Measured values of the phase shift (−
\r\n\tWithin this scenario, special attention needs to be devoted to financial implications, due to their pervasiveness. Nobody would question the key role that finance plays to complement the real sphere of the economy and that has increasingly attracted both academics and practitioners. As a result, traditional pillars – such as financial markets, products, and institutions – have evolved significantly, with financial innovation fueling further progress over time. The global side of the coin features – among others – financially connected markets, international financial exchanges, and financial conglomerates that provide valuable opportunities in terms of international corporate finance. On the other side, recent advances have involved a wider recourse to ESG factors, allowed forward steps towards a more inclusive financial system, and have made digital finance a must, rather than an option, even though much remains to be accomplished, for instance, to facilitate access to formal financial channels in many underdeveloped regions.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis book aims to examine emerging trends, new perspectives, and empirical applications that deal with globalization and sustainability. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of these important concepts as valuable support to successfully meet the challenges and take on the opportunities ahead. At the same time, drawing upon empirical evidence can contribute to bridging the gap between theory and practice, which also fits within the scope of this book.
To obtain an environmentally clean energy source, many experimental methods have been developed and used to study the adsorption of hydrogen for the cathodic H2 evolution reaction (HER) and hydroxide for the anodic O2 evolution reaction (OER) at noble and highly corrosion-resistant metal and alloy/aqueous solution interfaces [1−7]. The cathodic HER is one of the most extensively studied topics in electrochemistry, electrode kinetics, renewable and sustainable energy, etc. It is well known that underpotentially deposited hydrogen (UPD H) and overpotentially deposited hydrogen (OPD H) occupy different surface adsorption sites and act as two distinguishable electroadsorbed H species, and that only OPD H can contribute to the cathodic HER [2−7]. Similarly, one can interpret that underpotentially deposited deuterium (UPD D) and overpotentially deposited deuterium (OPD D) occupy different surface adsorption sites and act as two distinguishable electroadsorbed D species, and that only OPD D can contribute to the cathodic D2 evolution reaction (DER). However, there is not much reliable electrode kinetic data for OPD H and OPD D, i.e. the fractional surface coverage, interaction parameter, and equilibrium constant for the Frumkin adsorption isotherm, at the interfaces. Also, a quantitative relationship between the Temkin and Frumkin or Langmuir adsorption isotherms has not been developed to study the cathodic HER and DER. Thus, there is a technological need for a useful, effective, and reliable method to determine the Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms of OPD H and OPD D and related electrode kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. In the following discussions, H and D mean OPD H and OPD D, respectively.
Although the electrochemical Frumkin and Langmuir adsorption isotherms may be regarded as classical models and theories, it is preferable to consider the Frumkin and Langmuir adsorption isotherms for H and D rather than electrode kinetics and thermodynamics equations for H and D because these adsorption isotherms are associated more directly with the atomic mechanisms of H and D [8]. However, there is not much reliable information on the Frumkin and Langmuir adsorption isotherms of H for the cathodic HER and related electrode kinetic and thermodynamic data [1−7]. Furthermore, there is not much reliable information on the Frumkin and Langmuir adsorption isotherms of D for the cathodic DER and related electrode kinetic and thermodynamic data. Because, to the authors’ knowledge, the interaction parameter and equilibrium constant for the Frumkin adsorption isotherm of H and D cannot be experimentally and readily determined using other conventional methods [3,7].
To determine the Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms, the phase-shift method and correlation constants have been originally developed on the basis of relevant experimental results and data. The phase-shift method is a unique electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique for studying the linear relationship between the phase shift (90° ≥ −
At first glance, it seems that there is no linear relationship between the −
The comments and replies on the phase-shift method are described elsewhere [30−34]. New ideas or methods must be rigorously tested, especially when they are unique, but only with pure logic and objectivity and through scientific procedures. However, the objections to the phase-shift method do not fulfill these criteria. The objections to the phase-shift method are substantially attributed to a misunderstanding of the phase-shift method itself [27, 28]. Note especially that all of the objections to the phase-shift method can be attributed to confusion regarding the applicability of related impedance equations for intermediate frequencies and a unique feature of the faradaic resistance for the recombination step [35]. The validity and correctness of the phase-shift method should be discussed on the basis of numerical simulations with a single equation for −
In practice, the numerical calculation of equivalent circuit impedances of the noble and highly corrosion-resistant metal and alloy/solution interfaces is very difficult or impossible due to the superposition of various effects. However, it is simply determined by frequency analyzers, i.e. tools. Note that the phase-shift method and correlation constants are useful and effective tools for determining the Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms and related electrode kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.
This work is one of our continuous studies on the phase-shift method and correlation constants for determining the Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms. In this paper, as a selected example of the phase-shift method and correlation constants for determining the electrochemical adsorption isotherms, we present the Frumkin and Temkin adsorption isotherms of (H + D) for the cathodic (HER + DER) and related electrode kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of a Pt−Ir alloy/0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution interface. These experimental results are compared with the relevant experimental data of the noble and highly corrosion-resistant metal and alloy/solution interfaces [11, 13, 16, 19−21, 23−29]. The interaction parameters, equilibrium constants, standard Gibbs energies of adsorptions, and rates of change of the standard Gibbs energies with
Taking into account the H+ and D+ concentrations [27] and the effects of the diffuse-double layer and pH [36], a mixture (1:1 volume ratio) of 0.1 M LiOH (H2O) and 0.1 M LiOH (D2O) solutions, i.e. 0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution, was prepared from LiOH (Alfa Aesar, purity 99.995%) using purified water (H2O, resistivity > 18 MΩ · cm) obtained from a Millipore system and heavy water (D2O, Alfa Aesar, purity 99.8%). The p(H + D) of 0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution was 12.91. This solution was deaerated with 99.999% purified nitrogen gas for 20 min before the experiments.
A standard three-electrode configuration was employed. A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as the standard reference electrode. A platinum−iridium alloy wire (Johnson Matthey, 90:10 Pt/Ir mass ratio, 1.5 mm diameter, estimated surface area ca. 1.06 cm2) was used as the working electrode. A platinum wire (Johnson Matthey, purity 99.95%, 1.5 mm diameter, estimated surface area ca. 1.88 cm2) was used as the counter electrode. Both the Pt−Ir alloy working electrode and the Pt counter electrode were prepared by flame cleaning and then quenched and cooled sequentially in Millipore Milli-Q water and air.
A cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was used to achieve a steady state at the Pt−Ir alloy/0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution interface. The CV experiments were conducted for 20 cycles at a scan rate of 200 mV · s−1 and a scan potential of (0 to −1.0) V vs. SCE. After the CV experiments, an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was used to study the linear relationship between the −
The CV experiments were performed using an EG&G PAR Model 273A potentiostat controlled with the PAR Model 270 software package. The EIS experiments were performed using the same apparatus in conjunction with a Schlumberger SI 1255 HF frequency response analyzer controlled with the PAR Model 398 software package. To obtain comparable and reproducible results, all of the measurements were carried out using the same preparations, procedures, and conditions at 298 K. The international sign convention is used: cathodic currents and lagged-phase shifts or angles are taken as negative. All potentials are given on the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) scale. The Gaussian and adsorption isotherm analyses were carried out using the Excel and Origin software packages.
The equivalent circuit for the adsorption of (H + D) for the cathodic (HER + DER) at the Pt−Ir alloy/0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution interface can be expressed as shown in Fig. 1a [27, 28, 37−39]. Taking into account the superposition of various effects (e.g. a relaxation time effect, a real surface area problem, surface absorption and diffusion processes, inhomogeneous and lateral interaction effects, an oxide layer formation, specific adsorption effects, etc.) that are inevitable under the experimental conditions, we define the equivalent circuit elements as follows:
The numerical derivation of
The frequency responses of the equivalent circuit for all
(a) Experimentally proposed equivalent circuit for the phase-shift method. (b) Simplified equivalent circuits for intermediate frequency responses.
At intermediate frequencies, the impedance (
for the upper circuit in Fig. 1b or
for the lower circuit in Fig. 1b, where j is the imaginary unit (i.e. j2 = −1) and
In our previous papers [9−24], only Eq. (1) was used with a footnote stating that
The following limitations and conditions of the equivalent circuit elements for
Note that the following description of the phase-shift method for determining the Frumkin adsorption isotherm is similar to our previous papers due to use of the same method and procedures [27,28].
Figure 2 compares the phase-shift curves (−
Comparison of the phase-shift curves (−
The intermediate frequency of 1.259 Hz, shown as a vertical solid line on the −
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t− | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tΔ(− | \n\t\t\tΔ | \n\t\t
−0.659 | \n\t\t\t84.7 | \n\t\t\t~ 0 | \n\t\t\t~ 0 | \n\t\t\t~ 0 | \n\t\t
−0.684 | \n\t\t\t84.0 | \n\t\t\t0.00830 | \n\t\t\t0.08304 | \n\t\t\t0.08304 | \n\t\t
−0.709 | \n\t\t\t79.4 | \n\t\t\t0.06287 | \n\t\t\t0.54567 | \n\t\t\t0.54567 | \n\t\t
−0.734 | \n\t\t\t60.8 | \n\t\t\t0.28351 | \n\t\t\t2.20641 | \n\t\t\t2.20641 | \n\t\t
−0.759 | \n\t\t\t26.6 | \n\t\t\t0.68921 | \n\t\t\t4.05694 | \n\t\t\t4.05694 | \n\t\t
−0.784 | \n\t\t\t7.7 | \n\t\t\t0.91340 | \n\t\t\t2.24199 | \n\t\t\t2.24199 | \n\t\t
−0.809 | \n\t\t\t2.6 | \n\t\t\t0.97390 | \n\t\t\t0.60498 | \n\t\t\t0.60498 | \n\t\t
−0.834 | \n\t\t\t1.3 | \n\t\t\t0.98932 | \n\t\t\t0.15421 | \n\t\t\t0.15421 | \n\t\t
−0.859 | \n\t\t\t0.7 | \n\t\t\t0.99644 | \n\t\t\t0.07117 | \n\t\t\t0.07117 | \n\t\t
−0.884 | \n\t\t\t0.6 | \n\t\t\t0.99763 | \n\t\t\t0.01186 | \n\t\t\t0.01186 | \n\t\t
−0.909 | \n\t\t\t0.4 | \n\t\t\t~ 1 | \n\t\t\t0.02372 | \n\t\t\t0.02372 | \n\t\t
Measured values of the phase shift (−
Comparison of (a) the phase-shift profiles (−
Comparison of the normalized rates of change of −
The procedure and description of the phase-shift method for determining the Frumkin adsorption isotherm of (H + D) at the interface are summarized in Table 1. The values of −
The Gaussian profile shown in Fig. 4b is illustrated on the basis of Δ(−
The derivation and interpretation of the practical forms of the electrochemical Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms are described elsewhere [41−43]. The Frumkin adsorption isotherm assumes that the Pt−Ir alloy surface is inhomogeneous or that the lateral interaction effect is not negligible. It is well known that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm is a special case of the Frumkin adsorption isotherm. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm can be derived from the Frumkin adsorption isotherm by setting the interaction parameter to be zero. The Frumkin adsorption isotherm of (H + D) can be expressed as follows [42]
where
At the Pt−Ir alloy/0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution interface, the numerically calculated Frumkin adsorption isotherms using Eq. (4) are shown in Fig. 5. Curves a, b, and c in Fig. 5 show the three numerically calculated Frumkin adsorption isotherms of (H + D) corresponding to
Comparison of the experimental and fitted data for the Frumkin adsorption isotherms of (H + D) at the Pt−Ir alloy/0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution interface. Experimental data: ■. Curves show the Frumkin adsorption isotherms calculated using
At intermediate values of
Figure 6 shows the determination of the Temkin adsorption isotherm corresponding to the Frumkin adsorption isotherm shown in curve b of Fig. 5. The dashed line labeled b in Fig. 6 shows that the numerically calculated Temkin adsorption isotherm of (H + D) using Eq. (7) is
Comparison of the experimentally determined Frumkin adsorption isotherm and three fitted Temkin adsorption isotherms of (H + D) at the Pt−Ir alloy/0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution interface. Experimental data: ■. The curve shows the Frumkin adsorption isotherm calculated using
Figure 7 shows the applicability of ranges of
Figures 8 and 9 show the applicability of the Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherms at the same potential ranges, respectively. Figs. 8 and 9 also show that the Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherms are not applicable to the adsorption of (H + D) at the interface.
At extreme values of
Comparison of ranges of
Comparison of the Langmuir adsorption isotherms of (H + D) at the same potential ranges. Experimental data: ■. Curves show the Langmuir adsorption isotherms (
interface | \n\t\t\tadsorbate | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tRef. | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH+D | \n\t\t\t−2.2 | \n\t\t\t5.3 × 10−5 exp(2.2 | \n\t\t\t− | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t−2.2 | \n\t\t\t8.6 × 10−5 exp(2.2 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tD | \n\t\t\t−2.3 | \n\t\t\t2.1 × 10−5 exp(2.3 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t−2.5 | \n\t\t\t3.3 × 10−5 exp(2.5 | \n\t\t\t28 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH | \n\t\t\t0.6 | \n\t\t\t5.4 × 10−9 exp(−0.6 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH+OD | \n\t\t\t2.7 | \n\t\t\t3.9 × 10−9 exp(−2.7 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t−2.5 | \n\t\t\t3.1 × 10−5 exp(2.5 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH | \n\t\t\t1.8 | \n\t\t\t4.7 × 10−10 exp(−1.8 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Pt/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t−2.4 | \n\t\t\t1.2 × 10−4 exp(2.4 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t
Pt/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t−2.4 | \n\t\t\t3.5 × 10−5 exp(2.4 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t
Ir/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t−2.4 | \n\t\t\t9.4 × 10−5 exp(2.4 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t
Ir/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t−2.4 | \n\t\t\t2.7 × 10−5 exp(2.4 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t
Pd/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t1.4 | \n\t\t\t3.3 × 10−5 exp(−1.4 | \n\t\t\t19 | \n\t\t
Au/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t 0 | \n\t\t\t2.3 × 10−6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t
Re/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t 0 | \n\t\t\t1.9 × 10−6\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t
Re/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t 0 | \n\t\t\t4.5 × 10−7\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t10 | \n\t\t\t1.3 × 10−1 exp(−10 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t7.4 | \n\t\t\t3.6 × 10−4 exp(−7.4 | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t5.3 | \n\t\t\t4.1 × 10−9 exp(−5.3 | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t
Ti/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t6.6 | \n\t\t\t8.3 × 10−12 exp(−6.6 | \n\t\t\t23 | \n\t\t
Zr/0.2 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t3.5 | \n\t\t\t1.4 × 10−17 exp(−3.5 | \n\t\t\t24 | \n\t\t
Comparison of the interaction parameters (
interface | \n\t\t\tadsorbate | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tRef. | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH+D | \n\t\t\t2.4 | \n\t\t\t5.3 × 10−4 exp(−2.4 | \n\t\t\t− | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t2.4 | \n\t\t\t8.6 × 10−4 exp(−2.4 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tD | \n\t\t\t2.3 | \n\t\t\t2.1 × 10−4 exp(−2.3 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t2.1 | \n\t\t\t3.3 × 10−4 exp(−2.1 | \n\t\t\t28 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH | \n\t\t\t5.2 | \n\t\t\t5.4 × 10−8 exp(−5.2 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH+OD | \n\t\t\t7.3 | \n\t\t\t3.9 × 10−8 exp(−7.3 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t2.1 | \n\t\t\t3.1 × 10−4 exp(−2.1 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH | \n\t\t\t6.4 | \n\t\t\t4.7 × 10−9 exp(−6.4 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Pt/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t2.2 | \n\t\t\t1.2 × 10−3 exp(−2.2 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t
Pt/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t2.2 | \n\t\t\t3.5 × 10−4 exp(−2.2 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t
Ir/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t2.2 | \n\t\t\t9.4 × 10−4 exp(−2.2 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t
Ir/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t2.2 | \n\t\t\t2.7 × 10−4 exp(−2.2 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t
Pd/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t3.3 × 10−4 exp(−6 | \n\t\t\t19 | \n\t\t
Au/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t4.6 | \n\t\t\t2.3 × 10−5 exp(−4.6 | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t
Re/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t4.6 | \n\t\t\t1.9 × 10−5 exp(−4.6 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t
Re/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t4.6 | \n\t\t\t4.5 × 10−6 exp(−4.6 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t14.6 | \n\t\t\t1.3 exp(−14.6 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t12 | \n\t\t\t3.6 × 10−3 exp(−12 | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t9.9 | \n\t\t\t4.1 × 10−8 exp(−9.9 | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t
Ti/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t11.2 | \n\t\t\t8.3 ×10−11 exp(−11.2 | \n\t\t\t23 | \n\t\t
Zr/0.2 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t8.1 | \n\t\t\t1.4 × 10−16 exp(−8.1 | \n\t\t\t24 | \n\t\t
Comparison of the interaction parameters (
Comparison of the Temkin adsorption isotherms of (H + D) at the same potential ranges. Experimental data: ■. The curve shows the Frumkin adsorption isotherm calculated using
Under the Frumkin adsorption conditions, the relationship between the equilibrium constant (
For the Pt−Ir alloy/0.1 M LiOH (H2O + D2O) solution interface, use of Eqs. (6) and (8) shows that ∆
Curves a, b, and c in Fig. 10 show the
interface | \n\t\t\tadsorbate | \n\t\t\t ∆ | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tRef. | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH+D | \n\t\t\t24.4 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−5.5 | \n\t\t\t− | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t23.2 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−5.5 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tD | \n\t\t\t26.7 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−5.7 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t25.6 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−6.2 | \n\t\t\t28 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH | \n\t\t\t47.2 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t1.5 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH+OD | \n\t\t\t48.0 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t6.7 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t25.7 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−6.2 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH | \n\t\t\t53.2 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t4.5 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Pt/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t22.4 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−6.0 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t
Pt/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t25.4 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−6.0 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t
Ir/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t23.0 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−6.0 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t
Ir/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t26.1 ≥ ∆ | \n\t\t\t−6.0 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t
Pd/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t25.6 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t3.5 | \n\t\t\t19 | \n\t\t
Au/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t32.2 | \n\t\t\t 0 | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t
Re/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t32.6 | \n\t\t\t 0 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t
Re/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t36.2 | \n\t\t\t 0 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t5.1 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t24.8 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t19.6 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t18.4 | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t47.8 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t13.1 | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t
Ti/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t63.2 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t16.4 | \n\t\t\t23 | \n\t\t
Zr/0.2 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t96.1 ≤ ∆ | \n\t\t\t8.7 | \n\t\t\t24 | \n\t\t
Comparison of the standard Gibbs energies (∆
interface | \n\t\t\tadsorbate | \n\t\t\t∆ | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tRef. | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH+D | \n\t\t\t19.9 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t6.0 | \n\t\t\t− | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t18.7 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t6.0 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tD | \n\t\t\t22.2 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t5.7 | \n\t\t\t27 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t20.9 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t5.2 | \n\t\t\t28 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH | \n\t\t\t44.0 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t12.9 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH+OD | \n\t\t\t45.9 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t18.1 | \n\t\t\t26 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t21.1 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t5.2 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Pt−Ir alloy | \n\t\t\tOH | \n\t\t\t50.7 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t15.9 | \n\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t
Pt/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t17.8 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t5.5 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t
Pt/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t20.8 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t5.5 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t
Ir/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t18.3 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t5.5 | \n\t\t\t25 | \n\t\t
Ir/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t21.5 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t5.5 | \n\t\t\t21 | \n\t\t
Pd/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t22.8 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t14.9 | \n\t\t\t19 | \n\t\t
Au/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t28.7 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t11.4 | \n\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t
Re/0.1 M KOH (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t29.2 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t11.4 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t
Re/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t32.7 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t11.4 | \n\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t6.6 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t36.2 | \n\t\t\t11 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t19.9 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t29.8 | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t
Ni | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t47.0 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t24.6 | \n\t\t\t29 | \n\t\t
Ti/0.5 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t63.1 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t27.8 | \n\t\t\t23 | \n\t\t
Zr/0.2 M H2SO4 (H2O) | \n\t\t\tH | \n\t\t\t94.4 < ∆ | \n\t\t\t20.1 | \n\t\t\t24 | \n\t\t
Comparison of the standard Gibbs energies (∆
Comparison of the experimentally determined equilibrium constants (
Curves a, b, c, and d in Fig. 8 show the four numerically calculated Langmuir adsorption isotherms of (H + D) corresponding to
In addition, we have experimentally and consistently found and confirmed that the equilibrium constants (
In this work, one can also confirm that the values of
A negative value of
In contrast to Table 2, Table 3 shows that only the lateral repulsive interaction (
In the acidic H2O solutions, the values of
The lateral interaction between the adsorbed H, D, (H + D), OH, or (OH + OD) species cannot be interpreted by the value of
The Frumkin and Temkin adsorption isotherms (
The lateral attractive interaction (
The phase-shift method and correlation constants are the most accurate and efficient techniques to determine the Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms and the related electrode kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the noble and highly corrosion-resistant metal and alloy/H2O and D2O solution interfaces. They are useful and effective in facilitating selection of optimal electrode materials to yield electrochemical systems of maximum hydrogen, deuterium, and oxygen evolution performances. We expect that numerical simulations with a single equation for −
The authors would like to thank Dr. Mu S. Cho (First President of Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea) for supporting the EG&G PAR 273A potentiostat/galvanostat, Schlumberger SI 1255 HF frequency response analyzer, and software packages. The section on theoretical and experimental backgrounds of the phase-shift method was reprinted with permission from Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 55 (2010) 5598−5607. Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society. The authors wish to thank the American Chemical Society. This work was supported by the Research Grant of Kwangwoon University in 2012.
Water is a common “good” of the whole society and is essential for human, animal and plant life and has a multitude of uses.
Water can be classified according to its source into [1, 2]:
Surface water (water located at the surface of the soil) - Surface water sources are represented by running waters, water seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, icebergs;
Groundwater water below the surface in the saturated area and in direct contact with soil or subsoil. Groundwater sources are represented by groundwater aquifers, deep aquifers, springs; and,
Atmospheric water.
According to the field of use, the water is classified as:
Drinking water: for domestic consumption and for agriculture; and,
Industrial water: auxiliary in manufacturing processes, raw material for various industries, power generator, coolant agent, heating agent, etc.
Wastewater is water that has changed its original properties through use, in other words has been contaminated by human beings [2].
Water quality is represented by a set of physical, chemical, biological and bacteriological characteristics. These characteristics are also called parameters or indicators. Physical, chemical, biological and bacteriological parameters allow water to be classified in some categories, leading to its utilization for a specific use.
Water quality requirements depend on the purposes for which the water will be used. Thus, drinking water must not contain chemicals or micro-organisms which can affect the human health. Water used in agriculture must not contain large amounts of sodium ions, high concentrations of nitrates or high concentrations of other contaminants. Requirements for water use in industry are less rigorous than drinking water [3].
Water quality also depends on the type of water source and changes with geological, meteorological and land use conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established regulations and standards for water safety in support of public health [3]. The European Union has, also, established a legal framework for water protection [4]. Water quality criteria in all countries have been established in accordance with the WHO guidelines [3]. In European countries, the framework directives of the European Union are closely followed [4].
The EU Framework Directive requires that operational monitoring should be specific and based on monitoring relevant biological, hydro-morphological and physic-chemical parameters. These world environmental monitoring systems provide for water quality measurements in three categories of parameters:
Basic parameters: Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Coli bacilli, Biochemical Oxygen Consumption (CBO5), Turbidity, Nitrites and Phosphates concentration;
Indicators of persistent pollution: Cadmium, Mercury, Organo-halogen compounds and Mineral oils; and,
Optional parameters: Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Anionic detergents, Heavy metals, Arsenic, Boron, Sodium, Cyanides, Total oils, Streptococci [3].
Water quality monitoring indicators established by the European Union rules are grouped according to their common characteristics as it follows [4, 5]:
Indicators that give information about oxygen condition: Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Consumption (CBO5), Chemical Oxygen Consumption with chromium, Chemical Oxygen Consumption with manganese;
Indicators that give information about the presence of nutrients that contribute to eutrophication: Ammonium (NH4+), Nitrates (NO2−), Nitrites (NO3−), Total nitrogen (N), Orthophosphates (PO43−), Total phosphorus (P);
Salinity indicators: Chlorides (Cl−), Sulphates (SO42−), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+;
Heavy metals (e.g. Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg); and,
Other relevant indicators: Phenols, Anionic surfactants, Absorbed organic halides [4, 5].
To understand the overall health of an ecosystem and the condition of water, a number of water quality parameters or indicators must be analyzed and monitored. In 1998, Sene and Farquharson [6] stated that monitoring of the surface water quality is necessary to assess spatial and temporal regional variations. The process of monitoring the quality of ambient water has led to the development of water standards and the periodic assessments of the environment.
The monitoring program and the parameters to be measured for the study of water quality should be chosen specifically for each locality and each type of water. Although many parameters of water are important for human health or the health of an ecosystem, the analysis of all parameters is not feasible. The standards recommend the analysis of specific parameters for both drinking water and non-drinking water [6, 7].
Chemical and physical parameters are important in the rapid determination of water quality while biological parameters provide a detailed and complex analysis of the environment [8].
Oxygen is necessary for aquatic life. A series of aerobic chemical processes take place through dissolved oxygen: the oxidation processes of organic matter, oxidation of mineral substances, and bio-chemical decomposition of the dead bodies in water [9]. With the decrease of oxygen, the self-purification capacity of natural water is reduced, favoring the persistence of pollution with its undesirable consequences. Other indicators of oxygen regime are Biochemical Oxygen Consumption (CBO5) and Chemical Oxygen Consumption (CCO).
The phosphate content in natural water is relatively low. High amounts of phosphorus in water can come from excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Higher concentrations of phosphorus in surface water can result in eutrophication.
Heavy metals are those metals that have a high density (i.e. 5 g/cm3) [10]. In low concentrations, heavy metal ions are essential for the development of metabolic processes in plants and animals. These metals (e.g., cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel, mercury, selenium) can come from natural or anthropogenic processes. If certain concentrations are exceeded, then they become toxic substances for the living organisms.
Water quality and its changes due to various forms of pollution may influence the composition of aquatic biocenoses. Biological analysis consists of an inventory of phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic organisms or periphyton from water samples.
The microbial flora found in the water can be classified into two categories: water-specific microbial flora and microbial impurity flora. Water-specific microbial flora consists of microorganisms that commonly inhabit water and soil: cocci bacilli, different fungi and bacterial species which play a role in the natural degradation processes of organic substances. Microbial impurity flora consists of species of microorganisms of human or animal origin. This category can include pathogenic saprophytes. These microbes are generally accompanied by high concentrations of organic matter which provide their nutritional support [11].
In bacteriological analysis of water, the total number of germs and the determination of the bacillus coli have been adopted as bacteriological indicators.
Water quality is determined by the biological, chemical and physical parameters of the water. Most often, it is not enough to measure these water quality indicators. In order to draw some solid conclusions, it is necessary to apply adequate statistical method to the measurements. These statistical methods can provide useful information that can lead to actionable advice regarding water management. There are a large number of statistical methods for examining water quality.
The main differences between these methods are the statistical techniques used and the significance of the values determined for each parameter. Statistical indices developed using water quality parameters can be linear, non-linear, segmented linear or segmented non-linear [12]. In order to have a global vision of the changes of the water quality in space and in time, various indices have been developed [13].
The water quality index (WQI) is represented by a number that expresses the general water quality in a particular location, over time, based on several water quality parameters. The aim of this index is to transform a large number of complex water quality measurements into information that is easy for water managers and the public to understand and to use. Are a multitude of methods for calculating water quality indices (WQI). In the following, we present the weighted average method. This method was proposed by Horton in 1965 and developed by Brown et al. in the year 1970 [14].
For the calculation of the WQI, the following expression was used [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]:
where:
where:
Water quality is Excellent if the WQI index score is between 0 and 25; Good for values of 26–50; Poor for WQI = 51–75; and, Very Poor for values between 76 and 100. If the value of the WQI index exceeds the value of 100, then the water is unsuitable for drinking and cannot be transformed into drinking water by any process [19, 21].
To study the relationship between two parameters of water samples, several correlation coefficients can be used. The statistics used most often are Pearson and Spearman coefficients. Linear correlation can be determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient while non-linear correlation can be determined using the Spearman coefficient. The Pearson correlation coefficient is a statistical technique that measures and describes the degree of linear association between two normally distributed continuous quantitative variables [21]. Let
where
Examples of the geometric significance of the Pearson coefficient.
The minimum value of the Pearson coefficient (r = 0) is not an indicator of independence of the two characteristics (variables), but only of their non-correlation. The coefficient of determination (r2) is the square of the Pearson coefficient. The coefficient of determination indicates the percentage of the total variation of the dependent variable (y) which is explained by the independent variable (x).
Spearman method is a non-parametric method used when the relationship between two variables is not linear (monotonic correlation) [23, 24, 25]. The Spearman coefficient addresses some limitations of the Pearson coefficient. It is denoted either with ρ or with rS and represents an alternative to the Pearson coefficient. To calculate the coefficient, the data must have an order or rank. Coefficient can be calculated using the formula:
where:
where:
Eq. (6) is usually used when all n ranks are distinct integers or do not have tied ranks. When there are tied ranks, Eq. (6) is replaced by the following form:
where
Spearman coefficient values are in the range [−1, 1]. The interpretation of these values is similar with that of the Pearson coefficient [21].
For a correct interpretation, the correlation coefficient must be accompanied by a significance test. The correlation coefficient has statistical significance if the value level of confidence factor p < 0.05. This significance coefficient p means the probability of making erroneous statements. If p < 0.05, we could reject the null hypothesis H0 and the computed results has certain statistical significance [24]. If the p result of the test is less than the significance threshold α (α = 0.05), hypothesis H1 is accepted: there is monotonic correlation. If p is greater than 0.05, then the H0 hypothesis is valid, which considers that there is no monotonic correlation [25].
In this section, we provide an example of how to apply these methods in order to achieve a rapid assessment of water quality. The data set chosen for statistical analysis comes from our previous work [15, 16] and consists of 13 water quality parameters that were determined from samples taken from the Danube River. Sampling points were located along the river in the neighborhood of Galati. Galati is a Danube port city in the south-eastern part of Romania. Water samples were collected from November 2016 to December 2017. We will use data from 3 locations coded with D1, D4 and D7. All locations are along the Danube’s left bank, D1 being located upstream and D7 downstream (Figure 2). The measured parameters were: potassium and calcium ions, nitrites, nitrates, total nitrogen, ammonium, chlorides, total phosphorus, sulphates, cadmium, chrome, copper, lead, iron, zinc, density, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand (CCO-Cr), biochemical oxygen demand (CBO5), electrical conductivity, the density of the conductivity, resistivity, pH, salinity, total dissolved solids [15].
Sampling points [
From our previous work [15, 16], the scatter plot diagrams and the box plot diagrams of the parameters indicated that quality class thresholds were exceeded during certain time periods. Correlations between the measured parameters could not provide a clear conclusion on the water quality condition.
For these reasons to provide clear information on the water quality condition, we calculated the Water Quality Index (WQI).
The Water Quality Index evaluation consisted of several stages. It is important to scale and weight the values of the monitored parameters according to the allowed limit values.
The water quality standards,
Table 1 presents the intermediate results obtained from the application of the Water Quality Index method. The Unit Weights (
Parameter | Standard (interval) | K from Eq. (4) | Wn from Eq. (1) | Vid |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 6.5–8.5 | 0.01585 | 0.001864787 | 7 |
CCO-Cr (mg O2/l) | 50 | 0.000317014 | 0 | |
CBO5 (mg O2/l) | 7 | 0.002264384 | 0 | |
TDS (ppm) | 200 | 7.92534E-05 | 0 | |
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) | 5 | 0.003170138 | 14.6 | |
Chlorides (mg/l) | 250 | 6.34028E-05 | 0 | |
Nitrites (mg/l) | 0.06 | 0.264178133 | 0 | |
Nitrates (mg/l) | 5.6 | 0.00283048 | 0 | |
Ammonium (mg N/l) | 1.2 | 0.013208907 | 0 | |
Total nitrogen (mg/l) | 12 | 0.001320891 | 0 | |
Sulphates(mg/l) | 250 | 6.34028E-05 | 0 | |
Lead(mg/l) | 0.025 | 0.63402752 | 0 | |
Cadmium(mg/l) | 2 | 0.007925344 | 0 | |
Total Phosphorus(mg/l) | 0.75 | 0.021134251 | 0 | |
Iron(mg/l) | 1 | 0.015850688 | 0 | |
Zinc(mg/l) | 0.5 | 0.031701376 | 0 |
Intermediate results obtained from WQI method.
The obtained values for the water quality index corresponding to the three locations are presented in Figure 3.
Monthly values of WQI in the three locations during the monitoring.
According to the diagram from Figure 3, during the time interval November 2016–June 2017, the WQI values for the Danube River water were found in the range of 100 to 2310. Between July and December 2017 the values decreased in the range 0–25. In the first-time interval (November 2016 to June 2017), the water quality index shows that the water was not suitable for consumption and cannot be transformed into drinking water by any process. However, by the end of the monitoring time interval (December 2017) the water quality was good or excellent.
According to our previous work [15, 16], during November 2016–June 2017, the following indicators had exceeded the limit permitted by Romanian law: all metals, Chlorides, Nitrates, Nitrites, Ammonium, Total Phosphorus, Sulphates, Solvent Extractable Substances and Anionic Surface Agents, Chemical Oxygen Consumption with chromium (CCOCr), Biochemical Oxygen Consumption (CBO5). The high values obtained for these indicators were determined by the wastewater discharges into the Danube water. The high values of these indicators determined high values of WQI. At the end of the monitoring time interval the values of the studied indicators have improved. This improvement is found in the low values of WQI. The substantial improvement in water quality that occurred is due to the actions taken by the organizations responsible for environmental protection.
Figure 4 shows the boxplot diagram representing the main values of WQI in the 3 chosen locations. The average values of WQI are influenced by the extreme values. According to the 3rd quartile (Q3) and the median of the upper half of the data set, 75% of the values in the data set lie below Q3. The high average and median values, the values of the 3rd quartile frame depict waters as having severe pollution.
Boxplot diagram of WQI in the locations D1, D3, D7.
The value of the third quartile indicates that 75% of the determined values of WQI fall into the category of highly polluted waters. Based on Figure 3, only 25% (the 1st quartile - Q1) of the values of the WQI lie below low values that would classify the studied water into the category of unpolluted waters. The information obtained from the WQI calculation was particularly useful in order to analyze how the overall water quality has evolved over time.
An easy method to identify possible sources of pollution is to calculate the correlations between the measured parameters. Using a Pearson Correlation Matrix [15] there was a strong positive linear correlation between TDS and Salinity (r = 0.9394) and TDS and Electrical Conductivity EC (r = 0.9174). Significant correlations also existed between the nitrites concentration and pH and between the nitrates concentration and pH there was a moderate negative corelation (r = −0.65 and − 0.68 respectively).
To identify possible sources of pollution, the Pearson correlation matrix was computed between WQI and a series of measured parameters (Table 2).
WQI | ||
---|---|---|
Parameter | r | r2 |
pH | 0.614 | 0.376996 |
CCO-Cr | 0.28 | 0.0833 |
CBO5 | −0.4297 | 0.1846 |
TDS | 0.3092 | 0.0956 |
DO | −0.51102 | 0.2611 |
Chlorides | 0.944033 | 0.891198 |
Nitrites | 0.881528 | 0.777091 |
Nitrates | 0.930999 | 0.86676 |
Ammonium | 0.847447 | 0.718166 |
Total nitrogen | 0.624669 | 0.390211 |
Sulphates | 0.855873 | 0.732519 |
Lead | 0.763807 | 0.583401 |
Cadmium | 0.946214 | 0.895321 |
Total Phosphorus | −0.03909 | 0.001528 |
Iron | 0.934618 | 0.873511 |
Zinc | 0.934375 | 0.873057 |
Pearson correlation coefficients.
In the absence of dedicated statistical software, the correlation coefficients can also be determined using free tabular software tool. We could exemplify quite easily this technique, for the Pearson coefficient between WQI and CCOCr, for the first location D1 (Table 3).
( | ( | ( | Sx | Sy | r | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
406.854 | −65.837 | 165530.052 | 4334.5 | −26786.0468 | 2623.25 | 186.16 | 0.28858 |
288.854 | −65.837 | 83436.544 | 4334.5 | −19017.2808 | |||
−166.696 | −58.457 | 27787.608 | 3417.212 | 9744.548072 | |||
375.374 | 34.163 | 140905.524 | 1167.116 | 12823.90196 | |||
1656.854 | 52.663 | 2745164.668 | 2773.4 | 87254.9022 | |||
276.854 | 52.163 | 76648.052 | 2720.987 | 14441.5352 | |||
1055.854 | 56.163 | 1114827.344 | 3154.291 | 59299.9282 | |||
−648.946 | −65.837 | 421131.111 | 4334.5 | 42724.6578 | |||
−648.036 | −65.837 | 419950.857 | 4334.5 | 42664.74613 | |||
−649.106 | 34.163 | 421338.799 | 1167.116 | −22175.40828 | |||
−649.146 | 34.163 | 421390.729 | 1167.116 | −22176.7748 | |||
−649.596 | 24.163 | 421975.163 | 583.854 | −15696.18815 | |||
−649.116 | 34.163 | 421351.781 | 1167.116 | −22175.74991 | |||
Calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient between WQI (x) components and chemical oxygen consumption with chromium-CCOCr (y).
Table 3 shows the values of Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) and coefficient of determination (r2) for the water quality data set. The major influence of several parameters on the high values of WQI is due to strong positive correlation values. Therefore, excessive pollution was likely due to the presence of high concentrations of chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, sulphates, lead, cadmium, iron, zinc.
The values of coefficient of determination (r2) indicate that 89% of the variance of WQI is explained by the chlorides and cadmium concentrations while 87% is due to effect of iron and zinc. Nitrates concentration in the Danube River water explains 86% variation of the WQI. The high levels of covariance explained by the three groupings suggest significant co-linearity among the nutrient groups.
The strength and direction of monotonic association between water quality variables can be highlighted by the Spearman correlation. Table 4 shows the Spearman coefficients between the WQI and the water quality indicators that were measured.
WQI | ||
---|---|---|
Parameter | rS | p (2-tailed) |
pH | −0.7459 | 0.00342 |
CCO-Cr | 0.24304 | 0.42366 |
CBO5 | −0.3499 | 0.24126 |
TDS | −0.1658 | 0.58839. |
DO | −0.674 | 0.01153 |
Chlorides | 0.95461 | 0 |
Nitrites | 0.93095 | 0 |
Nitrates | 0.92562 | 0 |
Ammonium | 0.86046, | 0.00016 |
Total nitrogen | 0.8138 | 0.00071 |
Sulphates | 0.83252 | 0.00041 |
Lead | 0.75674 | 0.00275 |
Cadmium | 0.85436 | 0.0002 |
Total Phosphorus | 0.59311 | 0.03263 |
Iron | 0.82855 | 0.00047 |
Zinc | 0.8856 | 0 |
Spearman rank correlation coefficients.
Table 4 shows the high values obtained for WQI are associated with the high values obtained for chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, total nitrogen, sulphates, lead, cadmium, iron, zinc. The association between these variables would be considered statistically significant.
Table 5 exemplifies such a calculation for the correlation coefficient between WQI and CCO-Cr.
x | y | rx | ry | rs | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1060 | 10 | 11 | 2.5 | 4 | −4.5 | −18 | 16 | 20.25 | 0.24 | |
942 | 10 | 9 | 2.5 | 2 | −4.5 | −9 | 4 | 20.25 | ||
486.45 | 17.38 | 7 | 5 | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | ||
1028.5 | 110 | 10 | 8.5 | 3 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 9 | 2.25 | ||
2310 | 128.5 | 13 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 30 | 36 | 25 | ||
930 | 128 | 8 | 11 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 16 | ||
1709 | 132 | 12 | 13 | 5 | 6 | 30 | 25 | 36 | ||
4.2 | 10 | 5 | 2.5 | −2 | −4.5 | 9 | 4 | 20.25 | ||
5.11 | 10 | 6 | 2.5 | −1 | −4.5 | 4.5 | 1 | 20.25 | ||
4.04 | 110 | 4 | 8.5 | −3 | 1.5 | −4.5 | 9 | 2.25 | ||
4 | 110 | 2 | 8.5 | −5 | 1.5 | −7.5 | 25 | 2.25 | ||
3.55 | 100 | 1 | 6 | −6 | −1 | 6 | 36 | 1 | ||
4.03 | 110 | 3 | 8.5 | −4 | 1.5 | −6 | 16 | 2.25 | ||
Intermediate results for the Spearman correlation.
For chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, sulphates, lead, cadmium, iron, zinc, total nitrogen, the values of p coefficient are less than 0.001 (i.e., highly significant with confidence greater than 99.99%). For pH and DO, p < 0.01 means the statistical links are significant and the confidence is 99%.
Once the correlations between pollutants and WQI are identified, the sources of pollution can be established or the related process.
This chapter highlighted the importance of using statistical methods to display the water quality condition, using WQI evaluation and Pearson and Spearman correlations.
In order to exemplify the statistical methods, we have used a series of data from our previous work, consisting of 13 parameters measured for water samples taken from the Danube River, from Galati City area, Romania. Statistical correlations were made between quality parameters and Water Quality Index; thus, it was possible to identify which are the pollutants that determined an advanced degree of water pollution. The excessive pollution which occurred during the time interval November 2016–June 2017 is due to the presence of high concentrations of chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, sulphates, lead, cadmium, iron and zinc. In recent times there are many statistical software for water quality analysis. If we do not have, for various reasons such programs, the statistical approach can be done classically. Water Quality Index (WQI) provides information on the overall quality of the water, while the correlation coefficients may indicate the parameters that influenced the changes in water quality.
This study was funded by the main author’s personal resources.
IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Journals",metaDescription:"IntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-journals",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Journal Article:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\\n\\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\\n\\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to publish, communicate to the public, reproduce, republish, transmit, sell, distribute and otherwise use and make available the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works, in electronic and print editions of the Publication and in derivative works and on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen, throughout the world, in all languages, and in all media and formats now known or later developed.
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\\n\\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\n• Comply with all instructions and guidelines provided by IntechOpen;
\\n\\n• Produce the Article with all due skill, care and diligence, and in accordance with good scientific practice;
\\n\\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\\n\\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\\n\\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Journal Article:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\n\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\n\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to publish, communicate to the public, reproduce, republish, transmit, sell, distribute and otherwise use and make available the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works, in electronic and print editions of the Publication and in derivative works and on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen, throughout the world, in all languages, and in all media and formats now known or later developed.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\n• Comply with all instructions and guidelines provided by IntechOpen;
\n\n• Produce the Article with all due skill, care and diligence, and in accordance with good scientific practice;
\n\n• Submit all the corrections in due time as defined during the publishing process schedule.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Article Processing Charge.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\n\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\n\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. 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From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. 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There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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