\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"11031",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease generating joint pain and damage in which inflammation plays a major role. RA joints are inflamed and stiff. Symptoms include joint swelling and warmth causing fatigue affecting life’s health-related quality. Still, there are many other medical conditions that can also be associated with your symptoms and signs. This book is not a substitute for a diagnosis from a healthcare provider. Yet, understanding your symptoms and signs and educating yourself about health conditions is important and can contribute to having the healthiest possible life. Herein, Professor Hechmi Toumi offers an edited volume with detailed new information on RA pathogenesis and explains both approaches and treatment options: recent clinical research and traditional methods.",isbn:"978-1-83969-672-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-671-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-673-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95728",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis",numberOfPages:210,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b27b90045995c761c0d2f975e895c5d4",bookSignature:"Hechmi Toumi",publishedDate:"January 19th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11031.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1461,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 9th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 6th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 5th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 24th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 23rd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196403",title:"Prof.",name:"Hechmi",middleName:null,surname:"Toumi",slug:"hechmi-toumi",fullName:"Hechmi Toumi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196403/images/system/196403.png",biography:"Professor Hechmi Toumi graduated from Blaise Pascal University in France. He is a research assistant at the University of Wisconsin in the USA and at Cardiff University and is an awarded professor at the University of Wales, UK. He has acted as dean of the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Orleans from 2013 to 2020. Currently, Professor Toumi is the scientific director of Translational Medical Research Platform, PRIMMO, at the Orleans Hospital in France and vice president of the Institute of Research, Treatment, and Prevention of Osteoporosis. He is currently filing for an international patent application for his invention on the use of algorithmic analyses to identify and quantify invisible detail in soft tissues using standard radiographs. Professor Toumi has lectured worldwide on the pathologies, treatment, and prevention of muscular-skeletal injuries.",institutionString:"University of Orléans",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Orléans",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"184",title:"Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology",slug:"immunology-allergology-and-rheumatology"}],chapters:[{id:"78308",title:"Pathogenesis, Pathology and Genetics of Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99238",slug:"pathogenesis-pathology-and-genetics-of-osteoarthritis",totalDownloads:163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition with high prevalence worldwide. OA affects not only the articular cartilage, but the entire joint, including the subchondral bone, ligaments, capsule, synovial membrane and the periarticular muscles. Despite the fact that the risks associated with OA increase with age, it is not a part of the natural aging process. It typically involves the knee, hip, spine, hand and foot joints. Several factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA, including biomechanical factors, proinflammatory mediators and proteases. On the other hand, it was mostly the results of the studies conducted on the genetic, genomic and epigenetic aspects of OA, from among many of its underlying etiological factors, which shed light on the molecular processes involved in the etiopathogenesis of OA. As the mechanisms that cause joint tissue damage in OA come to light, the treatment of OA will go beyond just providing symptomatic relief. Consequentially, new treatments will emerge that will either slow or completely stop the progression of OA.",signatures:"Ferhat Ege",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78308",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78308",authors:[{id:"421619",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferhat",surname:"Ege",slug:"ferhat-ege",fullName:"Ferhat Ege"}],corrections:null},{id:"77816",title:"Pathogenic Role of microRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99212",slug:"pathogenic-role-of-microrna-in-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) being a chronic inflammatory disease can be affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Abnormal functioning of immune response is the main underlying cause of RA. A growing number of studies on related diseases uncovered that microRNA (miRNA) may influence the pathogenesis of RA, such as the promotion of proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and secretion of cytokines by highly expressed miRNAs. A large number of studies have reported the aberrant expressions of miRNAs during the entire phase of RA, from the preclinical to terminal stages. These dynamic changes can be potentially developed as a bio-marker for predicting the risk, diagnosis and clinical management of RA. This chapter aims to summarize and discuss miRNAs’ roles and mechanisms in the process of RA development, differential diagnosis from other diseases, clinical management and refractory RA. Therefore, miRNA demonstrates future perspectives of diagnosis and treatment of clinical RA under the support of newly discovered theoretical basis.",signatures:"JiuJie Yang, Jerome P.L. Ng, Kaixi Zhang, Liang Liu and Vincent Kam Wai Wong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77816",authors:[{id:"232504",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent Kam Wai",surname:"Wong",slug:"vincent-kam-wai-wong",fullName:"Vincent Kam Wai Wong"},{id:"244834",title:"Prof.",name:"Liang",surname:"Liu",slug:"liang-liu",fullName:"Liang Liu"},{id:"357181",title:"Ph.D.",name:"JiuJie",surname:"Yang",slug:"jiujie-yang",fullName:"JiuJie Yang"},{id:"421815",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerome P. L.",surname:"Ng",slug:"jerome-p.-l.-ng",fullName:"Jerome P. L. Ng"},{id:"421816",title:"Ms.",name:"Kaixi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"kaixi-zhang",fullName:"Kaixi Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"78891",title:"Role of LncRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99525",slug:"role-of-lncrna-in-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules that do not have protein coding. They are ubiquitous in the process of transcription and gene regulation. lncRNAs regulation is correlated with many diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder and this disease can affect especially joints. Nevertheless, in some patients, RA and inflammation can damage body parts such as the eyes, lungs, skin, heart, and blood vessels. Lots of lncRNAs were confirmed to be correlated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. Particularly GAPLINC, ZFAS1, PTGS2, and HOTAIR lncRNAs play a role in RA. This chapter will be explained and summarized the relationship between IncRNAs and RA.",signatures:"Ayse Kocak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78891",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78891",authors:[{id:"192255",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayse",surname:"Kocak",slug:"ayse-kocak",fullName:"Ayse Kocak"}],corrections:null},{id:"78307",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis: Severity Classification, Factors Responsible, Pathophysiology, Current and Herbal Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99339",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-severity-classification-factors-responsible-pathophysiology-current-and-herbal-",totalDownloads:205,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rheumatoid Arthritis is the autoimmune disorder occurs due to the change in life style, improper diet plans, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption etc. It generally affects the joints and creates swelling and severe pain in joints which leads to further destruction of bone and cartilages. Due to autoimmune responses the factors like Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukins-1 are introduced to synovial and synovial membrane which creates the swelling and pain. These factors further produce reactive oxygen species and inducing osteoclasts which destruct the bone and cartilages. Along with the drugs the several natural herbal treatments are also available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. This includes varies medicinal plants form which acacia species is more potent and efficient. Acacia Senegal is the plant which blocks the receptors and decreases the level of tumor necrosis factor-α. Present work on rheumatoid arthritis mainly covers classification, factors responsible, pathophysiology, severity, current treatment and its drawbacks, herbal treatment and its benefits in treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.",signatures:"Sunil T. Galatage, Aditya S. Hebalkar, Sayali S. Gaikwad, Pranav S. Kumbhar, Nikhil N. Patil, Kranti D. Desai, Sonam U. Kanekar, Samruddhi S. Kadam, Rushikesh S. Sansare, Sonali S. Sansare and Suresh G. Killedar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78307",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78307",authors:[{id:"335104",title:"Prof.",name:"Sunil T.",surname:"Galatage",slug:"sunil-t.-galatage",fullName:"Sunil T. Galatage"},{id:"427307",title:"Dr.",name:"Aditya",surname:"S.Hebalkar",slug:"aditya-s.hebalkar",fullName:"Aditya S.Hebalkar"},{id:"427308",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayali",surname:"S.Gaikwad",slug:"sayali-s.gaikwad",fullName:"Sayali S.Gaikwad"},{id:"427309",title:"Dr.",name:"Pranav",surname:"S.Kumbhar",slug:"pranav-s.kumbhar",fullName:"Pranav S.Kumbhar"},{id:"427310",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikhil",surname:"N.Patil",slug:"nikhil-n.patil",fullName:"Nikhil N.Patil"},{id:"427311",title:"Dr.",name:"Kranti",surname:"D.Desai",slug:"kranti-d.desai",fullName:"Kranti D.Desai"},{id:"427312",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonam",surname:"V.Kanekar",slug:"sonam-v.kanekar",fullName:"Sonam V.Kanekar"},{id:"427313",title:"Dr.",name:"Samruddhi",surname:"S.Kadam",slug:"samruddhi-s.kadam",fullName:"Samruddhi S.Kadam"},{id:"427314",title:"Dr.",name:"Rushikesh",surname:"S.Sansare",slug:"rushikesh-s.sansare",fullName:"Rushikesh S.Sansare"},{id:"427315",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonali",surname:"S.Sansare",slug:"sonali-s.sansare",fullName:"Sonali S.Sansare"},{id:"427316",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh",surname:"G.Killedar",slug:"suresh-g.killedar",fullName:"Suresh G.Killedar"}],corrections:null},{id:"78199",title:"Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99686",slug:"juvenile-idiopathic-arthritis",totalDownloads:97,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common form of chronic synovial joint inflammation in children. It potentially leads to disability and psychosocial outcomes for children and their families. In the absence of appropriate treatment, this can lead to joint destruction and disability. Thus, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential. With the presentation of new biologic DMARDs, based on understanding the disease pathophysiology and molecular pathogenesis, the course of the disease and its outcome have been changed profoundly. In this chapter, the early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and outcomes approaches are described. These include the latest diagnosis and management options.",signatures:"Vadood Javadi Parvaneh and Khosro Rahmani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78199",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78199",authors:[{id:"355298",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Vadood",surname:"Javadi Parvaneh",slug:"vadood-javadi-parvaneh",fullName:"Vadood Javadi Parvaneh"},{id:"425493",title:"Prof.",name:"Khosro",surname:"Rahmani",slug:"khosro-rahmani",fullName:"Khosro Rahmani"}],corrections:null},{id:"79412",title:"Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101259",slug:"cardiovascular-risk-in-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:96,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one of the most common inflammatory rheumatic diseases. It is defined as a chronic destructive and deforming arthropathy; it also finds its expression through systemic manifestations. RA has an undulating evolution, with remissions and relapses. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease represents one of the most common extra-articular manifestations of RA. It is known that the cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality represent one of the leading causes of reduced life expectancy in RA. Patients with RA develop a premature and accelerated atherosclerosis, explaining the high incidence and prevalence of angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and the need for revascularization. Traditional risk factors (arterial hypertension, obesity, smoking, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, male gender, physical inactivity) interplay with RA-related risk factors, generating endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, carotid plaque, and atherosclerosis. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors alone cannot explain the increased incidence of premature and accelerated atherogenesis. Chronic inflammation, hyperhomocysteinemia, and hypercoagulation act as novel cardiovascular risk factors. Rheumatoid inflammation exerts direct effects on vessels, or by means of altered traditional risk factors. Antirheumatic drugs may promote atherogenesis or by reducing systemic inflammation may decrease cardiovascular risk. EULAR recommendations require annual cardiovascular risk assessment.",signatures:"Alexandru Caraba, Flavia Corina Babalic, Andreea Munteanu and Otilia Tomulescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79412",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79412",authors:[{id:"105873",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandru",surname:"Caraba",slug:"alexandru-caraba",fullName:"Alexandru Caraba"},{id:"357395",title:"Dr.",name:"Flavia Corina",surname:"Babalic",slug:"flavia-corina-babalic",fullName:"Flavia Corina Babalic"},{id:"357396",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Munteanu",slug:"andreea-munteanu",fullName:"Andreea Munteanu"},{id:"357398",title:"Dr.",name:"Otilia Mihaela",surname:"Tomulescu",slug:"otilia-mihaela-tomulescu",fullName:"Otilia Mihaela Tomulescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78260",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontal Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99583",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-and-periodontal-disease",totalDownloads:76,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID), chronic progressive causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles. Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease of supporting tissues of teeth caused by specific microorganisms or their groups, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with periodontal pocket formation, clinical attachment loss, or both. Individuals manifesting both periodontitis and RA may suffer from a unifying underlying systemic dysregulation of the inflammatory response. In the past few years, increasing attention has been given to aspects of oral health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, especially related to associations with periodontal disease. In this chapter we will be reviewing about the pathophysiology of RA and role of inflammation, periodontal disease: a gateway to RA, oral manifestations of RA, immunogenetics of RA and periodontitis, treatment implications for RA and periodontitis based on common pathophysiology.",signatures:"Apoorva B. Badiger and Triveni M. Gowda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78260",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78260",authors:[{id:"353987",title:"Dr.",name:"Apoorva B.",surname:"Badiger",slug:"apoorva-b.-badiger",fullName:"Apoorva B. Badiger"},{id:"426571",title:"Dr.",name:"Triveni M.",surname:"Gowda",slug:"triveni-m.-gowda",fullName:"Triveni M. Gowda"}],corrections:null},{id:"77916",title:"The Regenerative Effect of Intra-Articular Injection of Autologous Fat Micro-Graft in Treatment of Chronic Knee Osteoarthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99370",slug:"the-regenerative-effect-of-intra-articular-injection-of-autologous-fat-micro-graft-in-treatment-of-1",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent conditions resulting to disability particularly in elderly population About 13% of women and 10% of men aged 60 years and older have symptomatic knee OA. The proportions of people affected with symptomatic knee OA is likely to increase due to the aging of the population and the rate of obesity or overweight in the general population. There are multiple factors associated with this progressive disease such as obesity, female gender, and repetitive trauma. Pain is the most common symptom in knee OA, a leading cause of chronic disability, clinical diagnosis will be supported by certain radiological findings. There are numerous conservative therapies that help to relive symptoms depend on severity of Osteoarthritis, and knee replacement remains standard of care in advance disease. Fat Micrografting is evolving technique with promising result in selected patients with regenerative and reparative effect of adipocyte-derived stem cell toward damaged cartilage and bone, which supported by clinical evidence.",signatures:"Mohammed Mesfer Al Kahtani, Ali H. Al Yami, Sarah Saleh Al Qahtani and Sihem Aouabdi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77916",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77916",authors:[{id:"355882",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Mesfer Al Kahtani",slug:"mohammed-mesfer-al-kahtani",fullName:"Mohammed Mesfer Al Kahtani"},{id:"423812",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"H. Al Yami",slug:"ali-h.-al-yami",fullName:"Ali H. Al Yami"},{id:"426397",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Saleh Al Qahtani",slug:"sarah-saleh-al-qahtani",fullName:"Sarah Saleh Al Qahtani"},{id:"426399",title:"Dr.",name:"Sihem",surname:"Aouabdi",slug:"sihem-aouabdi",fullName:"Sihem Aouabdi"}],corrections:null},{id:"78314",title:"The Effect of a Proprioceptive Exercises Programme on Disease Activity and Gait Biomechanical Parameters of Post-Menopausal Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99462",slug:"the-effect-of-a-proprioceptive-exercises-programme-on-disease-activity-and-gait-biomechanical-parame",totalDownloads:233,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study aimed to assess the effects of a proprioceptive exercises programme on disease activity and on ankle kinematic and kinetic parameters of post-menopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-seven post-menopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis were allocated to exercise group (n = 15) or control group (n = 12). Exercise group intervention: proprioceptive exercises (12 weeks; 3 one-on-one workouts/week; 30 min/workout). Control group intervention: stretching exercises (12 weeks; 1 one-on-one workout every two weeks; 30 min/workout). Disease Activity Score (28 joints) was used to assess disease activity. A 3D motion analysis system (9 cameras, 200 Hz) and a force plate (1000 Hz) were used to collect kinematic and kinetic data during a barefoot walking at self-selected speed. For each subjects’ foot, 7 trials of the stance phase were collected. One subject withdrawal was registered in exercise group. Post-intervention, exercise group’ subjects yielded higher gait speed, shorter stance phase, shorter controlled dorsiflexion sub-phase, and higher ankle power peak (p < 0.05), however, they showed no differences in Disease Activity Score, ankle moment of force peak, and variability of biomechanical parameters; control group’ subjects showed no differences in all parameters. Proprioceptive exercises seemed to be a safe option to gain gait biomechanical improvements in post-menopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis.",signatures:"Pedro Aleixo, Tiago Atalaia, José Vaz Patto and João Abrantes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78314",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78314",authors:[{id:"354118",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Aleixo",slug:"pedro-aleixo",fullName:"Pedro Aleixo"},{id:"354121",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiago",surname:"Atalaia",slug:"tiago-atalaia",fullName:"Tiago Atalaia"},{id:"354123",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Vaz Patto",slug:"jose-vaz-patto",fullName:"José Vaz Patto"},{id:"354124",title:"Prof.",name:"João",surname:"Abrantes",slug:"joao-abrantes",fullName:"João Abrantes"}],corrections:null},{id:"77804",title:"Traditional Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99258",slug:"traditional-treatment-for-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The main concern with RA is extreme fatigue, pain, and weakness. Patients having severe pain are compelled to take medications containing a variety of indigenous substances. These indigenous substances, on the other hand, exacerbated illnesses and delay in seeking appropriate healthcare. Treatment is delayed due to a number of reasons, including patients’ lack of access to trained healthcare professionals, delays in referral to a rheumatologist, and patients’ belief on traditional healing practices. The choice of inappropriate healthcare providers often causes a delay in referral to a rheumatologist. Self-medication and seeking treatment from traditional healers are often compelled the patient to engage in a variety of traditional practices. Cultural values have a significant influence on care-seeking behavior. Since healthcare promotion is dictated by community demands, the healthcare system should understand the contextual phenomena behind common practices for better health education. This chapter will address the beliefs and values that underpin traditional treatment, the sources of traditional learning pathways and ethical aspects of traditional practice.",signatures:"Krushna Chandra Sahoo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77804",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77804",authors:[{id:"356785",title:"Dr.",name:"Krushna Chandra",surname:"Sahoo",slug:"krushna-chandra-sahoo",fullName:"Krushna Chandra Sahoo"}],corrections:null},{id:"77812",title:"Action Mechanisms of Antirheumatic Herbal Medicines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99133",slug:"action-mechanisms-of-antirheumatic-herbal-medicines",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and debilitating joint disorder that causes severe impairment and reduces the quality of life. The available synthetic medicines used as standard therapy for RA have numerous side effects that can compromise their therapeutic outcomes. Thus, the demand for alternative and complementary medicines is increasing. A search of English articles in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases was carried out on probable mechanisms of action of herbs with the antirheumatic property. Herbal medicines stated in folk medicine face acceptance concerns by the medical community because of the lack of scientific documents regarding their physio-pharmacological mechanisms. This chapter aims to review the possible antirheumatic effects of various herbs, including Rosmarinus officinalis L., Curcuma longa, and Crocus sativus, their related mechanisms, and preclinical applications, in order to recall the therapeutic properties of herbal medicine. However, more clinical trials are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of these antirheumatic herbal medicines.",signatures:"Nima Nakisa and Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77812",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77812",authors:[{id:"353942",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahboobeh",surname:"Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar",slug:"mahboobeh-ghasemzadeh-rahbardar",fullName:"Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar"},{id:"353945",title:"Mr.",name:"Nima",surname:"Nakisa",slug:"nima-nakisa",fullName:"Nima Nakisa"}],corrections:null},{id:"77857",title:"Ayurveda Concepts of Joint Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99384",slug:"ayurveda-concepts-of-joint-diseases",totalDownloads:85,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Prevalence of bone related diseases are very high in the world today, among them arthritis is very common form of disease suffers millions of people, problematic for individually and economically to the society due to the long term disability. If not properly manage leads to joint replacement surgical procedures which are very common and high in cost. Aim of this chapter to make attention in application of Ayurveda medicine for betterment of the world population. Ayurveda explain theories in origin of these diseases, causative factors, eteopathogenesis and management steps mostly using herbal drug products mentioned in eight divisions of Ayurveda. Main common two diseases sandhigatha vatha correlated with osteoarthritis and amavatha correlated to rheumatoid arthritis well described with proper management procedures with many other bone and joint diseases. Different theories were discussed with the aid of philosophical backgrounds which facilitate these medical theories. These are five element or panchabhutha theory, three dosha concept or theory of three governing energies of the body, saptha dhathu concept or body bearing tissues, concept of agni or metabolic power. Different treatment plans were described as treatment options for cure and prevention of human being as a complete medical system.",signatures:"Ayagama Pitadeniyage Anoma Jayasiri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77857",authors:[{id:"356820",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayagama Pitadeniyage",surname:"Anoma Jayasiri",slug:"ayagama-pitadeniyage-anoma-jayasiri",fullName:"Ayagama Pitadeniyage Anoma Jayasiri"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7565",title:"Osteoarthritis Biomarkers and Treatments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1f50f84936fc4164de08483e43acc16",slug:"osteoarthritis-biomarkers-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Hechmi Toumi and Marija Mazor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7565.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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Chang and Jairo Castellar-Lopez",dateSubmitted:"June 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 13th 2021",datePublished:"March 16th 2022",book:{id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Health Care",slug:"primary-health-care",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342716",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Aileen",middleName:null,surname:"Y. Chang",fullName:"Aileen Y. 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Chang and Jairo Castellar-Lopez",dateSubmitted:"June 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 13th 2021",datePublished:"March 16th 2022",book:{id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Health Care",slug:"primary-health-care",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342716",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Aileen",middleName:null,surname:"Y. Chang",fullName:"Aileen Y. 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\r\n\tThe immense benefits of tunnels can be readily recognized and have led to great strides in areas such as transportation, stormwater drainage, waste disposal, and pipeline networking. Requirements for tunnels depend on the intended functions and factors such as size, depth, configuration, and underground conditions. Achieving the desired functionality is usually multifarious and complex due to the range and interrelationships of the myriad of issues that must be taken into account.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book provides further insights into the design and construction processes as well as the performance of tunnels. Areas covered include design considerations, modeling approaches, drilling and excavation techniques, measurement and instrumentation, tunneling in offshore environments, machinery and equipment, ground investigations, cost-benefit evaluations, environmental and social impacts, sustainability, and health and safety. The book aims to provide supplementary information that advances the frontier in tunnel engineering whilst serving as a first recourse for those new in the field of tunneling.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-531-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-530-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-532-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"abfea4d94310e94cba417826644c59d5",bookSignature:"Dr. Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11545.jpg",keywords:"Structural Design, Geotechnical Design, Numerical Modeling, Analytical Modeling, Ground Deformation and Subsidence, Tunneling, Drilling, Excavation, Offshore Geotechnical Engineering, Underground Excavation, Instrumentation in Tunneling, Geotechnics",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 11th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 10th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 28th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 27th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A leading academic and researcher in civil and geotechnical engineering, a chartered engineer and leader of the geotechnics subject area in School of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, UK.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"195037",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Eshiet",slug:"kenneth-imo-imo-israel-eshiet",fullName:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195037/images/system/195037.png",biography:"Kenneth Imo-Imo Israel Eshiet is a senior lecturer at the University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom. Hitherto, he was an assistant professor at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, a research fellow at the University of Leeds, a lecturer at the University of Uyo, and a senior consultant at Sustainable Energy Environmental and Educational Development (SEEED), USA. He holds a doctorate in Civil Engineering. His interests include numerical/analytical methods for engineering problems; experimental and numerical modeling of geotechnical systems; site investigation, and laboratory and field geotechnical experimentation; computational fluid dynamics; stochastic and optimization analysis; and structural analysis and design.",institutionString:"University of Wolverhampton",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Wolverhampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"466997",firstName:"Patricia",lastName:"Kerep",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/466997/images/21565_n.jpg",email:"patricia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. 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Such intelligent machines make use of the soft computing techniques which treat human brain as their role model and mimic the ability of the human mind to effectively employ modes of reasoning that are approximate rather than exact. The conventional hard computing techniques require a precisely stated analytical model and often a lot of computational time. Premises and guiding principles of Hard Computing are precision, certainty, and rigor [1]. Many contemporary problems do not lend themselves to precise solutions such as recognition problems (handwriting, speech, objects and images), mobile robot coordination, forecasting, combinatorial problems etc. This is where soft computing techniques score over the conventional hard computing approach. Soft computing differs from conventional (hard) computing in that, unlike hard computing, it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. The guiding principle of soft computing is to exploit the tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation to achieve tractability, robustness and low solution cost [1]. The principal constituents, i.e., tools, techniques of Soft Computing (SC) are Fuzzy Logic (FL), Neural Networks (NN), Evolutionary Computation (EC), Machine Learning (ML) and Probabilistic Reasoning (PR). Soft computing many times employs NN, EC, FL etc, in a complementary rather than a competitive way resulting into hybrid techniques like Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS).
The application of soft computing techniques in the field of Civil Engineering started since early nineties and since encompassed almost all fields of Civil Engineering namely Structural Engineering, Construction Engineering and Management, Geotechnical Engineering, Environmental Engineering and lastly Hydraulic Engineering which is the focus of this chapter. The technique of ANN is now well established in the field of Civil Engineering to model various random and complex phenomena. Other techniques such as FL and EL caught attention of many research workers as a complimentary or alternative technique to ANN, particularly after knowing the drawbacks of ANN [2]. The soft computing tool of Genetic Programming which is essentially classified as an Evolutionary Computation (EC) technique has found its foot in the field of Hydraulic Engineering in general and modeling of water flows in particular since last 12 years or so. Modeling of water flows is perhaps the most daunting task ever faced by researchers in the field of Hydraulic Engineering owing to the randomness involved in many natural processes associated with the water flows. In pursuit of achieving more and more accuracy in estimation/forecasting of water related variables the researchers have made of use Genetic Programming for various tasks such as forecasting of runoff with or without rainfall, forecasting of ocean waves, currents, spatial mapping of waves to name a few. The present chapter takes a stalk of the applications of GP to model water flows which will enable the future researchers who want to pursue their research in this field. The chapter is organized as follows. Next section deals with basics of GP. A review of applications of GP in the field of Ocean Engineering is presented in the next section followed by review of applications in the field of hydrology. Few applications in the field of Hydraulics are discussed in the subsequent section. It may be noted that papers published in reputed international journals are only considered for review. Two case studies are presented next which are based on publications of the first author. The concluding remarks and future scope as envisaged by the authors are discussed at the end.
The paradigm of evolutionary processes distinguishes between an organism’s genotype, which is constructed of genetic material that is inherited from its parent or parents, and the organism’s phenotype, which is the coming to full physical presence of the organism in a certain given environment and is represented by a body and its associated collection of characteristics or phenotypic traits. Within this paradigm, there are three main criteria for an evolutionary process to occur as per [3] and they are
Criterion of Heredity: Offspring are similar to their parents: the genotype copying process maintains a high fidelity.
Criterion of Variability: Offspring are not exactly the same as their parents: the genotype copying process is not perfect.
Criterion of Fecundity: Variants leave different numbers of offspring: specific variations have an effect on behavior and behavior has an effect on reproductive success.
The evolutionary techniques can be differentiated into four main streams of Evolutionary Algorithm(EA) development [4] namely Evolution Strategies (ES), Evolutionary Programming (EP), Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Genetic Programming (GP) [5]. However, all evolutionary algorithms share the common property of applying evolutionary processes in the form of selection, mutation and reproduction on a population of individual structures that undergo evolution. The criterion of heredity is assured through the application of a crossover operator, whereas the criterion of variability is maintained through the application of a mutation operator. A selection mechanism then ‘favours’ the more fit entities so that they reproduce more often, providing the fecundity requirement necessary for an evolutionary process to proceed.
Like genetic algorithm (GA) the concept of Genetic Programming (GP) follows the principle of ‘survival of the fittest’ borrowed from the process of evolution occurring in nature. But unlike GA its solution is a computer program or an equation as against a set of numbers in the GA and hence it is convenient to use the same as a regression tool rather than an optimization one like the GA. GP operates on parse trees rather than on bit strings as in a GA, to approximate the equation (in symbolic form) or computer program that best describes how the output relates to the input variables. A good explanation of various concepts related to GP can be found in [5] Koza (1992). GP starts with a population of randomly generated computer programs on which computerized evolution process operates. Then a ‘tournament’ or competition is conducted by randomly selecting four programs from the population. GP measures how each program performs the user designated task. The two programs that perform the task best ‘win’ the tournament. GP algorithm then copies the two winner programs and transforms these copies into two new programs via crossover and mutation operators i.e. winners now have the ‘children.’ These two new child programs are then inserted into the population of programs, replacing the two loser programs from the tournament. Crossover is inspired by the exchange of genetic material occurring in sexual reproduction in biology. The creation of offspring’s continues (in an iterative manner) till a specified number of offspring’s in a generation are produced and further till another specified number of generations are created. The resulting offspring at the end of all this process (an equation or a computer program) is the solution of the problem. The GP thus transforms one population of individuals into another one in an iterative manner by following the natural genetic operations like reproduction, mutation and cross-over. Figure 1 shows general flowchart of GP as given by [5].
The tree based GP corresponds to the expressions (syntax trees) from a ‘functional programming language’ [5]. In this type, Functions are located at the inner nodes; while leaves of the tree hold input values and constants. A population of random trees representing the programs is initially constructed and genetic operations are performed on these trees to generate individuals with the help of two distinct sets; the terminal set T and the function set F.
Flowchart of Genetic programming (Ref: [
The second variant of GP is Linear genetic Programming (LGP) which uses a specific linear representation of computer programs. The name ‘linear’ refers to the structure of the (imperative) program representation only and does not stand for functional genetic programs that are restricted to a linear list of nodes only. On the contrary, it usually represents highly nonlinear solutions. Each individual (Program) in LGP is represented by a variable-length sequence of simple C language instructions, which operate on the registers or constants from predefined sets. The function setof the system can be composed of arithmetic operations (+, -, X, /), conditional branches, and function calls (f{x, xn, sqrt, ex,sin, cos, tan, log, ln }). Each function implicitly includes an assignment to a variable which facilitates use of multiple program outputs in LGP. LGP utilizes two-point string cross-over. A segment of random position and random length of an instruction is selected from each parents and exchanged. If one of the resulting children exceeds the maximum length, this cross-over is abandoned and restarted by exchanging equalized segments. An operand or operator of an instruction is changed by mutation into another symbol over the same set. The readers are referred to [7] and [8] for further details.
Gene-Expression Programming (GEP) is an extension of GP, developed by [5]. The genome is encoded as linear chromosomes of fixed length, as in Genetic Algorithm (GA); however, in GEP the genes are then expressed as a phenotype in the form of expression trees. GEP combines the advantages of both its predecessors, GA and GP, and removes their limitations. GEP is a full fledged genotype/phenotype system in which both are dealt with separately, whereas GP is a simple replicator system. As a consequence of this difference, the complete genotype/phenotype GEP system surpasses the older GP system by a factor of 100 to 60,000. In GEP, just like in other evolutionary methods, the process starts with the random generation of an initial population consisting of individual chromosomes of fixed length. The chromosomes may contain one or more than one genes. Each individual chromosome in the initial population is then expressed and its fitness is evaluated using one of the fitness function equations available in the literature. These chromosomes are then selected based on their fitness values using a roulette wheel selection process. Fitter chromosomes have greater chances of selection for passage to the next generation. After selection, these are reproduced with some modifications performed by the genetic operators. In Gene Expression Programming, genetic operators such as mutation, inversion, transposition and recombination are used for these modifications. Mutation is the most efficient genetic operator, and it is sometime used as the only means of modification. The new individuals are then subjected to the same process of modification, and the process continues until the maximum number of generations is reached or the required accuracy is achieved.
It is a known fact that many variables in the domain of Hydraulic Engineering are of random nature having a complex underlying phenomenon. For example the generation of ocean waves which are primarily functions of wind forcing is a very complex procedure. Forecasting of the ocean waves is an essential prerequisite for many ocean-coastal related activities. Traditionally this is done using numerical models like WAM and SWAN. These models are extremely complex in development and application besides being highly computation-intensive. Further they are more useful for forecasting over a large spatial and temporal domain. The accuracy levels of wave forecasts obtained through such numerical models again leaves scope for exploration of alternative schemes. These numerical models suffer from disadvantages like requirement of exogenous data, complex modeling procedure, rounding off errors and large requirement of computer memory and time and there is no guarantee that the results will be accurate. Particularly when point forecasts were required the researchers therefore used the data driven techniques namely ARMA, ARIMA and since last two decades or so the soft computing technique of Neural Networks. A comprehensive review of applications of ANN in Ocean Engineering is done by [9]. Although wave forecasting models were developed using Artificial Neural Networks by many research workers their was scope for use of another data driven techniques in that the ANN based models generally were unable to forecast extreme events with reasonable accuracy and the accuracy of forecasts decreases with increase in lead time as reported in many research papers. This became an ideal situation for the entry of another soft computing tool of GP which functions in a completely different way than ANN in that it does not involve any transfer function and evolves generations and generations of ‘offspring’ based on the ‘fitness criteria’ and genetic operations as explained in the earlier section the researchers thought, may be useful to capture the underlying trends better than ANN technique and can be used as a regressive tool. Same can be said about another important variable in hydraulic engineering “runoff or stream flow”.
The rainfall -runoff modeling is very complex procedure and many numerical schemes are available as well as a large number of attempts by ANNs are also been made [2, 10, 11]. Thus Genetic Programming entered in rainfall-runoff modeling. It was also found that GP results were superior to that of M5 Model Trees another data driven modeling technique [12, 13]. Apart from these two variables the use of GP for modeling for many hydraulic engineering processes was found necessary for similar reasons. A review of these applications particularly in Ocean Engineering, Hydrology and Hydraulics (all grouped under Hydraulic Engineering) will be presented in the next three sections.
As mentioned earlier papers published in reputed international journals are considered in this chapter. Primarily the applications of GP in Ocean Engineering were found for modeling of oceanic parameters like waves, water levels, zero cross wave periods, currents, wind, sediment transport and circular pile scour. Table 1 shows applications of GP in the field of Ocean Engineering listed chronologically followed by their review. This will facilitate the reader to have a glance of the work which would be presented next.
REF. NO. | YEAR | AUTHOR | TITLE OF PAPER | JOURNAL/PUBLICATION |
14 | 2007 | Kalra R., Deo M.C. | Genetic Programming to retrieve missing informationin wave records along the west coast of India | Applied Ocean Research |
25 | 2007 | Singh, A. K., Deo M.C., Sanil Kumar V. | Combined Neural network – genetic programming for sediment transport | Journal of Maritime Engineering, The Institution of Civil Engineers, Issue MAO |
16 | 2007 | Charhate S. B., Deo M. C., Sanil Kumar V. | Soft and Hard Computing Approaches for Real Time Prediction of Currents in a Tide Dominated Coastal Area | Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, M4 |
15 | 2008 | Ustoorikar K.S., Deo, M. C. | Filling up Gaps in wave data with Genetic Programming | Marine Structures |
18 | 2008 | Jain., P., Deo M. C. | Artificial intelligence tools to forecast ocean waves in real time | The Open Ocean Engineering Journal |
22 | 2008 | Charhate, S. B., Deo, M. C., Londhe S. N. | Inverse modeling to derive wind parameters from wave measurements | Applied Ocean Research |
17 | 2008 | Gaur, S., and Deo, M. C. | Real time wave forecasting using genetic programming | Ocean Engineering |
06 | 2008 | Londhe S. N. | Soft computing approach for real-time estimation of missing wave heights | Ocean Engineering |
23 | 2009 | Charhate, S. B., Deo, M. C., Londhe S. N. | Genetic programming for real time prediction of offshore wind | International Journal of Ships and Offshore Structures |
26 | 2009 | Guven, A., Azmathulla, H. Md., Zakaria, N.A. | Linear genetic programming for prediction of circular pile scour | Ocean Engineering |
24 | 2009 | Daga, M., Deo, M. C. | Alternative data-driven methods to estimate wind from waves by inverse Modeling | Natural Hazards, 49(2), 293-310 |
08 | 2009 | Guven, A. | Linear genetic programming for time-series modelling of daily flow rate | Journal of Earth Syst. Sci., 118(2), 137-146 |
19 | 2010 | Kambekar, A. R., Deo, M. C. | Wave simulation and forecasting using wind time history and data driven Methods | Ships and Offshore Structures |
20 | 2010 a | Ghorbani, M. A. , Makarynskyy, O., Shiri, J., Makarynska, D. | Genetic Programming for Sea Level Predictions in an Island Environment | International Journal of Ocean and Climatic systems |
21 | 2010 b | Ghorbani, M. A., Khatibi, R., Aytek, A., Makarynskyy, O., Shiri, J. | Sea water level forecasting using genetic programming and comparing the performance with Artificial Neural Networks | Computers and Geosciences |
12 | 2012 | Kambekar, A. R., Deo, M. C. | Wave Prediction Using Genetic Programming And Model Trees | Journal of Coastal Research, Doi: 10.2112/Jcoastres-D-10-00052.1, 28(1), 43-50 |
One of the earlier applications was done to retrieve missing informationin wave records along the west coast of India [14]. Such a need arises many times due to malfunctioning of instrument or drift of wave measuring buoy making it inoperative as a result of which data is not measured and it is lost forever. Filling up the missing significant wave height (Hs) values at a given location based on the same being collected at the nearby station(s) was done using GP. The wave heights were measured at an interval of 3 hours. Data at six locations around Indian coastline was used in this exercise. Out of the total sample size of four years the observations for the initial 25 months were used to evaluate the final or optimum GP program or equation while those for the last 23 months were employed to validate the performance and achieve gap in-filling with different quanta of missing information. It was found that both tree based and linear GP models worked in similar fashion as far as accuracy of estimation was considered. The data was made available by National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) under the National Data Buoy Programme implemented by the Department of Ocean Development, Government of India from January 2000 to December 2003 ( www.niot.res.in). The initial parameters selected for a GP run were as follows: initial population size = 500; mutation frequency = 95%; crossover frequency = 50%. The fitness criterion was the mean squared error.
When the similar work was also carried out using ANN it was found that GP produces results that are marginally more satisfactory than ANN. Another exercise was also carried out especially to estimate peaks by calibrating a separate model for high wave data which showed a marginal improvement in prediction of peaks. A similar exercise was carried out by [15], albeit in altogether different area of Gulf of Mexico near the USA coastline. Gaps in hourly significant wave height records at one location were filled by using the significant wave heights at surrounding 3 locations at same time instant and the soft tool of GP and ANN. In all data spanning over 4 years was used for the study. The exercise was carried out for 4 locations in the Gulf of Mexico. The data can be downloaded from www.ndbc.noaa.gov. The typical value of the population size was 500, number of generations 15 and number of tournaments 90,00,000. The mutation and the cross-over frequency also varied fordifferent testing exercises and it ranged from 20% to 80%. The fitness criterion was the mean squared error between actual observations and corresponding predictions.
The suitability of this approach was also tried for different gap lengths ranging from 1 day to 1 month and it was concluded on the basis of 3 error measures that the accuracy of gap filling decreases with increase in the gap length. The accuracy of the results were also judged by calculating statistical parameters of the wave records without gaps filled and with gaps filled using GP model. When the gap lengths did not exceed 1 or 5 days all the four statistics were faithfully reproduced. Compared to ANN GP produced marginally better results. In both the cases Linear Genetic Programming technique was employed.
In another earlier works of GP current predictions over a time step of twenty minutes, one hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours at 2 locations in the tidal dominated area of the Gulf of Khambhat along west coast of India was carried out using two soft techniques of ANN and GP and 2 hard techniques of traditional harmonic analysis and ARIMA [16]. The work involved antecedent values of current only to forecast the current for various lead times at these locations. The fitness function selected was the mean square error, while the initial population size was 500, mutation frequency was 95%, and the crossover frequency was kept at 50%. The authors concluded that the model predictions were better for alongshore currents and small interval of times. For cross shore currents ARIMA performs better than ANN and GP even at longer prediction intervals. In general the three data driven techniques performed better than harmonic analysis. The new technique GP performed at par with ANN if not better. Perhaps the only drawback of the work was that the data (spanning over 7 months) is less than a year indicating that all possible variations in data set were not presented while calibrating the model making it susceptible when it is used at operational level.
Online wave forecasts over lead times of 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours were carried out at two locations in the gulf of Mexico using past values of wave heights (3 in number) and the soft computing technique of GP [17]. The data measured from 1999 to 2004 was available for free download on the web site of National Buoy Centre (http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov). The data belonged to the hourly wave heights measured over a period of 15 years with an extensive testing period of about 5 years which is the most in the papers reported till this time (with ANN as modeling tool). The locations chosen were differing to a large extent in that one was a deep water buoy and the other was a coastal buoy. The work was different from others in one aspect that monthly models were developed instead of routine yearly models. However any peculiar effect of this either good or bad on forecasting accuracy was not evident from the 3 error measures calculated. Though the results of GP were promising (high correlation coefficients for 3 and 6 hr forecast) the forecasting accuracy decreased for longer lead times of 12 hr and 24 hr. It was found that the results of GP were superior to ANN. For GP model the initial population size was 500 while the number of generations was 300. The mutation frequency was 90 percent while the cross over frequency was 50 percent. Values of these
control parameters were selected initially and thereafter varied in trials till the best fitness measures were produced. The fitness criterion was the mean squared error between the actual and the predicted value of the significant wave height. Another exercise on real time forecasting of waves for warning times up to 72 hours at three locations along the Indian coastline using alternative techniques of ANN, GP and MT was carried out by [18]. The data was measured from 1998 to 2004 by the national data buoy program (www.niot.res.in). Forecasting waves up to 72hr and that too with reasonable accuracy is itself a specialty of this work. The data had many missing values which were filled by using temporal as well as spatial correlation approaches. Both MT and GP results were competitive with that of the ANN forecasts and hence the choice of a model should depend on the convenience of the user. The selected tools were able to forecast satisfactorily even up to a high lead time of 72 hrs. The authors have rightly stated that this accuracy was possible in the moderate ocean environment around Indian coastline where the target waves were less than around 6 m and 2.5 m for the offshore and coastal stations respectively. The paper does not provide any information about the initial parameters chosen for implementing GP. The significant wave height and average wave period at the current and subsequent 24 hr lead time were predicted from continuous and past 24-hourly measurements of wind speeds and directions as well as two soft computing techniques of GP and MT [19]. The data collected at 8 locations in Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean (www.niot.res.in) was used to develop both hind-casting and forecasting models. Both the methods, GP and MT, performed satisfactorily in the given task of wind wave simulation as reflected in high values of the error statistics of R, R2, CE and low values of MAE, RMSE and SI. This is noteworthy since MT is not purely non-linear like GP. Although the magnitudes of these statistics did not indicate a significant difference in the relative performance of GP and MT, qualitative scatter diagrams and time histories showed the tendency of MT to better estimate the higher waves. Forecasting at higher lead times were fairly accurate compared to the same at lower ones. In general the performance of wave period was less satisfactory than that of wave height and this can be expected in view of a highly varying nature of wave period values. For details regarding the initial GP parameters involved in calibration readers are referred to the original paper where an exhaustive list of parameters is given. Lately [12], extended their earlier work by forecasting Significant wave height and zero cross wave period over time intervals of 1 to 4 days using the current and previous values of wind velocity and wind direction at 2 locations around the Indian coastline. It was found out that best results were possible when the length of the input sequence matched with that of the output lead time. As observed earlier here also it was found that the accuracy of prediction decreases with increase in lead time. However the results were satisfactory for 4 days ahead predictions also. In general it was observed that results of MT were slightly inferior to that of GP. Separate models were also developed to account for the monsoon (rainfall season in India) which showed a considerable improvement over yearly models. The models calibrated at one location when applied for another nearby locations also shown satisfactory performance provided both sites have spatial homogeneity in terms of openness, long offshore distances and deep water conditions. This work used tree based GP where as earlier mentioned three works used Linear Genetic Programming.
GP was used to forecast sea levels averaged over 12 h and 24 h time intervals for time periods from 12 to 120 h ahead at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean [20]. The model produced high quality predictions over all considered time periods. The presented results demonstrates the suitability of GP for learning the non-linear behavior of sea level variations in terms of the R2(with values no lower than 0.968), MSE(with values generally smaller than 431) and MARE(no larger than 1.94%). This differs from earlier applications particularly for wave forecasting in that for forecasting of waves it was difficult to achieve higher order accuracy in terms of r, rmse and other error measures for as far as 24 hour forecast. Perhaps the recurring nature of sea water levels (the deterministic tidal component which is inherent in water level, is the reason behind this high level accuracy. In order to assess the ability of GP model relative to that of the ANN technique, a comparison was performed in terms of the above mentioned statistics. The developed GP model was found to perform better than the used ANNs. In the current work, the linear genetic programming approach was employed. The water level at Hillary’s Boat Harbor, Australia was predicted three time steps ahead using time series averaged over 12hr, 24hr, 5 day and 10 day time interval and the soft tool of GP [21]. The results are compared with ANN. Total 12 years of data was used out of which 3 years of data is used for model validation. Tree based GP was used. The results of 12 hr averaged input data were found to be better than 24 hr averaged input data and in general the accuracy of prediction reduced for higher lead times. For both the cases GP results were better than ANN. For 5 day averaged inputs performance of GP was inferior to that of ANN though it improved for 10 day averaged inputs. It may be noted that the input data is averaged over 12hr, 24hr, 5days and 10 days which means there is possibility of loss of information which can be major draw back of this work. For both the above works the hourly sea-level records from a SEA-level Fine Resolutions Acoustic Measuring Equipment (SEA-FRAME) station were used. The information about initial parameters of GP is however not mentioned in both the works.
Estimation of wind speed and wind direction using the significant wave height, zero cross wave period, average wave period and the soft tools of ANN and GP was carried out at 5 locations around Indian coastline [22]. The paper has three folds in that in the first attempt both ANN and GP were tried for estimating the wind speed in which GP was found better and therefore in the second fold GP was only used to determine both wind speed and direction by calibrating the model by splitting of wind vector into two components. Two variants of GP, one based on Tree based approach and the other on Linear Genetic Programming were also tried though the accuracy of estimation for both the approaches was at par. In the third fold a network of wave buoys were formed and wind direction and wind speed at one location was estimated using the same at other locations. This was also done by combining data of all locations and making a regional model. All the attempts yielded highly satisfactory results as far as accuracy of estimation is considered. It was also confirmed that for estimation of only wind speed the non-splitting of wind velocity gives better results. Similarly wind speed and its directions were predicted for intervals of 3hr, 6hr, 9hr, 12hr and 24 hr at locations along the west coast of India using two soft computing techniques of ANN and GP and previous values of the same [23]. It was found that GP rivaled ANN predictions at all the cases and even bettered it particularly for open sea location. The results for prediction of wind speed and wind direction together were better when training of GP and ANN models was done on the basis of splitting of wind vector into two components along orthogonal directions although a separate model for wind speed alone was better (as shown by [22]). In general long interval predictions were less accurate compared to short interval predictions for both the techniques. Data for one location was for about 1.5 years while for the other location it was for 3 years. A discussion on appropriate use of statistical measures to assess the model accuracy was also presented. A similar work was carried out to estimate the wind speed at 5 locations around the Indian coastline using the wave parameters and 3 data driven techniques namely GP (program based- tree type), MT and another data driven tool of Locally weighted projection regression (LWPR) by [24]. All models showed tendency to underestimate higher values in given records. When all of the eight error statistics employed were viewed together, no single method appeared distinctly superior to others, but the use of an average evaluation index EI which they have suggested in this work gave equal weightage to each measure showed that the GP was more acceptable than other methods in carrying out the intended inverse modeling. Separate GP models were developed to estimate higher wind speeds that may be encountered in stormy conditions. At all the locations, these models indicated satisfactory performance of GP although with a fall in accuracy with increase in randomness. For all the above works the data was measured by national data buoy program of India (www.niot.res.in) however no mention is made about the initial parameters chosen for GP implementation.
The estimation of longshore sediment transport rate at an Indian location was carried out using GP and combined GP-ANN models [25]. The data was actually measured by one of the authors in his field study. The inputs were significant wave height, zero cross wave period, breaking wave height, breaking wave angle and surf zone width. The limitation of the work was the amount of data (81) used for training and testing of the models. The choice of control parameters was as follows: initial population size = 500; mutation frequency = 95%; crossover frequency = 50%. The initial trial with GP yielded reasonable results (r = 0.87). However by first training the ANN with same inputs and using the output as input for GP model yielded better results ( r = 0.92). Thus the paper shows that combined ANN-GP model is more attractive than single GP model. It may be noted this is a kind of work done in the domain of Ocean Engineering wherein a different parameter (sediment transport rate) is modeled rather than the usual parameters of waves, periods etc. Another different work was carried out by [26], for prediction of scour depth due to ocean/lake waves around a pile/pier in medium dense silt and sand bed using Linear Genetic Programming and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference system and measured laboratory data. For initial GP parameters readers are referred to actual paper where in an exhaustive list of parameters is provided. The study was carried out in both dimensional and non-dimensional form in which non-dimensional form yielded better results. The relative importance of input parameters on scour process was also investigated by first using all the influential parameters as inputs and then removing them one by one and observing the results. The drawback of the work is perhaps the small number of data used in model making (total 38 data, 28 of which is used for training the model) which may be impediment in operational use of this model. The results were found to be superior to ANFIS results.
In all the above cases where GP is compared with another data driven technique like ANN, MT or LWPR it was found that GP is superior to all of them in terms of accuracy of results. However it can be said that GP needs to be explored further particularly for prediction of extreme events like water levels, wave heights during hurricanes. A detailed study on effect of variation of GP control parameters like initial population, mutation, crossover percentage etc. on model accuracy is now need of the day. Similarly the critic on other approaches about decreasing forecasting accuracy with increase in the lead time seems to be true for GP as well. This needs more attention if GP is here to stay.
Table 2 exhibits the applications of GP in Hydrology chronologically which are reviewed in this paper. The table also indicates that the applications of GP to the field of Hydrology started much earlier as compared to Ocean Engineering.
REF. NO. | YEAR | AUTHOR | TITLE OF PAPER | JOURNAL/PUBLICATION |
27 | 1999 | Savic A.D., Walters, G. A., Davidson J.W | A genetic Programming approach to rainfall-runoff modeling | Water Resources Management |
28 | 1999 | Drecourt J | Application of Neural Networks and Genetic Programming to Rainfall Runoff Modeling. | Danish Hydraulic Institute (Hydro-Informatics Techonologies - HIT) |
29 | 2001 | Whigham, P. A., Crapper, P. F. | Modeling rainfall runoff using Genetic Programming | Mathematical and Computer Modelling, |
30 | 2001 | Khu, S. T., Liong, S. U., Babovic, V., Madsen, H., Muttil, N. | Genetic Programming And Its Application In Real-Time Runoff Forecasting | Journal of American Water Resources Association |
31 | 2002 | Babovic, V., Keijzer, M. | Rainfall runoff modeling Based on Genetic programming | Nordic Hydrology |
32 | 2007 | Sivapragasam,C., Maheswaran, R., Venkatesh, V. | Genetic programming approach for flood routing in natural channels | Hydrological processes |
33 | 2007 | Parasuraman, K., Elshorbagy, A., Carey, S. K. | Modelling the dynamics of the evapotranspiration process using genetic Programming | Hydrological Sciences |
34 | 2010 | El. Baroudy, I., Elshorbagy, A., Carey, S. K., Giustolisi., O., Savic, D | Comparison of three data-driven techniques in modeling the evapotranspiration process | Journal of Hydroinformatics |
13 | 2010 | Londhe, S. N. and Charhate S. B. | Comparison of data driven modeling techniques for river flow forecasting | Hydrological sciences |
35 | 2011 | Azmathullah, MD., Ghani, A. AB., Leow, C. S., Chang., C. K., Zakaria, N. A. | Gene-Expression Programming for the Development of a Stage-Discharge Curve of the Pahang River | Water Resource Management |
Genetic Programming is used in Hydrology (science of water) for various purposes such as modeling of phenomena like rainfall-runoff process, evapo-transpiration, flood routing, stage-discharge curve. The GP approach was applied to the flow prediction of the Kirkton catchment in Scotland (U.K.) [27]. The results obtained were compared to those attained using optimally calibrated conceptual models and an ANN. The data sets selected for the modeling process were rainfall, streamflow and Penman open water evaporation. The data used for calibration was of 610 days while that of validation was of 1705 days. The models were developed with preceding values of rainfall, evaporation and stream flow for predicting stream flow one time step ahead. Two conceptual models as well as ANN were employed for developing the stream flow forecasting model. It was observed that the rainfall data was the most influencing factor on the output. All models performed well in terms of forecasting accuracy with GP performing better. The paper does not give any details about the values of the parameters used for calibration of GP model. In another work one day ahead forecasting of runoff knowing the rainfall and runoff of the previous days and the soft computing tool of Linear Genetic Programming was carried out in Lindenborg catchment of Denmark by [28]. The models were developed for forecasting runoff as well as variation of runoff by using previous values of variation of discharge as input as well as previous values of discharge as input along with rainfall information. It was found that it was necessary to include information of discharge rather than variation of discharge. The model predicting discharge gave wrong local peaks in the low regime where as models predicting variation of discharge gave less wrong peaks in the low flow. Both the models had difficulty in predicting high peaks. The models were also developed using ANN. The author concluded that GP is more efficient in peak flow prediction where as ANNs were better in dealing with the noise. The author suggested specialized model for each type of flow to improve the accuracy at peak prediction. He also suggested coupling of black box models with gray models. No specific information is provided about the initial values of GP parameters. The rainfall-runoff relationship in two different catchments was discovered by [29] using GP. The results obtained with a deterministic lumped parameter model, based on the unit hydrograph approach were compared with those obtained using a stochastic machine learning model of GP. For the Welsh catchment in UK, the results between the two models were similar. Since rainfall and runoff were highly correlated, the deterministic assumption underlying the IHACRES model (deterministic) was satisfied. Therefore, IHACREX could achieve a satisfactory correlation between calibration and simulation data. The GP approach which did not require any causal relationships achieved similar results. The behavior of the studied Australian catchment is very different from the Welsh catchment. The runoff ratio was very low (7%), and hence, the a priori assumptions of IHACRES (and other deterministic models) were a poor representation of the real world. This was demonstrated by the inability of IHACREJS to use more than one season’s data for calibration purposes and only able to use data from a high rainfall period. Since the GP approach did not make any assumptions about the underlying physical processes, calibration periods over more than one season could be used. These led to significantly improved generalizations for the modeled behavior of the catchment. In summary, either approach worked satisfactorily when rainfall and runoff were correlated. However, when this correlation was poor, the CFG-GP had some advantages because it did not assume any underlying relationships. This is particularly important when considering the modeling of environmental problems, where typically the relationships are nonlinear, and are often measured at a scale which does not match with conceptual or deterministic modeling assumptions. Readers are referred to original paper for details of parameters setting for evolving the rainfall-runoff model. In their work of GP in hydrology, [30] first used a simple example of the Bernoulli equation to illustrate how GP symbolically regresses or infers the relationship between the input and output variables. An important conclusion from this study was that non-dimensionalizing the variables prior to symbolic regression process significantly enhance the success of GSR (Genetic Symbolic Regression). GP was then applied to the problem of real-time runoff forecasting for the Orgeval catchment in France. GP functions as an error updating procedure complementing the rainfall-runoff model, MIKE11/ NAM. Ten storm events were used to infer the relationship between the NAM simulated runoff and the corresponding prediction error. That relationship was subsequently used for real-time forecasting of six storm events. The results indicated that the proposed methodology was able to forecast different storm events with great accuracy for different updating intervals. The forecast hydrograph performs well even for a long forecast horizon of up to nine hours. However, it was found that for practical applications in real-time runoff forecasting, the updating interval should be less than or equal to the time of concentration of the catchment. The results were also compared with two known updating methods such as the auto-regression and Kalman filter. Comparisons showed that the proposed scheme, NAM-GSR, is comparable to these methods for real time runoff forecasting. Readers are referred to original paper for details of initial values of various parameters used in calibrating the GP model. The rainfall-runoff models were created on the basis of data alone as well as in combination with conceptual models and Genetic Programming [31]. The study was carried out in Orgeval catchment of France having an area about 104 km2 using hourly rainfall runoff data of 10 storms for calibration and 6 storms for testing the models. The models were calibrated to forecast the temporal difference between the current and future discharge rather than absolute value of discharge for the lead times of 1 to 12 hours. In fact the paper discusses the phase lag associated with temporal time series forecasting models and removal of it by forecasting the temporal difference. The results were superior to conceptual numerical model. The model was then calibrated using a hybrid method in that the surface runoff value was first forecasted by using a conceptual forecasting model and then using the simulation error and GP to forecast the stream flow. The hybrid models provided a many fold improvement over the raw GP models. The paper in our opinion serves as a basic paper in the field of application of GP in Hydrology and readers may read the paper in original for all details about the GP models developed. The details are not produced here to save the space. Linear Genetic Programming technique was used to predict daily river discharge one day ahead using previous values of the same at SchuylkillRiver at Berne, PA, USA [8]. Additionally the models were developed using multilayer perceprton as well as Generalized Regression Neural Networks (GRNN). The statistical ARMA method was also used to develop the stream flow forecasting model. The results showed that both LGP and NN techniques predicted the daily time series of discharge with quite good agreement as indicated by high value of coefficient of determination and low values of error measures with the observed data. LGP models generally predicted the maximum and minimum discharge values better than the NN models though LGP results were also far from accurate. The robustness of the developed models was tested by using applied data which was neither used in training or testing and the results were judged using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). For LGP parameters readers are requested to refer the comprehensive list presented in the paper.
The potential of the GP-based model for flood routing between two river gauging stations on river Walla in USA was explored for single peaked as well as multi-peaked flood hydrographs by [32]. The accuracy of GP models was far superior than modified Muskingum method which is a traditional physics based hydrologic flood routing model which also showed time lag in predictions. The inputs were current and antecedent discharge at upstream station and antecedent discharge at downstream station while the output was current discharge at the downstream station. The LGP was employed for the flood routing exercise. The optimal GP parameters used in this study were: crossover rate, 0.9; mutation rate, 0.5; population size, 200; number of generations, 500; and functional set, i.e. simple arithmetic functions (plus, minus, multiply, divide).
The utility of genetic programming in modeling the eddy-covariance (EC) measured evapo-transpiration flux was investigated by [33]. The performance of the GP technique was compared with artificial neural network and Penman-Monteith model estimates. EC measured evapo-transpiration fluxes from two distinct case-studies with different climatic and topographic conditions were considered for the analysis and latent heat is modeled as a function of net radiation, ground temperature, air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. Results from the study indicated that both data-driven models (ANN and GP) performed better than the Penman-Monteith method. However, the performance of the GP model is comparable with that of ANN models. One of the important advantages of employing GP to model evapo-transpiration process is that, unlike the ANN model, GP resulted in an explicit model structure that can be easily comprehended and adopted. Another advantage of GP over ANN was found that unlike ANN, GP can evolve its own model structure with relevant inputs reducing the tedious task of identifying optimal input combinations. This work was extended by [34] where in an additional data driven tool of Evolutionary Polynomial Regression was used to model the evapo-transpiration process. Additionally the effect of previous states of input variable (lags) on modeling the EC measured AET (actual evapo‐transpiration) is investigated. The evapo-transpiration is estimated using the environmental variables such as net radiation (NR), ground temperature (GT), air temperature (AT), wind speed (WS) and relative humidity (RH). It has been found out that random search and evolutionary-based techniques, such as GP and EPR techniques, do not guarantee consistent performance in all case studies e.g. good and/or bad performance for modelling AET. The authors further stated that this may be due to the practical impossibility of conducting exhaustive search, i.e. searching the entire solution space, to reach the optimal model. The results of ANN, GP and EPR were mostly at par with each other though EPR models were easier to understand. Readers may refer the original papers for above two works for the values of GP parameters.
Recently the stage –discharge relationship for the Pahang River in Malaysia was modeled using Genetic Programming (GP) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) by [35]. The data was provided by Malaysian Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Gene Expression Programming is an extension of GP. GEP is a full-fledged genotype/phenotype system in which both are dealt with separately, whereas GP is a simple replicator system. Stage and discharge data from 2 years were used to compare the performance of the GP and GEP models against that of the more conventional (stage-rating curve) SRC and (Regression) REG approaches. The GEP model was found to be considerably better than the conventional SRC, REG and GP models. GEP was also relatively more successful than GP, especially in estimating large discharge values during flood events. For details of initial GP parameters the original paper may be referred. The paper elaborates the details of the Gene-expression programming, the new variant of GP.
Like applications in Ocean Engineering it can be said that there is a lot of scope for use of GP in the field of Hydrologic Engineering and more and more applications needs to be tried out.
A few applications of GP in Hydraulic Engineering are also reported in reputed journals which are from open channel hydraulics. Various GP models were developed by [36] to predict velocities across a compound channel with vegetated floodplains. The velocity data was collected in a laboratory flume with steady flow and deep channel and relatively shallow vegetated floodplain on either side. The GP model was developed with all 12 variables in dimensional form depicted accurate results though the evolved equation was complex. The GP models were developed with dimensionless variables and separate for main channel and floodplain. Both the velocity prediction on flood plain and main channels showed good correlations with measured values. However the resulting expressions were complex. A dimensionally aware GP was then used to predict the velocity separately in main channel and flood plains. The performance of the symbolic expressions induced by the dimensionless GP for the floodplain and main channel was marginally better than those for the dimensionally aware GP. However, the expressions were more complex and not particularly useful for knowledge induction. The dimensionally aware GP was shown to hold more scientific information, as units of measurement were included, although it was also shown to be open ended in that it does not strictly adhere to the dimensional analysis framework, thereby allowing improved goodness-of-fit whilst yielding on goodness-of-dimension. The paper provides no information about the initial values of GP parameters used in evolving the GP model. GP was applied to the determination of the Chezy’s roughness coefficient for corrugated channels in wake-interference flow, i.e. hyper-turbulent flow by [37]. The GP models were calibrated using the experimental data devised by carrying out experiments for 3 plastic corrugated pipes with variations of discharge and slope. GP quite easily and quickly supplied at least two good formulae that fit the experimental data better and are more parsimonious than the monomial formula (mathematical). Moreover, GP has supplied six parsimonious expressions (one or two constants compared to four for the monomial formula) for the Chezy’s resistance coefficient, all confirming the dependencies on hydraulic radius, slope and roughness index. It can be said that the two new formulae for the Chezys resistance coefficient, derived from these GP formulae by means of ‘mathematical/physical post-refinement’, are suitable for explaining the effect of the macro-roughness elements, with respect to the behavior of the rough commercial channels and their traditional expressions for resistance coefficients. The work indicated that this approach, which combines data-mining techniques together with a theoretical understanding, provides very good results. It was also commented that strictly speaking, GP is a data-driven technique, but prior knowledge during the setting up of the evolutionary search and final physical post-refinement of the hypothesis should make it very close to a white box technique, especially when GP is used in scientific discovery problems. The initial model parameters can be found in the original paper. To save space the list is not provided here.
An alternative approach of GP was proposed in the estimation of relative scour depth using field data by [38]. The comparison between the GP model with ANN found that the GP model has good ability of forecasting the scour depth. The discharge intensity and height of fall were used as inputs to estimate scour depth below tail water. The predictive ability of this approach is however clouded by use of very small number of data (total 91 data sets) used for calibration and testing of the model. The values of initial model parameters can be referred from the original paper.
The work dealt with application of GP to retrieve the missing/ lost wave data at a particular location using the wave heights at other locations in the region. Six regional networks (with buoys 42001, 42003, 42007, 42036, 42039,42040) were developed in the Gulf Of Mexico (Figure 2) around USA coastline to estimate the wave heights at a location using wave heights at other five locations in the network. The required data from these six buoys was measured by NationalDataBuoyCenter (NDBC, http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov) of National Oceanic and Atmospheric administration of USA (NOAA, http://www.noaa.gov ). The common wave data at all the above six locations for the years 2002-2004 was used in the present work. The networks were developed by having one station as target location at a time and remaining five locations as inputs turn by turn. Approximately 70% of the total values were used to calibrate the model and the remaining was kept unseen for testing. While doing this a particular event which occurred during Hurricane Ivan in 2004 at buoy 42040 which involved a Significant Wave Height of 15.96 m was focused for studying the performance of developed models during extreme events. It is to be noted that the exercise was of estimation and not of forecasting for which both the tools did not performed well as noted in the section on applications of GP in Ocean Engineering.
Thus a network was developed with wave buoy 42040 as the target and buoys 42001, 42003, 42007, 42036, 42039 as inputs. Along with 42040 the other locations namely 42003, 42007, 42039 also experienced largest ever wave heights of 11.04, 9.09, 12.05 making the entire event a truly extra ordinary event having a return period of over 5000 years [39]. The initial parameters selected for a GP run were as follows: initial population size 500, mutation frequency 95%, and crossover frequency 50%. The fitness criterion was the mean squared error.
Additionally a three layer Feed Forward Neural Network was also developed for the same buoy network. The results were also compared with a large-scale continuous wave modeling /forecasting systems (NOAA’s WAVEWATCH III model) which follows the approach of physics-based model. Though WAVEWATCH III is a continuous running forecasting model it was the only source of information for wave environment at a location and therefore in absence of any reliable observed data, these results were used for comparison. The GP model estimated a wave height of 13.67m as against 15.96 m as compared to 9.05m that of ANN model and 7.82m of WAVEWATCH III, which was an excellent result as far as GP approach is considered. Figure 3 shows the wave plot at 42040 in testing.
From results of all the models developed by both the approaches (ANN & GP), it was observed that all models performed reasonably well in testing as evident by wave height plots, scatter plots along with the correlation coefficient ranging from 0.85 to 0.98, MAE from 0.13 to 0.28, RMSE from 0.20 to 0.45 m and coefficient of efficiency from 0.67 and 0.96. When it was tried to remove 42001 from the network as it is away from the prevailing wind direction by training a separate GP model with 42003, 42007, 42036, and 42039 as ‘input buoys’ and 42040 as ‘target buoy’, though the value of correlation coefficient was increased, the peak prediction was not in a fair range of accuracy for extreme event of Hurricane Ivan. Due to better performance of the network with inclusion of buoy 42001 especially for extreme event, buoy 42001 was retained in the network. Also it was found that 42039 was a potential candidate for redeployment in any other suitable position outside the network as the buoy network developed for 42039, provided the wave heights using wave heights at other five locations in the network with the best accuracy achieved between all the networks (r = 0.98). Figure 4(a, b) shows the scatter plots for results of buoy 42039. Table 3 shows results reproduced from [6] giving the details of developed networks along with correlation coefficient between the model estimated and observed values for both GP and ANN models. In general it was shown that GP was superior to other soft tool of ANN and numerical model WAVEWATCH in retrieving the missing wave heights including the extreme events and in redeployment of buoy at other location outside the network.
Study area and Buoy Locations (Ref: [
Wave height comparison at 42040 during Hurricane Ivan (Ref: [
a. Scatter plot for buoy 42039 (GP approach); b. Scatter plot for buoy 42039 (ANN approach) (Ref: [
BN1 | 42003, 42007, 42036, 42039, 42040 | 42001 | 0.85 | 0.88 |
BN2 | 42001, 42007, 42036, 42039, 42040 | 42003 | 0.87 | 0.91 |
BN3 | 42001, 42003, 42036, 42039, 42040 | 42007 | 0.90 | 0.92 |
BN4 | 42001, 42003, 42007, 42039, 42040 | 42036 | 0.92 | 0.94 |
BN5 | 42001, 42003, 42007, 42036, 42040 | 42039 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
BN6 | 42001, 42003, 42007, 42036, 42039 | 42040 | 0.94 | 0.97 |
Results of buoy networks [6]
In the case study GP was used for prediction of average daily flow values one day in advance at two locations, Rajghat and Mandaleshwar, in the Narmada basin, India using the previous values of measured streamflows at these two locations. The observations of daily average stream flow values at both these stations for the years 1987–1997 were obtained from the Central Water Commission, Narmada Division, Bhopal, India. Considering the variations in daily stream flow values four separate models for the monsoon months of July, August, September and October were prepared along with the one separate but common model for the non monsoon months of November–June. Thus five models were developed in all for each station (total 10 models) to predict discharge at one day in advance. In a view of fair judgment along with GP, ANN and Model trees approach was also employed to develop the models. The number of antecedent discharge values which were used for predicting discharge one day in advance was decided by carrying out the auto-correlation analysis.
The GP models were developed with major fitness function of mean squared error, initial population size of (2048), mutation frequency of (95%) and the cross-over frequency of (53%) with same data division for both ANN and GP models so that their results could be compared. All the developed forecasting models were tested for unseen inputs and their qualitative and quantitative performance was judged by means of correlation coefficient (r) between the observed and forecasted values along with root mean square error (RMSE) and plotting scatter plots between the same. Hydrographs were also plotted to visualize the behavior of the forecasting models particularly for extreme events (peaks).
After examining the results it was observed that for the location of Rajghat in the month of July, ANN model exhibited a reasonable performance in testing with an ‘r’ value of 0.75 between the observed and forecasted discharges whereas GP model had showed a better ‘r’ value of 0.78 with better performance for higher values of stream flow, though over-predicted in some instances. The MT model gave a lower ‘r’ value of 0.7 and prediction of MT model for high stream flows was poor as compared to ANN and GP models. The scatter plot (Fig. 5) between the observed and forecasted discharges confirmed this with a balanced scatter except at the high values of measured stream flows.
Scatter plot for RajJuly Model
For the months of August and September, models showed similar performance with GP models performing better than their ANN and MT counterparts (r GP = 0.75,rANN = 0.7, r MT = 0.72 for Raj Aug and r GP = 0.79,rANN = 0.76, r MT = 0.78 for Raj Sept). For the October model, the predicted discharges in testing were highly in agreement with the observed values for both the models as shown by the discharge hydrograph (Fig. 6). The results were also supported by a high value of correlation coefficient (r = 0.92 for ANN and GP and r = 0.87 for MT) for all the three models in testing.
The Mandaleshwar models behaved in a similar fashion as that of the Rajghat models with correlation coefficients of r > 0.7 for all ANN, GP and MT models. For the month of August the performance of all models was reasonable with r values of 0.74, 0.78 and 0.71 for ANN, GP and MT models respectively. The other monthly models of ANN, GP and MT also performed well, with high correlation coefficients in testing (r > 0.86). It was again observed that GP models work better while predicting extreme events. The maximum observed discharge of 3790 m3/s was predicted as 1742 m3/s by the ANN model, 3342 m3/s by the GP model and 1718 m3/s by the MT model. Figure 7 shows discharge hydrographs for the ManNov-June models. The RMSE values also showed a similar trend to that of the correlation coefficients.
Thus it was seen that the GP technique outperforms both ANN and MT in almost all the cases in terms of overall accuracy in prediction. The GP approach based on evolutionary principles has a completely different approach to the ANN technique in that it does not involve any transfer function, and evolves generations of “offspring” based on the “fitness criteria” and genetic operations; this seems to capture the underlying trends better than the ANN technique. Thus it can be said that ANN and MT perform almost equally but GP performed better than both of them where prediction accuracy in both normal and extreme events is concerned.
RajOct Model results [
ManNovJune Model results [13]
Applications of GP for modeling water flows were discussed in the preceding sections of this chapter. It may be noted that every attempt is made to provide readers the details of GP techniques and their parameters employed in each work. However in view of keeping the length of the chapter in stipulated limits sometimes the readers are referred to the original paper. Details about the data are also provided at appropriate locations. Interested readers may further enquire the authors or download the data whenever possible from the web sites to perform the similar exercise. The applications were from three particular areas of water flows namely Ocean Engineering, Hydrology and Hydraulics. It was shown in all the applications for that modeling of natural random processes of complex underlying phenomenon the Genetic Programming can certainly be employed. The results of this technique were found to be superior than other contemporary soft computing techniques. However it was also seen that the tool is not explored to its full capacity by the research community in any of the above fields. The developed GP models also need to be applied at operational level. For this a partnership between the researchers and practitioners is necessary. The GP models can certainly work as supplementary tool if not as replacement techniques. It can be said that the early days of GP modeling are over and the tool needs to be used more judiciously for the problems worthy of its use. Otherwise a stage will be reached where in GP will be used because data is available. It’s use is certainly for the phenomena which are difficult to explain and model. However if the technique is to stay here it needs to be explored further for more challenging problems like modeling of infiltration, high flood events, hurricane path, storm surge, tsunami water levels to name a few.
Farming is about feeding the world population that exceeds 6.9 billion people and is estimated to be more than 9 billion by 2050 [1]. In this scenario, striving to protect the natural resources (such as soil, water, and air) needed for current and future food production is not a new endeavor, although the present-day pressures on entire Earth’s resources have generated widespread interest in agricultural productivity enhancement. Modern farming practices aids tremendously in boosting the food production across the world that too on diminishing cultivable land [2]. Increase in agricultural productivity achieved with altogether application of scientific knowledge and technological innovations [3].
The dairy world has also witnessed the rising trend of production and consumption and can be depicted as globally connected, composite and fast-changing sector of food production. Along with augmented supply of milk, rapid economic growth, population expansion, increased urbanization etc. have also boosted up the demand for dairy products. With a growing middle class population having more disposable income, consumers seeking out healthy alternatives to fit in with a more active lifestyle, and a focus on natural ingredients, so milk and dairy products are growing in popularity. Presently the dairy world is serving over 7 billion consumers and providing livelihoods for approximately 1 billion people thrive on dairy farms [4]. Rearing of dairy animals always has a complimentary, supplementary and sustainable relationship with crops under mixed farming system prevalent in majority of the countries. However, as milk found the top most agricultural commodity in value terms and ranked third by production worldwide in 2013 [5], the valuable role of dairy sector in feeding the population of this planet can be understood without neglecting the need for sustainability at dairy farms as defined by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) [2].
Being the chief source of income and food for a greater part of the rural poor [6], dairying is important for food security in many developing countries; also considered as one of the important sector for alleviating poverty, unemployment and reducing income inequalities. More balanced development of the rural economy is possible through the development of this sector [7]. The increasing importance of dairy to the world economy raises the importance of competitiveness among the countries. Globalization, trade liberalization and advancement in transportation and communication have given rise to an outstanding acceleration of market competition. This assures consumers to have a variety of goods and services to choose from, for a better standard of living with encouraging lower prices and lower fluctuations too.
Milk, produced from small as well as large scale farms at micro level, is contributing to every nation’s economy, consequently global economy at macro level. There is a wide disparity of dairy farms in the world ranging from less than 3 cows per farm in some countries to over 1000 cows per farm in others, highlighting that milk production is performed distinctively in different countries. Discrepancies have also been noticed in terms of farm size, housing, milking and feeding systems. However, the world’s average farmer keeps 3.2 milk animals with an average annual milk yield of approximately 2.2-ton ECM/animal/year [8]. During the era of global competition, achieving maximum productivity by using scarce natural resources is the biggest challenge among the dairy farmers, which can been addressed by implementing dairy farming innovations at every farmer’s farm. Application of innovations at every stage of production since from cultivation of fodder till marketing of milk is the dire need of the present day.
Farm innovations are the novel practices/products/techniques suitable for particular area, physiological stage of animals and economically viable option to enhance the animals’ per diem yield. Low cost and user friendly dairy farming innovations (technologies) suitable for all kinds of farms, maintained under rural conditions existing in different tropical countries are proved to be useful in enhancing animal productivity and henceforth farmers’ socio-economic welfare. The term technology explains systematic application of scientific or other organized body of knowledge to practical purposes, which includes new ideas, inventions, innovations, techniques, methods and materials [9]. A decision made by an individual or group to use an innovation in a continuous manner termed as adoption. As, dairying has become a commercial enterprise and needs technology adoption for higher milk yield and lower per unit costs [10]; Innovations applicable for increasing net returns, reducing costs and optimizing production are discussed in this chapter; so that a common dairy farmer as well as consumer can contribute to a more resilient and more sustainable future for all of us.
Though developing countries like India contribute above half in world milk pail, productivity per animal is poor compared to other countries. The huge production is purely number driven rather than productivity achievement. This leads to over exploitation of resources and more waste production particularly manure, which is really harmful to the planet looking towards environmental concerns. Low animal productivity might be a result of ineffective breeding, improper feed and fodder management, deficient veterinary care, poor farm management etc. Dairy farmer has to improve the amount of milk each animal produces, thereby reducing the amount of feed, water and space needed per liter of milk resulting in less manure production. This provides a big window for different innovation application to enhance productivity in such developing nations where majority dairy farms are small scale and managed on traditional practices. It is well recognized that sustainability—in its economic, social and ecological dimensions - in milk production vary across different dairy systems categorized on the basis of relevant socio-economic and farm characteristics of milk producing households. However, the sustainability studies concluded that market oriented farms with a high degree of technology adoption was the most economically, socially and ecologically sustainable farms. Technology adoption is associated with better milk yield and improved dairying is directly correlated with higher technology adoption, showing direct impact on income generation, poverty alleviation and animal protein availability [11] thus, to raise the milk production, improved animal husbandry techniques should be adopted in the small house hold dairy farms. To overcome the present challenges of this sector, technological innovations as well as ability to transfer these innovations from lab to field in dairy farming system is mandatory for achieving expected animal productivity, and lowering down the cost of production for greater economic returns to the farmers. The various dairy farming innovations addressed for sustainable dairy production are broadly discussed in this chapter. Various dairy farming issues, animal ailments along with dairy farming innovations and various lab to land approaches are presented jointly in Figure 1.
Dairy farming issues, innovations and lab to land approaches.
Breeding innovations generally known as cross breeding have resulted in profitable dairy farming with serious health and fertility concerns. Selection of good, diseases resistant and climate resilient breed coupled with adoption of scientific breeding innovations laid the strong foundation to the dairy farm to grow in future. Topography, soil type, feed and fodder availability must also be given due consideration while selecting the animals. Highly productive animal requires special care in terms of management, disease control and feeding strategies. Native breeds with quality germplasm would be more appropriate for local climatic conditions. Genetic up-gradation of non-descript animals by using local superior germplasm proves more beneficial in terms of sustainable production. However introducing exotic germplasm to a certain limit generally known as cross breeding have resulted in profitable dairy farming with serious concerns. Breeding innovations commonly introduced at field level are highlighted in this chapter.
Artificial Insemination (AI) is an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) used worldwide to deposit proven sire’s stored semen directly into a cow’s uterus. The technique is used as a rapid way to improve desired characteristics through intensive genetic selection. Advantages, such as facilitating the use of superior quality semen without the expense and risk of sire’s ownership; reduction in the risk of introducing venereal diseases into the herd have achieved with this innovative technique. Being the quickest and most effective mean of breeding through AI, developing countries like India could witness position as the top most milk producing country of the world. Not only it exclude the need of keeping a bull for natural service but also helps in exploiting the excellent germplasm up to the fuller extent.
Progeny testing is the practical and best technique, in which bulls are evaluated on the basis of their daughters’ performance. When large numbers of animals are spread in many villages for a particular breed in its native tract, these villages can get AI services and progeny produced in this way is evaluated for their performance. Progeny testing is a practical and the best option for achieving genetic improvement in that breed.
Embryo transfer technology (ETT) is one of the latest tools available for the faster improvement of livestock worldwide particularly for exploiting the genetic potential of high quality females and the males simultaneously. Prior to the development of this technology a limited number of off springs were achieved from a superior/high milk producing cow in her life time. Higher cost of technology with low conception rate might be the factors limiting its implementation.
Sexed semen is processed semen of proven bull from where ‘Y’ chromosomes bearing sperm cells are removed through sorting process. Sexed semen predominant with ‘X’ chromosomes can ensure birth of female calf. Reduction in economic burden and production of more number of female calves as a future productive cattle are the main advantages popularizing this technology among dairy farmers. However, the higher cost of semen coupled with low conception rate are important factors to be considered before its use and that too in heifers or primiparous animals for better results.
Different hormone protocols are being adopted for getting group calving or desired calving in a year for efficient and controlled management. Such desired calving matches with market demand and season. It is planned administration of hormones with fixed time AI for specified calving.
In addition to this, the advanced reproductive techniques such as Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET), ovum pick up technique and embryo manipulation (splitting, sexing and cloning etc.) offer possibilities for faster multiplication of superior germplasm from highly selected elite donors to achieve the target producing large number of superior bull calves/bulls and their adequate number of quality semen doses.
Steady supply of quality feed and fodder assures productivity enhancement. Feeding constitutes about 60–70% of total cost of milk production in dairying. Feeding management plays a crucial role in exploiting real potential of dairy animals. Balanced feed (green and dry fodder along with concentrate ration) proves beneficial for sustainability as well as profitability of the farm. Fodder both green and dry needs to be grown inside the farm. High yielding fodder varieties like Bajra, Napier hybrids, Maize, Sorghum can be grown in fertile and well irrigated land, while Guinea/Rye grass can be grown in barren rain-fed land. In draught prone areas, planting of local fodder trees will sustain the animal production during scarcities. Some trees like
Silage, method of preserving surplus green fodder, predominantly adopted on large dairy farms as far as tropical countries are concerned. It is the product of controlled fermentation of green fodder retaining high moisture content. Many countries are propagating tube silage or bag silage, as one of the innovative technique of silage making, introduced for a marginal dairy farmer possessing one-two dairy animals and limited fodder acreage. Standard plastic tube/polythene bags of recyclable material are available in markets in India with a capacity of producing 500–1000 kg of silage. Baled silage is the latest upgraded innovation of fodder conservation. In this, forage is baled at higher moisture than forage to be stored as dry hay. The sealed airtight plastic bales remain sealed until they are required. The high moisture and lack of air promote fermentation within the sealed bale that preserves forage quality. Such baby corn silage bales of 50 kg are available for sale at a reasonable price on online portals like Indiamart.com.
Protein meals are subjected to suitable physical/chemical treatment, energy and nitrogen balance gets improved with only marginal increase in treatment cost. Chemical or heat treatments are the main methods used for protecting proteins. In this technique, part of the protein is not degraded in the rumen and it can be utilized more efficiently in the small intestine. This rumen inert protein commonly known as Bypass protein, that is a misnomer. This protein supplies more essential amino acids at the intestinal level, which can lead to increase in milk yield by 10–15% and growth rate by 20–25%.
Dietary fat, that resists lipolysis and bio-hydrogenation in rumen by rumen microorganisms, but gets digested in lower digestive tract, is known as bypass fat or rumen protected fat or inert fat. Among all forms of bypass fat, calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) has highest intestinal digestibility and act as an additional source of calcium. A simple cost effective indigenous technology has been developed for the preparation of bypass fat (Ca-LCFA) using vegetable fatty acids. Ration of the high producing animals should contain 4–6% fat, which should include fat from natural feed, oil seed and bypass fat in equal proportions. Bypass fat supplementation has proved beneficial without any adverse effect on the rumen fermentation, feed intake, digestibility of nutrients and different blood parameters of the dairy animals. Rise in milk is recorded by 5.5–24.0%. Improvement in post-partum recovery and reproductive performance of dairy animals are the added advantages of this innovation.
The term total mixed ration may be defined as, “The practice of weighing and blending all feedstuffs into a complete ration which provides adequate nourishment to meet the needs of dairy cows.” Each bite consumed contains the required level of nutrients (energy, protein, minerals and vitamins) needed by the cow. A 4% increase in feed utilization, greater accuracy in formulation and feeding, masking of the flavor of less palatable feeds (urea, limestone, fats, and some by-pass protein sources) and use of commodity ingredients can be expected while using TMR. While blending all the feeds together in a TMR, over mixing and under mixing of ingredients need to be avoided.
Dietary changes like shift from hay to silage, feeding high level of grains/concentrate mixture cause increased acidity in rumen which may become detrimental for rumen microorganisms thereby affecting not only digestion but production and reproduction too. Buffers like Sodium bicarbonate, Magnesium oxide neutralize the acids produced by metabolism or fermentation. They are particularly required during hot weather when forage intake is lower and due to less chewing action natural buffer produced i.e. saliva is produced less.
Probiotics are the live microorganisms that may beneficially affect the host upon ingestion by improving the balance of the intestinal microflora. Lactobacillus spp. is the most prevalent probiotic bacteria, known as lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB). Control of diarrhea in calves, increased milk production and better composition, control of ruminal acidosis, control of growth of pathogens in rumen, reduced pathogen load are the advantages of the technology. The appropriate level of 20 g probiotic per day per animal is found effective. Prebiotic are the ingredients (like Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS), Mannan Oligosaccharises (MOS) etc) used to enhance the population of already present good bacteria and synbiotic pertains to combination of pre and probiotic.
Building a hygienic cow shed is another important aspect to be considered among the many factors that lead to the success or failure of dairy farms. Housing systems that require less labor, which provide a comfortable and healthy environment to animals, manage space including storage efficiently and take care of bio-security measures with easy modification and expansions are more profitable than heavy structures with huge capital investment. Sufficient sunlight, proper ventilation, clean, and dry flooring along with sufficient space for lying down and protection from adverse weather conditions are the basic necessities of animal housing. Further, an effective management program has to be developed, so that animals are prevented from falling ill and there is no need for antibiotics/medicines. The direction and orientation of shed plays an important role in keeping the animals healthy as well as reducing laborious work. Considering these factors, loose housing barn with open cattle shed are recommended here, as that can be easily adapted at small as well as marginal dairy farms.
Digital animal health tracking devices are getting attention now a days as they help farmers in tracking, monitoring and managing animal’s health, nutrition, behavior, pregnancy, milking frequency, milk production anomaly and activity level in real-time. These smart animal wearing gadgets can be implanted in the cattle’s ears, tail, legs, neck or any part of the body. For tracking the health and early diagnosis of medical condition in dairy animals, GPS-enabled digital chips have been implanted widely in India. A huge database will be generated if these devices are used efficiently. Accuracy in such data will guide in formulating strong and concrete policies for welfare of both human and animals.
Detection of heat is very important aspect of management for performing timely AI with successful animal conception.
Innovation of robotic milking machines is useful in eliminating the pressure on physical labor and maintaining a hygienic milking process with remarkable improvement in milk production. These machines have cups with sensors that can be attached individually to cows’ teats. The sensors play important role in detecting readiness of teats for milking and also identify impurities, color and quality of milk. Milk not fitted for human consumption, is diverted to a separate container. The machines automatically clean and sanitize the teats once the task is over. Few models of low-cost, non-electric milking machines are also developed considering locality and need of dairy farms. Innovation of mobile milk collection unit installed with Robotic milking machines and bulk coolers will introduce a way to produce clean and quality milk from small and marginal farms.
Scientific disposal of excreta (Dung, Urine), other organic waste (aborted fetuses, dead calf/animals, placenta) demands utmost attention. Presently, there is not a clear cut policy for dung and carcass disposal. In majority of Asian countries, both these are disposed in open, which is a serious concern from zoonotic and infectious diseases point of view. Electric incinerator and community biogas plants can provide the tangible solution.
Technology of dung cleaning robot or manure robot is available for barn cleaning and scrapping the dung in slatted floors beneath the barn. Recently Manure eating robot has been launched for cow garden cleaning that cleans the barn/cow gardens.
Completion of farm management includes accounting, finance, labor management and supply chain management. Dairy farm management softwares are the innovative tools available in markets for atomizing and digitalizing end-to-end production and operations activities. It provides a holistic view for entire farm activities, manage records, generate reports and detect inefficiencies; assuring profitable dairy farming.
Reduction in milk production is the first sign of animal discomfort and illness; whereas getting back to this production is one of the major challenge and costly affair for small as well as marginal farmer. Also there is reduction in per lactation as well as life time production of that animal. Any kind of disease treatment compels to use antibiotics. This part is of a global conversation about antibiotic resistance, which is a serious public concern shared by animal and human health experts. So, it’s always better to prevent the occurrence of diseases rather to treat. This could be possible only through application of healthcare management innovations.
Livestock vaccination is considered an emerging innovation of socio-economic importance in the Indian dairy industry [12] and reported more profitable and sustainable than artificial insemination [13].
Majority of tropical countries like India are endemic to many diseases that cause severe economic losses due to drastic reduction in the production capacity. Some of the diseases are even highly fatal. Fortunately, vaccines are available for most of these diseases and can be easily controlled if timely vaccination is carried out in a mass scale, covering a large proportion of the susceptible population (at least 80%) [14]. Farmers must stick to the standard vaccination protocol recommended by the Government following all precautions and regularity in inoculations.
The teats of all the lactating dairy animals and dry cows (during first 10–14 days of dry period) are dipped regularly after every milking in a germicidal solution. The recommended teat dips are
Iodine (0.5%) solution 5 parts + Glycerine 1 part
Chlorhexidine (0.5%) solution 1 L + Glycerine 60 ml
The iodine teat dip is the best as it treats various types of teat lesions and injuries also. Post-milking teat dipping with ‘Iodine-glycerine teat dip’ for prevention of new mammary infections is also recommended by many research institutes. Studies have reported that the treatment applying the post-milking teat dip automatically via milking machines had the lowest number of new intra-mammary infections (IMI).
Mastitis, one of the expensive diseases, affects economic returns of dairy farms heavily. Farmer has to suffer with huge financial burden due to sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) as it incur heavy losses related to culling, decreased production, decreased fecundity, and treatment costs. Diagnosis of mastitis at sub clinical stage and its management results in milk production rise with quality milk and safety to consumer health [15].
Innovation of mastitis diagnosis kit includes Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) Paddle with reagent and Bromothymol Blue (BTB) card. Such innovations can be used by the farmers at their own for early diagnosis and reducing the further incidence diseases for improving productivity [16].
Lameness is reported as the third most economically important disease in world after infertility and mastitis [17]. It is a major cause of involuntary culling after mastitis. About 90% of lameness in dairy cattle and buffaloes occurs due to foot lesions. Recommended guidelines for prevention of lameness include hoof trimming of all the animals at every 6 months and footbath of size 3 m long, 1 m wide and 15 cm high. Formalin (39–40%) should be preferred for foot bathing as a 4% solution (120 L water +5 L of formalin) in the footbath. Concrete footbaths are best and cheaper. In case there are few animals (unorganized farms), formalin spray (40 ml per liter of water) can be used on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day of every fortnight along with close monitoring of animal gait at the time of walking.
Hardware disease is a common term for
In this competitive world, farmers are not only looking for various information sources for carrying out their production and marketing tasks efficiently but also for ensuring delivery of safe and quality products to the consumers. Food safety for consumers is at greater risk because of the increasing globalization of food systems. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has potential to mitigate the needs of both ends by introducing virtual platform for dairy product production and marketing. ICT based information delivery to dairy sector can significantly improve the quality of decision-making in dairy farming system. Mobile phones with internet facility have been one of those successful innovations which benefit a large number of people in the developing world. As worldwide acceptance for mobile phones has improved among all users, it can be used as a major tool for communication and dissemination of information for quality decision making. Different mobile apps, web portals such as epashupalan.com and expert systems are being used by dairy farmers. The mobile application for dairy farmers, named ‘Pashu Poshan’, is available on both web and android platform, can be accessed by registering on the INAPH portal (http://inaph.nddb.coop). Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Punjab, India has launched ‘Precision Dairy Farming’ mobile application dealing with important aspects of dairy farming including important milch breeds, breeding, feeding and housing management, record keeping, health management and economics.
Traceability is commonly defined as the ability to trace products back and forth throughout the supply chain, from farm or point of production to the end user. The growing complexity of food supply chains, the heterogeneity in food safety regulations across countries, and lack of uniform requirements from one commodity to another are some factors that explain why greater efficiency in food traceability systems has increased in recent years. Block chain technology to give real-time data about the products to customers has been introduced among dairy manufacturers, suppliers and other stakeholders. QR code provided on the packaging of the product can be scanned on personal mobile devices to get information on the origin of the milk. Information about, how and where from the product has collected and packed, how old it is, what kind of transportation and cold milk chain facilities are used, is being provided on internet. However, scattered, diversified and unorganized dairy farming is the major barrier for deep penetration of this innovation at grass roots of the sector.
The application can be highly useful in organic milk production as demand for organic milk is increasing in the market. Organic milk is considered as the ultimate milk with almost nil risk of chemicals, drugs and also free from stress factors. However its production is quite cumbersome as it needs a lot of efforts, monitoring and adhering to the organic standards for a branded product. It fetches good value in the market and the product traceability is quite easy as its each and every production component is documented.
E-commerce market places have played revolutionary role in input availability and product sales in dairy sector. Modern equipment and advisory services have been made available at the doorstep to farmers and dairy manufacturers on their smart phones through online Business-to-Business (B2B) market places. Many Business-to-Customers (B2C) platforms have also emerged at a rapid pace. They have major role in picking fresh produce from farms and delivering them to the doorsteps of end users. These marketing innovations have reduced spacial barriers for both producers as well as consumers. Online portals like Indiamart.com, amazon.in, reliance fresh at relianceretail.com are the successful examples of innovative online marketing of various dairy products.
Despite the prevalence of innovations, the scenario for its applicability is very dismal, widening the gap between innovations developed and available; and innovations actually being adopted or used by the end users. Recommended innovations in dairy farming sector have not been adopted as widespread as it is anticipated and the correct level of adoption is far from desired. Though large scale innovative digitalization is happening in dairy sector considering the present need of time, it has yet to reach masses at root level. Factors like low socio-economic status, disrupted electric supply, and unavailability of reliable internet facilities in rural areas might be the cause of poor outreach of the innovations. Adoption is defined as a decision to make full use of an innovation as the best course of action available and the process starts with awareness of the new product and ends with routinized use of the new product by consumer [18]. So for increasing the adoption of innovation, it has to be diffused widely as, diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system.
Demographic, social and economic factors along with adoption behavior of farmers affect application of innovations in dairy sector. Farmer’s education, knowledge, attitude, risk orientation, and innovation proneness controls adoption behavior [19, 20]. Constraints faced by the farmers such as lack of awareness, knowledge and skill of application can be considered as the major impeding factors in dairy technology adoption [21, 22, 23].
Attributes of innovation, known as characteristics of the innovation, also play influential role on farmers’ technology adoption and usage decisions [24]. Five characteristics of innovations
Low government policy support, insurance complexities and market fluctuations act as major barriers in adoption-decision making process; reducing the interest of young generation in dairy sector. Poor collective actions, low financial policy support and absence of fixed pricing assurance to milk are remained the major constraints and demotivating factors in moving this sector towards sustainability.
Majority of policies and government schemes are suited for medium and large farmers as they are knowledgeable and can invest more in their farms. Small and marginal farmers are resource poor, less knowledgeable, low risk bearer and investor; possessing only 2–3 animals for family sustenance rather than income generating activity. However, their proportion as the dairy stake holders means a lot to the economy when it comes to scarce resources, as it is more than medium and large farmers. Hence the policies should focus more on such group of producers to change their attitude, knowledge and skill for introducing innovativeness among them and for motivating them towards sustainable dairy farming. The resistance against policy reforms in the northern Pakistan has been reported under the Dairy Science Park (DSP) as a conflict of interests among the weaker and power stakeholders across food value chain, and DSP has come up with the idea of the Triple Helix Model of Academia-Industry-Government Nexus of good governance [26].
This chapter entitled ‘Dairy farming Innovations for productivity enhancement’ has focused light on today’s dairy sector all over the world, describing the similarity and diversity in production and production performance. The innovation needs are justified for making the farming profitable for welfare of farmers and providing customer satisfaction by offering healthy, qualitative milk and milk products. Innovations from breeding, feeding, animal management, health care and preventive measures, waste disposal, product traceability and marketing features are discussed and explained with examples and success stories. Factors impeding innovations are discussed from point of innovation generation, diffusion till its adoption. Removal of these barriers and application of suitable extension approach with policy support will lead to more and more adoption for productivity enhancement and quality production. Recommendations have given for not only technology generation but also for its implementations.
In this innovative world, there is no single perfect technique or innovation which can cater to all the needs of farmers. Innovations must be considered with regards to their total cost for owner and end user. User friendly, economical, easily updated, accessible and locally available innovations, termed as ‘fit in situation innovation’, will be adopted at once and has more chances of popularization compared to the one which has complex or more steps for executions. There is need for local and region specific technology generation and further its vast diffusion among similar socio-geographic regions. Innovation must reach the target people at right time; otherwise they are lying on shelves or in the books. The impacts of innovation application on the farmers’ livelihoods should be adequately addressed and documented for different agro-ecologies of the world. There is a need for greater follow-up in tracking the adoption of technologies for sustainable farming systems and in the accountability of research efforts and policies for technology dissemination and adoption. Targeted efforts should be made in changing and building farmers’ awareness, attitude and perceptions through training, demonstration, field visits, experience sharing etc. Already, huge dairy innovations have been made around the globe, but still they lack to be in rationale people for their usage. For that, strong extension is the need and call of the hour for getting more successful and sustainable farms, to break the ongoing trend of closure of dairy farms.
The authors are thankful to Intech Open Limited, England for extending this opportunity to write this chapter for welfare of society. Authors acknowledge the institutions like Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab and Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur for capacity building and providing necessary facilities. The authors are also thankful to the researchers, farmers and end users who have established two way channel of useful information for further betterment of dairy sector.
“The authors hereby declare that there is no conflict of interest.”
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Intermetallic compounds are usually formed when alloying elements, such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg and Sr. are added to Al-Si based alloys. These elements are depicted by X in the alloys formation expression. The chapter noted that the most common intermetallics are iron (Fe) based, and several of these Fe-phases, including the most harmful Fe-phase, β-Al5SiFe, are listed and discussed. Fe-phase intermetallics are deleterious to the mechanical properties of Al-alloys; however, addition of <0.7% Fe helps prevent soldering in die casting mould. The effects of Fe-phase and other intermetallics formed by Cu, Mg and Mn were examined. Further, some techniques of eliminating or mitigating the negative influences of intermetallics were discussed.",book:{id:"6134",slug:"intermetallic-compounds-formation-and-applications",title:"Intermetallic Compounds",fullTitle:"Intermetallic Compounds - Formation and Applications"},signatures:"Williams S. Ebhota and Tien-Chien Jen",authors:[{id:"206268",title:"Dr.",name:"Williams",middleName:"S.",surname:"Ebhota",slug:"williams-ebhota",fullName:"Williams Ebhota"},{id:"214786",title:"Prof.",name:"Tien-Chien",middleName:null,surname:"Jen",slug:"tien-chien-jen",fullName:"Tien-Chien Jen"}]},{id:"54395",doi:"10.5772/67514",title:"Fundamentals of Chemical Vapor Deposited Graphene and Emerging Applications",slug:"fundamentals-of-chemical-vapor-deposited-graphene-and-emerging-applications",totalDownloads:3548,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Graphene, the atomically thin sheet of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms arranged in honeycomb structure, is becoming the forefront of material research. The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process has been explored significantly to synthesis large size single crystals and uniform films of monolayer and bilayer graphene. In this prospect, the nucleation and growth mechanism of graphene on a catalytic substrate play the fundamental role on the control growth of layers and large domain. The transition metals and their alloys have been recognized as the active catalyst for growth of monolayer and bilayer graphene, where the surface composition of such catalysts also plays critical role on graphene growth. CVD-synthesized graphene has been integrated with bulk semiconductors such as Si and GaN for the fabrication of solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Furthermore, CVD graphene has been integrated with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) for the fabrication of van der Waals heterostructure for nanoelectronic, optoelectronic, energy devices, and other emerging technologies. The fundamental of the graphene growth process by a CVD technique and various emerging applications in heterostructure devices is discussed in detail.",book:{id:"6215",slug:"graphene-materials-advanced-applications",title:"Graphene Materials",fullTitle:"Graphene Materials - Advanced Applications"},signatures:"Golap Kalita and Masaki Tanemura",authors:[{id:"17333",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Tanemura",slug:"masaki-tanemura",fullName:"Masaki Tanemura"},{id:"195869",title:"Dr.",name:"Golap",middleName:null,surname:"Kalita",slug:"golap-kalita",fullName:"Golap Kalita"}]},{id:"39648",doi:"10.5772/51514",title:"Fundamental Aspects of Silicon Carbide Oxidation",slug:"fundamental-aspects-of-silicon-carbide-oxidation",totalDownloads:4371,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"3129",slug:"physics-and-technology-of-silicon-carbide-devices",title:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices",fullTitle:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices"},signatures:"Heiji Watanabe and Takuji Hosoi",authors:[{id:"153696",title:"Prof.",name:"Heiji",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"heiji-watanabe",fullName:"Heiji Watanabe"}]},{id:"37701",doi:"10.5772/50748",title:"Thermal Oxidation Mechanism of Silicon Carbide",slug:"thermal-oxidation-mechanism-of-silicon-carbide",totalDownloads:3525,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3129",slug:"physics-and-technology-of-silicon-carbide-devices",title:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices",fullTitle:"Physics and Technology of Silicon Carbide Devices"},signatures:"Yasuto Hijikata, Shuhei Yagi, Hiroyuki Yaguchi and Sadafumi Yoshida",authors:[{id:"18137",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Hijikata",slug:"yasuto-hijikata",fullName:"Yasuto Hijikata"},{id:"18271",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Yaguchi",slug:"hiroyuki-yaguchi",fullName:"Hiroyuki Yaguchi"},{id:"18272",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadafumi",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",slug:"sadafumi-yoshida",fullName:"Sadafumi Yoshida"},{id:"152822",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuhei",middleName:null,surname:"Yagi",slug:"shuhei-yagi",fullName:"Shuhei Yagi"}]},{id:"60330",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74176",title:"Preclinical Aspects on Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Interventions as Anticancer Agents: Enucleation, Apoptosis and Other Mechanism",slug:"preclinical-aspects-on-magnetic-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-and-their-interventions-as-anticancer-agent",totalDownloads:1325,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The broad area of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (M-IONP) applications and their exclusive physico-chemical characteristics (superparamagnetic properties per se, solubility and stability in aqueous solutions, and high bioavailability in vivo) make these nanoparticles suitable candidates for biomedical uses. The most employed magnetic iron oxides in the biomedical field are magnetite and maghemite. Cancer represents a complex pathology that implies multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways, this complexity being responsible for the increased resistance to therapy and the lack of an effective curative treatment. A potential useful alternative was considered to be the use of magnetic iron nanoparticles. The M-IONPs proved to be effective as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging, as drug delivery carriers for different therapeutic agents, in magnetic cell separation assays, and are suitable to be engineered in terms of size, targeted delivery and substance release. Moreover, their in vivo administration was considered safe, and recent studies indicated their efficiency as anticancer agents. This chapter aims to furnish an overview regarding the physico-chemical properties of M-IONPs (mainly magnetite, maghemite and hematite), the synthesis methods and their in vitro biological impact on healthy and cancer cell lines, by describing their potential mechanism of action—enucleation, apoptosis or other mechanisms.",book:{id:"6335",slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",fullTitle:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials"},signatures:"Elena-Alina Moacă, Elena Dorina Coricovac, Codruta Marinela\nSoica, Iulia Andreea Pinzaru, Cornelia Silvia Păcurariu and Cristina\nAdriana Dehelean",authors:[{id:"141027",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Dehelean",slug:"cristina-dehelean",fullName:"Cristina Dehelean"},{id:"173283",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorina",middleName:null,surname:"Coricovac",slug:"dorina-coricovac",fullName:"Dorina Coricovac"},{id:"186678",title:"Dr.",name:"Codruta",middleName:null,surname:"Soica",slug:"codruta-soica",fullName:"Codruta Soica"},{id:"217849",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Iulia Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Pinzaru",slug:"iulia-andreea-pinzaru",fullName:"Iulia Andreea Pinzaru"},{id:"219727",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elena Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Moaca",slug:"elena-alina-moaca",fullName:"Elena Alina Moaca"},{id:"219728",title:"Prof.",name:"Cornelia Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Pacurariu",slug:"cornelia-silvia-pacurariu",fullName:"Cornelia Silvia Pacurariu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58868",title:"Iron Ore Pelletizing Process: An Overview",slug:"iron-ore-pelletizing-process-an-overview",totalDownloads:4575,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries. However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed. The fines resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking. This chapter shows the status of the pelletizing process with a special focus on binders. Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina. The importance of many researches concerning alternative binders is also discussed in this chapter. Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets. While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.",book:{id:"6335",slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",fullTitle:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials"},signatures:"Sandra Lúcia de Moraes, José Renato Baptista de Lima and Tiago\nRamos Ribeiro",authors:[{id:"216788",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:"Lúcia",surname:"De Moraes",slug:"sandra-de-moraes",fullName:"Sandra De Moraes"},{id:"233466",title:"Prof.",name:"José Renato Baptista",middleName:null,surname:"De Lima",slug:"jose-renato-baptista-de-lima",fullName:"José Renato Baptista De Lima"},{id:"233467",title:"MSc.",name:"Tiago Ramos",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",slug:"tiago-ramos-ribeiro",fullName:"Tiago Ramos Ribeiro"}]},{id:"58937",title:"Intermetallics Formation and Their Effect on Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-X Alloys",slug:"intermetallics-formation-and-their-effect-on-mechanical-properties-of-al-si-x-alloys",totalDownloads:1854,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"This study focuses on primary impurities, called intermetallics, in the microstructure of Al-Si-X alloys, their formation, effects and treatments to eliminate or ameliorate their deleterious effects. Intermetallic compounds are usually formed when alloying elements, such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg and Sr. are added to Al-Si based alloys. These elements are depicted by X in the alloys formation expression. The chapter noted that the most common intermetallics are iron (Fe) based, and several of these Fe-phases, including the most harmful Fe-phase, β-Al5SiFe, are listed and discussed. Fe-phase intermetallics are deleterious to the mechanical properties of Al-alloys; however, addition of <0.7% Fe helps prevent soldering in die casting mould. The effects of Fe-phase and other intermetallics formed by Cu, Mg and Mn were examined. Further, some techniques of eliminating or mitigating the negative influences of intermetallics were discussed.",book:{id:"6134",slug:"intermetallic-compounds-formation-and-applications",title:"Intermetallic Compounds",fullTitle:"Intermetallic Compounds - Formation and Applications"},signatures:"Williams S. Ebhota and Tien-Chien Jen",authors:[{id:"206268",title:"Dr.",name:"Williams",middleName:"S.",surname:"Ebhota",slug:"williams-ebhota",fullName:"Williams Ebhota"},{id:"214786",title:"Prof.",name:"Tien-Chien",middleName:null,surname:"Jen",slug:"tien-chien-jen",fullName:"Tien-Chien Jen"}]},{id:"54372",title:"Photoinduced Pseudospin Dynamical Effects in Graphene-Like Systems",slug:"photoinduced-pseudospin-dynamical-effects-in-graphene-like-systems",totalDownloads:1644,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this chapter, we describe some of our recent results on the laser-induced manipulation of the energy band structure of graphene-like systems. We present numerical results on the quasi-energy spectrum as well as detailed calculations of semi-analytical approximations to other physical quantities of interest. The main message we would like to convey to the interested reader of the chapter is that by properly tuning the perturbation parameters of the radiation field one can control the size and shape of the photoinduced gaps. These in turn would allow the realization of new electronic phases on graphene and its related materials such as silicene.",book:{id:"5722",slug:"graphene-materials-structure-properties-and-modifications",title:"Graphene Materials",fullTitle:"Graphene Materials - Structure, Properties and Modifications"},signatures:"Alexander López and Benjamin Santos",authors:[{id:"195536",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"López",slug:"alexander-lopez",fullName:"Alexander López"},{id:"204551",title:"MSc.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"benjamin-santos",fullName:"Benjamin Santos"}]},{id:"58482",title:"Calcination and Pelletizing of Siderite Ore",slug:"calcination-and-pelletizing-of-siderite-ore",totalDownloads:1279,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the present study, calcination properties of Hekimhan-Deveci siderite (FeCO3) ore and the effect of calcination process before the pelletization on strength of pellet were investigated and evaluated. Two different calcination processes were followed. One of them is the traditional calcination process and the other one is microwave assisted calcination process which is a new process for siderite ore. The characterization of the calcined and uncalcined siderite ore was done using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The physical and mechanical properties of pellets which were obtained using the raw siderite and the calcined siderite were compared with each other. As a result of experimental studies, it was found that the calcination process decreased the milling time, causing the significant energy saving and the most suitable calcination process for siderite ore was found as 15 min at 700°C temperature. It was the first time that the calcination process of the siderite ore was achieved by microwave by adding 30 wt% sucrose as a thermal auxiliary. The microwave conditions were determined as 900 W at 3 min. In 3 min, the temperature of the siderite ore increased up to 1100°C and 32.14% weight loss for the sample was achieved.",book:{id:"6335",slug:"iron-ores-and-iron-oxide-materials",title:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials",fullTitle:"Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials"},signatures:"Mehmet Celikdemir, Musa Sarikaya, Tolga Depci, Ramazan\nAydogmus and Aysegul Yucel",authors:[{id:"212301",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Çelikdemir",slug:"mehmet-celikdemir",fullName:"Mehmet Çelikdemir"},{id:"213405",title:"Prof.",name:"Musa",middleName:null,surname:"Sarikaya",slug:"musa-sarikaya",fullName:"Musa Sarikaya"},{id:"213412",title:"Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Depci",slug:"tolga-depci",fullName:"Tolga Depci"},{id:"213413",title:"MSc.",name:"Ramazan",middleName:null,surname:"Aydoğmuş",slug:"ramazan-aydogmus",fullName:"Ramazan Aydoğmuş"},{id:"227119",title:"MSc.",name:"Ayşegül",middleName:null,surname:"Yücel",slug:"aysegul-yucel",fullName:"Ayşegül Yücel"}]},{id:"69224",title:"Introductory Chapter: Cobalt Compounds and Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-cobalt-compounds-and-applications",totalDownloads:761,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"8886",slug:"cobalt-compounds-and-applications",title:"Cobalt Compounds and Applications",fullTitle:"Cobalt Compounds and Applications"},signatures:"Aynur Manzak and Yasemin Yildiz",authors:[{id:"208129",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Yıldız",slug:"yasemin-yildiz",fullName:"Yasemin Yıldız"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"950",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"87",type:"subseries",title:"Economics",keywords:"Globalization, Economic integration, Growth and development, International trade, Environmental development, Developed countries, Developing countries, Technical innovation, Knowledge management, Political economy analysis, Banking and financial markets",scope:"\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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