",isbn:"978-1-80356-948-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-947-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-949-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",keywords:"Indigenous People, Natives, First People, Minorities, United Nations, UN Declaration, Indigenous People Rights, Self-Determination, States, Independence, Struggle for Rights, Contemporary Times",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"15 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Legal practitioner, consultant and a law academic with a diversity of interest in multi and intra-disciplinary scholarship on legal issues at national regional and international levels.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",middleName:"Gbendazhi",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293764/images/system/293764.jpg",biography:"Sylvanus Barnabas is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the Faculty of Law, Nile University of Nigeria where he teaches various subjects in law; he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in international human rights law from Northumbria University at Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; he has a Master of Laws degree obtained with distinction in Environmental Law and Policy from University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom; he also holds a Bachelor of Laws degree from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; and he is also a qualified a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of Nigeria.",institutionString:"Nigerian Turkish Nile University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Nigerian Turkish Nile University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440204",firstName:"Ana",lastName:"Cink",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440204/images/20006_n.jpg",email:"ana.c@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6494",title:"Behavior Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a81a7163705b2765f9eb0b21dec70e",slug:"behavior-analysis",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou and Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9052",title:"Psychoanalysis",subtitle:"A New Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69cc7a085f5417038f532cf11edee22f",slug:"psychoanalysis-a-new-overview",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Barbara Marchesi and Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10981",title:"Sport Psychology in Sports, Exercise and Physical Activity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5214c44bdc42978449de0751ca364684",slug:"sport-psychology-in-sports-exercise-and-physical-activity",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde Nielsen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10211",title:"The Science of Emotional Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447fc7884303a10093bc189f4c82dd47",slug:"the-science-of-emotional-intelligence",bookSignature:"Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7811",title:"Beauty",subtitle:"Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f6fd59694706550db8dd1082a8e457b",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine and Júlia Scherer Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"40622",title:"Condensate Drop Movement by Surface Temperature Gradient on Heat Transfer Surface in Marangoni Dropwise Condensation",doi:"10.5772/51830",slug:"condensate-drop-movement-by-surface-temperature-gradient-on-heat-transfer-surface-in-marangoni-dropw",body:'
1. Introduction
Marangoni dropwise condensation occurs in the condensation of a binary vapor mixture of a positive system, in which the surface tension of the mixture has a negative gradient with the mass fraction of the more volatile component, such as water−ethanol and water−ammonium mixtures. Thick condensate areas have higher liquid surface temperatures than thin areas; therefore, the surface tension flow is induced toward the peak of the condensate from thinner areas as a result of the vapor−liquid equilibrium and the variation in the surface tension in the binary vapor condensation of a positive system. This phenomenon differs essentially from so-called dropwise condensation on a hydrophobic surface, because there is a continuous thin liquid film between condensate drops and condensation occurs on a hydrophilic surface. This phenomenon was first reported by Mirkovich and Missen [1] in 1961 for a binary mixture of organic vapors. Ford and Missen [2] demonstrated that the criterion for instability of a condensate liquid film is dσ/db > 0, where b denotes the condensate film thickness. Fujii et al. [3] conducted an experimental investigation of the condensation of water−ethanol mixtures on a horizontal tube and observed several different condensation modes dependent on the concentration. Morrison and Deans measured the heat transfer characteristics of a water−ammonium vapor mixture and found that it exhibited enhanced heat transfer [4].
In recent years, Utaka and co-workers conducted research [5−9] on the dominant factors (surface subcooling, vapor mass fraction, and vapor velocity) in determining the condensation modes and heat transfer characteristics of Marangoni condensation. The major results on the heat transfer characteristics of Marangoni condensation were summarized in reference 9. Heat transfer was significantly enhanced for a low mass fraction of ethanol in a water−ethanol mixture. Murase et al. [10] studied Marangoni condensation of steam−ethanol mixtures using a horizontal condenser tube, and the results exhibited similar trends to those obtained by Utaka and Wang [7] for vertical surfaces.
The mechanisms of Marangoni condensation have also been studied. Hijikata et al. [11] presented a theoretical drop growth mechanism for Marangoni dropwise condensation. That is, the Marangoni effect occurs due to the surface tension difference which plays a more important role than the surface tension. Akiyama et al. [12] performed a 2-dimensional numerical simulation of the condensation of water-ethanol vapor on a horizontal heat transfer surface and found a 2 K temperature difference between the condensate film area and the crest of the condensate drop. Marangoni flow occurs in a condensate liquid and is driven by the surface tension gradient induced by the temperature difference. Utaka et al. [13] investigated the effect of the initial drop distance, which is the average distance between initially formed drops grown from a thin flat condensate film that forms immediately after a drop departs. They clarified that the initial drop distance is closely related to the heat transfer characteristics of Marangoni condensation. Furthermore, Utaka and Nishikawa [14] measured the thickness of condensate films on the tracks of departing drops and between drops using the laser extinction method, in which the proportion of laser light absorbed by the condensate liquid is dependent on the liquid thickness. The condensate film was approximately 1 μm thick and was strongly dependent on the initial drop distance and the heat transfer characteristics.
Marangoni condensation occurs due to the instability of Marangoni force acting on the condensate film. Condensate drops move spontaneously without any external forces when a bulk temperature gradient is applied to a horizontal heat transfer surface, only due to the imbalance of the surface tension distribution around the drops. This kind of phenomena could also occur in a low-gravity environment. This implies that condensate drops can be moved by applying a bulk surface temperature to a heat transfer surface. It is thus possible to remove a thick liquid film and large condensate drops by exploiting this spontaneous movement of condensate drops. A highly efficient heat exchanger could then be realized. Moreover, since non-uniform temperature distributions are often generated in heat exchangers, it is essential to clarify the heat transfer and condensate movement characteristics in Marangoni condensation when there is a temperature distribution on the heat transfer surface. It is also considered that the circulation of condensate driven by surface tension flow could be utilized in some heat transfer devices (e.g., a wickless heat pipe). Utaka and Kamiyama [15] examined the effect of the bulk surface tension gradient on condensate drop movement when a steady bulk temperature gradient was applied to horizontal and inclined heat transfer surfaces in the condensation of a water−ethanol vapor mixture. The condensate drops moved from the low-temperature side to the high-temperature side. The drop velocity increased with the surface tension gradient on the condensing surface and was independent of the drop size. Chen and Utaka [16] investigated the mechanisms and characteristics of drop movement on a horizontal condensing surface with a bulk temperature gradient for Marangoni dropwise condensation of a water−ethanol vapor mixture. In particular, experimental observations and measurements on the dominant factors affecting condensate drop movement were conducted, such as 1) bulk surface tension gradient, and 2) initial drop distance (adopted as a parameter for the Marangoni force and the condensate drop shape). The velocity of condensate drop movement was determined to correlate well with both the surface tension gradient and the initial drop distance.
In this chapter, the characteristics and mechanisms of condensate drop movement driven by a surface tension gradient in Marangoni dropwise condensation are summarized on the basis of the presented researches.
2. Marangoni dropwise condensation
2.1. Heat transfer characteristics in Marangoni dropwise condensation
In the condensation of a binary vapor mixture, such as water−ethanol vapor, the Marangoni force (indicated by the arrows in Fig. 1) pulls the condensate liquid from the periphery toward the peak along the surface of a condensate drop, whereby dropwise condensation occurs. The Marangoni force here is the driving force for condensate flow, which is considered to be caused by a surface tension difference on the condensate surface, based on the vapor−liquid equilibrium and the variation in the surface tension for a water−ethanol liquid mixture (see Fig. 2). This kind of phenomenon is referred to as ‘Marangoni dropwise condensation’.
Utaka and Terachi [6] and Utaka and Wang [7] reported that significantly enhanced heat transfer could be realized by decreasing the thermal resistance of the condensate liquid in the Marangoni dropwise condensation of a water−ethanol vapor mixture. Utaka and Terachi [6] measured the condensation characteristics and clarified that surface subcooling is one of the dominant factors that determines the condensate and heat transfer characteristics of Marangoni condensation. More accurate measurements of a wider range of ethanol mass fraction and surface subcooling were conducted by Utaka and Wang [7], some of the results of which are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Figure 3 shows the heat transfer coefficient of Marangoni condensation for water−ethanol vapor mixtures with various ethanol mass fractions. Figure 4 shows the variation in the ratio of the peak heat transfer coefficient of the mixture vapor to that of pure steam. These two figures indicate that the condensation heat transfer is significantly enhanced by the addition of an extremely small amount of ethanol and the heat transfer coefficient of the vapor mixture is approximately 8 times higher than that of pure steam.
Figure 1.
Mechanism for Marangoni dropwise condensation
Figure 2.
Vapor−liquid equilibrium and variation of surface tension coefficient for water−ethanol mixture
Figure 3.
Condensation characteristics of water−ethanol vapor mixtures with various ethanol mass fractions
Figure 4.
Variation in the ratio of the peak heat transfer coefficient of the vapor mixture to that of pure steam
2.2. Relations among initial drop distance, Marangoni force and shape (angle) of condensate drop
In Marangoni dropwise condensation, small condensate drops initially form from a smooth and thin liquid film adjacent to the periphery of a large condensate drop after its departure. Figure 5 shows time-series microscopic images of the formation of small condensate drops. These initially formed drops are called initial drops and the average distance between the centers of the initial drops is defined as the initial drop distance.
Figure 5.
Initial drop formation process with initial drop distance (di) indicated
Condensate drops form in Marangoni dropwise condensation due to the Marangoni force acting on the surface of the condensate liquid. Therefore, the Marangoni force is considered to be closely related to the heat transfer mechanisms of Marangoni dropwise condensation. It is also reasonable that the formation of initial drops and the initial drop distance is determined by the strength of the Marangoni force. Thus, a close correlation exists between the initial drop distance and Marangoni force. Consequently, the initial drop distance is adopted as an important parameter of the heat transfer characteristics and mechanisms of Marangoni condensation in the studies of Utaka et al. [13] and Utaka and Nishikawa [14]. Figures 6(a) and (b) show respective plots of the heat transfer coefficient and the initial drop distance as a function of surface subcooling based on data measured by Utaka et al. [13]. The initial drop distances have U-shaped curves with minima that correspond to distances in the range 30−150 μm, depending on the surface subcooling and the mass fraction of ethanol. Surface subcooling at the minimum initial drop distances coincides with that at the maximum heat transfer coefficient. Utaka and Nishikawa [14] investigated the relationship between the liquid film thickness and the initial drop distance (Fig. 7) for a water−ethanol mixture using the laser extinction method. A condensate liquid film of approximately 1 μm thickness remained after sweeping by departing drops and between condensate drops. The minimum condensate film thickness decreased with initial drop distance for surface subcooling lower than the maximum heat transfer point, even when the condensation rate increased.
These two studies demonstrated that there is a close relationship between the heat transfer coefficient and characteristic parameters such as the initial drop distance and the minimum condensate thickness. In the surface subcooling region near the maximum heat transfer coefficient, the initial drop distance and minimum film thickness tend to assume minimum values as a result of the driving force being a maximum, due to the surface tension gradient on the condensate surface. Thus, when the initial drop distance decreases, heat transfer is enhanced by thinning of the condensate film that could result in a reduction in the thermal resistance of the condensate. In addition, the condensate drop shape changes with increasing Marangoni force and the condensate film becomes thinner, even when condensation rate increases. This implies that the drop height increases as the drops approach hemispherical shapes due to an increase in the Marangoni force. The correlation among the Marangoni force, initial drop distance and shape (angle) of condensate drops, as
Figure 6.
Variation of heat transfer coefficient and initial drop distance as a function of surface subcooling
Figure 7.
Variation of minimum condensate film thickness as a function of initial drop distance
shown in Fig. 8, could be inferred on the basis of these experimental results. For certain mass fractions of ethanol, the experimental condition of surface subcooling determines the strength of the Marangoni force, and thus the initial drop distance and shape of the condensate drop are also determined. Therefore, if any one of the three factors is known, the two other factors can be determined based on the corresponding correlations. The qualitative correlations are inferred from the experimental results. The quantitative correlations were experimentally studied and are introduced in the following section.
Figure 8.
Correlation between Marangoni force, initial drop distance and condensate drop shape
3. Spontaneous movement of condensate drops in Marangoni dropwise condensation
When a bulk temperature gradient is applied to a horizontal heat transfer surface or in a low-gravity environment under a Marangoni condensation field, condensate drops move spontaneously without external forces. The reason for condensate drop movement is considered to be as follows. A Marangoni force (FH or FL in Fig. 9, the letter ‘H’ represents the high temperature side and ‘L’ represents the high temperature side.) is induced by the difference in surface tension on the condensate surface in Marangoni dropwise condensation. The condensate near the periphery of a condensate drop is pulled along the condensate liquid surface toward the peak of the drop. A reactive force against the surface tension flow caused by the Marangoni force is induced at the drop periphery. When there is no bulk temperature gradient, the reactive force is uniform around the drop periphery and averages out over time, so that the drop does not move to a large extent. In contrast, when a bulk temperature gradient is applied to a horizontal heat transfer surface, the horizontal component of the reactive force (FHX or FLX in Fig. 9, the letter ‘X’ represents the horizontal component.) around a condensate drop becomes nonuniform, as shown in Fig. 9. Consequently, condensate drops move spontaneously on the heat transfer surface without external forces.
Figure 9.
Schematic diagram of the driving force for condensate drop movement
It is considered that the imbalance of the reactive force is determined by the bulk surface tension gradient of the condensate liquid. Consequently, the velocity of condensate drop movement is considered to be affected by the bulk surface tension gradient. The bulk surface tension gradient is calculated from the surface tension difference, which corresponds to the time-averaged surface temperature distribution of the extremely thin liquid film covering the heat transfer surface. The horizontal component of the Marangoni force depends on the overall magnitude of the Marangoni force and the shape (angle) of the condensate drop. Therefore, it is conceivable that the movement of the condensate drop is also determined by these two factors. Based on the correlation between the Marangoni force, initial drop distance and the angle of the condensate drop shown in Fig. 8, it follows that condensate drop movement is also affected by these three factors. Utaka and co-workers [15, 16] have focused on these factors and carried out several experimental and numerical studies on the characteristics and mechanisms of condensate drop movement in Marangoni dropwise condensation.
3.1. Experimental apparatus
Figure 10 shows a schematic of a typical experimental system. A vapor mixture is generated by electrically heating a water−ethanol mixture with a certain mass fraction in a vapor generator. The vapor is partially condensed on a heat transfer block, and is almost completely condensed in an auxiliary condenser after passing through the condensing chamber. The vapor pressure is maintained close to atmospheric pressure by a small opening to the atmosphere between the auxiliary condenser and condensate receiver. The condensate is fed back into the vapor generator after deaeration to remove non-condensable gases dissolved in the condensate. In addition, the vapor is made to flow in the opposite direction to the condensate drop movement to distinguish the driving force of drop movement from the shear force of the vapor flow. Figure 11 shows a schematic of the condensing chamber, where the condensate drop behavior is observed through front and side windows.
Figure 12 shows a schematic of the heat transfer block, which was made of brass with a surface area of 20×20 mm2 that was positioned horizontally for the experiments. A triangular cross-section of constantan, which has low thermal conductivity, was soldered onto the cooling surface of the heat transfer block. This allowed a bulk temperature gradient to be applied to the heat transfer surface by uniformly cooling the constantan surface with multiple water jet spray. Temperature was measured using thermocouples located inside the heat transfer block, and the surface temperature distribution was determined by two-dimensional extrapolation. The heat transfer surface was coated with titanium dioxide to make it hydrophilic to distinguish it from dropwise condensation on a hydrophobic surface. Experiments were conducted continuously using quasi-steady-state measurements, in which the temperature of the cooling water was changed very slowly.
Figure 10.
Schematic of a typical experimental apparatus setup
Figure 11.
Schematic of the condensing chamber
Figure 12.
Schematic of the heat transfer block
3.2. Variations of condensate drop shape, initial drop distance and heat transfer coefficient against surface subcooling
To confirm the correlations among the Marangoni force, initial drop distance and shape of condensate inferred in section 2.2, experimental studies were conducted to investigate the quantitative relations. The angle of the condensate drop, initial drop distance and heat transfer coefficient were experimentally measured and the relations are discussed. A profile image of a condensate drop taken through the side view window is shown in Fig. 13. Vapor flows from the right side to the left side, which is the high-temperature side of the heat transfer surface, as does the condensate drop. The angle between the surface of the condensate drop and the heat transfer surface near the drop base as shown in the profile image is defined as the angle of the condensate drop. The angle in the direction of forward movement is the advancing angle θa, and that at the opposite side is the receding angle, θr. Since similar tendencies in the variation of advancing and receding angles were observed, an average value of the advancing and receding angle for single condensate drops was calculated. The variation of average condensate drop angle, initial drop distance and the heat transfer coefficient as a function of surface subcooling are shown in Fig. 14.
Several tendencies are evident in Fig. 14. For each mass fraction of ethanol, as with the previous results, the heat transfer coefficient increases and the initial drop distance decreases with increasing surface subcooling. In addition, the average condensate drop angle increases with increasing surface subcooling. This indicates that the decrease in the initial drop distance corresponds to an increase in the angle of the condensate drop. The maximum average angle of a condensate drop was approximately 35-45°, which is slightly smaller than the typical contact angle of a condensate drop on a hydrophobic surface. Moreover, for the same surface subcooling, a higher heat transfer coefficient and smaller initial drop distance were realized for a smaller mass fraction of ethanol.
The experimental results indicate that greater surface subcooling or lower mass fraction of ethanol gives a smaller initial drop distance, and the average angle of the condensate drop is larger due to the stronger Marangoni force. Therefore, it was confirmed that the three main factors have quantitative correlations. In addition, there was a large amount of scatter in the data for the condensate drop angle, which is caused by frequent coalescence when the drops are moving or by variation of the temperature distribution on the heat transfer surface. This scatter is considered to be an essential characteristic of Marangoni dropwise condensation. Therefore, in the three important factors, the Marangoni force cannot be measured and the condensate drop angle has large amount of scatter. In contrast with the other two factors, initial drops grow from a thin flat condensate film that appears immediately after a drop departs, the state before the initial drops form is relatively stable, and thus, the measurement of the initial drop distance has good repeatability. Therefore, it is appropriate to adopt the initial drop distance as the dominant parameter of Marangoni dropwise condensation that represents the Marangoni force and the shape of a condensate drop.
Figure 13.
Profile image of condensate drop shape
Figure 14.
Variation of condensate drop angle, initial drop distance and heat transfer coefficient as a function of surface subcooling for various mass fractions of ethanol
3.3. Effect of bulk surface tension gradient on velocity of drop movement
Utaka and Kamiyama [15] examined the effect of the bulk surface tension gradient on condensate drop movement when a steady bulk temperature gradient was applied to horizontal and inclined heat transfer surfaces during the condensation of a water−ethanol vapor mixture. Figure 15 shows images of condensate drop movement on the horizontal heat transfer surface. The upper part of the image is the high-temperature side and the lower part is the low-temperature side. The condensate drops move from the low-temperature side to the high-temperature side. The variations of condensate drop velocity are shown for various ethanol mass fractions as a function of the bulk surface tension gradient in Fig. 16. The drop velocity increased with increasing surface tension gradient on the condensing surface and was independent of the drop size. Moreover, although there is a large scatter in the drop velocities due to frequent coalescence of the condensate drops, qualitatively similar tendencies of drop velocity were shown.
Figure 15.
Appearance of condensate drop movement
3.4. Effect of initial drop distance on velocity of drop movement
Chen and Utaka [16] investigated the affects of the Marangoni force and the condensate drop angle on the velocity of condensate drop movement. As discussed in section 3.2, the initial drop distance was adopted as the dominant parameter representing the Marangoni force and angle of condensate drop. The variations of velocity of drop movement as functions of the initial drop distance and bulk surface tension gradient are shown in Figs. 17 and 18, respectively. The drop velocities vary significantly, so that an average velocity of all condensate drops was adopted for each set of conditions.
Figure 16.
Variation of condensate drop velocity against bulk surface tension gradient
Figures 17 show plots of the average drop velocity as a function of the initial drop distance for ethanol mass fractions C, of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25 for six different bulk surface tension gradients. All experiments were performed in the surface subcooling range for which the heat transfer coefficient is less than its maximum value. Distinct trends between the average drop velocity and the initial drop distance are observed in Fig. 17. Qualitatively similar tendencies are evident and the curves have maximum values for each ethanol mass fraction and each surface tension gradient. When the initial drop distance decreases, the average drop velocity initially increases and then decreases after reaching a maximum value at almost the same surface tension gradient for all ethanol mass fractions. For example, for C = 0.15 and a bulk surface tension gradient of 0.2−0.3 N/m2, the average drop velocity increases from v = 16 mm/s to a maximum value of v = 21 mm/s when the initial drop distance decreases from di = 190 to 130 μm. The average velocity then tended to decrease to v = 0 mm/s as di decreased to 25 μm. While the changes in drop velocity were gradual at relatively high bulk surface tension gradients, the drop velocities over the entire range of initial drop distances decreased significantly over a smaller range of bulk surface tension gradients for all ethanol mass fractions. Although it is not surprising that the driving force is approximately 0 at low surface tension gradients in the ranges −0.05 to 0 N/m2 and 0−0.05 N/m2 for all mass fractions, it is notable that the driving force is also very small for small di in the initial drop distance range of 30−40 μm, even at high surface tension gradients.
Figure 18 shows the effect of the bulk surface tension gradient on the drop velocity for four initial drop distances and for ethanol mass fractions C, of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25. Data with similar initial drop distances as those in Fig. 17 were selected and were plotted together and fitted with lines that pass through the origin. The drop velocity increases linearly with increasing bulk surface tension gradient for each initial drop distance range. Furthermore, the rate of increase in the drop velocity with the bulk surface tension gradient increases with increasing initial drop distance in the lower ranges of initial drop distance up to the peak average drop velocity shown in Fig. 17. Similar increasing rate were obtained in the larger ranges of initial drop distance for each mass fraction. The effect of the surface tension gradient on the drop velocity became stronger when the initial drop distance approached values that give rise to the maximum velocities shown in Fig. 17. For example, when the bulk surface tension gradient is −0.05 N/m2, the velocity of condensate drops is around 0 mm/s when the initial drop distances are in the range of 30−35 μm. The velocity then increases with increasing bulk surface tension gradient; the velocity is 10 mm/s at a bulk surface tension gradient of 0.34 N/m2. For larger initial drop distances, the increase in the drop velocity as a function of bulk surface tension gradient becomes more rapid when the initial drop distance was in the range of 60−80 μm. This increase becomes much more rapid and the velocity increases from 3.6 to 18.9 mm/s in the initial drop distance range of 155−255 μm, when the corresponding bulk surface tension gradient is increased from 0.09 to 0.28 N/m2. For comparatively large initial drop distances in the ranges of 155−215 μm and 200−270 μm, the variations in the drop velocity as a function of the bulk surface tension gradient were similar, as shown in Fig. 18(b).
Figure 17.
Variation of average drop velocity as a function of initial drop distance for various ethanol mass fractions and bulk surface tension gradients
Figure 18.
Variation of average drop velocity as a function of bulk surface tension gradient for various ethanol mass fractions and initial drop distances
3.5. Mechanisms of condensate drop movement
Experimental studies on the characteristics (effects of several parameters) of drop movement under a bulk temperature gradient on a heat transfer surface have been conducted for Marangoni dropwise condensation of water-ethanol vapor. However, the essential factor relating to Marangoni dropwise condensation and the condensate drop movement, the Marangoni force, cannot be experimentally measured. Therefore, to better understand the relationship between the Marangoni force and condensate drop movement, numerical simulation of the spontaneous movement of condensate drops was conducted using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. In this section, the 3-dimensional phenomenon of condensate drop movement was simulated using a 2-dimensional calculation in the domain presented in Fig. 19; therefore, only qualitative discussion is presented in this section.
Figure 19.
Calculation domain used for the numerical simulation
3.5.1. Governing equations
3.5.1.1. Liquid phase
In the calculation, the liquid phase was treated as incompressible. The continuity, momentum, and energy equations were solved.
In the vapor phase, the vapor velocity in the y-direction was determined by the condensation rate at the vapor-liquid interface, and the vapor velocity in the x-direction was ignored. The diffusion equation was solved based on the assigned vapor velocity. After the results of diffusion equation were obtained, the temperature of the vapor mixture was calculated from the mass fraction based on the vapor line in the relation of vapor-liquid equilibrium.
ρVvV=m˙E7
(7)
∂CV∂t+vV∂CV∂y=DV(∂2CV∂x2+∂2CV∂y2)E8
(8)
TV=f(CV).E9
(9)
3.5.1.3. Vapor-liquid interface
The velocity distribution at the vapor-liquid interface is calculated by taking account of the effect of the surface tension gradient (stress balance at the vapor-liquid interface). This was used as the velocity boundary condition of the liquid phase. The temperature and mass fraction of ethanol at the interface were calculated based on the vapor-liquid equilibrium, energy balance and mass balance.
Condensation rate:
ρVvV=m˙E10
(10)
Energy balance:
−λL∂TL∂y=ΔhVm˙E11
(11)
Mass balance:
m˙E=ρVDV∂CV∂y+CVm˙E12
(12)
Mass fraction of liquid in the cell at the interface:
CL=m˙Em˙E13
(13)
Vapor-liquid equilibrium:
CV=f(Tsurf)E14
(14)
CL=f(Tsurf)E15
(15)
Relationship between the surface tension coefficient and concentration of the liquid:
σ=f(CL)E16
(16)
Increase of F caused by condensation:
∂F∂t=1ρLm˙ΔyE17
(17)
Stress balance at the vapor-liquid interface:
(PV−PL+σR)ni=(−τL,ij)nk+∂σ∂xiE18
(18)
3.5.2. Boundary and initial conditions
Considering the real phenomenon and the computation time, the calculation is conducted in a relatively small region of 600×200 μm2 (Fig. 19). The boundary conditions are summarized in Table 1. The boundary at y=0 is set as the condensing surface, and y=Ly is the steady temperature/concentration boundary. In addition, the boundary condition at x=0, Lx is the free inlet/outlet flow. A thin (1.5 μm) liquid film is set initially on the condensing surface. A tiny protuberance is also given in the center of the initial liquid film as a disturbance. During the calculation, a certain mass fraction of ethanol vapor and the corresponding vapor line temperature are assigned to the boundary of y=Ly, and the temperature gradient (the right side is set as the high-temperature side) was assigned directly to the condensing surface of y=0. During the calculation, a constant temperature was initially assigned to the condensing surface. After the temperature/concentration distribution in the calculation region became close to that for the actual phenomenon with elapse of time, the temperature gradient was applied to the condensing surface.
Furthermore, the basic equations were discretized using a staggered grid. The convective term was approximated by a 1st−order upwind difference and the diffusion term by 2nd−order central difference. Pressure was calculated implicitly. Other variables such as velocity, temperature and mass fraction were calculated explicitly. The velocity field in the calculation region was calculated using the SOLA method. In addition, the variations of F at the vapor-liquid interface were calculated using the donor-acceptor method.
y = Ly
∂u/∂x=0, v=0
T = T0
C= C0
y = 0
u=0, v=0
T = Tw(x)
∂C/∂y=0
x = 0
∂u/∂x=0, ∂v/∂y=0
∂T/∂x=0
∂C/∂x=0
x = Lx
∂u/∂x=0, ∂v/∂y=0
∂T/∂x=0
∂C/∂x=0
Table 1.
Summary of the boundary conditions employed for the numerical simulation
3.5.3. Calculation results and discussion
3.5.3.1. Variation of liquid film and shape of condensate drop
The calculation results for an ethanol mass fraction of C = 0.09 are shown in Figs. 20−23. The variation in the thickness of the condensate film and the form of the free surface are shown in Fig. 20. The condensate film became thicker over time. Several condensate drops formed and became larger on the condensing surface including the spot where the initial disturbance was located.
3.5.3.2. Angle of the condensate drop
Figure 21 shows a comparison of condensate drops forming on condensing surfaces with different surface subcooling (ΔT=6 and 10 K). Condensate drops with similar diameters were selected and the shape of the drops was compared. Developed condensate drops were investigated to avoid the influence of initial conditions. The condensate drop was higher for larger surface subcooling (ΔT = 10 K). Thus, the angle of the condensate drop becomes larger when the surface subcooling is larger, which is in agreement with the experimental results and indicates the condensate drop angle becomes larger because of the stronger Marangoni force.
3.5.3.3. Driving force of drop movement
To investigate the driving force of condensate drop movement, the momentum of condensate liquid pulled into a condensate drop by the Marangoni force around the periphery was calculated. In the two-dimensional simulation, the momenta on the high and low-temperature sides of a condensate drop were calculated. The qualitative relation between the drop movement and the imbalance of momentum in the horizontal direction is discussed. In addition, the momentum was calculated at the position where the condensate film around the periphery of a condensate drop is the thinnest (in the valley around the base of a condensate drop).
The experimental results obtained so far indicate that there is a large amount of scatter in the velocities and angles of condensate drops, due to the coalescence of drops or unstable temperature distributions near the periphery of drops. Similar to the experimental results, it is considered that the calculation results also vary significantly around the average values in the numerical simulation. Thus, to avoid the influence of adjacent condensate drops, the condensate drop formed in the vicinity of the center of a condensing surface (Fig. 20) was selected. Because it was considered that the characteristics of a relatively isolated condensate drop in the numerical simulation is nearly equal to that of condensate drops in the experiments.
The aspects of growth and movement of a condensate drop after the temperature gradient was applied are shown in Fig. 22 for C=0.09 and ΔT =10 K. The crests of the condensate drops are indicated by open circles. In addition, the horizontal component of momentum at the high/low-temperature side of the condensate drop and the temperature difference of the liquid surface between the high- (right side) and low- (left side) temperature sides of the condensing surface (boundary condition) are shown in Figs. 23(a) and (b), respectively. The surface temperature of the condensate on the high-temperature side of the condensate drop is higher than that of the low-temperature side, and the horizontal momentum of the condensate liquid is larger on the high-temperature side than that on the low-temperature side.
Figure 20.
Variation of condensate liquid film thickness over time
Figure 21.
Comparison of condensate drop shape for different subcooling temperatures
These results correspond to those given in Fig. 22, where the growing condensate drop moves towards the high-temperature side. In conclusion, the condensate drop movement is in the direction of the side with the larger momentum of condensate liquid being pulled into the condensate drop by the Marangoni force. Thus, it could be inferred that an imbalance of the horizontal component of the Marangoni force is the driving force for condensate drop movement.
Figure 22.
Growth and movement of a condensate drop over time
Figure 23.
a) Horizontal momentum of a condensate liquid driven into a condensate drop, and (b) surface temperature difference between the low- and high-temperature side of a condensate drop
4. Conclusion
Condensate drops move spontaneously on a heat transfer surface with a bulk temperature gradient in Marangoni dropwise condensation. It is conceivable that the velocity of a condensate drop is determined by the bulk surface tension gradient, Marangoni force, and the shape of the condensate drop. With a focus on these three factors, experimental and numerical studies were conducted on the spontaneous movement of condensate drops in the Marangoni condensation of a water−ethanol mixture. The results are summarized as follows:
Condensate drops move from the low-temperature to high-temperature side of a heat transfer surface. The velocity of condensate drop movement increases with the bulk surface tension gradient.
There are correlations among the Marangoni force, initial drop distance and angle of the condensate drop. It is appropriate to adopt the initial drop distance as a dominant parameter to express the characteristics of drop velocity.
When the initial drop distance decreases, the average drop velocity initially increases and then decreases after reaching a maximum at almost the same surface tension gradient. The average drop velocity increases linearly with bulk surface tension gradient for each initial drop distance range. The rate of increase in the drop velocity increases with the increasing initial drop distance.
Condensate drop movement is directed toward the side with a larger momentum of condensate liquid being pulled into the condensate drop by Marangoni force. It could be inferred that an imbalance of the horizontal component of Marangoni force is the driving force for condensate drop movement.
Nomenclature
CMass fraction of ethanol vapor
CP[J/kg K]Specific heat at constant pressure
D[m2/s]Diffusion coefficient
d[mm]Diameter of condensate drop
di[μm]Initial drop distance
FVOF function, Force
g[m/s2]Gravity acceleration
Δh[kJ/kg]Latent heat
Μ[N s]Momentum
m˙ [kg/m2 s]Mass flux of condensation
P[kPa]Pressure
T[K]Temperature
ΔT[K]Surface subcooling
t[s]Time
U[m/s]Velocity of vapor mixture
u[m/s]Horizontal velocity
v[mm/s], [m/s]Velocity of drop movement, Vertical velocity
x[m]Cartesian axis direction
y[m]Cartesian axis direction
Greek characters
α[kW/m2k]Heat transfer coefficient
θ[°]Angle of condensate drop
σ[mN/m]Surface tension coefficient
δ[μm]Minimum condensate thickness
λ[W/m K ]Thermal conductivity
υ[m2/s]Kinematic viscosity
ρ[kg/m3]Density
τ[Pa]Shear stress
Subscripts
aAdvancing angle
rReceding angle
surfVapor-liquid interface
EEthanol
LLiquid phase, low-temperature side
VVapor phase
HHigh-temperature side
xHorizontal
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/40622.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/40622.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/40622",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/40622",totalDownloads:3415,totalViews:289,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:15,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 2nd 2011",dateReviewed:"July 30th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 31st 2012",dateFinished:"October 30th 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/40622",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/40622",book:{id:"2230",slug:"an-overview-of-heat-transfer-phenomena"},signatures:"Yoshio Utaka and Zhihao Chen",authors:[{id:"14778",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Utaka",fullName:"Yoshio Utaka",slug:"yoshio-utaka",email:"utaka@ynu.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"145238",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhihao",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Zhihao Chen",slug:"zhihao-chen",email:"zhchen@ynu.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Marangoni dropwise condensation ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. Heat transfer characteristics in Marangoni dropwise condensation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. Relations among initial drop distance, Marangoni force and shape (angle) of condensate drop",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Spontaneous movement of condensate drops in Marangoni dropwise condensation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1. Experimental apparatus",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2. Variations of condensate drop shape, initial drop distance and heat transfer coefficient against surface subcooling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.3. Effect of bulk surface tension gradient on velocity of drop movement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.4. Effect of initial drop distance on velocity of drop movement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.5. Mechanisms of condensate drop movement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"3.5.1. Governing equations",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.5.3. Calculation results and discussion",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14",title:"4. Conclusion ",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'MirkovichV. V.MissenR. W.1961Non-Filmwise Condensation of Binary Vapor of Miscible Liquids, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 398687'},{id:"B2",body:'FordJ. D.MissenR. W.1968On the Conditions for Stability of Falling Films Subject to Surface Tension Disturbances; the Condensation of Binary Vapor, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 48309312'},{id:"B3",body:'FujiiT.OsaN.KoyamaS.1993Free Convective Condensation of Binary Vapor Mixtures on a Smooth Horizontal Tube: Condensing Mode and Heat Transfer Coefficient of Condensate, Proc. US Engineering Foundation Conference on Condensation and Condenser Design, St. Augustine, Florida, ASME, 171182'},{id:"B4",body:'MorrisonJ. N. A.DeansJ.1997Augmentation of Steam Condensation Heat Transfer by Addition of Ammonia, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 40765772'},{id:"B5",body:'UtakaY.TerachiN.1995Measurement of Condensation Characteristic Curves for Binary Mixture of Steam and Ethanol Vapor, Heat Transfer-Japanese Research, 245767'},{id:"B6",body:'UtakaY.TerachiN.1995Study on Condensation Heat Transfer for Steam-Ethanol Vapor Mixture (Relation between Condensation Characteristic Curve and Modes of Condensate), Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng., Series B, 6158830593065'},{id:"B7",body:'UtakaY.WangS.2004Characteristic Curves and the Promotion Effect of Ethanol Addition on Steam Condensation Heat Transfer, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 4745074516'},{id:"B8",body:'UtakaY.KobayashiH.2003Effect of Vapor Velocity on Condensation Heat Transfer for Water-Ethanol Binary Vapor Mixture, Proceedings of 6th ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering Conference.'},{id:"B9",body:'UtakaY.2011Marangoni Condensation Heat Transfer. In: Belmiloudi, A., editor. Experimental Investigations and Industrial Systems, Heat Transfer-Theoretical Analysis, InTech. 978-9-53307-226-5327350'},{id:"B10",body:'MuraseT.WangH. S.RoseJ. W.2007Marangoni condensation of steam-ethanol mixtures on a horizontal tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 5037743779'},{id:"B11",body:'HijikataK.FukasakuY.NakabeppuO.1996Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Pseudo-Dropwise Condensation of a Binary Vapor Mixture, J. Heat Transfer, 118140147'},{id:"B12",body:'AkiyamaH.NagasakiT.ItoY.2001A Study on the Mechanism of Dropwise Condensation in Water-Ethanol Vapor Mixture, Thermal Science & Engineering, 961927'},{id:"B13",body:'UtakaY.KenmotsuT.YokoyamaS.1998Study on Marangoni Condensation (Measurement and Observation for Water and Ethanol Vapor Mixture), Proceedings of 11th International Heat Transfer Conference, 6397402'},{id:"B14",body:'UtakaY.NishikawaT.2003Measurement of Condensate Film Thickness for Solutal Marangoni Condensation Applying Laser Extinction Method, J. Enhanc. Heat Transf., 101119129'},{id:"B15",body:'UtakaY.KamiyamaT.2008Condensate Drop Movement in Marangoni Condensation by Applying Bulk Temperature Gradient on Heat Transfer Surface, Heat Transfer−Asian Research, 377387397'},{id:"B16",body:'ChenZ.UtakaY.2011Characteristics of condensate drop movement with application of bulk surface temperature gradient in Marangoni dropwise condensation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 5450495059'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Yoshio Utaka",address:null,affiliation:'
Division of Systems Research, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan
Division of Systems Research, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"2230",type:"book",title:"An Overview of Heat Transfer Phenomena",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"An Overview of Heat Transfer Phenomena",slug:"an-overview-of-heat-transfer-phenomena",publishedDate:"October 31st 2012",bookSignature:"Salim N. Kazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2230.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0827-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6261-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:86,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"826"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40632",type:"chapter",title:"Measurements of Local Heat Flux and Water-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient in Water Wall Tubes",slug:"measurements-of-local-heat-flux-and-water-side-heat-transfer-coefficient-in-water-wall-tubes",totalDownloads:3849,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Jan Taler and Dawid Taler",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43955",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:"Marian",surname:"Taler",fullName:"Jan Taler",slug:"jan-taler"},{id:"149457",title:"Prof.",name:"Dawid",middleName:null,surname:"Taler",fullName:"Dawid Taler",slug:"dawid-taler"}]},{id:"40627",type:"chapter",title:"Experimental Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients During Squeeze Casting of Aluminium",slug:"experimental-determination-of-heat-transfer-coefficients-during-squeeze-casting-of-aluminium",totalDownloads:4945,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Jacob O. Aweda and Michael B. Adeyemi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"150103",title:"Dr",name:"Jacob",middleName:null,surname:"Aweda",fullName:"Jacob Aweda",slug:"jacob-aweda"}]},{id:"40624",type:"chapter",title:"Analytical and Experimental Investigation About Heat Transfer of Hot-Wire Anemometry",slug:"analytical-and-experimental-investigation-about-heat-transfer-of-hot-wire-anemometry",totalDownloads:5432,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mojtaba Dehghan Manshadi and Mohammad Kazemi Esfeh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27162",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojtaba",middleName:null,surname:"Dehghan Manshadi",fullName:"Mojtaba Dehghan Manshadi",slug:"mojtaba-dehghan-manshadi"},{id:"149481",title:"MSc.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Kazemi",fullName:"Mohammad Kazemi",slug:"mohammad-kazemi"}]},{id:"40635",type:"chapter",title:"Boundary-Layer Flow in a Porous Medium of a Nanofluid Past a Vertical Cone",slug:"boundary-layer-flow-in-a-porous-medium-of-a-nanofluid-past-a-vertical-cone",totalDownloads:3973,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"F.M. Hady, F.S. Ibrahim, S.M. Abdel-Gaied and M.R. Eid",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"144660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"Rabea",surname:"Eid",fullName:"Mohamed Eid",slug:"mohamed-eid"},{id:"167009",title:"Prof.",name:"Fekry",middleName:null,surname:"Hady",fullName:"Fekry Hady",slug:"fekry-hady"},{id:"167010",title:"Prof.",name:"Fouad",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",fullName:"Fouad Ibrahim",slug:"fouad-ibrahim"},{id:"167011",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahar",middleName:"M.",surname:"Abdel-Gaied",fullName:"Sahar Abdel-Gaied",slug:"sahar-abdel-gaied"}]},{id:"40630",type:"chapter",title:"Natural Convection Heat Transfer from a Rectangular Block Embedded in a Vertical Enclosure",slug:"natural-convection-heat-transfer-from-a-rectangular-block-embedded-in-a-vertical-enclosure",totalDownloads:5538,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiaohui Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15093",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xiaohui Zhang",slug:"xiaohui-zhang"}]},{id:"40633",type:"chapter",title:"Forced Convective Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Characteristics in Curved Ducts",slug:"forced-convective-heat-transfer-and-fluid-flow-characteristics-in-curved-ducts",totalDownloads:5440,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tilak T. Chandratilleke and Nima Nadim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17849",title:"Prof.",name:"Tilak",middleName:null,surname:"Chandratilleke",fullName:"Tilak Chandratilleke",slug:"tilak-chandratilleke"},{id:"155363",title:"Mr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Nadim",fullName:"Nima Nadim",slug:"nima-nadim"}]},{id:"40631",type:"chapter",title:"Forced Turbulent Heat Convection in a Rectangular Duct with Non-Uniform Wall Temperature",slug:"forced-turbulent-heat-convection-in-a-rectangular-duct-with-non-uniform-wall-temperature",totalDownloads:7078,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"G.A. Rivas, E.C. Garcia and M. Assato",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"142146",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Rivas",fullName:"Gustavo Rivas",slug:"gustavo-rivas"},{id:"154671",title:"Dr.",name:"Ezio",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Ezio Garcia",slug:"ezio-garcia"},{id:"154673",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Assato",fullName:"Marcelo Assato",slug:"marcelo-assato"}]},{id:"40625",type:"chapter",title:"Droplet Impact and Evaporation on Nanotextured Surface for High Efficient Spray Cooling",slug:"droplet-impact-and-evaporation-on-nanotextured-surface-for-high-efficient-spray-cooling",totalDownloads:3602,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Cheng Lin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"144879",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Cheng Lin",slug:"cheng-lin"}]},{id:"40629",type:"chapter",title:"Critical Heat Flux in Subcooled Flow Boiling of Water",slug:"critical-heat-flux-in-subcooled-flow-boiling-of-water",totalDownloads:6619,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yuzhou Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15867",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuzhou",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yuzhou Chen",slug:"yuzhou-chen"}]},{id:"40622",type:"chapter",title:"Condensate Drop Movement by Surface Temperature Gradient on Heat Transfer Surface in Marangoni Dropwise Condensation",slug:"condensate-drop-movement-by-surface-temperature-gradient-on-heat-transfer-surface-in-marangoni-dropw",totalDownloads:3415,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoshio Utaka and Zhihao Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14778",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Utaka",fullName:"Yoshio Utaka",slug:"yoshio-utaka"},{id:"145238",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhihao",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Zhihao Chen",slug:"zhihao-chen"}]},{id:"40637",type:"chapter",title:"Two-Phase Flow",slug:"two-phase-flow",totalDownloads:11718,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"M. M. Awad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36394",title:"Dr.",name:"M. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Awad",fullName:"M. M. Awad",slug:"m.-m.-awad"}]},{id:"40634",type:"chapter",title:"Heat Generation and Removal in Solid State Lasers",slug:"heat-generation-and-removal-in-solid-state-lasers",totalDownloads:5162,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"V. Ashoori, M. Shayganmanesh and S. Radmard",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141719",title:"MSc.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Ashoori",fullName:"Vahid Ashoori",slug:"vahid-ashoori"},{id:"168265",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahdi",middleName:null,surname:"Shayganmanesh",fullName:"Mahdi Shayganmanesh",slug:"mahdi-shayganmanesh"}]},{id:"40636",type:"chapter",title:"Single and Two-Phase Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Longitudinal Vortex Generator in Narrow Rectangular Channel",slug:"single-and-two-phase-heat-transfer-enhancement-using-longitudinal-vortex-generator-in-narrow-rectang",totalDownloads:3600,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yan-Ping Huang, Jun Huang, Jian Ma, Yan-Lin Wang, Jun-Feng Wang and Qiu-Wang Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15235",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Jian Ma",slug:"jian-ma"},{id:"149906",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan-Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Yan-Ping Huang",slug:"yan-ping-huang"},{id:"167091",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jun Huang",slug:"jun-huang"},{id:"167191",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanlin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yanlin Wang",slug:"yanlin-wang"},{id:"167192",title:"Dr.",name:"Junfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Junfeng Wang",slug:"junfeng-wang"}]},{id:"40628",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Nanofluids in Heat Transfer",slug:"application-of-nanofluids-in-heat-transfer",totalDownloads:8382,totalCrossrefCites:26,signatures:"P. Sivashanmugam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"145330",title:"Dr.",name:"Palani",middleName:null,surname:"Sivashanmugam",fullName:"Palani Sivashanmugam",slug:"palani-sivashanmugam"}]},{id:"40626",type:"chapter",title:"Heat Transfer Enhancement of Impinging Jet by Notched – Orifice Nozzle",slug:"heat-transfer-enhancement-of-impinging-jet-by-notched-orifice-nozzle",totalDownloads:4078,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Toshihiko Shakouchi and Mizuki Kito",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"145943",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Shakouchi",fullName:"Toshihiko Shakouchi",slug:"toshihiko-shakouchi"},{id:"145947",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kito",fullName:"Mizuki Kito",slug:"mizuki-kito"}]},{id:"40621",type:"chapter",title:"Conjugate Heat Transfer in Ribbed Cylindrical Channels",slug:"conjugate-heat-transfer-in-ribbed-cylindrical-channels",totalDownloads:2751,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Armando Gallegos-Muñoz, Nicolás C. Uzárraga-Rodríguez and Francisco Elizalde-Blancas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"145413",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",middleName:null,surname:"Gallegos-Muñoz",fullName:"Armando Gallegos-Muñoz",slug:"armando-gallegos-munoz"},{id:"145857",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Elizalde-Blancas",fullName:"Francisco Elizalde-Blancas",slug:"francisco-elizalde-blancas"},{id:"145858",title:"MSc.",name:"Nicolás C.",middleName:null,surname:"Uzárraga-Rodríguez",fullName:"Nicolás C. Uzárraga-Rodríguez",slug:"nicolas-c.-uzarraga-rodriguez"}]},{id:"40623",type:"chapter",title:"Heat Transfer to Separation Flow in Heat Exchangers",slug:"heat-transfer-to-separation-flow-in-heat-exchangers",totalDownloads:5340,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"S. N. Kazi, Hussein Togun and E. Sadeghinezhad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3091",title:"Heat Transfer Phenomena and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8536c61b1e94dd17840626e6546dea99",slug:"heat-transfer-phenomena-and-applications",bookSignature:"Salim N. Kazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3091.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",surname:"Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40355",title:"Methodology to Calculate Boundary Conditions in a Single Isolated Helically Segmented Finned Tube Module",slug:"methodology-to-calculate-boundary-conditions-in-a-single-isolated-helically-segmented-finned-tube-mo",signatures:"E. Martínez, W. Vicente, G. Soto, A. Campo and M. Salinas",authors:[{id:"146232",title:"PhD.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Vicente Rodriguez",fullName:"William Vicente Rodriguez",slug:"william-vicente-rodriguez"},{id:"146501",title:"Dr.",name:"Eliseo",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Eliseo Martinez",slug:"eliseo-martinez"}]},{id:"40354",title:"Calculation Methods for Heating and Ventilation System of Electrical Machines",slug:"calculation-methods-for-heating-and-ventilation-system-of-electrical-machines",signatures:"Otilia Nedelcu and Corneliu Ioan Sălişteanu",authors:[{id:"142213",title:"Dr.",name:"Otilia",middleName:null,surname:"Nedelcu",fullName:"Otilia Nedelcu",slug:"otilia-nedelcu"},{id:"154781",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioan Corneliu",middleName:null,surname:"Salisteanu",fullName:"Ioan Corneliu Salisteanu",slug:"ioan-corneliu-salisteanu"}]},{id:"40351",title:"Homotopy Perturbation Method to Solve Heat Conduction Equation",slug:"homotopy-perturbation-method-to-solve-heat-conduction-equation",signatures:"Anwar Ja'afar Mohamed Jawad",authors:[{id:"142935",title:"Prof.",name:"Anwar",middleName:"Ja\\'Afar",surname:"Mohamad-Jawad",fullName:"Anwar Mohamad-Jawad",slug:"anwar-mohamad-jawad"}]},{id:"40359",title:"Numerical Analysis and Experimental Investigation of Energy Partition and Heat Transfer in Grinding",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-experimental-investigation-of-energy-partition-and-heat-transfer-in-grinding",signatures:"Lei Zhang",authors:[{id:"143665",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Lei Zhang",slug:"lei-zhang"}]},{id:"40353",title:"3-D Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in Biomedical Applications",slug:"3-d-numerical-simulation-of-heat-transfer-in-biomedical-applications",signatures:"Aleksandra Rashkovska, Roman Trobec, Matjaž Depolli and Gregor Kosec",authors:[{id:"53866",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregor",middleName:null,surname:"Kosec",fullName:"Gregor Kosec",slug:"gregor-kosec"},{id:"56368",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Trobec",fullName:"Roman Trobec",slug:"roman-trobec"},{id:"145326",title:"BSc.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Rashkovska",fullName:"Aleksandra Rashkovska",slug:"aleksandra-rashkovska"},{id:"145329",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaz",middleName:null,surname:"Depolli",fullName:"Matjaz Depolli",slug:"matjaz-depolli"}]},{id:"40357",title:"Developing 1-Dimensional Transient Heat Transfer Axi-Symmetric MM to Predict the Hardness, Determination LHP and to Study the Effect of Radius on E-LHP of Industrial Quenched Steel Bar",slug:"developing-1-dimensional-transient-heat-transfer-axi-symmetric-mm-to-predict-the-hardness-determinat",signatures:"Abdlmanam S. A. Elmaryami and Badrul Omar",authors:[{id:"145461",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdlmanam",middleName:null,surname:"Elmaryami",fullName:"Abdlmanam Elmaryami",slug:"abdlmanam-elmaryami"},{id:"152318",title:"Prof.",name:"Badrul",middleName:null,surname:"Omar",fullName:"Badrul Omar",slug:"badrul-omar"}]},{id:"40352",title:"Computer Simulation of Thermal Processing for Food",slug:"computer-simulation-of-thermal-processing-for-food",signatures:"Rudi Radrigán Ewoldt",authors:[{id:"141156",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudi",middleName:null,surname:"Radrigán",fullName:"Rudi Radrigán",slug:"rudi-radrigan"}]},{id:"40358",title:"Analytical Solutions to 3-D Bioheat Transfer Problems with or without Phase Change",slug:"analytical-solutions-to-3-d-bioheat-transfer-problems-with-or-without-phase-change",signatures:"Zhong-Shan Deng and Jing Liu",authors:[{id:"145539",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Jing Liu",slug:"jing-liu"},{id:"145540",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhong-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Deng",fullName:"Zhong-Shan Deng",slug:"zhong-shan-deng"}]},{id:"40350",title:"Stochastic Analysis of Heat Conduction and Thermal Stresses in Solids: A Review",slug:"stochastic-analysis-of-heat-conduction-and-thermal-stresses-in-solids-a-review",signatures:"Ryoichi Chiba",authors:[{id:"16133",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryoichi",middleName:null,surname:"Chiba",fullName:"Ryoichi Chiba",slug:"ryoichi-chiba"}]},{id:"40360",title:"The Effects of Hall and Joule Currents and Variable Properties on an Unsteady MHD Laminar Convective Flow Over a Porous Rotating Disk with Viscous Dissipation",slug:"the-effects-of-hall-and-joule-currents-and-variable-properties-on-an-unsteady-mhd-laminar-convective",signatures:"Abdus Sattar and Mohammad Ferdows",authors:[{id:"141699",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Abdus",middleName:null,surname:"Sattar",fullName:"Md. Abdus Sattar",slug:"md.-abdus-sattar"}]},{id:"40361",title:"Thermal Interaction Between a Human Body and a Vehicle Cabin",slug:"thermal-interaction-between-a-human-body-and-a-vehicle-cabin",signatures:"Dragan Ružić and Ferenc Časnji",authors:[{id:"143084",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dragan",middleName:null,surname:"Ružić",fullName:"Dragan Ružić",slug:"dragan-ruzic"},{id:"157269",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr Ferenc",middleName:null,surname:"Časnji",fullName:"Dr Ferenc Časnji",slug:"dr-ferenc-casnji"}]},{id:"40369",title:"Entropy Generation Analysis of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) with a Fermat Spiral as a Flow Distributor",slug:"entropy-generation-analysis-of-a-proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cell-pemfc-with-a-fermat-spiral-as-a-",signatures:"V.H. Rangel-Hernandez, C. Damian-Ascencio, D. Juarez-Robles, A. Gallegos-Muñoz, A. Zaleta-Aguilar and H. Plascencia-Mora",authors:[{id:"145219",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Hernandez",fullName:"Victor Hugo Rangel-Hernandez",slug:"victor-hugo-rangel-hernandez"}]},{id:"40368",title:"Non-Isothermal Spontaneous Imbibition Process Including Condensation Effects and Variable Surface Tension",slug:"non-isothermal-spontaneous-imbibition-process-including-condensation-effects-and-variable-surface-te",signatures:"Bautista Oscar, Sánchez Salvador, Méndez Federico, Bautista Eric and Arcos Carlos",authors:[{id:"144727",title:"Prof.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Mendez",fullName:"Federico Mendez",slug:"federico-mendez"},{id:"146505",title:"MSc.",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez",fullName:"Salvador Sánchez",slug:"salvador-sanchez"},{id:"146509",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Bautista",fullName:"Eric Gustavo Bautista",slug:"eric-gustavo-bautista"},{id:"146510",title:"Prof.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Bautista",fullName:"Oscar Bautista",slug:"oscar-bautista"},{id:"155476",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Arcos",fullName:"José Arcos",slug:"jose-arcos"}]},{id:"40356",title:"The Effects of Power Characteristics on the Heat Transfer Process in Various Types of Motionless Mixing Devices",slug:"the-effects-of-power-characteristics-on-the-heat-transfer-process-in-various-types-of-motionless-mix",signatures:"Rafał Rakoczy, Marian Kordas and Stanisław Masiuk",authors:[{id:"20232",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafał",middleName:null,surname:"Rakoczy",fullName:"Rafał Rakoczy",slug:"rafal-rakoczy"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7394",title:"Recent Advances in Heat Pipes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b31de52428e3627ffd2ee424f148f04",slug:"recent-advances-in-heat-pipes",bookSignature:"Wael I. A. Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7394.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187317",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael I.A.",surname:"Aly",slug:"wael-i.a.-aly",fullName:"Wael I.A. Aly"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10299",title:"Heat Transfer",subtitle:"Design, Experimentation and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3063ea61f7b2454cef5a5b28c1167677",slug:"heat-transfer-design-experimentation-and-applications",bookSignature:"Miguel Araiz Vega",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10299.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230662",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Araiz",slug:"miguel-araiz",fullName:"Miguel Araiz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10965",title:"Heat Exchangers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b130aa3782505e13d72bf818edff849e",slug:"heat-exchangers",bookSignature:"Laura Castro Gómez, Víctor Manuel Velázquez Flores and Miriam Navarrete Procopio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179471",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Castro Gómez",slug:"laura-castro-gomez",fullName:"Laura Castro Gómez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"296",title:"Developments in Heat Transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06bca9a8a622c1fa728dc3943bff471e",slug:"developments-in-heat-transfer",bookSignature:"Marco Aurélio dos Santos Bernardes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/296.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6625",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Aurelio",surname:"Dos Santos Bernardes",slug:"marco-aurelio-dos-santos-bernardes",fullName:"Marco Aurelio Dos Santos Bernardes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"531",title:"Evaporation, Condensation and Heat transfer",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df4a2b5264d9893eafab9c49f7dec835",slug:"evaporation-condensation-and-heat-transfer",bookSignature:"Amimul Ahsan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/531.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1287",title:"Heat Transfer",subtitle:"Theoretical Analysis, Experimental Investigations and Industrial Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f1110052d685853d315515d3a1af112",slug:"heat-transfer-theoretical-analysis-experimental-investigations-and-industrial-systems",bookSignature:"Aziz Belmiloudi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17391",title:"Prof.",name:"Aziz",surname:"Belmiloudi",slug:"aziz-belmiloudi",fullName:"Aziz Belmiloudi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"925",title:"Mass Transfer",subtitle:"Advanced Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1025f8fc1d2c7a4769cca9205cfac6ae",slug:"mass-transfer-advanced-aspects",bookSignature:"Hironori Nakajima",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/925.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45206",title:"Dr.",name:"Hironori",surname:"Nakajima",slug:"hironori-nakajima",fullName:"Hironori Nakajima"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2230",title:"An Overview of Heat Transfer Phenomena",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7bb8831521deb0cadc8f29532d083b50",slug:"an-overview-of-heat-transfer-phenomena",bookSignature:"Salim N. Kazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2230.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",surname:"Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79966",title:"Marijuana, a Journey through the Endocannabinoid System: Unmasking the Paradoxical Effect - Part 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101556",slug:"marijuana-a-journey-through-the-endocannabinoid-system-unmasking-the-paradoxical-effect-part-2",body:'
1. Introduction
1.1 Terpenes and flavonoids
This section’s objective is to weed out possible terpene synergies which may actuate a biphasic experience of either ASR/ATD. Over 200 terpenoids are primarily responsible for the many fragrances of cannabis and may represent 10% of trichome content [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Monoterpenoids, containing oxygen functionality or missing a methyl group, are commonly composed of limonene, myrcene, pinene, linalool [8, 9, 10, 11]. Terpenes are widely known to cross the blood–brain barrier due to their chemical makeup to be lipophilic like cannabinoids [9]. Terpenoids will begin to break down before the processing stage at a rate of about 5%. After curing processes and in time (1–6 months) terpenoids will have diminished significantly [12, 13]. With this in mind, any further actions taken to separate the whole cultivars’ phytochemistry undoubtedly weakens the quantum function of the entire medicinal chain, ie extraction and or isolation processes. Terpenes in their natural state, are incorporated in the trichomes of cannabis with a fundamental directive whether it’s to keep predators at bay, maintain general cultivar homeostasis, or the more commonly known use, as a medication for homeostasis in most vertebrate species.
Any medicinal flower sold past 6 months from the end of the curing stage, will most likely be under the promised genomes bioavailability or true to the cultivar medicinal properties. The cannabis flower should be tested at the 6 month and interpened to either be converted to extracts or discarded unless properly stored (i.e., time would vary depending on consumer storing methods). In this time (1–6 > months), the main subsidies of most terpenes begin to chemically change and fall under generally categorized oxidized terpenoids or hydro-carbon terpenes. Cannabinoids in contrast are more resilient in this oxidative manner but should be understood that the intentional entourage from any cannabis cultivar should be consumed as a whole, not a hand-me-down to what was. Other constituents of terpenoids such as caryophyllene, geraniol, humulene, limonene, linalool, myrcene, ocimene, pinene, terpineol, and terpinolene have beneficial health properties that help to treat indications ranging from neurodegenerative disorders to cancer. Though terpenes never directly affect CB1 or CB2, their presence in an entourage may mediate other possible synergistic effects, along with serotonin release.
Flavonoids, a secondary metabolite and interestingly anthocyanin (i.e., blue, violet, and red plant pigments that exist in fruit, vegetables, tea, wine, and “more recently researched,” cannabis) intake have had extensive research ranging from anti-inflammatory to pro-cognitive explained characteristics which also include passing the blood–brain barrier [9]. Thus, it has a viable and crucial part in medical cannabis as a whole product. Specific fruits with high levels of anthocyanins will display dark purple, blue, and perceptively black pigments through inflorescence; like in cherry juice or from Japanese plums, similar phenolic compound levels can be comparable to hemp seed extract. Cannabis displaying plentiful purple or deep red inflorescence could then be suggested for a different or new method of extracting with possible uses such as tinctures, teas, or juices as to not cause excessive degradation to the bioavailability of said cultivar medical administration.
2. α-Pinene
α-Pinene is a bicyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon with two isomers being α- & β-pinene that makes up the whole [14, 15]. This particular terpene is vastly known throughout nature but in cannabis acts as an/a anti-inflammatory, a bronchodilator, MRSA treatment, antibiotic [16], and even improve cognitive ability and memory retention in lieu of THC’s supposed side effect of short-term memory loss [17, 18]. In a recent study, α-pinene’s memory retention ability may add the concern to PTSD memory triggers, causing a tougher time disassociating traumatic memories with the trigger [19].
One trait of pinene interestingly stops excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse, in short, acetylcholinesterase [20]. In “Cannabis Pharmacology: The Usual Suspects and a Few Promising Leads,” Russo and Marcu state, α-Pinene “... serves to reduce or eliminate one of the primary adverse events associated with THC, that of short-term memory impairment. This ability may also serve admirably in the treatment of dementia, a syndrome in which THC has already produced benefits in counteracting agitation”.
Henceforth, Pinene, acetylcholinesterase [21], I believe α-pinene to contrary belief may be pertinent to patients with indicators such as PTSD, ADD/ADHD, OCD, panic disorders, spectrum disorders, and epilepsy, when paired with cognitive brain therapy (CBT) breaking an “adolescent fear loop” as thoroughly explained in the study, dynamic changes in neural circuitry during adolescence are associated with persistent attenuation of fear memories [22].
So in a more readable way, pinene has more efficacy during times of positive mental healing than as a “take as needed/ smoke-em-if-ya-got-‘em; pill-popping mentality frequently associated with addictive/non-addictive pharmaceuticals” and the patients who take them (i.e., stress). Cannabis is psychoactive and intoxicating and thus has the potential to be mind-expanding ergo the reason for set and setting including CBT. Together, could prove more appropriate in guided treatment, furthermore, that THC lower than CBD and paired with proper synergistic terpenes, would be a safer means of medicating to avoid any excessive serotonin use, aside from what is needed from the HPA axis for the general operation of cannabinoids via pre and post-receptor Synoptics in regions of the brain and body. It is also important to understand pinene is a known characteristic of NLM varieties which are actually the ones provoking most episodes of PTSD and anxiety among many other side effects that stimulants may provide, i.e., pinene exhibits no such stimulation pharmacokinetically.
Hypothesis: So, when paired with a medical chemovar possessing a specific entourage, including α- or β-pinene, a patient can then efficiently break the fear loop cycle and the memory trigger associated with the traumatic cycle creating a new positive loop to trigger [22].
Does α-pinene contribute to the paradoxical effect? No perspective paradox or biphasic ASR manner but an understanding of “when and how to use, for specific neurological conditions.”
3. β-Myrcene
β-Myrcene, a monoterpenoid with analgesic, muscle relaxant, and sedative-like properties with many cannabinoid synergies i.e., CBD, THC, CBG. Myrcene can display analgesia in mice, but synthetic drugs that block opioid receptors in the nervous system can be blocked, perhaps via the α-2 adreno-receptor [15, 23, 24], which is responsible for inhibiting the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in a form of negative feedback i.e., “sedation” [25]. Agonists of these receptors have been used to treat mainstream medical conditions such as hypertension, ADHD, various pain and panic disorders; symptoms of opioid, benzodiazepine, and alcohol withdrawal; and surprisingly nicotine cravings, which is one of the most addictive chemicals known to humans [26].
Does β-myrcene contribute to the paradoxical effect? Yes, if there are sub-par levels of serotonin in the body.
Conclusion: A given sedative, myrcene does depend on serotonin for endogenous opioid production, hence, if there is a depletion in tryptophan, then there will most likely be a paradoxical reaction.
4. D-linalool
A similar fragrance is found in lavender, but in a cannabis cultivar and when phytochemically available, the synergy between cannabinoids and this monoterpenoid reveals treatments such as sedative-like effects. Linalool is used as a local anesthetic; an anti-convulsant, a powerful antileishmanial agent. Linalool is an antinociceptive, reversing defects and spatial memory and learning at high doses with a respectable contradiction in short- and long-term recognition memory. This implies detrimental to cognitively impaired sentient beings, though studies were done on healthy and cognitive impaired rats [9, 27, 28].
The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function. Specifically, linalool showed strong efficacy in inhibiting glutamate uptake in cortical synaptosomes and decreased extracellular glutamate availability via inhibiting the release or adding to the uptake [29, 30]. NMDA affinity means GABA will be either used or suppressed; and in the study, reduced morphine opioid dependency [29, 31].
Does D-Linalool contribute to the paradoxical effect? Linalool acts as a competitive antagonist of [3H] glutamate binding and as a noncompetitive agonist of [3H] dizocilpine (NMDA antagonist) [32, 33].
Conclusion (plausible): More study must be done to further identify linalool pathologies and how they may have representation in a paradox in brain plasticity.
5. Beta-Caryophyllene
Beta-caryophyllene sesquiterpenoid, in studies, has shown to operate in a “Phytochemical Polymorphism” manner [34]. With this in mind, Ethan Russo cites, “Terpenoids are pharmacologically versatile: they are lipophilic, interact with cell membranes, neuronal and muscle ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, G-protein coupled (odorant) receptors, second messenger systems, and enzymes” [35, 36]. To be understood as a helper to bioavailable cannabinoids and could be thought of as an oil change for a car.
Does caryophyllene contribute to the paradoxical effect?
Conclusion: No pathology to denote a paradoxical behavior unless serotonin levels are sub-par.
6. D-limonene (the energetic uplifting agitator)
The volatile monoterpene, limonene, one of the most abundant terpenes in cannabis, and its perceived effects can be summed up as uplifting (as to correct a depressed mood) and energetic (as to cure slothfulness); having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties [37]. These hyperactive characteristics of D-limonene indicate it to be a prime candidate for A2a receptor affinity, and thus, “It plays an important role in many biological functions, such as cardiac rhythm and circulation, cerebral and renal blood flow, immune function, pain regulation, and sleep. It has been implicated in pathophysiological conditions such as inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative disorders” [38].
In an in vitro dose-dependent study of D- and L-limonene, effects on the pregnant rat myometrium (mid-layer of the uterine wall and the smooth muscle tissue), D- and L-limonene caused myometrial contractility (i.e., increases the contractions of a pregnant uterus); interestingly, L-limonene caused myometrial smooth muscle contraction independent of A2A receptors. Due to the subsequent findings of D- and L-limonene causing myometrial contractility via activation of the A2A receptor and opening of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, D- and L-limonene should be avoided during any pregnancy [39].
To indulge in the topic of the A2A receptor and its synergistic affinity with limonene, the above-mentioned study was focused on “in vitro” muscle contractility, thus would be fair to assume that any humans suffering from constant or frequent agitation from symptoms/indicators like MS, PMDD, PD, spectrum disorders, or neurodegenerative diseases may also want to avoid this terpene. In cases where this is difficult to avoid, it would then be crucial to understand how a person metabolizes both sedatives and stimulants. Curiosity in this area may open more doors into the point of agitation i.e., invoked and/or systemic and could then be regulated with the correct level of sedating to stimulating terpenes and aim for a genetic strain with a similar entourage. In the effort to stimulate without agitation, cannabis entourages with sedative terpenes could be added into the stimulating entourage via cultivation/hybridizing and/or multi-cultivar entourage dosing.
A good rule of thumb about the terpene limonene is to understand the biphasic modes in which this part of the entourage manipulates; a handful of studies dissect the physiology of citrus fruit-bearing plants and all come to a consensus that limonene affects serotonin via 5HT1A and dopamine via D2, thus giving the cascade of both stimulating and suppressant like effects.
However, the patient should be made aware of any synergies that may use 5HT or suppress and should supplement the 5HT usage via diet to avoid accelerated tryptophan depletion (ATD).
Additionally, humans suffering from indications such as PTSD, spectrum disorders, and general anxiety should also be wary of this terpene due to its excitatory tendencies via the A2A receptor having excitatory biphasic responses. The goal for the vast genetic variety of “balanced” cannabis cultivars, i.e., hybrids (BLMD, MLM, NLMD), has been utilized from BLM’s(medicinal cannabis Indica sub-species Afghanica) genetics and crossed with NLM (Cannabis indica sub-species Indica) or any other sub-species to then aim to produce (in this case) a vast range of sedative leaning MLM’s (marijuana hybrids) i.e., BLMD. Henceforth, giving agricultural/horticultural cannabis growers the ability to hybridize and clone for a more viable chance at an endless possibility of medicinal cannabis strains. This being said, a BLMD with deviating genetics from the true “Indica,” i.e., the Afghanica sub-species, has the chance to contain the volatile monoterpene limonene. In spite of the excitatory ability of limonene, this could then be a perfect supplement or addition to pharmaceutical ADHD medication.
Furthermore, “All the terpenoids discussed herein are Generally Recognized as Safe, as attested by the US Food and Drug Administration as food additives or by the Food and Extract Manufacturers Association and other world regulatory bodies.” [40].
Does limonene contribute to the paradoxical effect? Highly plausible, but clinical study must still be done to truly understand the all working mechanisms of its cascade effects within the entourage effect.
To find, understand, or even combat the paradoxical effect, one must figure out how to counteract the symptoms so the medication or goal for homeostasis works in the way it is intended.
7.1 Misconceptions and experiences: A paradoxical effect from Cannabis
There is a common misconception about what constitutes C. indica and its sub-species variation. Specifically, medicinal cannabis commonly described as “calming, couch-locked, sedating,” and/or claiming the original term, “Indica” (i.e., BLM) may actually fall under BLMD where the distant genetics of an NLM is still relevant among the BLM genetics when hybridized. Thus, having a chance at agitation depends on the NLM genetics. A proper example of this miscommunication would be a BLM crossed with “Green Crack,” a known Sativa cultivar creating a hybrid of stimulating and sedating effects and then sold as an Indica. To further explain the C. indica ssp. Afghanica/BLM is of the genotype sub-specie Afghanica i.e., Indica ssp. Afghanica; the plant structure is of the shortest growing species revealing the broadest leaves accompanied with the most round and dense flower structure containing very petite pistils permeating a terpene bouquet from trichomes of deep sugary warmth, earthy spiced leather, chocolate, tobacco, and mushroom perceptive smells. Indica ssp. Indica (NLM), i.e., original term “Sativa” a misclassification by Jean Baptiste Lamarck, (1802); permeating more volatile aromas like grapefruit, tangerine, diesel, solvents, lemon, and pine equally showing polar opposite inflorescence.
What may be perceived as a paradoxical effect, is in fact a misconception of what the medicine actually contains past its genetic name and suggested effects from cannabis. Also, a common misconception when dealing with MLM “Hybrids,” is the extreme ebb and flow from BLMD and NLMD sub-species variation alone, making up a galaxy of possibilities. Within the infinite genetic possibilities of hybrids, the common misconception validifies a relative vice versa, where an NLMD i.e., “sativa dominant hybrid strain,” for instance, “Purple Haze” genetics from Prime Wellness of PA will pleasantly contain predominantly sedating terpenes resulting in a metabolic paradox of a stimulating cultivar and predominantly sedating terpenes. Since cannabinoids are less volatile, terpenes and their chemical makeup break down faster. Thus, resulting in a premature depletion of part of the whole medicine possibly resulting in stimulation or agitation toward the end of the medicated bell curve; to counteract this paradox the simple solution would be to add more bioavailable sedative terpenoids along with proper levels of CBD to combat any excessive psychoactive imbalance such as the 2019 “Freedom blend distillate” produced by ILERA to continue the cultivars intended medicinal entourage.
The vice versa misconception plays out similarly wherein an Indica leaning hybrid (BLMD) claiming the label indica i.e., BLM, may carry enough traces of Sativa genetics possibly causing agitation to hypersensitive patients in efforts of sedation. When dealing with a Ruderalis (AFM) specific plant speciation can be guaranteed and determined in a chromatography test to identify where the phytonutrients land on the spectrum of sedating, null, and stimulating effects. Thus, the infinite possibilities of hybridization and the cannabinoid and terpene profiles that can be created, have viable means of documentation. So as to understand when medicating with cannabis, separate the whole to understand how to medicate properly for any specific indicator.
To further understand, cannabis speciation (BLM-NLM) controls sedating/stimulating properties; terpenes and cannabinoids, and their synergies, carry out special tasks manipulating the physical and psychological state prolonging or exhausting a patient’s balance of homeostasis depending on the accuracy of correct strain name choice to the indicator. Meaning the “engine size” of psychoactivity; the “transportation” of cannabinoids and the ebb, and flow of stimulating and sedating terpenes are what “drive” any entourage to actuate specific tasks throughout the ECS and CNS.
Thus, looking past strain names, subspecies claim, suggested effects, and acknowledging the cannabinoid and terpene profile of any medicinal cannabis would be a safer guarantee of medicating properly.
8. The paradoxical location
Through the research conducted in the ECS and CNS receptors, I have found a specific entourage of cannabinoids and specific terpenes that are the likely cause of a constant fundamental reaction resulting in this easily avoidable paradoxical effect.
In this paradoxical entourage, I believe the terpenoid D-limonene to possess a prime fundamental pathology to modulate D2 respectively via adenosine A2A receptor dealing with motor behavior, emotional reward, and behavior motivation mechanisms as one of its synergistic post reactions; and an agonist at 5HT1A with effects to counteract excitation; to explain further, limonene could be stimulating and consecutively sedating but that if certain biosynthesis pools are depleted or below average to achieve homeostasis then D-limonene will most likely cause excitation, thus a paradox. With synergistic cannabinoids, not limited to, <CBC, THC, THC-V, CBG, CBD>, and possibly other terpenes to help trigger and prolong the biphasic cycle/paradoxical effect more specifically ATD/ASR or avoid the paradox entirely. This biphasic actuation of D-limonene will have either sedating presents or stimulating presents depending on the entourage it is coupled with and the human physiology it is metabolized by. Patients with PTSD or patients under systemic or triggered anxiety/depression-like symptoms, ongoing physical trauma, will most likely have an affinity to the paradoxical effect or the buildup to an advanced serotonin release (ASR) and should consult their doctor before consuming any unintentional stimulants [41].
In a study where patients had their tryptophan artificially suppressed, it was reported that the depletion/reduction of tryptophan caused a severe decrease in mood [42]. There are significant ethical considerations as that tryptophan depletion can have a profound negative impact on the patient. “ … a recovered depressed patient from the acute tryptophan depletion study by Delgado” reported,“… she began to cry inconsolably and described her emotions as being out of control”, continued explanations of feeling “as if all the gains she had made over the past few weeks had evaporated.” After the tryptophan levels were restored, the patient reported feeling “back to herself.”
A disrupted balance of serotonin is an important risk factor for depressive mood, also a common symptom in the later course of treatment of chronic disorders such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune syndromes [15, 37, 43] with indications like autoimmune disease depression autism, epilepsy, HD, or any indicators residing in the ECS and some parts of the CNS will have a higher risk of this happening.
I refer to this function as an ATD or ASR, which happens when specific synergistic cannabinoids and terpenes already using serotonin, uses reserves consecutively at a more advanced rate of depletion due to the chemical nature of another synergistic action of the same source of depletion or; whilst a consecutive respectively similar (i.e., dopamine and serotonin) depletion ensues.
It is interesting to note that acute tryptophan depletion techniques (referred to by Simon N. Young, PhD (2013) as ATD studies) were first applied by Concu in 1977 and have been used for over 25 years. This technique requires that the patient have their tryptophan levels artificially and intentionally suppressed in an attempt to document the cause and effect. ATD and ASR mentioned in this chapter, describe the postreactions and neurological processes that are documented through studies discovered and cited in this chapter. The information provided is a compilation of information gathered from clinical studies, scientific papers, and the study of cannabis.
In this paradoxical entourage, I believe D-limonene to be one of the prime terpenoids with the ability to excite and release GABA and dopamine as its post-reaction with synergistic cannabinoids, but not limited to CBC, THC, THC-V, and possibly other terpenes to help trigger and prolong the biphasic cycle/paradoxical effect. More specifically aiding in an ATD/ASR. D-limonene being an A2A antagonist in the presence of THC with excitatory properties would then have a much similar reaction like caffeine, methylphenidate, and certain modes of activation of a cocaine alkaloid collection. This allows an accelerated rate of D2/5-HTA1 and serotonin release via GABA-A, which can then cause patients with PTSD or patients under systemic or triggered anxiety/depression-like symptoms, ongoing physical trauma, an affinity to the paradoxical effect, or the buildup to an ASR. [43] cb1 PTSD). Other more serious symptoms if left untreated can result in tumors, cancer, autoimmune deficiencies, often antagonizing the main purpose for medicating.
In this hypothesis, the entourage in question plays out similarly from a study by J Marcel, et al. 2010 [44], “...On the one hand, both THC and CBD were shown to decrease TNF-α production in human NK cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), whereas THC was demonstrated to increase TNF-α production in human monocytes [15, 19]. Treatment of human PBMC with low doses of THC or CBD, comparable to plasma levels detectable after smoking marijuana (10–100 ng/mL), was demonstrated to stimulate interferon (IFN)-γ production, while higher concentrations of these cannabinoids (5–20 μg/mL) efficiently suppressed formation of this cytokine [19]. These contradictory findings are suggested to be based on a biphasic response relative to the cannabinoid ligand concentration applied, since most of reports showing stimulatory capacities were reported at lower doses, in the nanomolar concentration range, whereas inhibitory activities of cannabinoids were found in the micromolar concentration range [22, 25]. These concentration dependent effects of cannabinoids could be demonstrated for Th1- as well as Th2-type cytokines [26].” Marcel continues, “The suppressive effect of THC and CBD on cytokine-induced tryptophan degradation may constitute an additional mechanism by which anti-depressant effects of cannabinoids might be linked to the serotonergic system.”
Disturbed balance of serotonin levels is an important risk factor for depressive mood, which is also a common symptom in the later course of chronic disorders such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune syndromes [6, 18, 45, 46]. Many patients with chronic inflammatory diseases show accelerated depressive mood, implicating a role of cytokine-induced IDO enzyme activity in psychiatric diseases [3, 19]. Additionally, several studies showed that mood is negatively influenced by the depletion of tryptophan [39, 47]. Since tryptophan is essential for the biosynthesis of serotonin, the decreased availability of tryptophan during inflammatory conditions as a result of degradation by IDO may negatively affect the biosynthesis of this neurotransmitter [37].
The charts below are taken from “Endocannabinoids and Motor Disorders” by J. Fenardez-Ruiz, British Journal of Pharmacology (2009) 1561029–1040 se.mcu.dem@rfjj or se.denrebic@ziur-zednanref.J (Figures 1 and 2).
Figure 1.
Location of CB1 and TRPV1 receptors in specific neuronal subpopulations within basal ganglia circuits. Regulatory pathways are indicated in blue, whereas inhibitory and excitatory inputs are indicated in red and green respectively. Unknown neurons are shown in black. CB1, cannabinoid receptor type 1; GABA, γ-aminobutiric acid; GLU, glutamate; TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1.
Figure 2.
On the scheme shown in Figure 1, a diagram has been superimposed to show the different targets (CB1, CB2 and TRPV1 receptors) that might mediate the ability of cannabinoid-based medicines to alleviate specific symptoms, or to delay/arrest the progression of the disease in basal ganglia disorders. CB1, cannabinoid receptor type 1; DA, dopamine; GABA, γ-aminobutiric acid; GLU, glutamate; HD, Huntington’s disease; PD, Parkinson’s disease; TRPV1, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1.
The connection between cannabis and serotonin release is that cannabinoids affect GABA which releases serotonin via CB1 and CB2. To further explain this catch 22 situation with cannabinoids and synergistic terpenes as cleanly said by an article in Proof of Pot Writer [48], “Low dose THC and FAAH inhibitors can have anti-anxiety effects. A 2007 study showed that the anti-anxiety effects of THC depended on the 5-HT1A receptor [49], although a 2015 study [50] demonstrated a dependence on the 5-HT2A receptor.”
“Both THC and FAAH inhibitors, which raise levels of anandamide, can improve animal models of depression. The antidepressant effects of these molecules went away when animals were depleted of serotonin (2016 study, 2018 study), indicating that they are working at least partially through increasing serotonin release” [51, 52]. In addition, the antidepressant effect of CBD in animal models depended on activation of the 5-HT1A receptor (2016 study) [48, 51].
9. Fundamental and Hypothetical Solution
A fundamental fact to keep in mind is many foods like turkey, cheese, eggs, salmon, broccoli, or over the counter 5HT/ 5–hydroxytryptophan pills, mainly things that either contain or biosynthesize tryptophan for consumption is the only way to get it as humans do not produce tryptophan. Tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan by the hydroxyls enzyme (i.e., the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis) (l-tryptophan: basic metabolic functions, behavioral research, and therapeutic indications; 2009 Dawn Richard, Michael Dawes PMID20651948). Therefore, without tryptophan, there will be no serotonin production.
In the efforts to understand, supplement, and avoid an ASR or ATD; I would like to give a hypothetical example or scenario that briefly describes the ways tryptophan is utilized in invoked or systemic trauma.
For this hypothetical scenario, your directed goal is to always keep your tryptophan tank full or commonly at a respectable balance. If you take damage via physical, mental trauma and/or develop systemic trauma, this will then create an ongoing tank depletion. Thus, more damage will equal more tryptophan depletion, plus tryptophan dependency (due to prolonged systemic or invoked damage) in efforts to reach a targeted 100% homeostasis or maintain minimal levels. Cannabis with high amounts of D-limonene, in this scenario, would be the medication that gives you one step forward and two steps back given no tryptophan has been consumed and depending on how well your character utilizes tryptophan. In this reaction to stimuli via A2A, the body may react out of survival, fear, or a mindful manner response [22].
The longer the tank is empty or struggling to maintain a minimal equilibrium or homeostasis during excitation, the faster the body and mind will suffer due to the absence of tryptophan. Due to this absence of serotonin production, the mind will go through a depressive prolonged shutdown, almost forced into a default mode. The inevitable side effects open doors such as susceptibility to autoimmune deficiencies, cancer, more depression, and eventually your life would be over before your actual intended life expectancy.
Possibly supporting the case of some medical marijuana patients/MCP’s peeking, wherein the normal amounts consumed no longer have the intended medicinal effect and may be due to an ATD/ASR without recovery or healthy diet to supplement cannabis amount into the diet.
The combined knowledge indicates that the paradoxical effect does not exist in cannabis but in an individual, and how they metabolize a certain entourage with any disruption to the CNS and ECS that has the potential to exist across the BLM-NLM spectrum of cannabis. The entourage in question has an affinity to use up tryptophan/release serotonin in the efforts to achieve homeostasis via GABA-A modulation through multiple networks in a biphasic/paradoxical manner. More so in those that constantly suffer from hyperkinesia, prone to anxiety and depression, ADD/ADHD, and or in constant extreme pain or from neurological indicators that depend on the presence of tryptophan and the release of serotonin and other dopaminergic reactions.
10. An entourage for everyone
In most cases, the dependability on strain availability and ebb and flow of cannabis morphology throughout each year will be tough to maintain for any cannabis industry grower or dispensary to keep consistency stocked or any cannabis patient to even have. Everyone has their own entourage that creates homeostasis in one’s body whether it mediates heavily from one to another or hardly at all. A unique solution would be to compare and contrast multiple cultivars’ bioavailability, synergies. In end creating a whole new cascade of newly perceived entourages that have a higher chance at meeting homeostasis directed goals for a patient and their ECS directed by their psychiatrist, cannabis physician, or therapist regardless of genetic availability.
I have created The Multi Cultivar Entourage Effect Chart (MCE2C) that unravels multiple cultivars’ bioavailability to then combine and create a more robust and stronger entourage being pulled from multiple cultivars with specific bioavailability of cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids necessary to treat any specific indication.
11. Multi-cultivar entourage effect chart
This chart is able to track a patient’s intended intake of cannabinoids and terpenes; displaying what total entourage effect the patient is actually administering when using multiple cultivars to treat a whole indicator/or many; track over long periods of time showing conscious, subconscious, and habitual tendencies, and may even aid in the help of showing if a certain terpene or cannabinoid synergy is a causation to an adverse effect/ susceptibility through post and present perceptions with DATA to track primary, ancillary, and supplementary levels of an encourage (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Genetic cultivar key Ryan McKinley 2020.
Here in (Figure 4) every cultivar is broken down into the accompanying cannabinoids to be mixed and matched among other cultivars and their accompanying cannabinoids.
Figure 4.
Unraveled cannabinoids from six different chemovars to be mixed and matched for a new entourage or combined synergistic experience (Ryan McKinley 2020).
In (Figure 5) all terpenoids are separated to then be compared and contrasted to either amplify or avoid a specific terpene encourage.
Figure 5.
Unraveled terpenoids from six different chemovars to be mixed and matched (Ryan McKinley, 2020).
In a MCE2C schedule, a patient can visually see the expected entourage from multiple cultivars, patients can add or remove as many strains to achieve a desired balance/homeostasis.
This schedule lasted until certain strains were no longer readily available (i.e. PHZ & AFG) but was later documented after the original multi cultivar entourage was concluded. that patient one replaced PHZ with RF and FB replaced AFG.
12. Conclusion and future research
In bringing this infinitely hybridized herbal Rubik’s cube full “Square,” the cascade of entourages displayed from cannabis and the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids therein have potential and viable medicinal purposes. The research studies used in this chapter cover centuries of cannabis usage since 4000 BC through modern pharmaceutical research and its history in North and South American society circa 2019.
This research identified people under systemic, invoked, or prolonged mental or physical trauma will be susceptible to agitation from certain cannabis inter-entourages consisting of stimulating terpenes (specifically D-limonene and its co-related cannabinoid synergies) more so than healthy individuals, thusly experiencing a paradoxical effect.
Individuals who have a propensity to experience stimulants in a biphasic manner have formidable disadvantages with dopamine uptake, storage, and/or metabolism. Limonene affects A2A allowing a catch 22 of symptoms ranging from a general excitability/alertness via D-limonene. D-Limonene is also an anti-depressant via CBD from 5-HT1A (serotonin, for reduction in neuronal excitability and firing), unless serotonin levels are low or depleted then perceptions may shift to the more agitative especially with an A2A agitator present in the entourage.
ATD or ASR, happens when specific synergistic cannabinoids and terpenes already using serotonin and use reserves consecutively, at a more advanced rate of depletion due to the chemical nature of another synergistic action of the same source of depletion or; whilst a consecutive respectively similar (i.e., dopamine and serotonin) depletion ensues. It is fundamentally understood, that without tryptophan, most, if not all serotonin production would cease in the human body. Henceforth, studies state respectable levels of serotonin in the body inhibit dopamine production, calming down impulsive behavior and side effects of dopamine abuse either natural (i.e., habit) or foreign (i.e., drug).
The 5-HT2A dependent cannabinoid THC uniquely being a synergistic vehicle for a few terpenes and a prime dictator of the psychoactive engine size guarantees the highly lipophilic D-limonene transportation through the blood–brain barrier. These two powerhouses in their own synergistic pathological right actuate dopamine and use of the serotonergic pool. Therefore paramount to uphold a strict healthy diet to supplement basic natural dopamine use and tryptophan depletion that may happen in patients with said indications is pertinent while medicating with cannabis to ensure true beneficial homeostasis from any entourage.
Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Dr. Tamara A. Schiappa.
Special thanks to Dr. Joseph Hulihan.
Special thanks to Brandon Allen.Declaration Section
Authors’ contributions
Not Applicable.
Funding
Not Applicable.
Competing interests
Not Applicable.
Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not Applicable.
Availability of supporting data
Free Access.
Abbreviation
ASSR/ASR
Advanced Synergistic Serotonin Release
ATD
Advanced Tryptophan Depletion
ECS
Endo-Cannabinoid System
CNS
Central Nervous System
PA
Psychoactive
N-PA
Non-Psychoactive
CBG
Cannabigerol
THC
Tetrahydrocannabinol
THCA
Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid
THC-V
Tetrahydrocannabivarin
CBN
Cannabinol
CBC
Cannabichromene
CBE
Cannabielsoin
CBL
Cannabicyclol
CBD
Cannabidiol
CBDA
Cannabidiolic Acid
CBDV
Cannabidivarin
BLM
Broad Leaf Marijuana
BLMD
Broad Leaf Marijuana Dominant
MLM
Medium Leaf Marijuana
NLMD
Narrow Leaf Marijuana Dominant
NLM
Narrow Leaf Marijuana
CB1
Cannabinoid Receptor type1
CB2
Cannabinoid Receptor type 2
TRPV1
Vanilloid Receptor 1
TRPA1
Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1
GABBA-A
γ-aminobutyric acid
5-HT
Hydroxy-Tryptamine
TRPV3
Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3
ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
GABAA
γ-aminobutyric acid
\n',keywords:"Advanced Synergistic Serotonin Release (ASSR/ASR), Advanced Tryptophan Depletion(ATD), Endo-Cannabinoid System (ECS), Central Nervous System (CNS), Psychoactive (PA), Non Psychoactive (N-PA), Cannabigerol (CBG), Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA), Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THC-V), Cannabinol (CBN), Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabielsoin (CBE), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA), Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Broad Leaf Marijuana (BLM), Broad Leaf Marijuana Dominant (BLMD), Medium Leaf Marijuana (MLM), Narrow Leaf Marijuana Dominant (NLMD), Narrow Leaf Marijuana (NLM), Cannabinoid Receptor type1(CB1), Cannabinoid Receptor type 2 (CB2), Vanilloid Receptor 1 (TRPV1), Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1(TRPA1), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABBA-A), Hydroxy-Tryptamine (5-HT), Transient Receptor Potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3 (TRPV3), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79966.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79966.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79966",totalDownloads:102,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"November 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"January 19th 2022",datePublished:"February 23rd 2022",dateFinished:"January 7th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Here in part two, a brief explanation in essential oil/ terpene administration as well as cover the medicinal effects of terpenes focusing on biphasic pharmacokinetics and possible paradoxical reactions and molecular sites of interest, including the medicinal properties of a specific flavonoid; an explanation into the paradoxical entourage and identifying common misconceptions from cannabis use and education; we finalize our look into the paradoxical location learning biphasic and paradoxical reactions from cannabis with an in-depth look into the cause of ASR/ATD following with a fundamental explanation how stress with the wrong medication can instigate the situation. The Multi Cultivar Entourage Effect Chart (MCEEC) directed goal was to unravel multiple cultivars bioavailability to then combine and create a more robust and stronger entourage being pulled from multiple cultivars with specific bioavailability of cannabinoids, terpenoids, and flavonoids necessary to treat any specific indication. Indirectly the chart also identified inter-entourages, more importantly, “antagonistic” inter-entourages. By helping a patient describe their reactions, understand, identify and track terpenes and cannabinoids that cause specific reactions, the patient will be able to identify a profile that works for them, which gives an explanation and solution to identifying how to manage cannabis medication for the patient along with conclusion and thoughts.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79966",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79966",signatures:"Ryan Lucas McKinley",book:{id:"10799",type:"book",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-347-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-346-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-348-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"425636",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Ryan Lucas",middleName:null,surname:"McKinley",fullName:"Ryan Lucas McKinley",slug:"ryan-lucas-mckinley",email:"dj8t6d@icloud.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Terpenes and flavonoids",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3",title:"2. α-Pinene",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. β-Myrcene",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"4. D-linalool",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"5. Beta-Caryophyllene",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"6. D-limonene (the energetic uplifting agitator)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"7. The paradoxical entourage",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"7.1 Misconceptions and experiences: A paradoxical effect from Cannabis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"8. The paradoxical location",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"9. Fundamental and Hypothetical Solution",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"10. An entourage for everyone",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"11. Multi-cultivar entourage effect chart",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"12. Conclusion and future research",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Authors’ contributions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Funding",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Competing interests",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Consent for publication",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"Ethical approval and consent to participate",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Availability of supporting data",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"Abbreviation",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Langenheim JH. Higher plant terpenoids: A phytocentric overview of their ecological roles. J Chem Ecol. 1994;20:1223-1280. DOI: 10.1007/BF02059809'},{id:"B2",body:'Hendriks H, Malingre TM, Batterman S, Bos R. Mono-terpene and sesqui-terpene hydrocarbons of essential oil of cannabis-SATIVA. Phytochemistry. 1975;14(3):814-815'},{id:"B3",body:'Hendriks HFJ et al. Alkanes of the essential oil of Cannabis sativa. Phytochemistry. 1977;16:719-721'},{id:"B4",body:'Malingré T, Hendriks H, Batterman S, Bos R, Visser J. The essential oil of Cannabis sativa. Planta Med. 1975 Aug;28(1):56-61. DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1097829'},{id:"B5",body:'Guerrero Davalos S, Boucher F, Fournier G, Paris M. Analyse d’une population de Cannabis sativa L. originaire du Mexique et cultivé en France [Analysis of a population of Cannabis sativa L. originating from Mexico and cultivated in France (author’s transl)]. Experientia. 1977;33(12):1562-1563. French. DOI: 10.1007/BF01933997'},{id:"B6",body:'Ross SA, ElSohly MA. The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis sativa. J Nat Prod. 1996;59(1):49-51. DOI: 10.1021/np960004a'},{id:"B7",body:'Mediavilla V, Steinemann S. Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. strains. J. Ind. Hemp. 1997;4:80-82'},{id:"B8",body:'Cravatt BF, Giang DK, Mayfield SP, Boger DL, Lerner RA, Gilula NB. Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides. Nature. 1996;384:83-87. [PubMed: 8900284]'},{id:"B9",body:'Katrina W.-G. The united chemicals of cannabis: Beneficial effects of cannabis phytochemicals on the brain and cognition. 2018'},{id:"B10",body:'Poirier H, Braissant O, Niot I, Wahli W, Besnard P. 9-cis-retinoic acid enhances fatty acid-induced expression of the liver fatty acid-binding protein gene. FEBS Letters. 1997;412:480-484'},{id:"B11",body:'Hood LV, Dames ME, Barry GT. Headspace volatiles of marijuana. Nature. 1973;242:402-403'},{id:"B12",body:'Turner CE, Elsohly MA, Boeren EG. Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents. J Nat Prod. 1980;43:169-234'},{id:"B13",body:'Ross SA, ElSohly MA. The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis sativa. J Nat Prod. 1996;59(1):49-51. DOI: 10.1021/np960004a'},{id:"B14",body:'ElSohly MA, Slade D. Chemical constituents of marijuana: The complex mixture of natural cannabinoids. Life Sciences. 2005;78:539-548'},{id:"B15",body:'Russo EB, Marcu J. Cannabis Pharmacology: The Usual Suspects and a Few Promising Leads. Los Angeles, CA, United States; Noma & Asakawa: PHYTECS'},{id:"B16",body:'Köse EO, Deniz IG, Sarıkürkçü C, Aktaş O, Yavuz M. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Sideritis erythrantha Boiss. and Heldr. (var. erythrantha and var. cedretorum P.H. Davis) endemic in Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(10):2960-2965. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.033. Epub 2010 Jul 27'},{id:"B17",body:'Russo EB, Guy GW, Robson PJ. Cannabis, pain, and sleep: lessons from therapeutic clinical trials of Sativex, a cannabis-based medicine. Chem Biodivers. 2007;4(8):1729-1743. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790150'},{id:"B18",body:'Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer BJ. Effects of dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12(9):913-919'},{id:"B19",body:'Lee GY, Lee C, Park GH, Jang J. Amelioration of scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment by α-pinene in C57BL/6 mice. Evidencebased Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017;2017:4926815. DOI: 10.1155/2017/4926815. Epub 2017 Nov 1'},{id:"B20",body:'Perry NS, Houghton PJ, Theobald A, Jenner P, Perry EK. In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2000;52(7):895-902. DOI: 10.1211/0022357001774598. Erratum in: J Pharm Pharmacol 2000 Dec;52(12):203'},{id:"B21",body:'Miyazawa M, Yamafuji C. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by bicyclic monoterpenoids. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(5):1765-1768. DOI: 10.1021/jf040019b'},{id:"B22",body:'Pattwell SS, Liston C, Jing D, Ninan I, Yang RR, Witztum J, et al. Dynamic changes in neural circuitry during adolescence are associated with persistent attenuation of fear memories. Nature Communications. 2016;7:11475'},{id:"B23",body:'Russo EB, Burnett A, Hall B, et al. Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors. Neurochemical Research. 2005;30:1037-1043'},{id:"B24",body:'Hill AJ, Mercier MS, Hill TD, Glyn SE, Jones NA, Yamasaki Y, et al. Cannabidivarin is anticonvulsant in mouse and rat. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;167(8):1629-1642. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02207. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970845)'},{id:"B25",body:'Levick JR. Chapter 14.1, Sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves. In: Levick JR, editor. Cardiovascular Physiology. 3rd ed. Arnold Publishers; 2000'},{id:"B26",body:'Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: A review of current clinical applications. Anesthesia Progress. 2015;62(1):31-38. DOI: 10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31'},{id:"B27",body:'Coelho VR, Gianesini J, Von Borowski R, Mazzardo-Martins L, Martins DF, Picada JN, et al. (−)-linalool, a naturally occurring monoterpene compound, impairs memory acquisition in the object recognition task, inhibitory avoidance test and habituation to a novel environment in rats. Phytomedicine. 2011;18(10):896-901. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.02.010'},{id:"B28",body:'Costain WJ, Laprairie RB, editors. Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research. London, United Kingdom: IntechOpen; 2018. pp. 83-100 (Neurochemical Research, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2001, pp. 191-194'},{id:"B29",body:'Silva Brum LF, Emanuelli T, Souza DO, Elisabetsky E. Effects of linalool on glutamate release and uptake in mouse cortical synaptosomes. Neurochemical Research. 2001;26(3):191-194. DOI: 10.1023/a:1010904214482'},{id:"B30",body:'Li F, Tsien JZ. Memory and the NMDA receptors. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(3):302-303. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcibr0902052'},{id:"B31",body:'Wong C-S, Cherng C-H, Luk H-N, Ho S-T, Tung C-S. Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on inhibition of morphine tolerance in rats: Binding at μ-opioid receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1996'},{id:"B32",body:'Brum LF, Emanuelli T, Souza DO, Elisabetsky E. Effects of linalool on glutamate release and uptake in mouse cortical synaptosomes. Neurochemical Research. 2001;26:191-194'},{id:"B33",body:'Meldrum BS. Update on the mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 1996;37:4'},{id:"B34",body:'Franz C, Novak J. Sources of essential oils. In: KHC B, Buchbauer G, editors. Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2010. pp. 39-82'},{id:"B35",body:'Bowles EJ. The Chemistry of Aromatherapeutic Oils. Routledge; 2020'},{id:"B36",body:'Adorjan B, Buchbauer G. Biological properties of essential oils: An updated review. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 2010;25(6):407-426'},{id:"B37",body:'Bigdeli Y, Asle-Rousta M, Rahnema M, et al. Effects of limonene on chronic restraint stressinduced memory impairment and anxiety in male rats. Neurophysiology. 2019;51:107-113'},{id:"B38",body:'ADORA2A adenosine A2a receptor [omo sapiens (human); Gene ID: 135, updated on 13 January 2020'},{id:"B39",body:'Hajagos-Tóth J, Hódi Á, Seres AB, Gáspár R et al. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary _“Effects of d- and l-limonene on the pregnant rat myometrium in vitro”. 2015'},{id:"B40",body:'Russo EB. Taming THC: Potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2011;163(7):1344-1364. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x'},{id:"B41",body:'Davies LP, Hambley JW, Johnston GAR. Reduced adenosine deaminase activity in the CNS of spontaneously-hypertensive rats. Neurochemistry International. 1987;10(4):533-536. ISSN: 0197-0186. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0197018687900817). DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(87)90081-7'},{id:"B42",body:'Young SN. Acute tryptophan depletion in humans: A review of theoretical, practical and ethical aspects. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN. 2013;38(5):294'},{id:"B43",body:'Namdar D, Voet H, Ajjampura V, Nadarajan S, Mayzlish-Gati E, Mazuz M, et al. Terpenoids and phytocannabinoids co-produced in Cannabissativa strains show specific interaction for cell cytotoxic activity. Molecules. 2019;24:3031'},{id:"B44",body:'Jenny M, Schroecksnadel S, Florian Ü, Fuchs D. The potential role of cannabinoids in modulating serotonergic signaling by their influence on tryptophan metabolism. Pharmaceuticals. 2010;3. DOI: 10.3390/ph3082647'},{id:"B45",body:'Rothschild JM, Keohane CA, Cook EF, Orav EJ, Burdick E, Thompson S, et al. A controlled trial of smart infusion pumps to improve medication safety in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(3):533-540. DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000155912.73313.cd'},{id:"B46",body:'Potter DJ. The propagation, characterisation and optimisation of Cannabis sativa L. as a phytopharmaceutical [PhD], London: King’s College; 2009'},{id:"B47",body:'Fernández-Ruiz J. The endocannabinoid system as a target for the treatment of motor dysfunction. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2009;156(7):1029-1040. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00088.x'},{id:"B48",body:'6 Effects of Cannabinoids That Involve Serotonin Receptors, Proof of Pot. Available from: https://profofpot.com/serotonin-cannabinoids/. 2019'},{id:"B49",body:'Velenovská M, Fišar Z. Preclinical study: Effect of cannabinoids on platelet serotonin uptake. Addiction Biology. 2007;12:158-166. DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00065.x'},{id:"B50",body:'Viñals X, Moreno E, Lanfumey L, et al. Cognitive impairment induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol occurs through heteromers between cannabinoid CB1 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. PLoS Biology. 2015;13(7):e1002194. Published 2015 July 9. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002194'},{id:"B51",body:'De Gregorio D et al. Cannabidiol modulates serotonergic transmission and reverses both allodynia and anxietylike behavior in a model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2019;160(1):136-150. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001386'},{id:"B52",body:'Sartima AG, Guimar FS, Joca RL. Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex—Possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors. Behavioural Brain Research. 2016;303(15):218-227'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ryan Lucas McKinley",address:"dj8t6d@icloud.com",affiliation:'
Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10799",type:"book",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-347-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-346-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-348-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"442131",title:"Dr.",name:"Firdous",middleName:null,surname:"Ummunnisa",email:"dummy+442131@intechopen.com",fullName:"Firdous Ummunnisa",slug:"firdous-ummunnisa",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"79809",title:"Preeclampsia: From Etiopathology to Organ Dysfunction",slug:"preeclampsia-from-etiopathology-to-organ-dysfunction",abstract:"Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting 6–12% of the population. There are various risk factors for the development of preeclampsia, ranging from advanced maternal age to genetics. The proposed etiologies for preeclampsia are abnormal placentation, immunological intolerance, endothelial damage, and genetic inheritance. The pathogenesis includes endothelial activation and dysfunction leading to vasospasm. Preeclampsia is divided into two stages: asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. Preeclampsia causes multiple organ involvement, namely central nervous system, respiratory, cardiovascular, hematological dysfunction, HELLP (hemolysis elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome, endocrine, renal, hepatic, and uteroplacental dysfunction. These organ dysfunctions increase morbidity and mortality in preeclamptic pregnant patients.",signatures:"Nissar Shaikh, Seema Nahid, Firdous Ummunnisa, Ifrah Fatima, Mohamad Hilani, Asma Gul, A. Al Basha, W. Yahia, F. Al Hail, H. Elfil, E. Abdalla, M.M. Nainthramveetil, M.A Imraan, Muhammad Zubair, Sibghatulla Khan, N. Korichi, S. Alkhawaga, H. Ismail, S. Yaqoob and Mashael Abdulrahman M.S. Al Khelaifi",authors:[{id:"107703",title:"Dr.",name:"Nissar",surname:"Shaikh",fullName:"Nissar Shaikh",slug:"nissar-shaikh",email:"nissatfirdous99@gmail.com"},{id:"442127",title:"Dr.",name:"Seema",surname:"Nahid",fullName:"Seema Nahid",slug:"seema-nahid",email:"dummy+442127@intechopen.com"},{id:"442131",title:"Dr.",name:"Firdous",surname:"Ummunnisa",fullName:"Firdous Ummunnisa",slug:"firdous-ummunnisa",email:"dummy+442131@intechopen.com"},{id:"442132",title:"Dr.",name:"Asma",surname:"Gul",fullName:"Asma Gul",slug:"asma-gul",email:"dummy+442132@intechopen.com"},{id:"442133",title:"Dr.",name:"A. Al",surname:"Basha",fullName:"A. Al Basha",slug:"a.-al-basha",email:"dummy+442133@intechopen.com"},{id:"442134",title:"Dr.",name:"W.",surname:"Yahia",fullName:"W. Yahia",slug:"w.-yahia",email:"dummy+442134@intechopen.com"},{id:"442135",title:"Dr.",name:"F. Al",surname:"Hail",fullName:"F. Al Hail",slug:"f.-al-hail",email:"dummy+442135@intechopen.com"},{id:"442136",title:"Dr.",name:"H.",surname:"Elfil",fullName:"H. Elfil",slug:"h.-elfil",email:"dummy+442136@intechopen.com"},{id:"442137",title:"Dr.",name:"E.",surname:"Abdulla",fullName:"E. Abdulla",slug:"e.-abdulla",email:"dummy+442137@intechopen.com"},{id:"442138",title:"Dr.",name:"MM",surname:"Nainthramveetil",fullName:"MM Nainthramveetil",slug:"mm-nainthramveetil",email:"dummy+442138@intechopen.com"},{id:"442139",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahammad",surname:"Zubair",fullName:"Mahammad Zubair",slug:"mahammad-zubair",email:"dummy+442139@intechopen.com"},{id:"442140",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",surname:"Khan",fullName:"S. Khan",slug:"s.-khan",email:"dummy+442140@intechopen.com"},{id:"442141",title:"Dr.",name:"N.",surname:"korichi",fullName:"N. korichi",slug:"n.-korichi",email:"dummy+442141@intechopen.com"},{id:"442142",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",surname:"Alkhawaga",fullName:"S. Alkhawaga",slug:"s.-alkhawaga",email:"dummy+442142@intechopen.com"},{id:"442143",title:"Dr.",name:"H.",surname:"Ismail",fullName:"H. Ismail",slug:"h.-ismail",email:"dummy+442143@intechopen.com"},{id:"442144",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",surname:"Yaqoob",fullName:"S. Yaqoob",slug:"s.-yaqoob",email:"dummy+442144@intechopen.com"}],book:{id:"10721",title:"Preeclampsia",slug:"preeclampsia",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"263859",title:"Dr.",name:"Simmi",surname:"Kharb",slug:"simmi-kharb",fullName:"Simmi Kharb",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426282",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",surname:"Chasalow",slug:"fred-chasalow",fullName:"Fred Chasalow",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/426282/images/17842_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426292",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Cavar",slug:"ivan-cavar",fullName:"Ivan Cavar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426296",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Sesar",slug:"antonio-sesar",fullName:"Antonio Sesar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426297",title:"Dr.",name:"Anita",surname:"Pusic Sesar",slug:"anita-pusic-sesar",fullName:"Anita Pusic Sesar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"428056",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmytro",surname:"Konkov",slug:"dmytro-konkov",fullName:"Dmytro Konkov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"428057",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Belkaniya",slug:"george-belkaniya",fullName:"George Belkaniya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"436280",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarina",surname:"Cvitkovic",slug:"katarina-cvitkovic",fullName:"Katarina Cvitkovic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Clinical Hospital Mostar",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bosnia and Herzegovina"}}},{id:"438146",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Rud",slug:"victor-rud",fullName:"Victor Rud",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"438148",title:"Prof.",name:"Levon",surname:"Dilenyan",slug:"levon-dilenyan",fullName:"Levon Dilenyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{mdrv:"www.intechopen.com"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6597},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5902},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12537},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17560}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132762},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8"},books:[{type:"book",id:"12073",title:"Solvents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d31c0b4deb8e2005ddefc42a4be8e451",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12073.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12074",title:"Updates on Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8642ed95890654474416a163e3236afb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12074.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12075",title:"Arsenic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a1156f4143737baa68f568837f9edc94",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12075.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12076",title:"Ruthenium",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"08bd1ab70c296e319165eb763b112e00",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12076.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12077",title:"Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bcf87da8936c737e7fdd61cdc825128e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12077.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12079",title:"Heterocycles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fcadb070d3dbdf21157b1290d9880c3e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12079.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12080",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fcd6287912c74f409babc8937c6d0fd1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12080.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12290",title:"Electrochemiluminescence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7a3bf39f9a3f87b0697d6855ab2d695b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12290.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12293",title:"Cobalt",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c841e0833d63ee0f5962a22defe6d0b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12293.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12295",title:"Noble Gases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ef0dbba5426cbb55e8b0150ff3642aae",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12295.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12297",title:"Electrophile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed99712e2d3a8ea85b8732d969e15ebd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12297.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12299",title:"Benzene",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e0fdce171959cc4ddc167e1f658121f3",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12299.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:107},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:17},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[],latestBooks:[]},subject:{topic:{id:"842",title:"Biodiversity",slug:"biodiversity",parent:{id:"126",title:"Ecology",slug:"environmental-sciences-ecology"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:192,numberOfWosCitations:395,numberOfCrossrefCitations:98,numberOfDimensionsCitations:434,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"842",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1364",title:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity",subtitle:"Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c91392a64dfd9abd2532f68ea7ac3e21",slug:"the-dynamical-processes-of-biodiversity-case-studies-of-evolution-and-spatial-distribution",bookSignature:"Oscar Grillo and Gianfranco Venora",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1364.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51992",title:"PhD.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Grillo",slug:"oscar-grillo",fullName:"Oscar Grillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1366",title:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d325a1437cd12bf8823408657080ee8a",slug:"biodiversity-loss-in-a-changing-planet",bookSignature:"Oscar Grillo and Gianfranco Venora",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1366.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51992",title:"PhD.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Grillo",slug:"oscar-grillo",fullName:"Oscar Grillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"17",title:"Herbicides and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"herbicides-and-environment",bookSignature:"Andreas Kortekamp",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/17.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14108",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Kortekamp",slug:"andreas-kortekamp",fullName:"Andreas Kortekamp"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"12592",doi:"10.5772/12877",title:"Effects of Herbicide Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Formulations on Aquatic Ecosystems",slug:"effects-of-herbicide-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-formulations-on-aquatic-ecosystems",totalDownloads:5691,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:64,abstract:null,book:{id:"17",slug:"herbicides-and-environment",title:"Herbicides and Environment",fullTitle:"Herbicides and Environment"},signatures:"Gonzalo Luis Pérez, María Solange Vera and Leandro Miranda",authors:[{id:"13369",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez",slug:"gonzalo-luis-perez",fullName:"Gonzalo Luis Pérez"},{id:"14902",title:"Dr.",name:"María Solange",middleName:null,surname:"Vera",slug:"maria-solange-vera",fullName:"María Solange Vera"},{id:"14903",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"leandro-miranda",fullName:"Leandro Miranda"}]},{id:"12591",doi:"10.5772/13620",title:"Impacts of Biochar (Black Carbon) Additions on the Sorption and Efficacy of Herbicides",slug:"impacts-of-biochar-black-carbon-additions-on-the-sorption-and-efficacy-of-herbicides",totalDownloads:3966,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:null,book:{id:"17",slug:"herbicides-and-environment",title:"Herbicides and Environment",fullTitle:"Herbicides and Environment"},signatures:"Alegría Cabrera Mesa and Kurt Spokas",authors:[{id:"13745",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurt",middleName:null,surname:"Spokas",slug:"kurt-spokas",fullName:"Kurt Spokas"},{id:"23738",title:"Dr.",name:"Alegría",middleName:null,surname:"Cabrera Mesa",slug:"alegria-cabrera-mesa",fullName:"Alegría Cabrera Mesa"}]},{id:"23614",doi:"10.5772/23881",title:"Modern Methods of Estimating Biodiversity from Presence-Absence Surveys",slug:"modern-methods-of-estimating-biodiversity-from-presence-absence-surveys",totalDownloads:3285,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"1366",slug:"biodiversity-loss-in-a-changing-planet",title:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet",fullTitle:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet"},signatures:"Robert M. Dorazio, Nicholas J. Gotelli and Aaron M. Ellison",authors:[{id:"54270",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"M.",surname:"Dorazio",slug:"robert-dorazio",fullName:"Robert Dorazio"},{id:"60808",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Gotelli",slug:"nicholas-gotelli",fullName:"Nicholas Gotelli"},{id:"60809",title:"Dr.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ellison",slug:"aaron-ellison",fullName:"Aaron Ellison"}]},{id:"24420",doi:"10.5772/23378",title:"Biodiversity of Trichoderma in Neotropics",slug:"biodiversity-of-trichoderma-in-neotropics",totalDownloads:4229,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"1364",slug:"the-dynamical-processes-of-biodiversity-case-studies-of-evolution-and-spatial-distribution",title:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity",fullTitle:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity - Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution"},signatures:"Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal and John Bissett",authors:[{id:"51840",title:"Prof.",name:"Lilliana",middleName:"MarÃa",surname:"Hoyos-Carvajal",slug:"lilliana-hoyos-carvajal",fullName:"Lilliana Hoyos-Carvajal"},{id:"98558",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Bissett",slug:"john-bissett",fullName:"John Bissett"}]},{id:"24409",doi:"10.5772/23789",title:"The Origin of Diversity in Begonia: Genome Dynamism, Population Processes and Phylogenetic Patterns",slug:"the-origin-of-diversity-in-begonia-genome-dynamism-population-processes-and-phylogenetic-patterns",totalDownloads:4323,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"1364",slug:"the-dynamical-processes-of-biodiversity-case-studies-of-evolution-and-spatial-distribution",title:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity",fullTitle:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity - Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution"},signatures:"A. Dewitte, A.D. Twyford, D.C. Thomas, C.A. Kidner and J. Van Huylenbroeck",authors:[{id:"53763",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Dewitte",slug:"angelo-dewitte",fullName:"Angelo Dewitte"},{id:"59917",title:"Mr",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Twyford",slug:"alex-twyford",fullName:"Alex Twyford"},{id:"59918",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Van Huylenbroeck",slug:"johan-van-huylenbroeck",fullName:"Johan Van Huylenbroeck"},{id:"84615",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Kidner",slug:"catherine-kidner",fullName:"Catherine Kidner"},{id:"84617",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"daniel-thomas",fullName:"Daniel Thomas"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"23611",title:"Limited Bio-Diversity and Other Defects of the Immune System in the Inhabitants of the Islands of St Kilda, Scotland",slug:"limited-bio-diversity-and-other-defects-of-the-immune-system-in-the-inhabitants-of-the-islands-of-st",totalDownloads:3614,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1366",slug:"biodiversity-loss-in-a-changing-planet",title:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet",fullTitle:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet"},signatures:"Peter Stride",authors:[{id:"62425",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Stride",slug:"peter-stride",fullName:"Peter Stride"}]},{id:"24417",title:"Aquatic Fungi",slug:"aquatic-fungi",totalDownloads:9081,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1364",slug:"the-dynamical-processes-of-biodiversity-case-studies-of-evolution-and-spatial-distribution",title:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity",fullTitle:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity - Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution"},signatures:"Wurzbacher Christian, Kerr Janice and Grossart Hans-Peter",authors:[{id:"50261",title:"Dr.",name:"Hans-Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Grossart",slug:"hans-peter-grossart",fullName:"Hans-Peter Grossart"},{id:"50283",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Wurzbacher",slug:"christian-wurzbacher",fullName:"Christian Wurzbacher"},{id:"86366",title:"Dr.",name:"Janice",middleName:"Laraine",surname:"Kerr",slug:"janice-kerr",fullName:"Janice Kerr"}]},{id:"24414",title:"Spatial Patterns of Phytodiversity - Assessing Vegetation Using (Dis) Similarity Measures",slug:"spatial-patterns-of-phytodiversity-assessing-vegetation-using-dis-similarity-measures",totalDownloads:2492,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1364",slug:"the-dynamical-processes-of-biodiversity-case-studies-of-evolution-and-spatial-distribution",title:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity",fullTitle:"The Dynamical Processes of Biodiversity - Case Studies of Evolution and Spatial Distribution"},signatures:"S. Babar, A. Giriraj, C. S. Reddy, G. Jurasinski, A. Jentsch and S. Sudhakar",authors:[{id:"60160",title:"Dr",name:"Giriraj",middleName:null,surname:"A.",slug:"giriraj-a.",fullName:"Giriraj A."},{id:"108958",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"G.",slug:"shilpa-g.",fullName:"Shilpa G."},{id:"108961",title:"Dr.",name:"Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"C.S.",slug:"reddy-c.s.",fullName:"Reddy C.S."},{id:"108962",title:"Dr.",name:"Jurasinski",middleName:null,surname:"G.",slug:"jurasinski-g.",fullName:"Jurasinski G."},{id:"108964",title:"Prof.",name:"Anke",middleName:null,surname:"Jentsch",slug:"anke-jentsch",fullName:"Anke Jentsch"},{id:"108967",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"S.",slug:"sudhakar-s.",fullName:"Sudhakar S."}]},{id:"23610",title:"Provision of Natural Habitat for Biodiversity: Quantifying Recent Trends in New Zealand",slug:"provision-of-natural-habitat-for-biodiversity-quantifying-recent-trends-in-new-zealand",totalDownloads:2131,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1366",slug:"biodiversity-loss-in-a-changing-planet",title:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet",fullTitle:"Biodiversity Loss in a Changing Planet"},signatures:"Anne-Gaelle E. Ausseil, John R. Dymond and Emily S. Weeks",authors:[{id:"60671",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Dymond",slug:"john-dymond",fullName:"John Dymond"},{id:"60673",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne-Gaelle",middleName:"Elsa",surname:"Ausseil",slug:"anne-gaelle-ausseil",fullName:"Anne-Gaelle Ausseil"},{id:"60674",title:"Ms.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Weeks",slug:"emily-weeks",fullName:"Emily Weeks"}]},{id:"12592",title:"Effects of Herbicide Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Formulations on Aquatic Ecosystems",slug:"effects-of-herbicide-glyphosate-and-glyphosate-based-formulations-on-aquatic-ecosystems",totalDownloads:5693,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:64,abstract:null,book:{id:"17",slug:"herbicides-and-environment",title:"Herbicides and Environment",fullTitle:"Herbicides and Environment"},signatures:"Gonzalo Luis Pérez, María Solange Vera and Leandro Miranda",authors:[{id:"13369",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez",slug:"gonzalo-luis-perez",fullName:"Gonzalo Luis Pérez"},{id:"14902",title:"Dr.",name:"María Solange",middleName:null,surname:"Vera",slug:"maria-solange-vera",fullName:"María Solange Vera"},{id:"14903",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"leandro-miranda",fullName:"Leandro Miranda"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"842",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",slug:"fernando-jose-andrade-narvaez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",slug:"ricardo-izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/442131",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"442131"},fullPath:"/profiles/442131",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()