Concepts for maintenance management for reliability systems [26].
\r\n\t2) Human sexual disorders in males and females.
\r\n\t3) Psychological aspects of the human sexual response cycle and its disorders.
\r\n\t4) The therapeutic aspects.
\r\n\tThe human sexual response cycle and human sexual behavior are interrelated. How this inter-relationship and its association to normal sexual health need to be delineated. In a world torn between sex and sexually transmitted disease, clear-cut scientific information in the form of a monograph is required to educate.
\r\n\r\n\tHuman sexuality, gender identity, and sexuo-erotic orientation play great roles in human health and disease. Sex education is the need of the hour and a reflection will be timely.
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Liedl, O. Markovsky, F. Wagenlehner and A. 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Shaw",authors:[{id:"95168",title:"Dr.",name:"Howard",middleName:"Andrew",surname:"Shaw",fullName:"Howard Shaw",slug:"howard-shaw"}]},{id:"34727",title:"Biomarkers in the Overactive Bladder Syndrome",slug:"biomarkers-in-the-overactive-bladder-syndrome",signatures:"Célia Duarte Cruz, Tiago Antunes Lopes, Carlos Silva and Francisco Cruz",authors:[{id:"104321",title:"Prof.",name:"Celia",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",fullName:"Celia Cruz",slug:"celia-cruz"},{id:"104328",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",fullName:"Francisco Cruz",slug:"francisco-cruz"},{id:"136318",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Antunes-Lopes",fullName:"Tiago Antunes-Lopes",slug:"tiago-antunes-lopes"},{id:"136319",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"SilvA",fullName:"Carlos SilvA",slug:"carlos-silva"}]},{id:"34728",title:"Preoperative Factors as Predictors of Outcome of Midurethral Sling in Women with Mixed Urinary Incontinence",slug:"preoperative-factors-for-outcome-of-midurethral-sling-in-women-with-mixed-urinary-incontinence",signatures:"Jin Wook Kim, Mi Mi Oh and Jeong Gu Lee",authors:[{id:"92461",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeong",middleName:"Gu",surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jeong Lee",slug:"jeong-lee"}]},{id:"34729",title:"Suburethral Slingplasty Using a Self-Fashioned Mesh for Treating Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Prolapse",slug:"suburethral-slingplasty-using-a-self-fashioned-mesh-for-treating-urinary-incontinence-and-anterior-v",signatures:"Chi-Feng Su, Soo-Cheen Ng, Horng-Jyh Tsai and Gin-Den Chen",authors:[{id:"92189",title:"Prof.",name:"Gin-Den",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Gin-Den Chen",slug:"gin-den-chen"},{id:"100236",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Chi-Feng Su",slug:"chi-feng-su"},{id:"100237",title:"Dr.",name:"Soo-Cheen",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Soo-Cheen Ng",slug:"soo-cheen-ng"},{id:"136224",title:"Dr.",name:"Horng-Jyh",middleName:null,surname:"Tsai",fullName:"Horng-Jyh Tsai",slug:"horng-jyh-tsai"}]},{id:"34730",title:"Refractory Stress Urinary Incontinence",slug:"surgery-for-refractory-urinary-incontinence",signatures:"Sara M. 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Neri-Ruz",authors:[{id:"98557",title:"Dr.",name:"Ortega",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo Veronica",fullName:"Ortega Castillo Veronica",slug:"ortega-castillo-veronica"}]},{id:"34732",title:"Treatment of Post-Prostatic Surgery Stress Urinary Incontinence",slug:"the-periurethral-constrictor-an-efficient-cost-effective-solution-for-the-post-prostatic-surgery-uri",signatures:"José Anacleto Dutra de Resende Júnior, João Luiz Schiavini, Danilo Souza Lima da Costa Cruz, Renata Teles Buere, Ericka Kirsthine Valentin, Gisele Silva Ribeiro and Ronaldo Damião",authors:[{id:"99276",title:"Prof.",name:"José Anacleto Dutra De",middleName:null,surname:"Resende Júnior",fullName:"José Anacleto Dutra De Resende Júnior",slug:"jose-anacleto-dutra-de-resende-junior"},{id:"103469",title:"Prof.",name:"João Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Schiavini",fullName:"João Luiz Schiavini",slug:"joao-luiz-schiavini"},{id:"103471",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Damião",fullName:"Ronaldo Damião",slug:"ronaldo-damiao"},{id:"103473",title:"Ms.",name:"Renata Teles",middleName:null,surname:"Buere",fullName:"Renata Teles Buere",slug:"renata-teles-buere"},{id:"103475",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo Souza Lima Da",middleName:null,surname:"Costa Cruz",fullName:"Danilo Souza Lima Da Costa Cruz",slug:"danilo-souza-lima-da-costa-cruz"},{id:"103488",title:"Prof.",name:"Ericka Kirsthine",middleName:"Kirsthine",surname:"Valentin",fullName:"Ericka Kirsthine Valentin",slug:"ericka-kirsthine-valentin"},{id:"103492",title:"Ms.",name:"Gisele Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Gisele Silva Ribeiro",slug:"gisele-silva-ribeiro"}]},{id:"34733",title:"Continent Urinary Diversions in Non Oncologic Situations: Alternatives and Complications",slug:"urinary-derivations-alternatives-and-complications",signatures:"Ricardo Miyaoka and Tiago Aguiar",authors:[{id:"92486",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Miyaoka",fullName:"Ricardo Miyaoka",slug:"ricardo-miyaoka"}]},{id:"34734",title:"Futuristic Concept in Management of Female SUI: Permanent Repair Without Permanent Material",slug:"futuristic-concept-in-management-of-female-sui-permanent-repair-without-permanent-material",signatures:"Yasser Farahat and Ali Abdel Raheem",authors:[{id:"96993",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasser",middleName:null,surname:"Farahat",fullName:"Yasser Farahat",slug:"yasser-farahat"},{id:"120155",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Raheem",fullName:"Ali Abdel Raheem",slug:"ali-abdel-raheem"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1318",title:"Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"018471a7330e239e2bfbd8b11b1111ca",slug:"urinary-tract-infections",bookSignature:"Peter Tenke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1318.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62770",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Tenke",slug:"peter-tenke",fullName:"Peter Tenke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1762",title:"Evolving Trends in Urology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b9965c1c8ed456914c0a375d06d1df8",slug:"evolving-trends-in-urology",bookSignature:"Sashi S. Kommu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1762.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9902",title:"Dr.",name:"Sashi S.",surname:"Kommu",slug:"sashi-s.-kommu",fullName:"Sashi S. Kommu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2676",title:"Current Concepts in Kidney Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9513ddae671c1c1d920820209c22ca4c",slug:"current-concepts-in-kidney-transplantation",bookSignature:"Sandip Kapur, Cheguevara Afaneh and Meredith J. Aull",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78020",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandip",surname:"Kapur",slug:"sandip-kapur",fullName:"Sandip Kapur"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3313",title:"Recent Advances in the Field of Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02d234a9ee56794bfa06cce7bb94fdf1",slug:"recent-advances-in-the-field-of-urinary-tract-infections",bookSignature:"Thomas Nelius",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53464",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Nelius",slug:"thomas-nelius",fullName:"Thomas Nelius"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7957",title:"Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction",subtitle:"From Evidence to Clinical Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e29f9949691e86e226d6c7f7aa81134c",slug:"lower-urinary-tract-dysfunction-from-evidence-to-clinical-practice",bookSignature:"Ran Pang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7957.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186524",title:"Prof.",name:"Ran",surname:"Pang",slug:"ran-pang",fullName:"Ran Pang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1318",title:"Urinary Tract Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"018471a7330e239e2bfbd8b11b1111ca",slug:"urinary-tract-infections",bookSignature:"Peter Tenke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1318.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62770",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Tenke",slug:"peter-tenke",fullName:"Peter Tenke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"67110",title:"Maintenance and Asset Life Cycle for Reliability Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85845",slug:"maintenance-and-asset-life-cycle-for-reliability-systems",body:'\nIndustry implements maintenance schemes based on equipment manufacturers’ recommendations that might not be able to generate positive changes throughout the asset’s life cycle. For instance, some diesel engines are designed to operate in Europe. Maintenance tasks need to be adjusted to operate in the South American tropics. This also happens with automatic transmissions. These tasks, sometimes, are neither adjusted nor improved. In this sense, several philosophies, methodologies, and standards seek to assist this process; however, most of them do not take into consideration their operation characteristics, production necessity, and other factors that are important to a company.
\nThis chapter presents a modern maintenance strategy proposal aimed to comply with the ISO 55000 series of standards. These strategies are needed to develop a successful and modern maintenance program. In doing so, an appropriate maintenance strategy ought to be defined that will form the foundation for ensuring a high reliability degree of operating production systems. The challenge is to restructure maintenance strategies and, hence, to guarantee a high reliability level of the production system operations. The strategy presented herein was validated in a transport truck public company’s policy regarding operational excellence and asset management, achieving satisfactory results.
\nThe concept of “maintenance” in the industry has evolved in the last two decades. It is no longer seen as an expense or a team simply responsible for replacing production system components. Now, maintenance is considered an indispensable activity which guarantees not only the availability and functionality of a system or a component but also the high quality of the goods and services produced [1]. Likewise, in the early years, maintenance has solely been the responsibility of mechanical and electrical engineers. However, managing maintenance activities has become a multidisciplinary and far-reaching task within the organization. Maintenance directly impacts levels of production, budgets, timelines, and forecasted profits. Maintenance also increases the lifetime of equipment and ensures acceptable levels of reliability during usage. This occurs in every step from preventive maintenance through redesign. Moreover, operation teams must adapt to the specifications of each piece of equipment and each industrial need. Critical equipment may not have been manufactured uniquely for the organization’s specific facilities, operators, or supplies. Additionally, proper management of equipment lowers operational costs. It reduces energy consumption, maintenance resources themselves (such as spare parts and labor), and risks to system operators, facilities, and production. Overall, managing maintenance activities results in savings for the organization.
\nHowever, production and engineering leaders focus on generating, modifying, and restructuring maintenance plans. Organizations consider the following questions: “Where to begin?” “Do we need to restructure the department of maintenance?” “Is it necessary to create management for this field?” “What kind of structure should we use?” and the like.
\nThe objective of this chapter is focused on identifying three fundamental pillars for highly reliable systems: managing information, creating indicators, and restructuring preventative maintenance plans. These concepts aim to support production and maintenance managers in decision-making processes. They equally intend to support individuals and organizations seeking excellence in maintenance management practices in terms of facilitating decisions based on information with principles of excellence.
\nThis chapter is organized as follows:
\nSection 2 provides a brief history of maintenance management and the definitions, related terms, and fundamental concepts.
\nSection 3 presents the proposed maintenance strategy model and the main results and analysis stemming from a study case. Lastly, conclusions are drawn in Section 4.
\nSeveral scholars postulate the necessity of creating an integrated maintenance management system. This management system should aid the decision-making process and include some level of forecasting acknowledging the inevitability of occasional failure [2]. In other words, effective management requires systems and tools to predict the reliability of production systems. Predicting failures or defects with a high degree of certainty allows the operator to manage logistics and resources necessary to make interventions with the least impact on production [3, 4]. Moreover, it is necessary to clearly identify the goals of maintenance management within the organization, which must fully align with those of corporate management. Thus, maintenance decisions ought to be strategically framed within the corporate mission [5, 6].
\nThe major changes to maintenance strategy are due to a need for more efficient production lines. The latter was sparsely automated, of low complexity, and only corrective in nature before the Second World War. Performed literature review reveals that this era of maintenance strategy came to a close in the 1950s [7]. From this point until the 1970s, the so-called second maintenance generation was developed. This era was characterized by the implementation of process planning, the advancement of technology, and more complex equipment. It also marked the beginning of industrial automation. In short, maintenance was based on well-defined cycles of spares, replacement, and reconstruction of equipment. In the pursuit of high reliability levels, these cycles became very short and ultimately drove an increase in maintenance costs [8].
\nThe third generation of maintenance was marked by the influence of the aeronautical industry and their particular maintenance needs as required by the Federal Aviation Administration, in particular with the start-up of the Boeing 747 aircraft [9].
\nThis change to maintenance brought financial hardships, which is why United Airlines formed a team to evaluate potential means of developing a new preventive maintenance strategy so as to find the balance between safety and costs in the operation of commercial aircrafts [10]. These changes have been considered and implemented in maintenance planning and activities for large aircrafts up to now. The circular advisory, maintenance steering group (MSG-3), presented a methodology for developing scheduled maintenance tasks and intervals acceptable to the regulatory authorities, operators, and manufacturers [11]. Years later, the MSG-3 gave rise to the current methodology of reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) [12]. The same was characterized by increasing demands in terms of quality for products and services alike. This in turn gave rise to standards and regulations that called for implementing changes in the traditional way of operating production systems. In the never-ending quest to establish optimal conditions for preventive maintenance, the probability and reliability studies of the aeronautical industry were applied in the production industry, as well. These early reliability studies were initially applied to providers of electrical energy in thermonuclear power plants, soon to be followed by the gas and petroleum industry, and was finally adopted and implemented by the general industry [13, 14].
\nThe application of maintenance-specific reliability concepts characterized the fourth generation of maintenance standards, which in turn exemplified high-quality production and described the need for addressing operators’ safety, as well as the proper operation of the equipment and the protection of the environment [15]. The fourth generation wanted to keep sight of resource optimization or the production of high-value goods. Value is defined as performance over cost and is presented in Eq. (1):
\nCurrently, the concepts of risk assessment and operational excellence were incorporated as a target of maintenance activities to minimize system failures and to guarantee reliability and availability. This maintenance stage was characterized by the implementation of risk-based maintenance techniques, such as risk-based maintenance (RBM) and risk-based inspection (RBI), which take the risk of an issue into account for the entire maintenance processes. At the same time, it was influenced by the new management standards, namely, asset management and facility management [16, 17].
\nThe Federation of European Risk Management Associations (FERMA) states that it would be practically impossible to encompass every technique for risk analysis in a single standard and, likewise, impossible to resolve all problems with only one method. For this reason, each industry must adapt or develop its own method instead of trying to find a single general method. In other words, the methods implemented must consider the actual operation and asset failure, as well as the operating environments thus far, since all these aspects affect its performance.
\nThe British Standard Glossary defined maintenance as “the combination of all technical and administrative actions, including supervision actions, intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform a required function” [18]. In addition, maintenance is a set of organized activities that are carried out in order to keep an item in its best operational condition with minimum cost required. Likewise, maintenance tasks are defined as “Sequence of elementary maintenance activities carried out for a given purpose. Examples include diagnosis, localization, function check-out, or combinations” [19].
\nPreventive maintenance is the performance of inspection and/or servicing tasks that have been pre-planned or scheduled for specific points in time in order to retain the functional capabilities of operating equipment or systems [20, 21]. Other standards such as ISO 13372:2012 [22] define preventive maintenance as “maintenance performed according to a fixed schedule, or according to a prescribed criterion, that detects or prevents degradation of a functional structure, system or component, in order to sustain or extend its useful life.”
\nCorrective or reactive maintenance is carried out after fault recognition and intended to put an item into a state in which it can perform a required function [23]. This maintenance policy is also called failure-based maintenance because the asset is operated until it fails.
\nPredictive maintenance refers to the routine inspection of equipment, machines, or materials to prevent a failure. It is a type of proactive maintenance that focuses on determining the potential root causes of machine or material failure and dealing with those issues before problems occur. It is achieved by the measurement of some physical or performance variable [24].
\nRobert Davis defined asset management as “a mindset which sees physical assets not as inanimate and unchanging lumps of metal/plastic/concrete, but as objects and systems which respond to their environment, change and normally deteriorate with use, and progressively grow old, then fail, stop working, and eventually die” [25].
\n\nTable 1 shows additional important concepts of maintenance management for reliability systems, in which the following four factors are recognized:
Equipment has a life cycle
Maintenance management is as important for those working in finance as it is for engineers
It is an approach that looks to get the best out of the equipment for the benefit of the organization and/or its stakeholders
It is about understanding and managing the risk associated with owning assets such as equipment
Availability | \nAbility to be in a state to perform as and when required, under given conditions, assuming that the necessary external resources are provided | \n
CBM | \nCondition-based maintenance: preventive maintenance which includes a combination of condition monitoring and/or inspection and/or testing, analysis, and the ensuing maintenance actions | \n
CMMS | \nComputerized maintenance management system: a system that can provide important information that will assist the maintenance management in planning, organizing, and controlling maintenance actions | \n
CMMS | \nComputerized maintenance management system: a system that can provide important information that will assist the maintenance management in planning, organizing, and controlling maintenance actions | \n
Concepts for maintenance management for reliability systems [26].
Maintenance decisions are of diverse natures and, depending on the level of impact, require proper identification and ranking. This is the starting point to develop suitable management policies and bring assertive strategies of reliability. Decisions associated with production maintenance are of four levels:
Instrumental (dispatch)
Operative
Tactical
Strategic
The strategic level incorporates the top direction of the organization and the maintenance implementation with tangible results in a time frame upward of 2 years. These decisions require important investments of resources and market studies, opportunities, and returns on investment.
\nIn operations and production, tactical decisions generate results within several months to 1 or 2 years. Tactical decisions are made by management and mid-level management, involve project modifications, and often are associated with important investments. Operation-specific decisions have immediate impact (from several days to a few months) and are made by technical personnel that do not require changes and investments in the operational budgets. Instrumental or dispatch decisions are also made by technical personnel. The costs related to these decisions are considered in the plans pertaining to preventive maintenance, and their impact is reflected in hours. The maintenance activities related to these decisions are called adjustments.
\nOften, the governing bodies of the industries only stop to consider the need to restructure their departments or maintenance processes when faced with frequent expensive failures or costly downtimes that cause significant production losses. In addition to the above, performed research indicates that implied processes of documentation and registration processes are precarious, even though, in many cases, significant sums of money have been invested in information systems. When confronted with these loss-potential scenario initiatives to strengthen and structure, the corresponding maintenance departments are taken.
\nThe following are the first steps to properly establish the maintenance requirements inside the organization to guarantee high reliability, equipment availability, and compliance with operational and environmental risk regulations.
\nIt has to be noted however that discussing the performance evaluation of a production system without having prior implemented a maintenance information system may lead to inherent failures. Indeed, an MIS is a tool in which failures, time interventions, spare parts, etc. are saved, treated, and processed in order to inform maintenance managers and facilitate decisions. Although there could be other tools to evaluate the performance of the production equipment, the maintenance information system is where the key indices are considered and integrated with the general maintenance strategies.
\nOverall, a maintenance information system has four main functions:
Collect data
Support engineering decisions
Record interventions
The MIS can be integrated with a general computerized maintenance management system (CMMS).
\nThe following sections introduce on the one hand its basic aspects and on the other hand highlight the means of using one for performance evaluations and, subsequently, decision-making processes.
\nIn order to have organized and conscientious data collection, it is imperative to define the following:
The critical assets
The failure
The desired capabilities and limits according to the functions for which the assets were designed
The reason therein may be associated but not limited to the fact that the plant could have hundreds of assets which could result in useless, inefficient work. Data collection should begin with an organized set of information which must include static information, such as:
Hierarchy classification
Nameplate information
Processes and instrumentation diagrams (PIDs)
Assembly and spare part drawings
Functional analysis charts
Catalogs, technical bulletins, etc.
Once static data is collected, it is important to record information related to failures and interventions. It is at this point where the record of work orders and failure report may be used as it may be regarded as the foundation of the availability and maintenance indicators incorporating essential information concerning financial planning and evaluation. The correct filing of work orders should include at least the nametag of the asset, time records, workforce, downtimes, spare parts, and detailed descriptions of activities and operative windows.
\nSimilarly, a fault report should accurately describe the type, nature, and time the fault was observed and, if it is already cataloged, put the fail mode number or tag. There are international standards such as the ISO 14224 describing general guidelines to report faults and tag them. One of the biggest benefits of recording the failures according to the international standard is the ability to share and use information to estimate failure rates. An example of the failure rate prediction and database is in the OREDA Handbook for the offshore oil and gas industry [29, 30].
\nA work order is the main tool that allows recording fault information. It begins with a planning process in which the workforce, deadlines, procedures, and route sheets are established. The work order continues with a programming stage where the precise dates and the maintainer’s ID are selected, and, after this, the work order is executed and closed in the information system. This last step may be regarded as the triggering point and the interface to the real world as it gives rise to all these processes, since it documents and depicts in the equivalent data record, the KPI’s computing, evaluation, and the provision for making decision [31, 32, 33].
\nEven so, work orders and failure reports are not enough. If only work order data is tracked, it is difficult to establish tendencies, averages, and alerts. As such, it may not be possible to establish equipment-specific degradation levels as well [34]. This is when quantitative variables become necessary because they indicate the performance state of the equipment. These quantitative variables come from sensory devices such as gauges, thermometers, pressure and temperature transducers, flow meters, gas detectors, vibration sensors, etc. It is important to highlight the fact that a quantitative variable could be useful only if the correct functions of the equipment and their parameters are well established. This may be demonstrated by using the PF curve [35]. In some plants, SCADA and DCS are commonly found where the variables can be analyzed remotely and stored, and, in many cases, they are only used for operational purposes. In brief, quantitative and qualitative maintenance and cost data are necessary to evaluate the performance of any asset or piece of equipment.
\nThe model proposed strategically incorporates the “better practices of maintenance management” in order to achieve operational excellence in the framework of the international standard ISO 55000:2014. Better practices in maintenance management have the following attributes: they are realistic, specific, achievable, and tested in the industry; they contribute in making maintenance more efficient and profitable, while optimizing operation costs and improving equipment’s reliability. Authors have equally postulated an overall improved level of satisfaction and motivation among personnel [36].
\nIn order to identify the most relevant indicators facing a company’s maintenance strategy, it is necessary to distinguish between effectiveness and efficiency. For maintenance purposes, effectiveness measures the health of equipment, while efficiency measures the state of the equipment in comparison with the effort and resources needed to maintain that state (Figure 1).
\nMaintenance effectiveness indicators.
Once relevant assets, work order flows, and related indices for efficiency and effectiveness are identified, it is possible to discuss maintenance optimization and economic evaluation by considering how to predict failure rates with quantitative and qualitative data. Although a common maintenance information system does not include tools such as FMEA, RCM, and data analytic packages, it is important because it allows users to analyze information and the subsequent decision-making. In conjunction with the data collected, different maintenance strategies (preventive, periodic, and predictive) can be analyzed and compared.
\nThe model incorporates the building blocks of the ISO 55000, PAS 55, and ISO 39001 series of standards and promotes the development in three stages, namely:
Planning
Process design
Maintenance management
It is worth noting at this point that all stages mentioned above integrate personnel, processes, and the equipment in an improvement cycle, as described later.
\nThe proposed model is based on the requirements of an asset management system set out in the international ISO 55000 and ISO 55001 series of standards while considering aspects of the ISO 39001 standard. The latter addresses the fundamentals for developing a road safety management system, such as shown in Figure 2.
\nExcellence model.
The development of a maintenance strategy model could be a long process, and it could depend on each productive system or company guidelines or even real context. Due to the latter, it could be difficult to run into a particular methodology which comes over all necessities. It has the intention to bring up some guidance for the achievement of a maintenance strategy. Although this guidance has a general focus, it was applied in a truck fleet and consequently may be more specific in some areas/ideas.
\nFor the reason that the proposed model is based on the guidelines of international standards, it is suggested that the aforementioned fundamentals be considered during the execution of each stage of the model. These stages are developed through frequent interaction of the staff (tactical and operational level) with the maintenance processes and finally the interaction with top-level management in charge with setting up the company’s strategy.
\nIn order to develop the model, the following stages are considered:
Planning
Process management
Data collection
Process evaluation
Baseline development
Feedback
The development of these phases results in a maintenance management process that is lately generating value for the organization:
Planning maintenance management: In this stage, the current state of corporate maintenance management is analyzed, considering the mission of the organization, the identification of the vision and mission, and the core focus of the business. The strategic indicators have to be considered and raised and defined in the “performance evaluation” with the aim to establish the starting point and address the processes to higher levels of excellence. In this stage, activities this stage, activities such as budget planning and execution, maintenance plan checking, resource planning and spare part planning, predictive task managing, and inspections, among others, ought to be considered [37].
Process management: This stage introduces the current activities developed in maintenance management teams. Contextualization is necessary when the organization is in the process of restructuring. This applies in cases such as a new maintenance management team or if an asset management process is being structured. Maintenance management must be studied and reconsidered in the context of pursuing operational excellence. This full process is developed with the goal of not interrupting daily operations by structuring of the new maintenance strategy. Developing this stage often initiates documentation that becomes the basis of the maintenance strategy and endures over time.
Data collection: The objective of this activity is to collect all information available from the maintenance department regarding assets such as technical sheets, roadmaps, plans and current maintenance frequencies, manuals of parts and components, spare part catalogs, checklists and inspection formats, inventory of components and assets, management procedures and technical processes, considerations, results of current indicators, and requirements.
This stage can be complex depending on the organization. It is the authors’ view that even if one does not manage to complete the whole survey, one should continue onto the other stages. It is deemed that this point should not become a “dead end” or a bottleneck of the process. In the future, one may update it using on the one hand the information system and on the other hand, information from providers, among other sources. In order to accomplish this stage, it is necessary to devote workforce and work plans so as to do all data collection tasks.
Information assembling and analysis: This stage, as its name implies, consists of the organization of information. A large part of its success relies on focusing on the amount of information collected in the previous stage. At this point the information is organized in order to eliminate irrelevant matters that are of no value to a company’s strategic objectives. As such, the needs of storage, capture, and updating are defined. Additionally, it is the authors’ view that corporates information systems such as ERP, EAM, CMMS, or simply databases ought to be further developed and incorporated for measuring purposes.
Once all the relevant and necessary data have been compiled, the evaluation of the characteristics of the data that incorporates, among others, the identification of the information needs, the update or the creation of formats and the feedback of the new processes, if necessary. It is the authors’ view that this stage should mark the participation of the information technology (IT) teams, which will define the most appropriate computational tools to load the information systems. The vast majority of robust information systems communicate in a friendly way with database files, since they are well structured by the IT team. With regard to maintenance activities, this point should equally identify any shortages such as maintenance plans, frequency adjustments, elimination of assets not in use or already written off, equipment not incorporated, etc.
Process evaluation: At this stage, the existing processes in the maintenance management system are surveyed. It is worth noting that from a study [38] of about 14 companies in the mineral extraction sector, only 4 companies had documented processes associated with maintenance activities, the vast majority of which were related to purchase processes. Once processes have been documented, the effectiveness of these ought to be analyzed, by identifying the inputs and outputs of each and their means of interrelation. Emphasis ought to be placed on the structure needed to capture the data that can generate management indicators and establish controls. At this stage, the team must work more closely with the quality team in order to verify the documentation processes of the international standard [39].
This phase will bring to light any potential needs pertaining to the modification and the generation of new processes that are accompanied by all the documentation and methodology. This is detailed in previous sections:
Baseline development: It is to generate a minimum state in the equipment that thoroughly satisfied its primary functions. This state must have an acceptable level of reliability for them to operate safely. This point is possibly the most complex because it consolidates the previous stages in order to generate a baseline of work. This is where the mission and objectives of maintenance management are well-defined. The KPI classes are defined to follow up on new and consolidated ones. Only with the fulfillment of this stage do operation structures change for improved productivity. Also, savings begin as a result of the elimination of redundant or unnecessary processes. The generation of the baseline gives a solid start to the knowledge of maintenance needs in the organization [40]. To complement this stage and its results, it is necessary to communicate with the personnel involved and responsible for production, by identifying improvement opportunities, defining the actions to be implemented, and clearly establishing the requirements necessary for an adequate implementation of the strategies.
Feedback: As a fundamental part of the operational excellence model, the team will be confronted with the strategic objectives of this project. These activities are monitored, and improvement plans are established (preventive or corrective) in accordance with the traditional process of continuous improvement presented by the Deming Prize Committee in 1950 [41].
This section presents the necessary processes pertaining to maintenance management which are presented under the guidelines of the international standards [42], such as:
EN 16646 Maintenance—Maintenance within physical asset management
ISO 55001 Asset management—Management systems—Requirements
ISO 9001 Quality management systems—Requirements
According to the ISO 9001 standard, a process is the set of mutually related activities that interact, transforming input elements into ISO 9001 output elements. In maintenance management, the input elements are usually associated with operational demands, requests for intervention over assets, results of internal and/or external audits, needs for the maintenance of assets, and customer requirements, among others. In order for these to be transformed into maintenance plans, preventive, corrective, or improvement actions are aimed at achieving strategic goals. The objective of designing a process for maintenance management is to achieve compliance with the specifications required by all interested parties (customers, shareholders, related entities) such as costs, quality, flexibility, availability, reliability, maintainability, operation times, environmental regulations, safety, and health, among others.
\nConsequently, it involves making strategic decisions regarding human resources, machinery, tools, materials, infrastructure, methods, and technologies to be used. In general, it is the authors’ view that it is necessary to design or redesign a process in the following cases that involve:
Important modifications in the requirements
Quality problems
Priorities of the organization have changed
Altered demand
Performance indicators not reaching the expected results
New processes or technologies used by competitors
Important changes in the inputs or in cases where their availability has changed significantly
The issues mentioned above are derived from a full analysis of the internal and external context of the organization, a necessary requirement to implement standards ISO 55001 and ISO 9001 [43].
\nDesigning a process involves the definition and systematic management of all processes and their interactions, for which analysts can use visualization tools such as process maps, information flowcharts, and task lists by activity. These tools help under a process management approach to establish the following:
The existing processes
The relationship between processes
Strengths and weaknesses
Easier operations
Activity and operation integration
Activities and tasks which might be eliminated or do not add value
Delivery delays or issues
Communication flow issues
Bravo C. in his work [44] expresses that “… Process management is a discipline that helps the management of the company to identify, represent, design, formalize, control, improve and make more productive the processes of the organization to win customer confidence. The organization’s strategy provides the necessary definitions in a context of wide participation, where process specialists are the facilitators
At the same time, the cited work presents a four-cycle framework for the integral change management. These cycle stages are listed in order as follows:
Strategy design
Visual modeling
Process intervention
Useful life management
The four cycles mentioned above incorporate new practices and require a high commitment from all bodies. Based on the strategy and on a preliminary analysis of maintenance processes, it is possible to build a process map, which must be circulated to all organization personnel. A process map provides a global–local perspective, grouping each process into strategic, key, or support. The design of a process map depends on the context in which each organization is developed under the following criteria:
Strategic processes: They are identified at the top of a process map, and their objective is to plan the strategies of the organization, make the relevant plans, and provide feedback to the other processes. In maintenance management these processes are related to the planning of the activities to be carried out, in accordance with the work orders that are generated, the monitoring of performance indicators, and the generation of policies to improve the results. The BS EN 16646 standard recommends considering the following processes: planning of maintenance activities, management and development of resources, creation of maintenance plans, monitoring and continuous improvement, evaluation and control of risk, and decisions regarding the portfolio of assets.
Key or business processes: They are pinpointed at the center of a process map; they are derived directly from the organization’s mission. In a maintenance department, the processes involved here correspond to the execution of preventive, corrective, or predictive plans from the implementation of asset management to the generation and scheduling of work orders and the supervision of actions in the operation plant. According to the maturity of the organization, this layer may also include the processes of acquisition of physical assets (if they exist in the market) or manufacturing physical assets (if they do not exist in the market in acceptable economic conditions). This may also include updating or improving assets for higher value throughout the global life cycle of the assets, taking out of service, and/or withdrawal of assets when their utility is worn out.
Support processes: They are identified at the bottom of a process map and support the entire organization in aspects that are not directly related to the business, but it is necessary to convert the strategies into concrete activities. In maintenance management, this includes the communication protocols, inspection and diagnosis of the assets, and the monitoring of processes designed to achieve the organizational objectives. One may consider processes for resource management (human, information, materials, and tools) and information management (CMMS).
The relationship of the processes depends on the context of the organization, as well as the specifications of the associated procedures and the detail that the instructions and records must possess (see Figure 3). Once the processes and the way they are related are identified, the specific procedures of the key activities must be characterized and defined. This equally includes the instructions for technical operations (inspection routines, road maps, among others) and the formats of the records necessary for the analysis of data (asset resumes, fleet profile, failures, failure modes, frequent causes), as will be explained later.
\nProcess map of maintenance asset proposed.
The characterization involves documenting each of the processes designed for management, identifying the inputs, outputs, and activities in each of the stages of the improvement cycle proposed by Deming in 1950 (PDCA). For their part, the procedures detail the sequential steps to properly develop the processes, which in some cases are stored as part of a process manual. Roadmaps detail the procedures considered for maintenance management and are used at technical levels. These tools must show records of their execution necessary for the monitoring of activities and the collection of performance indicators (KPI).
\nThe management of operational processes from the tactical perspective refers to the need for a system that allows the administration of work, materials, and resources, in order to gain control over the maintenance processes while requiring planning and programming that include an established order of work, equipment stops, and the creation and development of preventive and predictive maintenance plans. Within the framework of this management, the performance of the work team must be measured at each level, and the performance of aspects such as the implementation of lubrication routines, inspection, condition monitoring, and activities for the prevention of failures must be evaluated. The scope of process management incorporates five areas with defined global scope.
\nWork management guarantees well-established planning and programming that all tasks are planned at least 24 hours in advance and programmed with a week minimum margin, except emergency work. The adequate administration implies the existence of criteria for the creation and programming of work orders, which are used and respected, wherein the work flow is continuous and is not hindered by material or resource problems and in case of delays there are no major disturbances of the schedule. The latter implies that these are contained in 2 to 4 weeks of work. The indicator of worker efficiency is high, which leads to high staff performance.
\nFor the adequate workflow, the design of the work order is necessary, which must act as a transversal mechanism to guarantee compliance with the Deming Cycle (PDCA) in the flow of maintenance activities. The work order must be standardized as a document that calls on the completion of a task or set of tasks and serves, among others. It should be considered as the nucleus for the compilation of data, for the attention as a whole or for the attention of individual components and their processes. The work order becomes a starting point for the control mechanism since it transmits information about the work carried out, the start dates, estimated completion, and actual completion.
\nThe work order flow must involve all the maintenance and operation personnel. It shall reflect the prioritization of the needs where the most critical and urgent must be dealt with first. Another suggested point is to establish a hierarchical limit in the execution of the work order. Therefore, in this stage it is necessary to define among four options: a) include actions at the system level, b) include actions at the subsystem level, c) include specific part tasks, or d) include inspection routines. This hierarchical limit will allow the tracking of work orders within the operational model of excellence. In addition, a work order must be allocated to the personnel in charge, detailing, among others, the materials, resources, previous analysis of the situation, and static data such as manuals, inspection routines, catalogs, etc. Furthermore, it must give space for the order of opening, planning, programming, and finalization. In general, the cycle time of a maintenance work order can be reduced by incorporating the following activities:
Management of main stops: The maintenance management involves scheduled stops up to 6 months in advance and a precise definition of the scope of the work to be executed, giving enough time for realistic fulfillment of the objectives. This implies managing the process, formalizing scheduled stops, high involvement by production, engineering, maintenance, and processes. In the period of fulfillment of the scheduled major stop, attention is only given to emergencies.
Management of materials and resources: The availability of material and resources is solved with automated inventory controls that are part of the maintenance management information system and by stock levels supported by the economic analysis of internal maintenance. Resource management is based on the history of materials and resources, generation lists, vendor databases, inventory monitoring, and inputs.
Management indicators: Evaluating performance is part of the day-to-day process. Key indicators characterize costs in terms of quantity, type, area of origin, materials and resources, and work order. The management indicators should contemplate, measure, and obtain information on the company, plant, departments, improvement team, and work teams. The process indicators are directed to be effective, and external and internal benchmarking is used to lead the process.
Reliability management: For operational processes to achieve a high reliability degree, it is essential to use CMMS/EAM as a tool for making optimized decisions, along with the experience of the staff. The use of the systems includes a diverse area of disciplines such as engineers, planners, and different work teams. The analysis of the condition is linked to the monitoring and preventive maintenance activities completed in all areas. The frequencies and activities of the maintenance routines are refined through the feedback of the work order and a root cause analysis of the failures.
Planning and programming: It is the authors’ view that adequate planning and programming should include short-term activities in the planning and scheduling of preventive maintenance. Activities of greater complexity can be addressed through root cause analysis. Likewise if, say, 80% of the total activities is scheduled in adequate time, then this may be regarded as demonstrating a stable maintenance operation. Another important point is to try planning in the long term and scheduling in the short term as much as possible.
Requirements for proper planning and programming include understanding the need to respond, properly preparing a work order with appropriate prioritization, and integrating operations to reduce programming delays due to nonavailability of the asset for maintenance [45]. Planning and programming involve:
Assigning a programmer and planner to review the pending work and coordinating modifications in the allotted time
Establishing roles, responsibilities, rules, and lines of authority between planners and programmers and maintenance and operations
To assign engineering as a support to planners
Conducting daily meetings between programmers and operations to align the needs of both parties
Measuring delay times and operating hours
Holding meetings to level the needs of programmers and planners alike
Establishing a defined level of service for materials and resources
Notifying maintenance or purchasing leaders of material and resource needs
Considering routes for maintenance personnel and analyzing the tasks and frequencies of the assigned activities
The improvement cycle of planning and programming begins with an analysis of the existing maintenance plans and ends with a new plan, whose effectiveness is measured from the mean time between failures classified as critical systems. The implementation is progressive from the identification of the most critical systems, considering relevant indicators such as mean time between failures (MTBF) as input variable. The improvement process at its starting point cannot ignore the recommendations of the manufacturers.
\nThe process to generate critical roadmaps and regular route sheets for maintenance tasks begins in accordance with asset ranking, that is, the severity of the impact of their failures within the production process. The hierarchical level of assets is defined in the generation stage of the baseline.
\nRoadmaps, by definition, are documents designed to direct maintenance activities by minimizing the level of human error on the part of operators. They were developed by the aeronautical industry in the 1970s within the framework of technical recommendations pertaining to reliability in maintenance [46]. Roadmaps direct maintenance activities from preventive to predictive and even corrective, with the aim of reducing human error during their development and, thus, guaranteeing high reliability in complex and high-risk systems.
\nImplementation of roadmaps allows the development of technical benefits in integral maintenance management. They detail the activities, procedures, tools, and spare parts necessary for the execution of each of the activities scheduled in stated preventive maintenance plans and are based on the technical specifications recommended by the manufacturer [47]. Based on the work of the aeronautical industry, the reduction of error can be concentrated as shown in the Table 2.
\nScheduling (E1) | \nWrong execution of either of the two tasks: identify next inspection or move to a location | \n
Inspection (E2) | \nNot seeing a defect when one exists | \n
Inspection (E3) | \nIf human induced, due to either forgetting to cover area, covering area inadequately, or a scheduling error | \n
Engineering judgment (E4) | \nAn error in deciding whether the area in which a defect is found is significant or not | \n
Maintenance card system (E5) | \nArises because the work cards themselves may not be used to note defects on the hangar door immediately as they are found | \n
Noting defect (E6) | \nThe error is noted incorrectly or not noted at all | \n
Potential errors in the inspection process.
The maintenance tasks can be classified in the main groups: corrective, preventive, and predictive (condition-based and condition monitoring) [48]. Souza and Guevara present two tables that can help determine the main causes of mechanical failures based on RCM studies [49].
\nThe proposed model was implemented at an organization with 54 years of experience in providing home cleaning services and complementary activities in the city of Medellin and five nearby municipalities. The company has 767,668 users, among the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Service delivery in the residential sector is carried out twice per week (Monday–Thursday, Tuesday–Friday, Wednesday–Saturday), for a total of 104 services per year. Frequencies in the commercial and industrial sector may vary between 1 to 7 times per week, depending on the waste generation of each subscriber, which leads to a total of 104 to 365 collections per year. The main activities of the organization are collection and transport of solid wastes, sweeping and cleaning of roads and public areas, grass cutting and pruning of trees in public areas, and washing off roads and public areas. The range of services extends to the collection of special wastes, among which are waste generated at events and mass shows, points of sale in public areas, dead animals, construction and demolition wastes (C&D), hospital wastes, mattresses, vegetables, furniture, carpentry wastes, and collection (dismantling and installation) of public baskets.
\nAs part of the solid waste collection strategy, the organization has a diversity of vehicles with different dimensions in order to access areas with adverse geographic conditions. To allow great maneuverability in limited-access roads, the company has model 2009 Kenworth vehicles with only two axes (simple) and smaller vehicles such as NPR model 1998 and 2012. In general, to meet the demand, the organization has its own fleet broken down as follows for each type of service. Collecting wastes from hospitals are carried out by using three vehicles equipped with containers and UV light, to ensure crew condition and reduce biological risk. The vehicle fleet has two skid-steer loaders transported by dump trucks for the collection of C&D waste. The organization operates light vehicles (NPR) for transportation of baskets in poor condition for waste disposal. Besides, the vehicle fleet has two series of equipment that allow the provision of collection services for special containers. Both use a lifting system equipped in the back part of the truck which is called lifter. One of the series of vehicles is employed for collection of big containers, whereas another series is used for the collection of buried containers. An availability indicator is generated, based on the data of the information system reports and the work orders of the equipment maintenance activities. All of this for a 30-day operation period during 2018 is shown in Figure 4.
\nAvailability indicator for light vehicles per 2018 quarters.
In Figure 4a, it is possible to observe the increase in availability of the fleet of light vehicles per quarters during 2018, from 78% in the first quarter to 89% in the fourth quarter showing signs of stabilization. This improvement may be attributed to the reduction of the occurrence of failures, which in turn is the result of the implementation of a preventive maintenance program, and critical maintenance tasks. These availability standards are appropriate for a program of operational excellence. During 2018 one may see that the month having the best behavior in terms of availability was November showcasing a growing trend due to the implementation of the excellence model.
\nDespite the improvement in terms of availability that was evidenced in this study, it is the authors’ view to analyze the specific behavior of the fleet vehicles. This is because being an average, the availability of the light vehicles could be affected by extreme values. Figure 5 shows the behavior of each of the vehicles that make up the fleet. The vehicles that have worse average availability are #313 and #416. However, if the growth of the availability of these vehicles is observed, the positive impact of the implementation of the model of excellence can be verified.
\nAvailability indicator for critical light vehicles.
To evaluate the impact of the excellence model implementation, availability indicators besides indicators like efficiency must be considered. Next, the data related to the maintenance cost is compared, through the execution of work orders. The amount of orders generated, their typology, and the effective cost paid for these works are taken into consideration.
\nIt is pertinent to mention that each work order carried out carries with it the corresponding audit report, which gives information of the tasks executed in detail, the report of time units, and the quality of spare parts used. These data are essential for the administrative review phases, in case of any type of claim, and verify the agreement with the terms of the contract.
\nAdditionally, the maintenance work of the first 10 months of the year 2018 is analyzed and compared with the same period for the year 2017. A reduction of 5.06% in the sum of the maintenance costs is evidenced. In addition to this, the average cost per work order generated was reduced by 12.94% thanks to the recommendations of good management practices in the processing and management of information (Table 3).
\n\n | # OTS | \n% OTS prev | \nOTS value | \n
---|---|---|---|
2017 | \n5755 | \n6.23 | \n−12.96% | \n
2018 | \n6277 | \n10.12 | \n|
Difference (%) | \n−5.06% | \n3.89 | \n
Budget execution in maintenance cost 2017 vs. budget execution in maintenance cost 2018.
In this analysis, an increase of 3.26% is observed. A fundamental part of this increase is due to the optimization of downtime, because with the operational excellence model, preventive critical tasks are programmed and executed in the same time periods of the corrective activities.
\nDuring the life cycle of an asset or a production system, different costs are incurred, which span the purchase (initial investment) to the operation and maintenance costs that guarantee productive and financially worthy outputs for investors. The life cycle cost corresponds to the costs of both investment and operations inherent to the useful life of the asset.
\nDevelopment and implementation of management models, applied to the maintenance of equipment, often present results in periods that exceed 1 year. This model, based on the ISO 55000 standard, presented immediate results mainly by, firstly, defining maintenance as a strategic activity for the collective benefit of the organization and, secondly, collecting all necessary information pertaining to defining the critical maintenance needs, in such a way so as to guarantee the high availability of the assets.
\nIn this chapter a maintenance strategy model of the asset life cycle is proposed. It has a direct influence on maintenance management regarding decision-making, as well as the planning of preventive tasks and analysis of the equipment’s useful life. Positive results are obtained in the overall development of this maintenance model. It is possible to notice a reduction of costs in the global execution, and so the average cost per work order has been reduced too. At the same time, an increase in the execution proportion of preventive tasks has been achieved. These findings may help other to implement the model successfully, even though the tasks performed and the model itself remain in continuous analysis and improvement.
\nThe common maintenance budget models only present a general sum of costs; it does not provide enough information for decision-making. These results confirm the association between cost control, technical decisions and physical interventions, which have been and exemplified, and therefore, in this document, a new way of disaggregating the cost has been suggested.
\nFrequently the summation is separated monthly to fit in with the scale of the time series. These estimators of central tendency allow the visualization of how data variability alters this tendency according to the behavior of the series. It is also evident that the median is less susceptible than the average.
\nThe result of the implementation has shown an increase of the availability indicator and a reduction of the general maintenance costs.
\nThese preliminary results that cover a 12-month period suggest that in the long term/medium term, the availability may reach the level demanded by the company and may guarantee stable operation with lower maintenance costs. Finally, it is important to highlight that, without the support of the general management of the organizations, the initiatives to achieve operational excellence, or an adequate management of assets, may fail, causing loss and discouragement.
\nCMMS | computerized maintenance management system |
CMT | critical maintenance tasks |
DCS | distributed control system |
EAM | enterprise asset management |
ERP | enterprise resource planning |
FAA | Federal Aviation Administration |
FERMA | Federation of European Risk Management Associations |
FMEA | failure modes and effect analysis |
IT | information technology |
KPI | key performance indicator |
MIS | maintenance information system |
MSG | maintenance steering group |
MTBF | mean time between failures |
OREDA | Offshore and Onshore Reliability Data |
PID | processes and instrumentation diagrams |
PDCA | plan, do, check, act |
RCM | reliability-centered maintenance |
RBI | risk-based inspection |
RBM | risk-based maintenance |
SCADA | Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition |
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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This finding is in line with the understanding that Turkish sectors heavily depends on the import of raw and intermediate goods. The results also show that the economic activity has positive and significant effects on all stock markets implying that it is the main determinant in the long-run. Moreover, interest rates and volatility index were negative and significant in all markets. Thus, it has important implications for policy makers to provide stable prices and diverse investors.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Mustafa Çakır",authors:[{id:"335964",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Çakir",slug:"mustafa-cakir",fullName:"Mustafa Çakir"}]},{id:"73239",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93655",title:"Efficiency of the City Councils Using Cross-Sectional Model: Challenges in Times of Change and Political Tension",slug:"efficiency-of-the-city-councils-using-cross-sectional-model-challenges-in-times-of-change-and-politi",totalDownloads:326,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The efficiency of city councils is a matter of concern in public discussion in Chile, due to the growing political relevance that citizens demand of them for social and economic management, in the face of the effects of the pandemic and recent social unrest. Despite the marked historical centralization of power in the capital city, the efficiency of the Chilean municipalities will be key to improving the quality of life of the communities, especially in times of political tension, greater social needs and discredit toward national institutions, not well the local ones. A cross-sectional econometric regression model was developed to explain the determinants of the efficiency of the municipalities and identify the variables that have the greatest impact on said efficiency. City councils that are regional capitals with more than 50,000 inhabitants were selected for this study.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Claudio Elórtegui-Gómez, Hanns de la Fuente-Mella, Mauricio Alvarado and Matías Guajardo",authors:[{id:"320374",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Elórtegui-Gómez",slug:"claudio-elortegui-gomez",fullName:"Claudio Elórtegui-Gómez"},{id:"320375",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanns",middleName:null,surname:"De La Fuente-Mella",slug:"hanns-de-la-fuente-mella",fullName:"Hanns De La Fuente-Mella"},{id:"320376",title:"Mr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado Martínez",slug:"mauricio-alvarado-martinez",fullName:"Mauricio Alvarado Martínez"},{id:"320377",title:"Mr.",name:"Matías",middleName:null,surname:"Guajardo Calderón",slug:"matias-guajardo-calderon",fullName:"Matías Guajardo Calderón"}]},{id:"17701",doi:"10.5772/24043",title:"Recent Developments in Seasonal Volatility Models",slug:"recent-developments-in-seasonal-volatility-models1",totalDownloads:3355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"305",slug:"advances-in-econometrics-theory-and-applications",title:"Advances in Econometrics",fullTitle:"Advances in Econometrics - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Julieta Frank, Melody Ghahramani and Aera Thavaneswaran",authors:[{id:"55155",title:"Prof.",name:"Aera",middleName:null,surname:"Thavaneswaran",slug:"aera-thavaneswaran",fullName:"Aera Thavaneswaran"},{id:"59352",title:"Dr.",name:"Julieta",middleName:null,surname:"Frank",slug:"julieta-frank",fullName:"Julieta Frank"},{id:"59353",title:"Dr.",name:"Melody",middleName:null,surname:"Ghahramani",slug:"melody-ghahramani",fullName:"Melody Ghahramani"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73251",title:"Relationship between Economic Growth, Unemployment, Inflation and Current Account Balance: Theory and Case of Turkey",slug:"relationship-between-economic-growth-unemployment-inflation-and-current-account-balance-theory-and-c",totalDownloads:1092,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The relations between economic growth, unemployment, inflation and current account balance are analyzed theoretically and different comments on theoretical approaches are discussed in the study. Accordingly, while the unemployment-inflation relationship is considered with Phillips analysis and the scope of the growth-unemployment with Okun Law, the interaction between the current account balance and growth is shown with the equality of national income accounting. After the theoretical approaches described in detail with shared data and interpreted for Turkey. This study also examines the relation between the unemployment, inflation, economic growth, current account deficit with symmetric and asymmetric reserved causality tests were examined for the 2000Q1 − 2020Q4 period. The asymmetric hidden causality relationships between the series were researched with Hatemi-J (2012) method based on Toda-Yamamoto (1995) test in this study. When the relationship between the growth rate and the unemployment rate are examined between these years in Turkey it is observed that there is an inverse relationship between growth and unemployment, especially during crisis periods. After that to find this relationship we used symmetric and asymmetric causality. As a result of the estimates growth also has a one-way symmetrical causality relationship from negative shocks to negative inflation shocks. When the relationship between them is viewed only with one-way or two-way causality, there may be no relationship so the causality must be checked asymmetrically even to catch the assumption of the Okun’s law correctly for Turkey.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Tuğba Dayıoğlu and Yılmaz Aydın",authors:[{id:"320657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuğba",middleName:null,surname:"Dayıoğlu",slug:"tugba-dayioglu",fullName:"Tuğba Dayıoğlu"},{id:"326107",title:"Dr.",name:"Yılmaz",middleName:null,surname:"Aydın",slug:"yilmaz-aydin",fullName:"Yılmaz Aydın"}]},{id:"75250",title:"The Impact of Exchange Rates on Stock Markets in Turkey: Evidence from Linear and Non-Linear ARDL Models",slug:"the-impact-of-exchange-rates-on-stock-markets-in-turkey-evidence-from-linear-and-non-linear-ardl-mod",totalDownloads:370,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In this chapter we investigate the asymmetric impact of exchange rates on three major stock market indices in Turkey using four different ARDL models between 2003M1 and 2018M12. 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This finding is in line with the understanding that Turkish sectors heavily depends on the import of raw and intermediate goods. The results also show that the economic activity has positive and significant effects on all stock markets implying that it is the main determinant in the long-run. Moreover, interest rates and volatility index were negative and significant in all markets. Thus, it has important implications for policy makers to provide stable prices and diverse investors.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Mustafa Çakır",authors:[{id:"335964",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Çakir",slug:"mustafa-cakir",fullName:"Mustafa Çakir"}]},{id:"71382",title:"Governance and Growth in the Western Balkans: A SVAR Approach",slug:"governance-and-growth-in-the-western-balkans-a-svar-approach",totalDownloads:589,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The quality of economic governance is one of the prerequisites for sustainable and faster economic development of the Western Balkan countries, having in mind their historical background, dissolution of the ex-Yugoslavia, specific economic circumstances during the transition recession of the 1990s, slow economic recovery at the beginning of the twenty-first century, strong impact of the global financial and economic crisis, and long and complexed path towards the European Union (EU). The main research problem in this paper is examining the dynamic relationships among government effectiveness, inflation, and GDP across Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. We employ the Worldwide Governance Indicators of the World Bank, namely, the Governance Effectiveness Indicator, as one of the six broad dimensions of governance. Using a structural VAR approach, we examine the time-varying effects of economic governance shocks on inflation and economic growth dynamics for each of the Western Balkan (WB) countries in the period of January 2006 to December 2018. Our findings allow the WB policymakers to understand the impact of institutional strength involved in identifying the onset of sustainable development dynamics and the EU integration process in WB better and develop more effective government regulations that can be employed nationally.",book:{id:"10098",slug:"linear-and-non-linear-financial-econometrics-theory-and-practice",title:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics",fullTitle:"Linear and Non-Linear Financial Econometrics -Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Gordana Djurovic and Martin M. Bojaj",authors:[{id:"235637",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Djurovic",slug:"gordana-djurovic",fullName:"Gordana Djurovic"},{id:"315045",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin M.",middleName:null,surname:"Bojaj",slug:"martin-m.-bojaj",fullName:"Martin M. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/427958",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"427958"},fullPath:"/profiles/427958",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()