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1. Introduction
The possibility of improving the surface properties of a material preserving the original properties of the bulk is a major interest in the application of thin films. In general, the purpose of coatings is to obtain films of high hardness and resistant to wear and corrosion deposited on the surface of metallic materials. A class of thin films that has been gaining prominence is that of nanocomposites thin films (NTFs) that in addition to the advantage allow the union of different materials whose combination of properties allows obtaining specific characteristics for use in each application [1, 2, 3, 4].
The NTFs are widely applied in the automotive, chemical, aerospace, electronics, and biomedical industries due to their attractive properties such as high hardness, good tribological properties, excellent resistance to corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures [5, 6, 7].
An important fact to be observed is the synergism of the properties of nanocomposite materials. Often a monolithic thin film is not able to gather specific properties in isolation, and the complement of these properties can be obtained by inserting another type of material that presents the characteristics that were missing.
As an example, we can mention the Cr-C nanocomposite thin film that coats devices exposed to the action of seawater. C improves adhesion, toughness and decreases surface roughness while Cr exhibits excellent anticorrosion properties [8]. Thus, we can note that the combination of elements Cr and C provides the obtaining of a thin film that brings together the best characteristics of the two elements.
There are several techniques for NTF growth. In general, these techniques are inserted in the following groups: (a) processes of physical vapor deposition (PVD) and (b) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. In PVD processes, the material is converted to its vapor phase in a vacuum chamber and condensed on the substrate surface in the form of a thin film. In CVD processes, there is the spraying of the substance to be deposited, where the vapor is thermally decomposed into atoms and molecules, which can react with other gases, vapors, or liquids in order to produce a solid film on the substrate surface [9, 10, 11, 12].
Some control parameters differentiate well the techniques belonging to these groups, which makes in many cases a technique more interesting or more appropriate than another. For example, in conventional CVD processes, the treatment temperature is high, while PVD processes occur at lower temperatures [13, 14, 15].
This chapter presents some techniques for NTF growth based on the processes of physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and layer-by-layer technique. For each case the advantages, disadvantages and applications are mentioned. We hope that this brief chapter will encourage researchers to study the NTF in terms of improving their properties and in the knowledge or development of other thin films growth techniques.
2. Nanocomposites (thin films)
The nanocomposites are multiphase solid materials obtained by insertion of nanoscale crystals dispersive in a second phase. The most common nanocrystals are based on hard phases such as transition metal nitrides and carbides. The second-phase materials usually present in two types: (a) the hard phase, where the nanocomposite exhibits ultrahardness, but demonstrates brittle failure at high loads; and (b) the soft phase, where the resulting nanocomposite has high hardness and a super-tough structure [8].
The ratio control of these phases allows the obtaining of nanocomposites whose properties of one of the phases complement those of the other phase resulting in materials that can be applied in several areas. In the field of coatings, NTFs arouse a lot of interest due to the various combinations of properties. In the next paragraphs, we will highlight some studies in NTF in terms of the properties obtained in each case.
Lakra et al. [16] carried out the fabrication and electrochemical characterization of cobalt oxide (Co3O4)/graphene nanosheets nanocomposite deposited on stainless steel substrates as efficient electrode for supercapacitor application. The supercapacitor can achieve a power density in the range of 0.3–0.8 kW/kg with energy density of 2.4–9.8 Wh/kg, and it shows good electrochemical stability with a loss of 5% in capacitance after 1000 cycles. For the authors, the performance of the device can be improved by optimizing appropriate concentration of CO3O4 and graphene in the nanocomposite. The better performance was attributed to the synergistic effect of graphene and CO3O4 in the composite.
Scharf et al. [17] analyzed the synthesis, structure, and friction behavior of titanium doped tungsten disulfide (Ti-WS2) nanocomposite solid lubricant thin films deposited on Si (100) substrates. The pure WS2 thin films show columnar-plate morphologies with porosity between the plates, which leads to early fracture at room and high temperatures. With the addition of Ti, the room temperature friction coefficient measurements show some improvement when low amounts of Ti are added to WS2. This behavior was also identified for high-temperature (500°C) friction tests.
Dang et al. [18] studied the influence of Ag contents on structure and tribological properties of TiSiN-Ag nanocomposite coatings deposited on Ti-6Al-4V substrates. In this study, the authors observed that the variation of the Ag content directly influences the hardness, friction coefficient, and wear resistance. For low Ag content (1.4 at.%), the coating exhibited high hardness (36 GPa), but poor wear resistance. As the silver content increased from 5.3 to 8.7 at.%, the films exhibited small variation in hardness and greater layer homogeneity. A better performance in terms of wear resistance in artificial sea water was observed for a silver content of 5.3 at.%, while in ambient air, the wear resistance was higher for the coating with 7.9 at.% Ag. Further increasing the Ag content (21.0 at.%), there is a very large loss in hardness although possessing low friction coefficient both in ambient air and in artificial seawater.
3. Thin film growth techniques
The thin films growth can be carried out through several techniques where they can be deposited as vapor, liquid, solid phases, or a combination of these phases through plasma enhancement, ion bombardment, self-assembly, chemical treatment, among others [19, 20]. In this chapter, four thin film deposition techniques will be presented: magnetron sputtering, cathodic cage plasma deposition (CCPD), PECVD, and layer-by-layer.
3.1 Magnetron sputtering
Within the PVD processes, the magnetron sputtering technique is one of the most used in research with nanocomposites [21, 22]. The conventional sputtering technique has very low deposition rates, and an alternative found to increase this rate is the magnetron sputtering technique [23, 24].
The mentioned fact occurs because magnets are positioned in the vicinity of the target to act as electron traps. Due to electron trapping in the region close to the target, the plasma will also be restricted to this region resulting in a higher sputtering rate [24].
Figure 1 shows the principle of sputtering with a planar magnetron where it is possible to observe the confinement of electrons in the region close to the magnet. During the process, the target is intentionally positioned close to this region to increase the deposition rate.
Figure 1.
The principle of magnetron sputtering [25].
The advantages of this technique include low plasma impedance and thus high discharge currents from 1 A to 100 A (depending on cathode length) at typical voltages around 500 V; deposition rates in the range from 1 to 10 nm/s; low thermal load to the substrate; dense and well-adherent coatings; large variety of film materials available (nearly all metals and compounds). Some disadvantages of this technique include improvement requirement of target utilization; stabilization of the reactive process in the transition regime [25]. The magnetron sputtering technique can be applied for wear-resistant coatings, low friction coatings, corrosion-resistant coatings, decorative coatings, and coatings with specific optical or electrical properties [21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. The Figure 2 shows schematic diagram of magnetron sputtering process.
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of magnetron sputtering process: (1) working chamber, (2) height adjustable substrate holder, (3) quartz window, (4) target to be sputtered, (5) magnetron, (6) molybdenum wire, (7) thermocouple, and (8) substrate [24].
3.2 Cathodic cage plasma deposition (CCPD)
This technique is a variation of the reactive sputtering process; it consists of the use of a cage with well-defined geometry where the effect of cylindrical multicathodes is used to obtain coatings and three-dimensional surface treatments. In this technique, the cage functions as a cathode in which a potential difference that acts only in the cage is applied (for the case of deposition), because the sample remains isolated on an alumina disc [26, 27, 28]. Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of the spatial arrangement of the sample and cage in the sample holder.
Figure 3.
Sample and cathodic cage arrangement over the sample holder [29].
During treatment, it is possible to observe the formation of plasma on the surface of the cage as well as the luminous intensification of the cage in each hole of the cage. Figure 4a shows the visual aspect of the plasma formed on the cathodic cage.
Figure 4.
(a) Visual aspect of plasma formation on the surface of the cage. and (b) Example of arrangement for treatment by CCPD (graphite cylinder and Ti cover).
The process is carried out in a reactor and conducted to very low working pressures (~ 2.5 mbar) with controlled treatment atmosphere (Ar, H2, N2, O, for example). During the sputtering process, the atoms ejected from the surface of the cage can combine with the reactive gas of the plasma atmosphere, forming compounds that deposit on the surface of the sample. In this sense, the cage must be made of the material to be deposited. The technique of CCPD allows both nitriding and deposition of a thin film on a substrate and thus a better adhesion between the film and the substrate [30].
For the case of NTF, an example of arrangement for deposition of thin films would be the use of a graphite cylinder with titanium cover. Figure 4b shows the example of the cited arrangement. In this example, the film will present the synergism between the properties of the C from the graphite cylinder representing the soft phase and the Ti due to the cover, representing the hard phase.
The advantages of this technique include treatment of parts with complex geometries; minimizing the edge effect and opening of arcs in relation to the conventional sputtering technique; obtaining uniform layers; allowing to carry out both the nitriding process and the deposition of thin films. Some disadvantages of this technique include requiring a vacuum procedure; the production process of the cages can be complex depending on the type of material. The CCPD technique can be used for oxide and nitride deposition, deposition, desorption, and diffusion. It allows the deposition of thin films of high hardness, high wear, and corrosion resistance [26, 27, 28, 29, 30].
3.3 Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)
The PECVD technique is a form of CVD, which uses plasma to enhance/enable the reactivity of organic/inorganic chemical monomers for the deposition of thin films. In this technique, it is possible to use precursors in solid, liquid, or gaseous form for the deposition of thin films [31]. The precursors are typically decomposed by temperature or a combination of temperature and plasma chemistry [32].
In conventional CVD processes, high treatment temperatures are used and the use of plasma by PECVD technique activates the chemical vapor precursor, and it allows the deposition to progress at a lower temperature than is normally used for CVD [32].
A schematic representation of the standard PECVD thin film deposition process is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Schematic representation of a standard chamber used in the PECVD process [31].
The advantages of this technique include highly cross-linked, uniform, robust films with good surface adhesion; compatible with solid, liquid, and gas monomers; leading to higher deposition rates and high density of cross-linking; working with low and atmospheric pressures. As a disadvantage, this technique may suffer from high internal stresses, which can cause film delamination. This technique can be used for highly cross-linked, uniform, robust films with good surface adhesion; corrosion and wear resistance; deposition of various types of materials with different microstructures [31, 32, 33, 34].
3.4 Layer-by-layer (LbL)
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a prevalent method for coating substrates with functional thin films [35]. It can be applied for coating substrates with polymers, colloids, biomolecules, and even cells, which offers superior control and versatility when compared with other thin film deposition techniques [36]. The versatility is due to the possibility of integrating different materials, creating defined layer sequences, orienting anisotropic materials within layers [37].
The process is based on a sequence of steps that leads to the exposure of the substrate to the material that will be deposited on the thin film. In general, more than one coating layer is formed, that is, multilayer thin films are obtained. Some technologies for films deposition by LbL include immersive; spin; spray; electromagnetic; and fluidic assembly [35, 36]. Immersive LbL assembly is the most widely used method, and it is typically performed by manually immersing a planar substrate into a solution of the desired material followed by three washing steps to remove unbound material [35]. Figure 6 shows a schematic representation of the immersive LbL assembly method.
Figure 6.
Schematic representation of immersive LbL assembly. Adapted from Richardson et al. [35].
The advantages of this technique include simple and versatile process; applied straightforwardly on almost any surface; nanoscale functional films; applied to planar surfaces, spherical particles, inside pores, and onto other more complex geometries; among others. The LbL process requires time for atomistic relaxation at the interfaces. may suffer from high internal stresses, which can cause film delamination. This technique can be used for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) device manufacturing; water purification; solar cells; optics; batteries; drug delivery; tissue engineering; functional fabrics; antibacterial coatings; biosensors; photonics applications; liquid or gas separation; among others [35, 36, 37, 38, 39].
Schematic representation of an application of coating deposited by the LbL technique with the function of membrane for liquid or gas separation is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Layer-by-layer assembly used for membranes for gases and liquids separation [37].
3.5 Summary table
The thin film deposition techniques presented in this chapter present advantages, disadvantages, and several applications that are commented inTable 1.
Technique
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
References
Magnetron Sputtering
Low plasma impedance/deposition rates in the range from 1 to 10 nm/s/low thermal load to the substrate/dense and well-adherent coatings/large variety of film materials available (nearly all metals and compounds)
Improvement requirement of target utilization/stabilization of the reactive process in the transition regime
Hard, wear-resistant coatings/low friction coatings/corrosion-resistant coatings/decorative coatings/coatings with specific optical or electrical properties
Highly cross-linked, uniform, robust films with good surface adhesion/compatible with solid, liquid, and gas monomers/leads to higher deposition rates and high density of cross-linking/works with low and atmospheric pressures
May suffer from high internal stresses, which can cause film delamination
Highly cross-linked, uniform, robust films with good surface adhesion/corrosion and wear resistance/deposition of various types of materials with different microstructures
Simple and versatile process/applied straightforwardly on almost any surface/nanoscale functional films/applied to planar surfaces, spherical particles, inside complex geometries
Requires time for atomistic relaxation at the interfaces
LEDs and OLEDs device manufacturing/water purification/solar cells; optics/batteries/drug delivery/tissue engineering; functional fabrics/antibacterial coatings/biosensors/photonics applications/liquid or gas separation
Summary of some thin film deposition techniques used for NTF growth showing the main advantages, disadvantages, and applications.
4. Conclusion
Nanocomposite coatings can be applied in several areas to improve properties such as hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance, tribological properties, among others. The synergistic effect exhibited in nanocomposite thin films shows the importance of mixing materials where specific properties are obtained but which would be difficult or even impossible for individual materials to exhibit. To obtain the synergism of the properties, it is necessary to establish the appropriate treatment parameters and select the most appropriate film deposition technique for a given application. Thin film growth techniques can be performed by several routes, which leads to the development of many variations in thin film deposition methods. Some of these methods/techniques were seen in this chapter and have application field in several areas. We hope that this chapter stimulates research on nanocomposites thin films in terms of studying their properties, developing, or improving thin films and the techniques for growing these films.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the research funding agencies CNPq, CAPES, and FAPEAL for the financial support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"thin films, coatings, nanocomposites, PVD films, CVD films",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81328.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81328.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81328",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81328",totalDownloads:14,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"February 22nd 2022",dateReviewed:"February 27th 2022",datePrePublished:"May 17th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"April 17th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Thin films of nanocomposite materials arouse a lot of interest due to their excellent mechanical, electrical, optical, tribological properties and also by the vast field of application. This chapter covers some techniques of thin films growth, such as the processes of physical vapor deposition, such as magnetron sputtering; the processes of chemical vapor deposition; layer-by-layer; among other techniques. Additionally, relevant features and applications of some nanocomposites thin films are presented. 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Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Nanocomposites (thin films)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Thin film growth techniques",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Magnetron sputtering",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Cathodic cage plasma deposition (CCPD)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Layer-by-layer (LbL)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5 Summary table",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Kim YS et al. Investigation of structure and mechanical properties of TiZrHfNiCuCo high entropy alloy thin films synthesized by magnetron sputtering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019;797:834-841'},{id:"B2",body:'Braeckman BR et al. The nanostructure and mechanical properties of nanocomposite Nbx-CoCrCuFeNi thin films. 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Carbon Trends. 2022;7:100144'},{id:"B17",body:'Scharf T, Rajendran A, Banerjee R, Sequeda F. Growth, structure and friction behavior of titanium doped tungsten disulphide (Ti-WS2) nanocomposite thin films. Thin Solid Films. 2009;517:5666-5675'},{id:"B18",body:'Dang C, Li J, Wang Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Chen J. Influence of Ag contents on structure and tribological properties of TiSiN-Ag nanocomposite coatings on Ti–6Al–4V. Applied Surface Science. 2017;394:613-624'},{id:"B19",body:'Devasahayam S, Hussain CM. Thin-film nanocomposite devices for renewable energy current status and challenges. Sustainable Materials and Technologies. 2020;26:e00233'},{id:"B20",body:'Depla D, Mahieu S, Greene JE. Chapter 5—Sputter deposition processes. In: Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings. 3rd ed. Boston: William Andrew Publishing; 2010. pp. 253-296'},{id:"B21",body:'Wei R. Plasma enhanced magnetron sputter deposition of Ti–Si–C–N based nanocomposite coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology. 2008;203:538-544'},{id:"B22",body:'Musil J, Vlcek J. Magnetron sputtering of hard nanocomposite coatings and their properties. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2001;142-144:557-566'},{id:"B23",body:'Kelly PJ, Arnell RD. Magnetron sputtering: A review of recent developments and applications. Vacuum. 2000;56:159-172'},{id:"B24",body:'Kostanovskii AV, Zhilyakov LA, Pronkin AA, Kirillin AV. Preparation of diamond-like films in the process of magnetron sputtering of graphite target. Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperature. 2009;47:141-143'},{id:"B25",body:'Brauer G, Szyszka B, Vergohl M, Bandorf R. Magnetron sputtering—Milestones of 30 years. Vacuum. 2010;84:1354-1359'},{id:"B26",body:'Nogueira Junior W et al. Surface modification of AISI-304 steel by ZnO synthesis using cathodic cage plasma deposition. Materials Research Express. 2021;8:096403'},{id:"B27",body:'Naeem M et al. Synthesis of molybdenum oxide on AISI-316 steel using cathodic cage plasma deposition at cathodic and floating potential. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2021;406:126650'},{id:"B28",body:'Libório MS et al. Surface modification of M2 steel by combination of cathodic cage plasma deposition and magnetron sputtered MoS2-TiN multilayer coatings. Surface & Coatings Technology. 2020;384:125327'},{id:"B29",body:'Costa PMO et al. Influence of Hastelloy’s cathodic cage plasma deposition on corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel and of AISI D6 tool steel. Materials Research. 2021;24:e20200267'},{id:"B30",body:'Sousa RRM et al. Deposition of TiO2 film on duplex stainless steel substrate using the cathodic cage plasma technique. Materials Research. 2016;19:1207-1212'},{id:"B31",body:'Vasudev MC et al. Exploration of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition as a method for thin-film fabrication with biological applications. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces. 2013;5:3983-3994'},{id:"B32",body:'Mattox DM. Chapter 3—Plasmas and plasma enhanced CVD. In: The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology. Second ed. Norwich, NY: William Andrew; 2018. pp. 61-86'},{id:"B33",body:'Martinu L, Zabeida O, Klemberg-Sapieha JE. Chapter 9—Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of functional coatings. In: Handbook of Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings. Third ed. Norwich, NY: William Andrew; 2010. pp. 392-465'},{id:"B34",body:'Ghodselahi T et al. Co-deposition process of RF-Sputtering and RF-PECVD of copper/carbon nanocomposite films. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2008;202:2731-2736'},{id:"B35",body:'Richardson JJ, Björnmalm M, Caruso F. Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of nanofilms. Science. 2015;348:2491'},{id:"B36",body:'Richardson JJ et al. Innovation in Layer-by-Layer Assembly. Chemical Reviews. 2016;116:14828-14867'},{id:"B37",body:'Zhao S et al. The future of layer-by-layer assembly: A tribute to ACS nano associate editor Helmuth Möhwald. ACS Nano. 2019;13:6151-6169'},{id:"B38",body:'Sunny S et al. Lubricant-infused nanoparticulate coatings assembled by layer-by-layer deposition. Advanced Functional Materials. 2014;24:6658-6667'},{id:"B39",body:'Villiers MM et al. Introduction to nanocoatings produced by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2011;63:701-715'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Weslley Rick Viana Sampaio",address:null,affiliation:'
Laboratório de Novos Materiais Nanoestruturados e Funcionais, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Materiais, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Brazil
Laboratório de Novos Materiais Nanoestruturados e Funcionais, Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Materiais, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10825",type:"book",title:"Nanocomposite Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanocomposite Materials",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashutosh Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10825.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-619-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-618-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-620-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"42833",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Anane",email:"anane.sonia@planet.tn",fullName:"Sonia Anane",slug:"sonia-anane",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"20655",title:"Cryptosporidiosis - From Epidemiology to Treatment",slug:"cryptosporidiosis-from-epidemiology-to-treatment",abstract:null,signatures:"Anane Sonia",authors:[{id:"42833",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Anane",fullName:"Sonia Anane",slug:"sonia-anane",email:"anane.sonia@planet.tn"}],book:{id:"634",title:"Microbes, Viruses and Parasites in AIDS Process",slug:"microbes-viruses-and-parasites-in-aids-process",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"36431",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi-Wei",surname:"Tang",slug:"yi-wei-tang",fullName:"Yi-Wei Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36431/images/1937_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yi-Wei Tang is currently the Chief of the Clinical Microbiology Service at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and a Professor of Laboratory Medicine at the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, USA. 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The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. 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