney DB, Kreutzer J, Hellenbrand WE, El-Said H, Ewert P, et al. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement for right ventricular outflow tract conduit dysfunction after the Ross procedure. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2015;100(3):996-1002 discussion 3'},{id:"B58",body:'Wilson WM, Benson LN, Osten MD, Shah A, Horlick EM. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with the Edwards Sapien system: The Toronto experience. JACC. Cardiovascular Interventions. 2015;8(14):1819-1827'},{id:"B59",body:'Hofferberth SC, Saeed MY, Tomholt L, Fernandes MC, Payne CJ, Price K, et al. A geometrically adaptable heart valve replacement. Science Translational Medicine. 2020;12(531):eaay4006'},{id:"B60",body:'Fioretta ES, Motta SE, Lintas V, Loerakker S, Parker KK, Baaijens FPT, et al. Next-generation tissue-engineered heart valves with repair, remodelling and regeneration capacity. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2021;18(2):92-116'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Lena E. Trager",address:null,affiliation:'
Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, United States
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Sameh M. Said",address:"ssaid@umn.edu",affiliation:'
Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, United States
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11221",type:"book",title:"Aortic Stenosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Aortic Stenosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11221.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-604-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-603-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-605-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"448811",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",email:"lululu@bupt.edu.cn",fullName:"Lu Lu",slug:"lu-lu",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"79708",title:"Multipoint-Interconnected Quantum Communication Networks",slug:"multipoint-interconnected-quantum-communication-networks",abstract:"As quantum computers with sufficient computational power are becoming mature, the security of classical communication and cryptography may compromise, which is based on the mathematical complexity. Quantum communication technology is a promising solution to secure communication based on quantum mechanics. To meet the secure communication requirements of multiple users, multipoint-interconnected quantum communication networks are specified, including quantum key distribution networks and quantum teleportation networks. The enabling technologies for quantum communication are the important bases for multipoint-interconnected quantum communication networks. To achieve the better connection, resource utilization, and resilience of multipoint-interconnected quantum communication networks, the efficient network architecture and optimization methods are summarized, and open issues in quantum communication networks are discussed.",signatures:"Qingcheng Zhu, Yazi Wang, Lu Lu, Yongli Zhao, Xiaosong Yu, Yuan Cao and Jie Zhang",authors:[{id:"199527",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yongli",surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Yongli Zhao",slug:"yongli-zhao",email:"yonglizhao@bupt.edu.cn"},{id:"378234",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaosong",surname:"Yu",fullName:"Xiaosong Yu",slug:"xiaosong-yu",email:"xiaosongyu@bupt.edu.cn"},{id:"401086",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Jie Zhang",slug:"jie-zhang",email:"lgr24@bupt.edu.cn"},{id:"448809",title:"Dr.",name:"Qingcheng",surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingcheng Zhu",slug:"qingcheng-zhu",email:"qingcheng@bupt.edu.cn"},{id:"448810",title:"Dr.",name:"Yazi",surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yazi Wang",slug:"yazi-wang",email:"yazi_wang@bupt.edu.cn"},{id:"448811",title:"Dr.",name:"Lu",surname:"Lu",fullName:"Lu Lu",slug:"lu-lu",email:"lululu@bupt.edu.cn"}],book:{id:"10209",title:"Quantum Computing and Communications",slug:"quantum-computing-and-communications",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"57993",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdelatif",surname:"Mtibaa",slug:"abdelatif-mtibaa",fullName:"Abdelatif Mtibaa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"199527",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yongli",surname:"Zhao",slug:"yongli-zhao",fullName:"Yongli Zhao",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199527/images/system/199527.jpg",biography:"Yongli Zhao received a Ph.D. from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China, in 2010. He is currently a full professor at the School of Electronic Engineering, BUPT. In 2016–2017, Dr. Zhao was a visiting associate professor at the University of California, Davis. He is a member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and OSA. He has published more than 400 international journal and conference papers. His current research focuses on optical network security and quantum communications.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications",institution:{name:"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"218857",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamjed",surname:"Touil",slug:"lamjed-touil",fullName:"Lamjed Touil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"293071",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",surname:"Steijl",slug:"rene-steijl",fullName:"Rene Steijl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Glasgow",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"297632",title:"Mr.",name:"Surya Teja",surname:"Marella",slug:"surya-teja-marella",fullName:"Surya Teja Marella",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297632/images/9335_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Western Michigan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311817",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail",surname:"Gassoumi",slug:"ismail-gassoumi",fullName:"Ismail Gassoumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"326446",title:"Dr.",name:"Graciana",surname:"Puentes",slug:"graciana-puentes",fullName:"Graciana Puentes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"336267",title:"Mr.",name:"Hemanth Sai Kumar",surname:"Parisa",slug:"hemanth-sai-kumar-parisa",fullName:"Hemanth Sai Kumar Parisa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Leicester",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"378234",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaosong",surname:"Yu",slug:"xiaosong-yu",fullName:"Xiaosong Yu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"401086",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jie-zhang",fullName:"Jie Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"types-of-publications",title:"Types of publications",intro:"
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
",metaTitle:"Types of publications",metaDescription:"IntechOpen publishes different types of publications",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
EDITED VOLUME
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\\n\\n
Edited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\\n\\n
RESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\\n\\n
REVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\\n\\n
CASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\\n\\n
PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\\n\\n
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\\n\\n
MONOGRAPHS
\\n\\n
Monographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\\n\\n
TYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\\n\\n
Single or multiple author manuscript
\\n\\n
COMPACTS
\\n\\n
Compacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\\n\\n
Compacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\\n\\n
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
\\n\\n
Collection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\n\n
Edited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\n
RESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\n
REVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\n
CASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\n
PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\n
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\n
MONOGRAPHS
\n\n
Monographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\n
TYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\n
Single or multiple author manuscript
\n\n
COMPACTS
\n\n
Compacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\n
Compacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\n
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
\n\n
Collection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11848",title:"Immunosuppression and Immunomodulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed8e45c9b1a36b2e913208c4d37dbc7f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajeev K. Tyagi, Dr. Prakriti Sharma and Dr. Praveen Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11848.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201069",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11815",title:"Pediatric Oral Health - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e55e88cf5885a68cdf470925b35cbbd8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mandeep Singh Virdi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11815.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"89556",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandeep",surname:"Virdi",slug:"mandeep-virdi",fullName:"Mandeep Virdi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11905",title:"Rare Earth Elements - Emerging Advances, Technology Utilization, and Resource Procurement",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38ffcf92affa26770585dbc04b3742fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Thomas Aide",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11905.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11533",title:"Advances in Green Electronics Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11842",title:"Altimetry - Theory, Applications and Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2b6e7b58333453ef7b73416d8fdfaf3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Tomislav Bašić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"343125",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomislav",surname:"Bašić",slug:"tomislav-basic",fullName:"Tomislav Bašić"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12104",title:"Viral Outbreaks - Global Trends and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"60828f26feed5832a47a13caac706c08",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12104.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12108",title:"Clinical Trials - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79472fc7310e9655a881c6d2ad7128b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Xianli Lv",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12108.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153155",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianli",surname:"Lv",slug:"xianli-lv",fullName:"Xianli Lv"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:124},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:410},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"4",title:"Social Sciences and Humanities",slug:"social-sciences-and-humanities",parent:null,numberOfBooks:287,numberOfSeries:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:5148,numberOfWosCitations:2993,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2979,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5483,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"4",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10495",title:"Insights Into Global Engineering Education After the Birth of Industry 5.0",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e83ddb1aa8017926d0635bbe8a90feca",slug:"insights-into-global-engineering-education-after-the-birth-of-industry-5-0",bookSignature:"Montaha Bouezzeddine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10495.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313464",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Montaha",middleName:null,surname:"Bouezzeddine",slug:"montaha-bouezzeddine",fullName:"Montaha Bouezzeddine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10978",title:"Mind and Matter",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities in Cognitive Semiotics and Aesthetics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"938b8668018c9338fbc8992e8e03f971",slug:"mind-and-matter-challenges-and-opportunities-in-cognitive-semiotics-and-aesthetics",bookSignature:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10978.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10910",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0999e5f759c2380ae5a4a2ee0835c98d",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurobiology-assessment-clinical-features-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10910.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11394",title:"Contributions to the Local Community Through the University",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7921c94fc2e3785e70d07d125f563b08",slug:"contributions-to-the-local-community-through-the-university",bookSignature:"Shinichiro Maeshima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11394.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302759",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Maeshima",slug:"shinichiro-maeshima",fullName:"Shinichiro Maeshima"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"11956",title:"Integrating Quality and Risk Management in Logistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a708a069296dbd9d73d67a3b74fd264",slug:"integrating-quality-and-risk-management-in-logistics",bookSignature:"Marieta Stefanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11956.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"448989",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marieta",middleName:"Georgieva",surname:"Stefanova",slug:"marieta-stefanova",fullName:"Marieta Stefanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"10656",title:"Intellectual Property",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",slug:"intellectual-property",bookSignature:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Timmakkondu Narasimman Kuppusami Suriyaprakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9558",title:"Active Learning",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c55b272766d51c3d563abc25c026b939",slug:"active-learning-theory-and-practice",bookSignature:"Olena Lutsenko and Gregory Lutsenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225667",title:"Mrs.",name:"Olena",middleName:null,surname:"Lutsenko",slug:"olena-lutsenko",fullName:"Olena Lutsenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:287,seriesByTopicCollection:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],seriesByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"42656",doi:"10.5772/55538",title:"Conceptual Frameworks of Vulnerability Assessments for Natural Disasters Reduction",slug:"conceptual-frameworks-of-vulnerability-assessments-for-natural-disasters-reduction",totalDownloads:9927,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"Roxana L. Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"58010",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72304",title:"Fourth Industrial Revolution: Current Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities",slug:"fourth-industrial-revolution-current-practices-challenges-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:6286,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:66,abstract:"The globalization and the competitiveness are forcing companies to rethink and to innovate their production processes following the so-called Industry 4.0 paradigm. It represents the integration of tools already used in the past (big data, cloud, robot, 3D printing, simulation, etc.) that are now connected into a global network by transmitting digital data. The implementation of this new paradigm represents a huge change for companies, which are faced with big investments. In order to benefit from the opportunities offered by the smart revolution, companies must have the prerequisites needed to withstand changes generated by “smart” system. In addition, new workers who face the world of work 4.0 must have new skills in automation, digitization, and information technology, without forgetting soft skills. This chapter aims to present the main good practices, challenges, and opportunities related to Industry 4.0 paradigm.",book:{id:"6291",slug:"digital-transformation-in-smart-manufacturing",title:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing",fullTitle:"Digital Transformation in Smart Manufacturing"},signatures:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Raffaele Cioffi and Federico\nZomparelli",authors:[{id:"161682",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"De Felice",slug:"fabio-de-felice",fullName:"Fabio De Felice"},{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"},{id:"205141",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Zomparelli",slug:"federico-zomparelli",fullName:"Federico Zomparelli"},{id:"208748",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaele",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",slug:"raffaele-cioffi",fullName:"Raffaele Cioffi"}]},{id:"40977",doi:"10.5772/53885",title:"The Emergence of Scientific Reasoning",slug:"the-emergence-of-scientific-reasoning",totalDownloads:4496,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"654",slug:"current-topics-in-children-s-learning-and-cognition",title:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Children's Learning and Cognition"},signatures:"Bradley J. Morris, Steve Croker, Amy M. Masnick and Corinne Zimmerman",authors:[{id:"154336",title:"Prof.",name:"Bradley",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",slug:"bradley-morris",fullName:"Bradley Morris"},{id:"154337",title:"Prof.",name:"Steve",middleName:null,surname:"Croker",slug:"steve-croker",fullName:"Steve Croker"},{id:"154338",title:"Prof.",name:"Amy",middleName:null,surname:"Masnick",slug:"amy-masnick",fullName:"Amy Masnick"},{id:"154339",title:"Prof.",name:"Corinne",middleName:null,surname:"Zimmerman",slug:"corinne-zimmerman",fullName:"Corinne Zimmerman"}]},{id:"35715",doi:"10.5772/38693",title:"The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry",slug:"the-role-and-importance-of-cultural-tourism-in-modern-tourism-industry",totalDownloads:41020,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Janos Csapo",authors:[{id:"118766",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Csapó",slug:"janos-csapo",fullName:"János Csapó"}]},{id:"37707",doi:"10.5772/51110",title:"Principle of Meat Aroma Flavors and Future Prospect",slug:"principle-of-meat-aroma-flavors-and-future-prospect",totalDownloads:7394,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:50,abstract:null,book:{id:"3276",slug:"latest-research-into-quality-control",title:"Latest Research into Quality Control",fullTitle:"Latest Research into Quality Control"},signatures:"Hoa Van Ba, Inho Hwang, Dawoon Jeong and Amna Touseef",authors:[{id:"153361",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Van Ba",slug:"hoa-van-ba",fullName:"Hoa Van Ba"},{id:"163181",title:"Prof.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Amna",slug:"touseef-amna",fullName:"Touseef Amna"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:13485,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2098,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:null,title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:null},{id:"58969",title:"Corruption, Causes and Consequences",slug:"corruption-causes-and-consequences",totalDownloads:27405,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Corruption is a constant in the society and occurs in all civilizations; however, it has only been in the past 20 years that this phenomenon has begun being seriously explored. It has many different shapes as well as many various effects, both on the economy and the society at large. Among the most common causes of corruption are the political and economic environment, professional ethics and morality and, of course, habits, customs, tradition and demography. Its effects on the economy (and also on the wider society) are well researched, yet still not completely. Corruption thus inhibits economic growth and affects business operations, employment and investments. It also reduces tax revenue and the effectiveness of various financial assistance programs. The wider society is influenced by a high degree of corruption in terms of lowering of trust in the law and the rule of law, education and consequently the quality of life (access to infrastructure, health care). There also does not exist an unambiguous answer as to how to deal with corruption. Something that works in one country or in one region will not necessarily be successful in another. This chapter tries to answer at least a few questions about corruption and the causes for it, its consequences and how to deal with it successfully.",book:{id:"6487",slug:"trade-and-global-market",title:"Trade and Global Market",fullTitle:"Trade and Global Market"},signatures:"Štefan Šumah",authors:[{id:"228073",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Sumah",slug:"stefan-sumah",fullName:"Stefan Sumah"}]},{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"59152",title:"Marketing Strategies for the Social Good",slug:"marketing-strategies-for-the-social-good",totalDownloads:1534,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Social network sites (SNS) have proven to be a good environment to promote and sell goods and services, but marketing is more than creating commercial strategies. Social marketing strategies can also be used to promote behavioral change and help individuals transform their lives, achieve well-being, and adopt prosocial behaviors. In this chapter, we seek to analyze with a netnographic study, how SNS are being employed by nonprofits and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to enable citizens and consumers to participate in different programs and activities that promote social transformation and well-being. A particular interest is to identify how organizations are using behavioral economic tactics to nudge individuals and motivate them to engage in prosocial actions. By providing an understanding on how SNS can provide an adequate environment for the design of social marketing strategies, we believe our work has practical implications both for academicians and marketers who want to contribute in the transformation of consumer behavior and the achievement of well-being and social change.",book:{id:"6583",slug:"marketing",title:"Marketing",fullTitle:"Marketing"},signatures:"Alicia De La Pena",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"4",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81770",title:"Role of Microcredit in Sustainable Rural Development",slug:"role-of-microcredit-in-sustainable-rural-development",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102588",abstract:"Around 1.7 billion adults have no access to transaction accounts in the world. The majority of those are poor and women in rural areas of two developing regions of the world (South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa). Rural areas of these regions are home to the poor and poverty, hunger, unemployment/underemployment is widespread phenomenon. Access to financial services is crucial for economic development. However, poor and smallholder have been neglected by traditional banks for a long time. Microcredit a development model to provide loans to the poor who have no, or little collateral emerged in Bangladesh and has been adopted in many countries of the world. In this chapter, microcredit as a solution to much of the problems of the rural areas has been discussed. Over time there has been a shift in objectives of rural development. Rural development nowadays is about an overall improvement of the human quality of life in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental, issues. Access to microcredit has a positive impact on three dimensions of sustainable rural development; social, economic, and environmental. Microcredit helps in the alleviation of poverty, employment, entrepreneurship, higher productivity from agriculture, women empowerment, gender equality, reduced rural outmigration, better health and education, green entrepreneurship, and adoption of modern technology/inputs in agriculture.",book:{id:"11253",title:"Sustainable Rural Development",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11253.jpg"},signatures:"Muhammad Imran, Shamsheer Ul Haq and Orhan Ozcatalbas"},{id:"81762",title:"Why Knowledge Sharing Increases Well-being the Case of Adult Fans of LEGO",slug:"why-knowledge-sharing-increases-well-being-the-case-of-adult-fans-of-lego",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104556",abstract:"Since 2020, we have faced drastic changes in our lives due to the pandemic. This caused a big paradigm shift in working styles. Parallel careers or multiple jobs are getting more common, and people are ascertaining their own competencies. The utilization of personal knowledge will continue to accelerate and this study sheds light on its societal value; the other side of sharing economy. Aoki (2021) revealed that participation in knowledge sharing has a significant positive impact on contributors’ well-being. Those findings are more pertinent as utilization of personal knowledge increases under the ongoing paradigm shift in work style, and the expansion of C-to-C business. However, the reason for the correlation between knowledge sharing and well-being has not been identified. Thus, this study explores this issue by carefully examining knowledge-sharing contributors and their experiences. Finally, this study finds that contributors increased their well-being by deepening their knowledge and experience via competitive co-creation. Furthermore, their concerns shifted towards passing on their knowledge and experience to the next generation. Stakeholders of this study’s results are those who utilize personal knowledge. For example, policymakers who wish to shed light on people with hidden potential, managers of knowledge-sharing platforms, such as crowdsourcing, marketing managers who collaborate with consumers, employers who wish to motivate their employees, and so on.",book:{id:"10912",title:"Psychosocial, Educational, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10912.jpg"},signatures:"Kei Aoki"},{id:"81734",title:'Cosmogonies of Alterity: Origin and Identity in Mesoamerican Narrative*',slug:"cosmogonies-of-alterity-origin-and-identity-in-mesoamerican-narrative",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104496",abstract:"Through a comparative analysis, which uses as references Nahua narrative and Western thought, this chapter examines the relevance of the notion of alterity in different Mesoamerican myths, whose narratives display different ideas regarding origin and identity. In this case, comparative analysis allows us to distinguish between two different narrative traditions, one of which emphasizes the role of continuity and genealogy and another, on the contrary, which reveals the importance of otherness and discontinuous processes.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Saúl Millán"},{id:"80714",title:"Balancing Hedging and Flexing for Inclusive Project Management",slug:"balancing-hedging-and-flexing-for-inclusive-project-management",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102972",abstract:"Current project management often emphasizes hedging through a strictly phased and funneled development of the project scope. However, an increasingly engaged project environment and rise in the complexity of societal challenges cause an emerging demand for more open and interactive ways of managing projects. This requires projects to adopt an integrated management approach that focuses on flexing, which emphasizes the ability of a project to adapt to and co-create with the environment. Overemphasizing flexing, however, may undermine the controlled nature of project management. Therefore, it is necessary to find a form of project management that is both open and interactive without losing control. On the basis of specific project contexts and characteristics, this chapter presents criteria and tools for balancing hedging and flexing for inclusive project management.",book:{id:"11260",title:"Project Management - New Trends and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11260.jpg"},signatures:"Wim Leendertse, Bert de Groot and Tim Busscher"},{id:"81575",title:"Caring about Early Childhood Education",slug:"caring-about-early-childhood-education",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104674",abstract:"Early Childhood Education (ECE) is a broad term encompassing the care and education of children in the years before the commencement of primary school education. The purpose of ECE as the beginning of children’s educational journey versus childcare for working parents is widely contested, contributing to a care and education dichotomy within the sector. Education and care are inseparable constructs and particularly so within the early years. Attempts to distinguish between early years care and education support the establishment of a skills hierarchy where care is regarded less favorably than education. This chapter discusses ‘edu-care’ as an alternative way of understanding ECE whereby education and care are recognized as inseparable and equally valued. As the professionalization of ECE continues to gain momentum, this process must take a holistic conceptualization of ECE within which ‘edu-care’ is fundamental. Regulation, increased levels of qualification for early childhood educators and quality provision dominate the discourse of ECE professionalization. However, this narrow emphasis on performativity must not overshadow the immeasurable but essential components of ECE, that of care and love.",book:{id:"11281",title:"Early Childhood Education - Innovative Pedagogical Approaches in the Post-modern Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11281.jpg"},signatures:"Dawn Murphy"},{id:"81724",title:"The Sustainability of Islamic Boarding Schools in the Era of Modernization and Globalization",slug:"the-sustainability-of-islamic-boarding-schools-in-the-era-of-modernization-and-globalization",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103912",abstract:"The objective of this study is to determine the strategy of the classical Islamic boarding school in maintaining its existence amid the rapid development of the globalization era and also to find out the curriculum formulations used to equip students to face the modernization era. This research is qualitative, using the deductive-interpretive analysis method, with a sociological-phenomenological approach. The research was conducted at the classic Islamic boarding school Tremas, Pacitan, East Java. The research was conducted at the Tremas classical Islamic boarding school, Pacitan, East Java, which is an open institution for modernization and globalization. The results of the study indicate that the pesantren’s strategy to maintain its existence and sustainability in the modernization era is as follows. (1) Optimizing the management function of Islamic boarding schools by distributing authority in five aspects, namely ma’hadiyah, ma’arif majlis, anasyathoth, finance, and secretariat. (2) Organizing formal education starting from Kindergarten, Madrasah Tsanawiyah (middle-level school), Madrasah Aliyah (high school), Vocational High School, and Ma’had Aly. (3) Carrying out various non-formal and informal educational activities as a characteristic of salafiyah education. (4) Establishing vocational institutions to equip students with skills. (5) Founding Ma’had Aly as an effort to produce a cadre of scholars. As for the curriculum, this Islamic boarding school assembled its curriculum independently based on the vision and mission of Pondok Tremas, absorbed the aspirations of the community, and adopted some curriculum content from the Ministry of Religion and the Education Office. This curriculum contained several characteristics: (1) implanting faith, morality and enriching Islamic scholarship through the study of kitab kuning. (2) Arabic strengthening. (3) Pesantren adaptation by adding general science lessons. (4) equipping students with skills education. (5) enriching the repertoire of Islamic thought by studying the works of ulama ‘Nusantara.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Muthoifin and Surawan"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:330},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11580",title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",hash:"1806716f60b9be14fc05682c4a912b41",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 23rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11578",title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",hash:"3731c009f474c6ed4293f348ca7b27ac",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:1,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10795",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:"Perspectives in Agriculture",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10795.jpg",slug:"plant-stress-physiology-perspectives-in-agriculture",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman and Kamran Nahar",hash:"c5a7932b74fe612b256bf95d0709756e",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture",editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8430",title:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8430.jpg",slug:"neurodevelopment-and-neurodevelopmental-disorder",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald",hash:"696c96d038de473216e48b199613c111",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder",editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Adipose Tissue - An Update",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80485",title:"Potential Marker for Diagnosis and Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102792",signatures:"Yulia Nadar Indrasari, Siti Nurul Hapsari and Muhamad Robiul Fuadi",slug:"potential-marker-for-diagnosis-and-screening-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:42,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79693",title:"Ferroptosis: Can Iron be the Last or Cure for a Cell?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101426",signatures:"Asuman Akkaya Fırat",slug:"ferroptosis-can-iron-be-the-last-or-cure-for-a-cell",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79616",title:"Dietary Iron",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101265",signatures:"Kouser Firdose and Noor Firdose",slug:"dietary-iron",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"78977",title:"FERALGINE™ a New Oral iron Compound",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100445",signatures:"Valentina Talarico, Laura Giancotti, Giuseppe Antonio Mazza, Santina Marrazzo, Roberto Miniero and Marco Bertini",slug:"feralgine-a-new-oral-iron-compound",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/448811",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"448811"},fullPath:"/profiles/448811",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()