List of antioxidants studied in Huntington’s disease.
\r\n\tApplied and basic studies - Field studies and lab assays of fungicides can be discussed. We also look for examples of application methods, which may include timing of application, tools for application, fungicide compatibility, phytotoxicity, etc. Field trials have to have at least two years of data;
\r\n\tAdaptation of Integrated Plant Disease Management - How the IPM practice has been adapted in the field. Application of disease risk models, or use of fungicide application aids, which can be hardware or software. The introduction of a new tool for growers can also be included;
\r\n\tNovel fungicides - In addition to the traditional chemical approach, alternative materials (enzymes, oils, extracts, etc.), biological control agents, or plant defense activators can be discussed;
\r\n\tAdaptation of new technologies - Examples will be the use of unmanned vehicles, sensor technologies, advanced sprayers, or disease forecast systems for precision agriculture;
\r\n\tFungicide resistance - Unfortunately, we cannot ignore the fact that fungicide-resistant strains are widespread. Documentation of fungicide-resistant strains, the introduction of new technologies and methods can be discussed.
Many objects consist of more parts or elements. From reliability point of view, an element is any component or object that is considered in the investigated case as a whole and is not decomposed into simpler objects. An element can be a lamp bulb, the connecting point of two electric components, a screw, an oil hose, a piston in an engine, and even the complete engine in a diesel locomotive. Also, the individual operations or their groups in a complex manufacturing or building process can be considered as elements.
An example of a simple system is an electric lamp made by a light bulb, socket, switch, wires, plug, and the lamp body. An extremely complex system is an aircraft, containing tens of thousands of mechanical, hydraulic, or electric elements. Each of them can fail. This increases the probability that the whole system fails. The resultant reliability depends on the reliability of the individual elements and their number and mutual arrangement. A suitable arrangement can even increase the reliability of the system. In this chapter, important cases will be shown together with the formulas for the calculation of resultant reliability. Two basic systems are series and parallel, and their combinations are also possible.
From reliability point of view, a series system (Fig. 1a) is such, which fails if any of its elements fails. For example, a motorcycle cannot go if any of the following parts cannot serve: engine, tank with fuel, chain, frame, front or rear wheel, etc., and, of course, the driver. All these elements are thus arranged in series. Elements are also screws and many other things. If failure of any component does not depend on any other component, the reliability of the system is obtained simply as the product of the reliabilities of individual elements,
A practical conclusion is that “the reliability of a series system is always lower than the reliability of any of its components”.
Examples of series system (a) and parallel system (b).
The probability of failure is complementary to reliability, i.e.
The characteristic features of series arrangement will be shown on several examples.
The resultant reliability of two components is
The reliability of a series system with three elements with
The influence of the number of elements (and thus complexity of the system) can be illustrated on several systems where all components have the same probability of failure
Solution: (a)
One can see that the drop of reliability is significant especially for high numbers of components. Although one component has relatively high reliability (98%), a system with 200 such parts is practically unable to work, as it has reliability lower than approximately 2% and probability of failure 98%! Complex large systems must therefore be assembled from very reliable elements.
Until now, we have assumed that the reliability of individual parts does not change with time. If it varies, Equation (1) changes to
the resultant probability of failure is obtained as
The reliability of components is often characterized by failure rate
The distribution of times to failure of such system is again exponential, with the resultant failure rate equal the sum of individual failure rates,
This means that ”the failure rate of a series system is always higher (and the mean time between failures shorter) than that of individual components, and the reliability
The mean time between failures is
The decrease of reliability with time is illustrated in Figure 2 for several systems with different numbers of elements. One can see a very fast drop of reliability in systems with many components. This must be accounted for if guaranteed operation of a complex object during certain time is demanded. This issue will be treated in detail later.
Series system. Time course of reliability for various number of elements
A parallel system (Fig. 1b) is such, which fails only if all its parts fail. An example is a four-cylinder engine. It will fail only if all four cylinders are unable to run. If one, two, or even three cylinders do not work, the fourth one is still able to put the car into motion (though with significantly reduced power).
The probability of a simultaneous occurrence of mutually independent events equals the product of individual probabilities. In parallel systems, the resultant probability of failure is thus calculated as
Reliability is complementary to probability of failure, i.e.
For example, if two components are arranged in parallel, each with reliability
If the reliability of elements is characterized by failure rates, the situation is more complex than in a series system, even if the failure rates of the individual elements are constant. For the simplest case of two components, with
and
The distribution is no more exponential and the failure rate is not constant. The mean time to failure is
For identical components, with
i.e. by 50% longer than the mean time to failure of individual components.
The solution for parallel systems with more elements can be obtained in similar way. However, it is much more complicated. Analytical solutions exist only in very simple cases; more effective is the use of the Monte Carlo simulation method, explained in Chapter 15.
Generally, the reliability of parallel arrangement can be characterized as follows:
“The probability of failure-free operation of a system with several parallel elements is always higher than that of the best element in the system.” The situation is depicted in Figure 3. Also, the mean time to failure of a parallel system is always longer than that of any of its parts. For this reason, parallel arrangement is sometimes used to increase reliability (see further).
Parallel system. Time course of reliability for various number of elements
In some systems, series and parallel arrangements of elements appear together (Fig. 4). The resultant reliability can be found using step-by-step solution and gradual simplification. The group of elements arranged in series is replaced by one element with equivalent reliability parameters. Parallel elements can sometimes also be replaced by an equivalent element, and so on. The situation is easier if the time dependency of reliabilities does not need to be considered. Unfortunately, if reliability is characterized by failure rates, the failure rate for parallel arrangement is not constant and no simple and accurate analytical solutions exist, only approximate. Better results can be obtained using numerical simulation methods.
Combined system.
Reliability can be increased if the same function is done by two or more elements arranged in parallel. This is called redundancy. Two kinds of redundancy can be distinguished: structural and algorithmic.
The second case is algorithmic redundancy. This means the repetition of some operations, for example measurement or check for defects in some kinds of nondestructive control, such as X-ray or ultrasonic revealing of internal defects in castings or fatigue cracks in airframes or wings, as well as the proofreading of a paper for finding errors. Algorithmic redundancy is commonly used in the transmission of signals and information, from the simple addition of parity bits (check digits) to complex systems for safe information coding.
Until now, we determined the resultant reliability of a system composed of more components. In the design of complex systems, an opposite problem appears: what should be the reliabilities of individual parts so that the reliability of the whole system is equal to some demanded value (or better)? Several methods of reliability allocation were proposed. The simplest one for series systems uses
If failure rates are considered, then the failure rate
where
Also other apportionments are possible. Not always has each available component the reliability
A system consists of three parallel components (Fig. 1b) with probabilities of failure (during a certain, unspecified time):
Solution. In parallel systems,
Calculate the mean time to failure and failure rate of a system consisting of four elements in a series (like in Fig. 1a). The individual elements have exponential distribution of the time to failure with failure rates
Solution.
Calculate the resultant probability of failure (
Solution. The system must be solved step-by-step. First, the reliability of elements 2 and 3 in a series is calculated:
The resultant probability of failure is
The failure rate of a system of five components arranged in a series should be
Solution. The resultant failure rate of this series system is
Huntington’s disease is an inherited autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a triad of psychiatric, cognitive and motor symptoms. Every human has two copies of the huntingtin gene (HTT) that codes for huntingtin protein (htt) [1]. The exact functions of huntingtin protein still remain unclear, but it is believed to be involved in the development and formation of cortical and striatal excitatory synapses, surveillance and biogenesis of mitochondrial function, activation of glial cells, upregulation of the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor, balance of histone acetylation and deacetylation, axonal transport, regulation of signaling pathways and autophagy [2, 3, 4, 5]. The HTT gene, also called as
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules or molecular fragments formed from oxygen through biochemical reactions that occur during cellular respiration. Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species exert both beneficial and harmful effects on the living systems [13]. At low to moderate cellular levels, free radicals play a physiological role in destroying the invading pathogenic microorganisms, regulation of signaling pathways and induction of mitogenic response. At high cellular concentrations, free radicals exert a deleterious effect on lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other cellular structures [14]. In many pathological conditions including Huntington’s disease, an increase in the level of free radicals and cellular damage due to free radicals is observed. But it still remains unclear whether free radical induced damage in pathological conditions is a cause or downstream consequence of the underlying pathological process.
Antioxidants are substances that are capable of scavenging the free radicals and thereby counteracting the free radical induced oxidative damage and inflammation. There are two classes of antioxidants—enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Enzymatic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and catalase (CAT). Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), carotenoids, α-tocopherol, glutathione (GSH), retinoic acid and flavonoids are examples of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Many of these antioxidants have proven their efficacy in several in vitro and animal models but not in randomized clinical trials. The following table summarizes the findings of the studies that evaluated the efficacy of antioxidants in Huntington’s disease (Table 1).
Compound | Summary | Reference |
---|---|---|
α-Tocopherol | α-Tocopherol treatment (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reversed the various behavioral, biochemical and mitochondrial alterations in malonic acid treated animals. | [15] |
Metalloporphyrins | Metalloporphyrins are a class of metallic antioxidants with a potential to scavenge free radicals. In an | [16] |
Grape seed Polyphenolic Extract (GSPE) | GSPE is a natural compound and a strong antioxidant that has been reported to inhibit polyQ aggregation in phaeochromocytoma (PC)-12 cell line. | [17] |
Melatonin | In the kainic acid animal model of neurodegeneration, melatonin has shown to be neuroprotective. Melatonin increased neuronal survival while reducing DNA damage. Melatonin therapy effectively reduced the increase in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, and SOD activity inside the striatum in another investigation employing the 3-NP model of HD. | [18, 19] |
Selenium | In rats treated with quinolinic acid, selenium reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced neuronal morphology in the striatum in a dose-dependent manner. | [20] |
Pyruvate | Treatment with pyruvate protected against striatal neurodegeneration in a quinolinic acid striatal lesion model of HD. Although smaller dosages had no effect, higher doses had a substantial neuroprotective effect, lowering the striatal lesion area when compared with controls. | [21] |
TUDCA | TUDCA (tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an antioxidant-rich hydrophilic bile acid. In a 3-NP rat model of HD, TUDCA reduced striatal degeneration and improved locomotor and cognitive impairments. | [22] |
NAC | Treatment of rats with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a known glutathione precursor, before exposure to 3-NP protected them from oxidative damage caused by 3-NP, as determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and protein carbonyl analyzes on a Western blot. Furthermore, NAC therapy prior to 3-NP delivery reduced striatal lesion volumes considerably. | [23] |
Lycopene | In a 3-NP induced mouse model of HD, lycopene, a carotenoid pigment and phytochemical naturally found in fruits and vegetables, decreased oxidative stress markers and improved behavior. | [24] |
α-Tocopherol | In patients with mild to moderate HD symptoms, a year-long placebo-controlled, double-blind research was conducted. Although α-tocopherol had no effect on neurologic or neuropsychiatric symptoms in the overall therapy group, post hoc analysis revealed that it had a substantial effect on neurologic symptoms in HD patients early in the disease’s course. | [25] |
Idebenone | A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of idebenone in 92 HD patients was performed and no effect on primary outcome measures when compared with placebo controls were detected. | [26] |
List of antioxidants studied in Huntington’s disease.
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator-1α (PGC1α) is a transcriptional regulator present in tissues that have a high energy demand such as the brain, liver, cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, skeletal muscles and the kidneys [27, 28]. PGC1α plays a key role in mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism, peroxisomal remodeling and detoxification of reactive oxygen species [29]. An important and effective mechanism through which PGC1α confers neuroprotection is by its antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress is suppressed by PGC1α by inducing the formation of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD1, SOD2, Gpx-1 and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins [30]. PGC1α also regulates the expression of SIRT3 in mitochondria and SIRT3 in turn activates SOD2 via deacetylation and reduces the level of reactive oxygen species [31, 32]. In short, PGC1α plays a key role in improving mitochondrial function, biogenesis, expression of antioxidant enzymes and amelioration of oxidative stress induced neuronal damage. A deficiency of PGC1α in the brain affects the integrity of mitochondrial structure and increases the level of reactive oxygen species leading to cellular senescence and disorders related to aging [33]. PGC1α expression has been found to be disturbed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis, resulting in mitochondrial abnormalities and elevated ROS levels [34, 35, 36]. Therapeutic agents that can activate endogenous antioxidant systems such as Nrf2/ARE pathway leading to increased expression of antioxidant enzymes hold great promise as neuroprotective agents in Huntington’s disease. Transcriptional modification of Nrf2 pathway, therefore, is considered an excellent approach to counteract the oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage in Huntington’s disease.
In Huntington’s disease, mHtt causes an increase in oxidative stress mediated by PGC1α. mHtt binds to the promoter sequence of PGC1α and reduces the transcriptional level of PGC1α [37]. mHtt also supresses the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and antioxidant enzymes by direct binding and inactivation of PGC1α [30]. mHtt disrupts the balance between mitochondrial fission-fusion process by interfering with the function of Drp1 [38]. mHtt induces leakage of calcium ions through the calcium channel ryanodine receptors, further resulting in opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), which contributes to mitochondrial oxidative stress [39]. PGC-1α transcription and activity impact the enzyme system that combats reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a result, ROS defense genes such as SOD1, SOD2 and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) are downregulated, resulting in increased oxidative damage and neuronal death in Huntington’s disease (Figure 1).
PGC1α-mediated oxidative stress in Huntington’s disease.
Microglial cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and make up between 10 and 15% of all glial cells in the brain. Microglial cells develop from pro-erythromyeloid progenitor cells in the yolk sac during embryogenesis and go through three stages of development: early, pre and adult microglia. They then migrate into the CNS, using white matter tracts as guiding structures, until the blood-brain barrier is formed. Microglial cells, once inside the CNS, multiply and disseminate evenly to various regions of the brain and maintain a constant population through self-renewal [40]. Microglial cells have numerous slender and elongated processes branching from the small oval-shaped body, which makes them appear ramified. However, when the brain is exposed to potential dangers such as infection, trauma or other factors, these cells lose their branches and take on an amoeboid shape. Microglial cells in the CNS are involved in the establishment and remodeling of neural circuits, protection and repair of the brain, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the developing brain, organization of synapses, neurogenesis, control of myelin turnover, control of neuronal excitability and programmed cell death [41, 42]. Homeostatic microglial cells interact with practically every component of the CNS to maintain homeostasis, development and repair by continuously monitoring ongoing actions in the brain. When microglial cells detect a threat to the CNS’s homeostasis, they become activated and produce a variety of cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators to neutralize the threat. Although this acute response of microglial cells is protective and necessary for maintaining CNS homeostasis, over-activation of microglial cells has been linked to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases [43]. Microglial cells, after activation, release pro-inflammatory mediators and several cytokines that lead to severe oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. According to recent research, activated microglial cells release cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators, which are the main contributors to neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases [44, 45, 46].
A significant increase in microgliosis has been observed in the autopsied brains of the patients with Huntington’s disease compared with the controls. Accumulation of glial cells has been observed in all grades of Huntington’s disease, and the density of microglial cells finely correlates with the degree of neuronal loss [47, 48]. A significant activation of microglial cells in the regions of the brain affected by Huntington’s disease has been reported in an
The Nrf2 protein contains 6 highly conserved regions called Nrf2-ECH (Neh) homology domains. The first domain (Neh1) carries the CNC-bZIP domain that mediates heterodimerization with Maf (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog) proteins. Two degrons called DLG and ETGF, present in the second domain (Neh2) specifically bind to Keap1 protein that leads to degradation of Nrf2. The third domain (Neh3) is considered to improve the stability of Nrf2 and also acts as the transactivation domain. The fourth (Neh4) and fifth (Neh5) domains of Nrf2 also act as transactivation domains by binding to cAMP response Element Binding Protein (CREB). The sixth domain (Neh6) plays a role in the degradation of Nrf2 by E3 ubiquitin ligase [54].
‘Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap 1) is a protein that interacts with Nrf2 leading to degradation of Nrf2. Keap1 is a protein of BTB-Kelch family, composed of four domains. The N-terminal domain—Broad complex, Tramtrack and Bric a Bric (BTB) control homodimerization of Keap 1 and its interaction with cul3. This domain also contains Cys-151 residue that plays an important role in sensing oxidative stress. The second domain called the intervening region (IVR) domain contains Cys-273 and Cys-288. These two cysteine residues play a secondary role in sensing oxidative stress. The third domain, double glycine repeat (DGR) and the fourth domain, C-terminal region (CTR) binds to ETGE and DLG motifs of Nrf2 and causing its degradation (Figure 2) [54].
Structure of Nrf2 and Keap1.
Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of many antioxidant enzymes, phase I and phase II enzymes and several anti-inflammatory mediators. Nrf2 acts as an important defense mechanism in the neurons and glial cells against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and other pathological insults. Nrf2 dysregulation has been reported in many oxidative-stress-related diseases such as Huntington’s disease [54]. This makes Nrf2 activators excellent agents to increase antioxidant capacity, decrease neuroinflammation and alleviate pathology in Huntington’s disease (Figure 3).
Mechanism of action of Nrf2 activators.
Nuclear factor E2-related factor (Nrf2) is a transcription factor composed of 605 amino acids that controls the expression of as many as 200 genes [55, 56, 57]. The proteins encoded by Nrf2 genes are control several functions such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant defense, apoptosis, detoxification, removal of oxidized protein by proteasome and DNA repair [58, 59, 60]. In physiological conditions, the half-life of Nrf2 is very short (<20 minutes) as it is continuously degraded by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap 1) [61]. Keap 1 is a regulatory protein that regulates the levels of Nrf2 in the cytoplasm of cell. In basal conditions, the Neh2 domain of Nrf2 binds to the β-barrel structure of Keap-1. This is followed by binding of Cullin-3 to Keap-1-Nrf2 complex, and this results in the formation of ubiquitin 3-ligase complex. The ubiquitin 3-ligase complex bins to many ubiquitin molecules resulting in polyubiquitination of Nrf2, which serves as a signal for proteasomal degradation [62]. Keap-1 contain a lot of cysteines in their structure and the free sulfhydryl (▬SH) of cysteine help keap-1 to act as sensors of oxidative stress. During oxidative stress, electrophiles alkylate keap-1 and prevent keap-1 from degrading Nrf2. This leads to accumulation of recently synthesized Nrf2 that increases the antioxidant potential by promoting the transcription of antioxidant and detoxifying genes. In an alternative pathway, Nrf2 is degraded by phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). This degradation of Nrf2 by GSK3β is also blocked by elevated levels of oxidants that leads to accumulation of freshly synthesized Nrf2 [63]. In another pathway, Keap-1 itself is degraded by p62. In this pathway, p62 is phosphorylated by TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The phosphorylated p62 makes a complex with keap-1, and this complex is degraded by autophagy in cells [63]. Activation of all these pathways by oxidants leads to accumulation of newly synthesized Nrf2. Nrf2 escapes breakdown into the nucleus and forms heterodimers with sMaf (Nrf2/sMaf). In the nucleus, the activity of Nrf2 is negatively regulated by BACH-1, which competes with Nrf2 to form heterodimers with sMaf [63]. The binding of Nrf2/sMaf to antioxidant response elements promotes the expression of as many as 200 cytoprotective genes.
Minhee Jang et al. have reported that gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, alleviated the severity of neurological impairment and lethality following 3-nitropropionic acid treatment in laboratory animals through activation of Nrf2. The authors of this study conclude that gintonin might be an innovative therapeutic candidate to treat HD-like syndromes because of its potential to activate Nrf2 and decrease oxidative stress and neuroinflammation [64]. A similar study evaluated the effect of Sulforaphane in animal model of 3-NP acid-induced Huntington’s disease. The study revealed that pre-treatment with sulforaphane activated Nrf2 in animals and decreased the formation of a lesion area, neuronal death, succinate dehydrogenase activity, apoptosis, microglial activation and expression of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the striatum after 3-NP treatment [65]. Similarly, curcumin is also reported to have beneficial effects in HD via activation of Nrf2 [66]. D. Moretti et al. have reported that compound 2, a covalent KEAP1 binder, demonstrated an ability to stimulate the expression of genes known to be regulated by Nrf2 in neurons and astrocytes separated from wild-type rat, wild-type mouse and zQ175 (an HD mouse model) embryo [67].
One of the main challenges associated with Nrf2 activators is achieving effective therapeutic concentrations as these agents are metabolized faster leading to a low bioavailability in distal organs [68, 69, 70]. The second concern with Nrf2 activators is lack of selectivity as these agents have been reported to act on other signaling pathways and affect associated physiological processes. For instance, sulforophane, a widely reported Nrf2 activator, suppresses the activation of inflammosome [71, 72] and causes cell arrest [73]. Nrf2 activators have been reported to promote the development of cancer [74, 75, 76] and development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs [77, 78, 79, 80].
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in pathophysiology of numerous diseases. Initially, exogenous antioxidants were expected to have a protective and therapeutic role in the management of diseases associated with oxidative stress. But randomized clinical trials failed to find any significant therapeutic benefits of exogenous antioxidants. This unexpected outcome led to a search for endogenous targets that would enhance the antioxidant potential of the cells and tissues to prevent oxidative stress-induced damage. This quest for an endogenous antioxidant target led to the discovery of Nrf2 in the year 1994 [81]. Five years later, in 1999, it was discovered that the levels of Nrf2 in the cytoplasm are controlled by a negative regulator, Keap-1 [61]. In recent years, many potential Nrf2 activators are in pre-clinical and different stages of clinical trials for various diseases associated with oxidative stress. Table 2 provides a list of potential Nrf2 activators in clinical trials and possible indications.
Compound | Indications | Clinical trial | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Bordoxolone methyl | Pulmonary arterial hypertension Alport syndrome Type I diabetes, Polycystic kidney disease Nephropathy Glomerulosclerosis | II/III | [82] |
Omaveloxolone | Friedreich’s ataxia | II | [82] |
Bordoxolone methyl | Type II diabetes Chronic kidney disease | [82] | |
ALK8700 | Multiple Sclerosis | III | [82] |
OT551 | Dry eye macular degeneration. | II | [82] |
CXA10 | Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Pulmonary arterial hypertension | II | [82] |
XP23829 | Psoriasis | II | [82] |
SFX-01 | Subarachnoid hemorrhage ER+ metastatic breast cancer (in combination with tamoxifen and fulvestrant) | II | [82] |
Compound A | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Preclinical | [83] |
KEAP1 inhibitors | Parkinson’s disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Preclinical | [82] |
M102 | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurodegenerative diseases. | Preclinical | [82] |
RS9 | Retinovascular disease | Preclinical | [84] |
TFM735 | Progression of experimental autoimmune encephalitis | Preclinical | [85] |
CAT4001 | Friedreich ataxia Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Preclinical | [82] |
ML334 | Type II diabetes Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | Preclinical | [86] |
HPP971 | Blood, lung, eye, kidney and bone diseases. | Preclinical | [87] |
VCB101 | Multiple Sclerosis | Preclinical | [82] |
VCB102 | Psoriasis | Preclinical | [82] |
Sulforaphane | Schizophrenia Atopic asthmatics Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Melanoma Prostate cancer Breast cancer Lung cancer Diabetes Mellitus Rhinitis | Different stages of clinical trials | [88] |
Curcumin | Acute kidney injury Schizophrenia Type 2 diabetes Chronic kidney disease Alzheimer’s disease Crohn’s disease Prostate cancer Major depression abdominal aortic aneurysm | [88] | |
ITH12674 | Brain ischemia | Preclinical | [88] |
Resveratrol | Type 2 diabetes Colon cancer Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Endometriosis Alzheimer’s disease Huntington’s disease Chronic renal insufficiency Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy Non-alcoholic fatty liver Friedreich ataxia | Clinical | [88] |
CXA-10 | Acute kidney injury Pulmonary arterial hypertension Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. | I II | [88] |
RTA 408 | Topical application | [89] | |
Fimasartan | Unilateral ureteral obstruction | Preclinical | [90] |
Artesunate | Sepsis induced lung injury | Preclinical | [91] |
Isovitexin | LPS-induced acute lung injury | — | [92] |
Sappanone A | LPS-induced mortality | Preclinical | [93] |
Bixin | Ventilation injured lung injury | Preclinical | [94, 95] |
Eriodictyol | Cisplatin-induced kidney injury | Preclinical | [96] |
Anthocyanin | Atherosclerosis | — |
List of current Nrf2 activators.
As free radicals-induced oxidative stress has been proven to play a major role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, it is quintessential to develop antioxidant therapies to negate oxidative stress-induced damage. The initial expectation that exogenous antioxidants such as vitamin E, vitamin C might have a therapeutic benefit in diseases associated with oxidative stress has failed to find any significant beneficial proof in randomized clinical trials. So, it is time to find agents that activate endogenous antioxidant mechanisms such as Nrf2. Nrf2 activators might offer a beneficial action in diseases associated with oxidative stress such as Huntington’s disease.
The authors would like to thank the Department of Science and Technology—Fund for Improvement of Science and Technology Infrastructure in Universities and Higher Educational Institutions (DST-FIST), New Delhi, for their infrastructure support to our department. We acknowledge the generous research infrastructure and support from JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rocklands, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
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",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
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\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
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\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
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Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10479",title:"21st Century Advanced Carbon Materials for Engineering Applications",subtitle:"A Comprehensive Handbook",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"712d04d43dbe1dca7dec9fcc08bc8852",slug:"21st-century-advanced-carbon-materials-for-engineering-applications-a-comprehensive-handbook",bookSignature:"Mujtaba Ikram and Asghari Maqsood",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10479.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"286820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mujtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Ikram",slug:"mujtaba-ikram",fullName:"Mujtaba Ikram"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9913",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:"Redefining the World of Electronics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43a22b8570e841b7a26d70159b2f755d",slug:"carbon-nanotubes-redefining-the-world-of-electronics",bookSignature:"Prasanta Kumar Ghosh, Kunal Datta and Arti Dinkarrao Rushi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9913.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294687",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanta",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Ghosh",slug:"prasanta-ghosh",fullName:"Prasanta Ghosh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10411",title:"Materials at the Nanoscale",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be29908600b7067c583ac21da1544a2d",slug:"materials-at-the-nanoscale",bookSignature:"Awadesh Kumar Mallik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178218",title:"Dr.",name:"Awadesh",middleName:null,surname:"Mallik",slug:"awadesh-mallik",fullName:"Awadesh Mallik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10465",title:"Silver Micro-Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dcc19a2b44c91940e16d82fd5eb8fffa",slug:"silver-micro-nanoparticles-properties-synthesis-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Samir Kumar, Prabhat Kumar and Chandra Shakher Pathak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"296661",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"samir-kumar",fullName:"Samir Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10469",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Synthesis, Properties and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"28dc655dde01b94399cab954663f8bff",slug:"nanofibers-synthesis-properties-and-applications",bookSignature:"Brajesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10505",title:"Colloids",subtitle:"Types, Preparation and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55025219ea1a8b915ec8aa4b9f497a8d",slug:"colloids-types-preparation-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10505.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:99,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50566",doi:"10.5772/63234",title:"Influences of Doping on Photocatalytic Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst",slug:"influences-of-doping-on-photocatalytic-properties-of-tio2-photocatalyst",totalDownloads:5395,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:"As a kind of highly effective, low‐cost, and stable photocatalysts, TiO2 has received substantial public and scientific attention. However, it can only be activated under ultraviolet light irradiation due to its wide bandgap, high recombination, and weak separation efficiency of carriers. Doping is an effective method to extend the light absorption to the visible light region. In this chapter, we will address the importance of doping, different doping modes, preparation method, and photocatalytic mechanism in TiO2 photocatalysts. Thereafter, we will concentrate on Ti3+ self‐doping, nonmetal doping, metal doping, and codoping. Examples of progress can be given for each one of these four doping modes. The influencing factors of preparation method and doping modes on photocatalytic performance (spectrum response, carrier transport, interfacial electron transfer reaction, surface active sites, etc.) are summed up. The main objective is to study the photocatalytic processes, to elucidate the mechanistic models for a better understanding the photocatalytic reactions, and to find a method of enhancing photocatalytic activities.",book:{id:"5139",slug:"semiconductor-photocatalysis-materials-mechanisms-and-applications",title:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Materials, Mechanisms and Applications"},signatures:"Fei Huang, Aihua Yan and Hui Zhao",authors:[{id:"178389",title:"Dr.",name:"Fei",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"fei-huang",fullName:"Fei Huang"},{id:"185126",title:"Dr.",name:"Aihua",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"aihua-yan",fullName:"Aihua Yan"},{id:"185127",title:"Ms.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"hui-zhao",fullName:"Hui Zhao"}]},{id:"17184",doi:"10.5772/17039",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-from-synthesis-to-applications",totalDownloads:17294,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:68,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"S. Anandhan and S. Bandyopadhyay",authors:[{id:"27050",title:"Prof.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Bandyopadhyay",slug:"sri-bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Sri Bandyopadhyay"},{id:"44992",title:"Prof.",name:"Anandhan",middleName:null,surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"anandhan-srinivasan",fullName:"Anandhan Srinivasan"}]},{id:"9725",doi:"10.5772/8508",title:"Biosynthesis and Application of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles",slug:"biosynthesis-and-application-of-silver-and-gold-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:27930,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:null,book:{id:"3621",slug:"silver-nanoparticles",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles"},signatures:"Zygmunt Sadowski",authors:null},{id:"17194",doi:"10.5772/21694",title:"Properties of Nanofillers in Polymer",slug:"properties-of-nanofillers-in-polymer",totalDownloads:20390,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"1045",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"Damien M. Marquis, Éric Guillaume and Carine Chivas-Joly",authors:[{id:"44307",title:"Dr",name:"Damien",middleName:"Michel",surname:"Marquis",slug:"damien-marquis",fullName:"Damien Marquis"},{id:"44317",title:"Prof.",name:"Carine",middleName:null,surname:"Chivas-Joly",slug:"carine-chivas-joly",fullName:"Carine Chivas-Joly"}]},{id:"52860",doi:"10.5772/65937",title:"Cerium Oxide Nanostructures and their Applications",slug:"cerium-oxide-nanostructures-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:5377,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:"Due to excellent physical and chemical properties, cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) has attracted much attention in recent years. This chapter aimed at providing some basic and fundamental properties of ceria, the importance of oxygen vacancies in this material, nano‐size effects and various synthesis strategies to form diverse structural morphologies. Finally, some key applications of ceria‐based nanostructures are reviewed. We conclude this chapter by expressing personal perspective on the probable challenges and developments of the controllable synthesis of CeO2 nanomaterials for various applications.",book:{id:"5510",slug:"functionalized-nanomaterials",title:"Functionalized Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Functionalized Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Adnan Younis, Dewei Chu and Sean Li",authors:[{id:"191574",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Younis",slug:"adnan-younis",fullName:"Adnan Younis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71103",title:"Preparation of Nanoparticles",slug:"preparation-of-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:3140,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Innovative developments of science and engineering have progressed very fast toward the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve unique properties that are not the same as the properties of the bulk materials. The particle reveals interesting properties at the dimension below 100 nm, mostly from two physical effects. The two physical effects are the quantization of electronic states apparent leading to very sensitive size-dependent effects such as optical and magnetic properties and the high surface-to-volume ratio modifies the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. The nanoparticles’ unique physical and chemical properties render them most appropriate for a number of specialist applications.",book:{id:"9109",slug:"engineered-nanomaterials-health-and-safety",title:"Engineered Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety"},signatures:"Takalani Cele",authors:[{id:"305934",title:"Dr.",name:"Takalani",middleName:null,surname:"Cele",slug:"takalani-cele",fullName:"Takalani Cele"}]},{id:"72636",title:"Nanocomposite Materials",slug:"nanocomposite-materials",totalDownloads:2139,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Nanocomposites are the heterogeneous/hybrid materials that are produced by the mixtures of polymers with inorganic solids (clays to oxides) at the nanometric scale. Their structures are found to be more complicated than that of microcomposites. They are highly influenced by the structure, composition, interfacial interactions, and components of individual property. Most popularly, nanocomposites are prepared by the process within in situ growth and polymerization of biopolymer and inorganic matrix. With the rapid estimated demand of these striking potentially advanced materials, make them very much useful in various industries ranging from small scale to large to very large manufacturing units. With a great deal to mankind with environmental friendly, these offer advanced technologies in addition to the enhanced business opportunities to several industrial sectors like automobile, construction, electronics and electrical, food packaging, and technology transfer.",book:{id:"10072",slug:"nanotechnology-and-the-environment",title:"Nanotechnology and the Environment",fullTitle:"Nanotechnology and the Environment"},signatures:"Mousumi Sen",authors:[{id:"310218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mousumi",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"mousumi-sen",fullName:"Mousumi Sen"}]},{id:"38951",title:"Carbon Nanotube Transparent Electrode",slug:"carbon-nanotube-transparent-electrode",totalDownloads:3985,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"3077",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",fullTitle:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites"},signatures:"Jing Sun and Ranran Wang",authors:[{id:"153508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"jing-sun",fullName:"Jing Sun"},{id:"153596",title:"Ms.",name:"Ranran",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ranran-wang",fullName:"Ranran Wang"}]},{id:"49413",title:"Electrodeposition of Nanostructure Materials",slug:"electrodeposition-of-nanostructure-materials",totalDownloads:3732,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"We are conducting a multi-disciplinary research work that involves development of nanostructured thin films of semiconductors for different applications. Nanotechnology is widely considered to constitute the basis of the next technological revolution, following on from the first Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750 with the introduction of the steam engine and steelmaking. Nanotechnology is defined as the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size of the nanoscale. The nanoscale itself is at present considered to cover the range from 1 to 100 nm. All samples prepared in thin film forms and the characterization revealed their nanostructure. The major exploitation of thin films has been in microelectronics, there are numerous and growing applications in communications, optical electronics, coatings of all kinds, and in energy generation. A great many sophisticated analytical instruments and techniques, largely developed to characterize thin films, have already become indispensable in virtually every scientific endeavor irrespective of discipline. Among all these techniques, electrodeposition is the most suitable technique for nanostructured thin films from aqueous solution served as samples under investigation. The electrodeposition of metallic layers from aqueous solution is based on the discharge of metal ions present in the electrolyte at a cathodic surface (the substrate or component.) The metal ions accept an electron from the electrically conducting material at the solid- electrolyte interface and then deposit as metal atoms onto the surface. The electrons necessary for this to occur are either supplied from an externally applied potential source or are surrendered by a reducing agent present in solution (electroless reduction). The metal ions themselves derive either from metal salts added to solution, or by the anodic dissolution of the so-called sacrificial anodes, made of the same metal that is to be deposited at the cathode.",book:{id:"4718",slug:"electroplating-of-nanostructures",title:"Electroplating of Nanostructures",fullTitle:"Electroplating of Nanostructures"},signatures:"Souad A. M. Al-Bat’hi",authors:[{id:"174793",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Souad",slug:"mohamad-souad",fullName:"Mohamad Souad"}]},{id:"71346",title:"Application of Nanomaterials in Environmental Improvement",slug:"application-of-nanomaterials-in-environmental-improvement",totalDownloads:1691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"In recent years, researchers used many scientific studies to improve modern technologies in the field of reducing the phenomenon of pollution resulting from them. In this chapter, methods to prepare nanomaterials are described, and the main properties such as mechanical, electrical, and optical properties and their relations are determined. The investigation of nanomaterials needed high technologies that depend on a range of nanomaterials from 1 to 100 nm; these are scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractions (XRD). The applications of nanomaterials in environmental improvement are different from one another depending on the type of devices used, for example, solar cells for producing clean energy, nanotechnologies in coatings for building exterior surfaces, and sonochemical decolorization of dyes by the effect of nanocomposite.",book:{id:"10072",slug:"nanotechnology-and-the-environment",title:"Nanotechnology and the Environment",fullTitle:"Nanotechnology and the Environment"},signatures:"Ali Salman Ali",authors:[{id:"313275",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"ali-salman",fullName:"Ali Salman"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"208",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81438",title:"Research Progress of Ionic Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting",slug:"research-progress-of-ionic-thermoelectric-materials-for-energy-harvesting",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101771",abstract:"Thermoelectric material is a kind of functional material that can mutually convert heat energy and electric energy. It can convert low-grade heat energy (less than 130°C) into electric energy. Compared with traditional electronic thermoelectric materials, ionic thermoelectric materials have higher performance. The Seebeck coefficient can generate 2–3 orders of magnitude higher ionic thermoelectric potential than electronic thermoelectric materials, so it has good application prospects in small thermoelectric generators and solar power generation. According to the thermoelectric conversion mechanism, ionic thermoelectric materials can be divided into ionic thermoelectric materials based on the Soret effect and thermocouple effect. They are widely used in pyrogen batteries and ionic thermoelectric capacitors. The latest two types of ionic thermoelectric materials are in this article. The research progress is explained, and the problems and challenges of ionic thermoelectric materials and the future development direction are also put forward.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Jianwei Zhang, Ying Xiao, Bowei Lei, Gengyuan Liang and Wenshu Zhao"},{id:"77670",title:"Thermoelectric Elements with Negative Temperature Factor of Resistance",slug:"thermoelectric-elements-with-negative-temperature-factor-of-resistance",totalDownloads:72,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98860",abstract:"The method of manufacturing of ceramic materials on the basis of ferrites of nickel and cobalt by synthesis and sintering in controllable regenerative atmosphere is presented. As the generator of regenerative atmosphere the method of conversion of carbonic gas is offered. Calculation of regenerative atmosphere for simultaneous sintering of ceramic ferrites of nickel and cobalt is carried out. It is offered, methods of the dilated nonequilibrium thermodynamics to view process of distribution of a charge and heat along a thermoelement branch. The model of a thermoelement taking into account various relaxation times of a charge and warmth is constructed.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Yuri Bokhan"},{id:"79236",title:"Processing Techniques with Heating Conditions for Multiferroic Systems of BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3, CaTiO3 Thin Films",slug:"processing-techniques-with-heating-conditions-for-multiferroic-systems-of-bifeo3-batio3-pbtio3-catio",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101122",abstract:"In this chapter, we have report a list of synthesis methods (including both synthesis steps & heating conditions) used for thin film fabrication of perovskite ABO3 (BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and CaTiO3) based multiferroics (in both single-phase and composite materials). The processing of high quality multiferroic thin film have some features like epitaxial strain, physical phenomenon at atomic-level, interfacial coupling parameters to enhance device performance. Since these multiferroic thin films have ME properties such as electrical (dielectric, magnetoelectric coefficient & MC) and magnetic (ferromagnetic, magnetic susceptibility etc.) are heat sensitive, i.e. ME response at low as well as higher temperature might to enhance the device performance respect with long range ordering. The magnetoelectric coupling between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in multiferroic becomes suitable in the application of spintronics, memory and logic devices, and microelectronic memory or piezoelectric devices. In comparison with bulk multiferroic, the fabrication of multiferroic thin film with different structural geometries on substrate has reducible clamping effect. A brief procedure for multiferroic thin film fabrication in terms of their thermal conditions (temperature for film processing and annealing for crystallization) are described. Each synthesis methods have its own characteristic phenomenon in terms of film thickness, defects formation, crack free film, density, chip size, easier steps and availability etc. been described. A brief study towards phase structure and ME coupling for each multiferroic system of BiFeO3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and CaTiO3 is shown.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Kuldeep Chand Verma and Manpreet Singh"},{id:"78034",title:"Quantum Physical Interpretation of Thermoelectric Properties of Ruthenate Pyrochlores",slug:"quantum-physical-interpretation-of-thermoelectric-properties-of-ruthenate-pyrochlores",totalDownloads:78,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99260",abstract:"Lead- and lead-yttrium ruthenate pyrochlores were synthesized and investigated for Seebeck coefficients, electrical- and thermal conductivity. Compounds A2B2O6.5+z with 0 ≤ z < 0.5 were defect pyrochlores and p-type conductors. The thermoelectric data were analyzed using quantum physical models to identify scattering mechanisms underlying electrical (σ) and thermal conductivity (κ) and to understand the temperature dependence of the Seebeck effect (S). In the metal-like lead ruthenates with different Pb:Ru ratios, σ (T) and the electronic thermal conductivity κe (T) were governed by ‘electron impurity scattering’, the lattice thermal conductivity κL (T) by the 3-phonon resistive process (Umklapp scattering). In the lead-yttrium ruthenate solid solutions (Pb(2-x)YxRu2O(6.5±z)), a metal–insulator transition occurred at 0.2 moles of yttrium. On the metallic side (<0.2 moles Y) ‘electron impurity scattering’ prevailed. On the semiconductor/insulator side between x = 0.2 and x = 1.0 several mechanisms were equally likely. At x > 1.5 the Mott Variable Range Hopping mechanism was active. S (T) was discussed for Pb-Y-Ru pyrochlores in terms of the effect of minority carrier excitation at lower- and a broadening of the Fermi distribution at higher temperatures. The figures of merit of all of these pyrochlores were still small (≤7.3 × 10−3).",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Sepideh Akhbarifar"},{id:"77635",title:"Optimization of Thermoelectric Properties Based on Rashba Spin Splitting",slug:"optimization-of-thermoelectric-properties-based-on-rashba-spin-splitting",totalDownloads:125,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98788",abstract:"In recent years, the application of thermoelectricity has become more and more widespread. Thermoelectric materials provide a simple and environmentally friendly solution for the direct conversion of heat to electricity. The development of higher performance thermoelectric materials and their performance optimization have become more important. Generally, to improve the ZT value, electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity must be globally optimized as a whole object. However, due to the strong coupling among ZT parameters in many cases, it is very challenging to break the bottleneck of ZT optimization currently. Beyond the traditional optimization methods (such as inducing defects, varying temperature), the Rashba effect is expected to effectively increase the S2σ and decrease the κ, thus enhancing thermoelectric performance, which provides a new strategy to develop new-generation thermoelectric materials. Although the Rashba effect has great potential in enhancing thermoelectric performance, the underlying mechanism of Rashba-type thermoelectric materials needs further research. In addition, how to introduce Rashba spin splitting into current thermoelectric materials is also of great significance to the optimization of thermoelectricity.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Zhenzhen Qin"},{id:"75364",title:"Challenges in Improving Performance of Oxide Thermoelectrics Using Defect Engineering",slug:"challenges-in-improving-performance-of-oxide-thermoelectrics-using-defect-engineering",totalDownloads:214,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96278",abstract:"Oxide thermoelectric materials are considered promising for high-temperature thermoelectric applications in terms of low cost, temperature stability, reversible reaction, and so on. Oxide materials have been intensively studied to suppress the defects and electronic charge carriers for many electronic device applications, but the studies with a high concentration of defects are limited. It desires to improve thermoelectric performance by enhancing its charge transport and lowering its lattice thermal conductivity. For this purpose, here, we modified the stoichiometry of cation and anion vacancies in two different systems to regulate the carrier concentration and explored their thermoelectric properties. Both cation and anion vacancies act as a donor of charge carriers and act as phonon scattering centers, decoupling the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.",book:{id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg"},signatures:"Jamil Ur Rahman, Gul Rahman and Soonil Lee"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",biography:"Prof. Mohamed Nageeb Rashed is Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and former vice-dean for environmental affairs, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt. He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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