The options of the combined heating system components to analyze the efficiency of pre-start and after-start heating of the truck engine 8FS 9.2/8.
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One of the promising ways to improve engine cooling systems is the introduction of modern technology into their design in order to increase efficiency and adapt to operating conditions, etc. These measures include a variety of methods of analysis, design, experimental studies, both at the system level and at the component level. These suggested methods are particularly relevant to those modes of vehicular engines that require significant efforts for their thermal development under cold operating conditions. They are as follows: pre-start and after-start heating of the engine, keeping the engine heated for a successful start under cold operating conditions. Apart from ease of use, the decisive factors are low cost of devices for engine thermal development, state legislation and standards, the need for full power immediately after the engine starts, improved fuel economy and reduced emissions during pre-start and after-start thermal development. The limiting factors are weight and size characteristics of the devices and their compact installation space according to modern vehicle design. In this regard, the most relevant is the development of complex systems for solving these problems in both the design of the engine and the vehicle. In this case one of the promising ways is the development and the study of the combined heating system with phase-transitional thermal accumulator (TA) to carry out pre-start and after-start heating of the engine under cold operating conditions.
\nTo create the ICE and vehicle heating system, a combination of phase-transitional thermal accumulators was used (combination by function). Thermal accumulator is a device for accumulating thermal energy based on physical or chemical process associated with heat absorption and release [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. The main processes are: accumulation-release of internal energy when heating–cooling solids or liquids, phase transitions with absorption-release of latent heat, the process of sorption–desorption or a reverse chemical reaction occurring with heat release-absorption. Accumulation of thermal energy or heat accumulation is a process of accumulating thermal energy, when its supply is maximum, for later use when the need arises. The process of accumulating energy is called charging, the process of its use is called discharging [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Substances used to accumulate thermal energy are called heat accumulating materials. The amount of accumulated energy depends on the temperature at which heat accumulating material is heated and its specific heat capacity. The main operating procedures in thermal accumulators, namely the accumulation of thermal energy, are based on the reverse phase-transitional process of melting-solidification. In this case, phase change material is used as the heat accumulating material. The implementation of this method is more difficult because of the need to make the design more complicated. However, much greater amount of heat per unit of volume is accumulated in such thermal accumulators. The process of charging and discharging can be performed in a narrow temperature range, which is very important when there is a need for thermal accumulators to work at small temperature differences. In vehicles the use of thermal accumulators is advantageous to facilitate the engine start and heating the vehicle interior during cold weather. The heat is accumulated during engine operation and can be stored for several days. To do this, thermal accumulator is placed in a Dewar flask (thermos) which provides the best thermal insulation.
\nIn [1, 2], the main stages of creating the combined heating system (CHS) of the vehicular engine and the vehicle are shown. To ensure the required temperature condition during pre-start and after-start heating of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the vehicle under cold operating conditions, a scheme and components of the CHS are formed on the basis of vehicular engine main systems. The suggested CHS consists of the following subsystems: rapid heating of the engine (RHE), the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases (EG) by phase-transitional TA (UTETA), contact thermal accumulator (CTA), thermal accumulator for storing motor oil (TASMO), thermal accumulator for storing a coolant (TASC), TA of EG cleaning system (TAEGCS). The CHS itself is a part of a cooling system (CS), lubrication system (LS) and exhaust system of the vehicular engine. It performs some functions of the systems and has a significant influence on the operation of the vehicular engine [1, 2, 3, 4]. It is the CHS that provides pre-start and rapid after-start heating of a coolant and motor oil, exhaust gases cleaning system (EGCS) of the engine to the temperature at which the engine can be loaded and then to an operating temperature. The operating temperature is maintained for a long time within specified limits.
\nThe elements of the combined heating system, such as the subsystems of rapid heating of the engine, the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases by phase-transitional TA, contact thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing a coolant are the components of the engine cooling system. TA of EG cleaning system is a component of the engine exhaust system. The elements of the combined heating system, such as the subsystems of rapid heating of the engine, the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases by phase-transitional TA, contact thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing motor oil are the components of the engine lubrication system. All the above-mentioned subsystems can work together within and according to the algorithm of the combined heating system operation or separately from each other performing their inherent functions [1, 5].
\nThe combined heating system generally works on the principle of thermal energy of EG accumulation by phase-transitional thermal accumulator of the utilization of thermal energy of EG subsystem. It also implies the accumulation of engine thermal energy by contact thermal accumulator in the form of convection and thermal radiation of the vehicular engine during its operation. The “free” thermal energy generated during the fuel combustion is emitted into the atmosphere and is not used usefully.
\nFigure 1 shows the implementation of the combined heating system for the vehicular engine. EG thermal energy accumulation of the vehicular engine 1 by phase-transitional thermal accumulator, namely by the subsystem of the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases 20, is made possible by parallel installing the engine silencer 18 in the EG heat exchanger (HE) 6. The circulation of a heat carrier between TA 20 and exhaust gases heat exchanger 6 is provided by a modulating pump 21. The heat carrier passing through HE 6 in the exhaust manifold is heated by thermal energy of EG to a temperature of 150–190°C (a process fluid with a boiling point of 220°C was used as the heat carrier). Heat exchanger 6 is installed in a bypass, in parallel with the main EG manifold of the vehicular engine. Such a decision was made in order to ensure the disconnection of the heat exchanger 6 after phase-transitional TA 20 of the subsystem of the utilization of thermal energy is fully charged. The switching of EG flow is carried out by electromagnetic gas valves 30 and 25 with an electric drive based on control system commands. The EG flow adjustment is carried out following a special algorithm [4, 9, 10] according to a developed cycle of heating the engine. From the heat exchanger 6 the heat carrier delivers the heat into phase-transitional TA 20 of the subsystem of the utilization of thermal energy. In an insulated tank of TA with three heat exchangers (for TA charging and heating of the engine coolant and motor oil) the heat carrier cools down and gives off the accumulated thermal energy to a phase-transitional heat accumulating material (HAM).
\nThe scheme of the combined heating system of the engine and the vehicle, and specifications of phase-transitional TA and its HAM.
In the process of HAM energy accumulation the most efficient is the process of a phase transition of the material (TA filler), i.e., the change of its physical state which requires a large amount of EG energy. The most energy-intensive process is the phase transition of HAM. All the other processes of HAM energy accumulation do not require such a large amount of energy. The peculiarities of phase-transitional TA 20 at different periods of thermal energy accumulation and release are detailed in [1, 5, 10, 11].
\nContact thermal accumulator 17 of the vehicular engine (Figure 1) is a multi-layered case. To ensure close fitting it is mounted on the outside of the cylinder block and the engine oil pan [8]. The peculiarity of the contact thermal accumulator design 17 is the availability of individual sections of container-based phase-transitional HAM that are fitted to the outside of the cylinder block and the oil pan. They are covered by several layers of thermal insulation material [1, 5, 9]. Using contact thermal accumulator 17 does not require significant changes in the design of the vehicular engine and its systems. It is easily installed, is easy to maintain and does not require additional energy. The contact thermal accumulator operation is based on the change of the phase state of heat accumulating material when the energy is emitted and absorbed during convection and thermal radiation of the cylinder block and the engine oil pan. Due to contact thermal accumulator, an insulating function of the engine is performed and the minimum loss of thermal energy in the form of convection and thermal radiation is achieved during engine operation. In this way it is also possible to avoid thermal stresses in the engine during its heating at low temperatures. The contact thermal accumulator operation provides a long-term maintenance of the set coolant and motor oil temperatures when the engine is switched off, unlike the well-known TA by means of which the ICE is heated after stop [1, 5, 9].
\nThe peculiarity of the thermal accumulator for storing motor oil design 19 (Figure 1) is an additional phase-transitional contact TA in an accumulation vessel membrane for motor oil. It is similar in design and operating principle to contact thermal accumulator 17, but is mounted on the accumulation vessel case for draining motor oil. Due to thermal accumulator for storing motor oil 19 the minimum loss of thermal energy is achieved. It is released by motor oil after its draining by electromagnetic hydraulic valves 28 and 29 in the insulated vessel with TA during long-term stop of the vehicular engine. When motor oil is pumped backwards into the engine oil pan by the modulating pump 24 it is possible to rapidly heat the engine components and lubrication system parts. They are as follows: a crankshaft area, an oil channel and an oil case of the vehicular engine. The motor oil temperature in thermal accumulator for storing motor oil 19 is controlled by the built-in motor oil temperature sensor.
\nThe peculiarity of the thermal accumulator for storing a coolant design 9 (Figure 1) is an additional phase-transitional contact TA in the accumulation vessel membrane for the coolant. It is similar in design and operating principle to thermal accumulator for storing a coolant 19, but is mounted on the accumulation vessel case for draining the coolant. Due to thermal accumulator for storing a coolant 9 the minimum loss of thermal energy is achieved. It is released by the coolant after its draining by electromagnetic hydraulic valves 10 and 11 in the insulated vessel 9 with TA during long-term stop of the vehicular engine. When the coolant is pumped backwards into the engine cooling system by the modulating pump 8 it is possible to rapidly heat the engine components and cooling system parts. They are as follows: a coolant case and the ICE cylinder head. The coolant temperature in thermal accumulator for storing a coolant 9 is controlled by the built-in coolant temperature sensor.
\nEG thermal energy for rapid heating of a catalytic converter 5 in the exhaust system is accumulated in TA of exhaust gases cleaning system during engine operation. A rapid heating of catalytic converter composition 5 after starting the engine occurs when EG pass through TA of exhaust gases cleaning system.
\nThe interior of the vehicle is heated by the heat exchanger 7 during engine operation when the coolant circulates in the engine cooling system through the heat exchanger.
\nIn addition to the above-mentioned components, the combined heating system also includes standard components of the engine and its cooling and lubrication systems (Figure 1). They are as follows: a cooling system radiator 2, an engine output shaft 3 an intake manifold 4, EG temperature sensor 12; a lubrication system radiator 13; gas analysis equipment 14 (in the form of appropriate sensors); a tank for expanding the heat carrier 15; EG temperature sensor 16. The circulation of the coolant and motor oil in the combined heating system is provided by modulating pumps 22 and 23. The coolant and motor oil regulation is provided by electromagnetic hydraulic valves 26 and 27.
\nPre-start and after-start heating of the coolant and motor oil is possible with standard heating of the engine and (or) in the following modes of the combined heating system operation. The examples are: when operating only the rapid heating of the engine subsystem in the process of after-start heating of the engine, when operating the rapid heating of the engine subsystem with the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases by phase-transitional TA, the combined functions of contact thermal accumulator (thermal accumulator for storing motor oil and (or) thermal accumulator for storing a coolant) or joint operation of contact thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing motor oil + thermal accumulator for storing a coolant and the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases by phase-transitional TA. Storing thermal energy, accumulated by the coolant and motor oil, is possible with standard ICE assembly and (or) in the following modes of the combined heating system operation. The examples are: when operating the rapid heating of the engine subsystem with the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases by phase-transitional TA, when operating only contact thermal accumulator or thermal accumulator for storing motor oil (thermal accumulator for storing a coolant), the combined functions of contact thermal accumulator (thermal accumulator for storing motor oil and (or) thermal accumulator for storing a coolant) or joint operation of contact thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing motor oil + thermal accumulator for storing a coolant and the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases by phase-transitional TA.
\nIf it is necessary to start the engine after a long stop, the combined heating system is involved. It works according to its own algorithms and includes electric modulating pumps 21, 22, 23 of the rapid heating of the engine subsystem. They circulate the coolant and motor oil in the vehicular engine and phase-transitional TA for the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases. Passing through TA, the coolant gets thermal energy accumulated by HAM and transfers it by the coolant to the engine cooling system and by motor oil to the lubrication system and to the engine design elements. The right choice of TA 20 thermal capacity allows you to quickly heat the ICE from low ambient temperature (−20°C) to the coolant and motor oil temperatures at +40–60°C. The choice of TA thermal capacity by HAM weight is based on a calculation of the heat balance of the engine with the combined heating system and the vehicle. It helps determine the amount of thermal energy required for heating the coolant and motor oil, cylinder block, cylinder head, connecting branch pipes and manifolds considering heat loss [1, 5, 10, 11].
\nAfter receiving thermal energy from the coolant and motor oil, the engine elements transfer it to the combustion chamber. It positively affects the process of ICE start which occurs after the combined heating system sensors record the coolant and motor oil temperatures at +40–60°C. After that the ICE starts running and it is possible to load the engine. After starting the ICE, the combined heating system continues its work and facilitates more rapid and efficient heating of the working engine up to the coolant and motor oil temperatures at +85°C. This is achieved due to further use of the accumulated heat in TA and thermal energy from the working engine. After reaching the coolant and motor oil temperatures of +85°C, the combined heating system maintains it within the limits set, i.e., 85 ± 5°C and then the engine standard system (SS) starts working (in the meanwhile, the combined heating system stops working).
\nTaking into consideration the data from temperature sensors, the control system of the combined heating system calculates the optimal rotational speed of circulation pumps 21, 22, 23. It gives commands to the system valves directing the flow of working fluids through certain CSPSH elements. The combined heating system functioning is based on the analysis of temperature values of the coolant and motor oil heat carriers [1, 5, 10, 11].
\nDuring a stop and storage of the heat accumulated by contact thermal accumulator 17 of the engine being shut off, the contact thermal accumulator operation implies giving off HAM phase-transitional heat of contact thermal accumulator backwards to provide long-term maintenance of the coolant and motor oil temperatures. In low ambient temperature and when phase-transitional TA 20 for the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases subsystem is charged, when the heat accumulated by contact thermal accumulator 17 is insufficient, the engine 1 heating is carried out similarly as described above.
\nDuring a long stop of the engine, when it is necessary to maintain the coolant and motor oil within the “hot heating” for a long time, thermal accumulator for storing motor oil 19 and (or) thermal accumulator for storing a coolant 9 are used (Figure 1), in which the coolant and motor oil are drained from lubrication system and cooling system of the engine. If it is necessary to start the engine when phase-transitional TA 20 for the utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases subsystem is charged, thermal accumulator for storing motor oil (thermal accumulator for storing a coolant) is combined with lubrication system (cooling system) of the engine by using valves 28 and 29 (9 and 11). By using the circulation pump 24 (8), motor oil (the coolant) goes to the engine cylinder block. Further heating of the engine 1 is carried out similarly as described above. By using motor oil and coolant temperature sensors, working capacity of the combined heating system is controlled in relation to heat capacity of its components and subsystems and its further use.
\nThe research on using the CHS in vehicles was based both on experiments and numerical modeling.
\nThe results of experimental studies conducted by the authors under the ITS information conditions are detailed in [1, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13] (Figure 2). The authors developed a mathematical model [1, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13] for the estimation studies (Figure 3). It is based on a systems approach used in the processes of the vehicular thermal development when using phase-transitional thermal accumulators [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19].
\nThe truck during pre-start and after-start heating of the ICE and the vehicle interior.
The flowchart of “combined heating system of the engine and the vehicle.”
The general process of pre-start and after-start heating (PSASH) during engine and vehicle operation can be split into the following components: pre-start and after-start processes of thermal development and industrial (commercial) process of the ICE and vehicle operation. The engine pre-start heating without actual start and the operation of the engine in an idling mode can be only realized using the developed heating system. It is a set of subsystems, elements and means of thermal development and maintenance of the thermal state of the engine and the vehicle using the combined heating system based on phase-transitional thermal accumulators. During after-start thermal development of the engine and the vehicle, it is possible to heat them either without using the combined heating system (engine and vehicle standard systems) or using the CHS. During industrial (commercial) process of engine and vehicle operation, the heating system is used only when it is not possible to maintain the thermal state of the engine and the vehicle in a corresponding range under operating conditions. After-start heating of the engine and the vehicle can be carried out in various modes of vehicle operation (both steady and transitional modes of the engine operation when the vehicle is stopped and when in motion). These modes are: (1) heating in an idling mode; (2) heating in an idling mode with electrical consumers switched on; (3) heating in an idling mode with gradual heating in motion; (4) heating in motion. The study of the vehicle heating according to the above-mentioned modes is detailed in [1, 16, 17, 18, 19].
\nThe article presents the study results of thermal development of the truck engine 8FS 9.2/8 in operation. The investigation was conducted in the mathematical model of the “combined heating system of the engine and the vehicle” for option 1 - Heating in an idling mode. In evaluating different options of the CSPSH operation the following considerations were taken into account. The combined heating system is a combination of five independent subsystems: the utilization of thermal energy of EG (with TA), rapid heating of the engine, contact thermal accumulator, thermal accumulator for storing motor oil and thermal accumulator for storing a coolant [1, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The first two subsystems, working together, provide the work of TA with accelerated circulation of the coolant, motor oil and standard systems of the truck engine 8FS 9.2/8 during pre-start and after-start heating of the truck. Contact thermal accumulator provides long-term storage of accumulated heat in the coolant and motor oil in the cylinder block using an insulated membrane. Thermal accumulator for storing motor oil and thermal accumulator for storing a coolant provide long-term storage of accumulated heat by motor oil and the coolant in separate insulated tanks with TA. The results of pre-start and after-start heating of the engine were assessed and compared in the study depending on the combined heating system different options or their combination.
\nBased on the developed algorithms for pre-start and after-start heating of the engine coolant and motor oil, 19 combinations of options were suggested to analyze the sets of components of the developed combined heating system (Table 1) [1, 2, 5, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Thus, for all options during pre-start and after-start heating of the engine with CSPSH mode parameters of its work were estimated. They are as follows: heating the coolant and motor oil from
# of option | \nThe combined heating system components (the definition of the option) | \nStructural and technology features and the use of the combined heating system option according to its purpose | \n
---|---|---|
1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n
1 | \nEngine standard systems without the combined heating system—SS without the CHS | \nEngine pre-start heating is impossible to do. After-start heating is carried out by the elements of cooling and lubrication systems of the standard engine. To ensure the maintenance of | \n
2 | \nEngine standard systems with the combined heating system—SS with the CHS | \nEngine pre-start heating is impossible to do. For rapid after-start heating, only additional electric modulating pumps for the coolant and motor oil of the rapid heating of the engine subsystem are used. To ensure the maintenance of | \n
3 | \nPhase-transitional thermal accumulator—TA | \nEngine pre-start and rapid after-start heating is carried out by phase-transitional TA. Besides, additional electric modulating pumps for the coolant and motor oil of the rapid heating of the engine subsystem (#2), the subsystem of the utilization of thermal energy of EG by phase-transitional thermal accumulator are also used. To ensure the maintenance of | \n
4 | \nPhase-transitional contact thermal accumulator—CTA | \nEngine pre-start and after-start heating is impossible to do. To ensure the maintenance of | \n
5 | \nThermal accumulator for storing motor oil ( | \nEngine pre-start and after-start heating is impossible to do. The maintenance of | \n
6 | \nThermal accumulator for storing motor oil ( | \nEngine pre-start and after-start heating is impossible to do. The maintenance of | \n
7 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + contact thermal accumulator (# 3 and # 4): TA + CTA | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator and phase-transitional contact thermal accumulator. # 3 and # 4 describe structural and technology features and the use of the combined heating system option according to its purpose during engine pre-start and after-start heating and long-term keeping in an idling mode without the operation. | \n
8 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing motor oil ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing motor oil without HAM thermal development ( | \n
9 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing motor oil ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing motor oil with HAM thermal development ( | \n
10 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + contact thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing motor oil ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator, phase-transitional contact thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing motor oil without HAM thermal development ( | \n
11 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + contact thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing motor oil (Т | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator, phase-transitional contact thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing motor oil with HAM thermal development (Т | \n
12 | \nThermal accumulator for storing a coolant ( | \nEngine pre-start and after-start heating is impossible to do. The maintenance of | \n
13 | \nThermal accumulator for storing a coolant ( | \nEngine pre-start and after-start heating is impossible to do. The maintenance of | \n
14 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing a coolant ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing a coolant without HAM thermal development ( | \n
15 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing a coolant ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing a coolant with HAM thermal development ( | \n
16 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + contact thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing a coolant ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator, phase-transitional contact thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing a coolant without HAM thermal development ( | \n
17 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + contact thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing a coolant ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator, phase-transitional contact thermal accumulator and thermal accumulator for storing a coolant with HAM thermal development ( | \n
18 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + contact thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing motor oil ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator, phase-transitional contact thermal accumulator, thermal accumulator for storing motor oil without HAM thermal development ( | \n
19 | \nThe combination of separate CHS components, namely: thermal accumulator + contact thermal accumulator + thermal accumulator for storing motor oil ( | \nThe combination of separate components of the combined heating system, namely: phase-transitional thermal accumulator, phase-transitional contact thermal accumulator, thermal accumulator for storing motor oil with HAM thermal development ( | \n
The options of the combined heating system components to analyze the efficiency of pre-start and after-start heating of the truck engine 8FS 9.2/8.
Figures 4, 5, 6 show the results of pre-start and after-start heating according to the duration of thermal development of the truck engine coolant and motor oil using the combined heating system. Figure 4 shows the duration of the coolant and motor oil heating from
The influence of options of the combined heating system components on the heating time of the engine coolant and motor oil from
The influence of options of the combined heating system components on the heating time of the engine coolant and motor oil from 50 to 85°С.
The influence of options of the combined heating system components on the duration of maintaining the coolant and motor oil temperatures within ≈50°С.
The indicators of the engine thermal state during pre-start heating of the coolant and motor oil of the ICE with the combined heating system were compared with the standard systems of the engine (option 1, Table 1) from
The indicators of the ICE thermal state during rapid after-start heating of the coolant and motor oil of the engine with the combined heating system were compared with the standard systems of the engine (option 1, Table 1) from 50 to 85°С, min (Figure 5). The greatest reduction in the heating time was obtained in options 3, 7–11, 14–19 for ambient temperatures at
The duration of maintaining the engine
The use of the combined heating system is generally effective (Figures 4, 5, 6) for pre-start and after-start thermal development of the vehicular engine and for maintaining it for a long time when it is not running under different climatic conditions. The peculiarities of the combined heating system components and the technology for use are chosen depending on operational needs, climatic conditions and the category of the vehicle.
\nThe estimation was based on the mathematical modeling of the “combined heating of the engine and the vehicle” system. The mathematical modeling was carried out for various components of the CHS used for the truck and a car. The options of operating conditions and methods of the engine and the vehicle heating were chosen in accordance with the provisions of [1, 5, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19].
\nThe influence of various components of the CHS on pre-start heating of the engine was analyzed in terms of fuel consumption (kg/h). The results revealed the most significant components of the CHS, namely in options 2 and 3. For them, additional estimation studies were carried out to determine the specific indicators of the total influence of the CHS components on the coolant and MO heating time from
The results of investigating the influence of the CHS components on the coolant and MO heating time (a) and on the total time of the coolant and MO thermal development (b) in terms of fuel consumption (kg/h).
To estimate the total influence of the CHS components on the coolant and MO heating time, the most significant components were chosen, namely in options 3–6, 12, 13 and 19 (Figure 7(b). All indicators were compared with the indicators of the engine standard systems. The total influence on thermal development processes implies the total time of pre-start (from
In general, to provide the OT of the engine with the CHS, it is advisable to use all options of simultaneous influence on the coolant and MO.
\nTo provide the temperature influence on the CC of the EGCS indicators, it is advisable to use TA installed in the exhaust system of the engine. When using TAEGCS, depending on the option of the engine heating, the time of reaching the temperature at the Light-off point (250°С/523 K) of the CC heating curve is 3–5 min of the CC operation for all options. This indicator is almost twice as good as the experimentally obtained indicators of the CC heating.
\nTo ensure the compliance with the requirements for the heating periods of different areas of the vehicle interior and the driver, the use of the CHS is completely stipulated. In this case, the interior and the driver are heated by the engine CS, that is, without changing the design of the vehicle. The results of the mathematical modeling of the interior heat transfer processes confirmed the feasibility of using the CHS. When using the CHS, the requirements are fully met in terms of the efficiency and safety of the heating system. It means that 15 min after the vehicle starts its motion at the ambient temperature to −25°C the requirements of the standard for heating the driver’s head, legs, and body are fully met.
\nThe development and the study of the engine combined heating system with phase-transitional thermal accumulators for pre-start and after-start heating under cold operating conditions were considered. To ensure optimal temperature condition of the ICE and the vehicle, general and individual tasks were determined. The combined heating system scheme of the ICE and the vehicle in operation was developed. The objects of experimental studies in operation were described. Using a systems approach to ensure optimal temperature condition of the vehicle in operation, the “combined heating system of the engine and the vehicle” and its application methods were developed. The results of significant impact of the combined heating system on thermal development indicators of the engine and the vehicle were obtained. The use of the combined heating system in the vehicular engine for different ambient temperatures enables to improve the indicators of the duration of coolant and motor oil thermal development. It is possible at: pre-start and after-start heating by 22.9–57.5% and 25–57%, and for a long storage ranging from 9 to 92 times and from 6.2 to 61 times, without the engine operation in an idling mode. The use of the combined heating system is generally effective for pre-start and after-start thermal development of the vehicular engine and for maintaining it for a long time when it is not running under different climatic conditions. The peculiarities of the combined heating system components and the technology for use are chosen depending on operational needs, climatic conditions and the category of the vehicle.
\nThus, in order to ensure safety in terms of maintaining the OT of the engine and the vehicle, it is advisable to use the following options:
heating from
heating from 50 to 85°С - SS + RHE and phase-transitional TA;
maintaining the coolant and MO temperature within ≈50°C when the vehicle is stopped – TA + CTA + TASMO (ТHAМ = 85°С) + TASC (ТHAМ = 85°С) and phase-transitional TA;
by total specific indicators - TA + CTA + TASMO (ТHAМ = 85°С) + TASC (ТHAМ = 85°С) and phase-transitional TA.
To ensure the harmless environmental impact, it is expedient to use TAEGCS, TA + CTA + TASMO (ТHAМ = 85°С) + TASC (ТHAМ = 85°С) and phase-transitional TA.
\nTo ensure the transportation comfort, it is expedient to use any means of thermal development in the engine CS. The best of them are – the vehicle - TA + CTA + TASMO (ТHAМ = 85°С), the vehicle - TA + CTA + TASMO (ТHAМ = 85°С) + TASC (ТHAМ = 85°С) and phase-transitional TA.
\nIn order to ensure the engine capacity at its start, that is the ability to have the load on the engine immediately after its start, it is expedient to use TAEGCS, the vehicle - TA + CTA + TASMO (ТHAМ = 85°С) + TASC (ТHAМ = 85°С) and phase-transitional TA.
\nIn order to ensure specific efficient fuel consumption when maintaining the OT of engines and vehicles, it is expedient to use TA + CTA + TASMO (ТHAМ = 85°С) + TASC (ТHAМ = 85°С).
\nCC | catalytic converter |
CHS | combined heating system |
CS | cooling system |
CTA | contact thermal accumulator |
EG | exhaust gases |
EGCS | exhaust gases cleaning system |
HAM | heat accumulating material |
HE | heat exchanger |
ICE | internal combustion engine |
LS | lubrication system |
PSASH | pre-start and after-start heating |
RHE | rapid heating of the engine |
SS | standard system |
TA | thermal accumulator |
TAEGCS | TA of EG cleaning system |
TASC | thermal accumulator for storing a coolant |
TASMO | thermal accumulator for storing motor oil |
UTETA | utilization of thermal energy of exhaust gases by phase-transitional TA |
The Malaysian rainforest is not only acknowledged as the world’s oldest rainforest but also ranked 12th in the world as well as 4th on the list of biodiversity hotspots in Asia after India, China, and Indonesia. Malaysia has an estimated 12,500 species of seed plants with about 1200 species of medicinal plants [1]. Malaysia is also endowed with more than 3000 species of medicinal plants among its over 15,000 flowering plants [2, 3]. The Malaysian herbal industry, which is fully supported by the government, is also enjoying rapid development in line with the growing global herbal industry owing to the increasing demand for healthy functional food, herbal supplements, herbs-based energy drinks, and cosmetics. Malaysia, in addition to its vast biodiversity, is also endowed with multi-ethnic cultures offering a unique combination of folk and traditional medication such as Ayurveda, the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Kampo, and Jamu for the development of the herbal industry [4]. Despite the advancement in synthetic chemistry, the use of Complementary and alternative methods (CAM) to support medical treatment, reinforce the immunity system, prevent relapses in cancer, reduce disease symptoms, and maintain health is also increasingly becoming more popular worldwide with almost 80% (about two thirds) of the population in developing countries still depending on herbal supplement products to meet their healthcare needs, according to the World Health Organization [5]. On the other hand, most of the conventional pharmaceutical drugs under development and those already in the market today owe their origins to natural products, though the products derived from virtually all-natural sources do not necessarily represent the final form of the active ingredients [6]. Similarly, about 84% of approved drugs for the treatment of CNS diseases, for instance, are either natural products or natural products inspired by over 400 clinically approved CNS drugs traceable to 20 natural product scaffolds [7].
Furthermore, the cost and adverse reactions of pharmacotherapy have lent immense support for the adoption of safe alternatives using various herbal formulations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines herbal products or herbal preparations as herbal medicines containing active ingredients derived from the plants’ parts or other plant materials, or their combinations. Breastfeeding mothers, especially, prefer herbal products to manage post-natal depressive symptoms. According to the literature, the percentages of women using at least one herbal product during the breastfeeding period in the US, China, Australia, and Italy are 16%, 20%–45%, 59.9%, and 97%, respectively. Herbal products are known to enhance milk supply and are thus commonly used as a traditional prophylactic during insufficient milk production to meet the child’s nutritional needs. Herbal products, as a general health supplement, also offer self-empowerment, self-reassurance, and other psychological benefits during lactation, in addition to other general ailments such as colds, constipation, coughs, headaches, and depressive symptoms [5, 8]. Admittedly, the lack of standardization and heterogeneity of regulatory standards for herbal products between, and within countries and regions have made it quite difficult to generalize about the quality, efficacy, and safety of herbal products [1, 8]. Nevertheless, this study is aimed to review some of the most important high-value herbal products in Malaysia. Admittedly, the work covers only a few representatives of Malaysian medicinal plants. The taxonomic classifications of the few plants discussed in this study are itemized in Table 1.
Agarwood otherwise known as gaharu (Figure 1) is a highly valuable fragrant heartwood and resinous wood mainly produced through changes in the chemical and physiological compounds of woods through natural or artificial damage like injury, cutting wound, insect disturbance, microorganism (fungi), and other non-pathological processes from
Agarwood (gaharu). Source:
Agarwood is mainly obtained from tree trunk as well as other parts of the tree such as tree branches and collected in the wood form and then traded as wood dust or powder, wood chips, and Agar-oil [13]. According to Wyn and Anak [14], About 19 plant species that are native to Malaysia are thought to produce agarwood (Peninsula: 13 spp., Sabah: 11 spp., Sarawak: 13 spp. The five most common types of oleoresin-producing
Pineapple (
Various parts of Pineapple (
Dragon fruit (
The
Temu kunci (
Categories | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names | Names |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kingdom | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae |
Subkingdom | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae | Viridiplantae |
Infrakingdom | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta | Streptophyta |
Superdivision | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta | Embryophyta |
Division | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Spermatophyta | Tracheophyta | Tracheophyta | Tracheophyta |
Subdivision | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Angiospermae | Spermatophytina | Spermatophytina | Spermatophytina |
Class | Dicotyledonae | Monocotyledonae | Monocotyledonae | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida | Magnoliopsida |
Superorder | Commelinids | Eudicots | Asteranae | Liliane | Eudicots | Asteranae | |
Order | Thymelaeales | Bromeliales | Caryophyllales | Lamiales | Zingiberales | Lamiales | Gentianales |
Family | Thymelaeaceae | Bromeliaceae | Cactaceae | Lamiaceae | Zingiberaceae | Lamiaceae | Rubiaceae |
Genus | |||||||
Species | |||||||
Common name | Agarwood | Pineapple | Dragon fruit | Vitex | Fingerroot | Cat’s whiskers | Indian mulberry |
Taxonomic classification of the reviewed plants.
Names | Origin |
---|---|
Chun jiang, Soh Shi | Chinese |
Temoe koentji | Dutch |
Petits doigts | French |
Fingerwurz, Runde Gewurzlilie | German |
Chekkur | India |
Temu kunci | Indonesian |
Gajutu | Japanese |
Khchiey | Khmer |
Neng kieng | Lao |
Temu kunci | Malay |
Kae-aen, Kra Chai, Wan-phraa-thit | Thai |
Ngai num kho, Bong nga truat, Cu ngai | Vietnamese |
The vernacular names of
The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) contains about 1500 species and 50 genera globally. Several species of Zingiberaceae consisting mainly of herbaceous perennial plants are used in food (as spices), as well as ornamental plants, in cosmetics, and dyes. The rhizomes and leaves (Figure 4) are characterized by the presence of essential oils, flavones, flavonoids, and cyclohexenyl chalcone derivatives [47, 48]. The rhizome is traditionally used, in Indonesia, for the treatment of several diseases in folk medicine owing to its diverse pharmacological and biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer [46].
(a)
The essential oils of
Traditionally,
Misai kucing (
Misai kucing (
Mengkudu (
Mengkudu (
Malaysia is a global hub for natural products which contributes to its GDP. Malaysia is also one of the 12 most diverse Megabiodiversity countries. Natural products are relevant to both health care and agriculture which are parts of the national key economic areas (NKEA) under the Government’s Economic Transformation Plan as well as parts of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is worthy of note that the quality, efficacy, and safety of herbal products require standardization. Herbal products should also be made easy and accessible to low-income and rural communities across the globe. The proper documentation of the ethnopharmacological important plants in addition to their preservation and cultivation would enhance the sustainable use of the various indigenous plants.
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Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313856/images/system/313856.png",institutionString:"University of Orléans",institution:{name:"University of Orléans",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33993/images/system/33993.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. 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