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Küçük",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5424",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",surname:"Küçük",slug:"serdar-kucuk",fullName:"Serdar Küçük"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"889",title:"Robotic Systems",subtitle:"Applications, Control and Programming",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e560d53a4116a307638d95c63c1a78a3",slug:"robotic-systems-applications-control-and-programming",bookSignature:"Ashish Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80372",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashish",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashish-dutta",fullName:"Ashish Dutta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80985",title:"Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103766",slug:"drug-induced-hepatotoxicity",body:'The liver is a reddish-brown multifunctional organ that lies beneath the diaphragm in the abdomen’s right upper quadrant and overlies the gallbladder. It performs varieties of biological and metabolic functions, but one significant of them is xenobiotic metabolism/detoxification, in which exogeneous lipophilic xenobiotics (drugs and herbal supplements) are converted to hydrophilic compounds via biochemical processes catalysed by cytochrome P450 enzyme systems. The metabolic products obtained are then actively transported by hepatocyte transporter proteins into the plasma or bile for excretion by the kidney or gastrointestinal tract [1, 2]. However, sometimes, these xenobiotics produce reactive (or toxic) metabolites or electrophiles that bind covalently to hepatocytes, resulting to changes in protein conformation, DNA mutation or induce lipid peroxidation respectively, thereby leading to hypersensitivity reaction or liver necrosis. This is known as drug-induced injury (or hepatogenous poisoning, toxic-liver disease, chemical-driven injury). This situation often leads to hospitalisation and/or liver transplantation, depending on the magnitude of the liver injury [3]. There are over 1000 hepatotoxic agents available, however, drugs account for about 20–40% of the cases associated with liver failure/injury [4]. Notably, there are two categories of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) namely: intrinsic (or pharmacological) and idiosyncratic DILI respectively. Intrinsic DILI, refer to a form of liver toxicity caused by a drug in a projectable and dose-dependent manner (e.g. acetaminophen). In this circumstance, liver injury sets-in after an elevated concentration of the drug is attained. On the other hand, idiosyncratic DILI (which occurs relatively), is a non-projectable, non-dose-dependent response to drug and differs in the period of latency (e.g. Trovafloxacin and Troglitazone). It is worthy of note, that approximately 75–80% cases of idiosyncratic reactions end up in death or liver transplantation and as such precautionary measures should be observed in the use of drugs [5, 6]. The dreadful incidences of DILI can be checked by creating drug pharmacovigilant awareness, in which cases of adverse side effects after drug administration should be withdrawn or stopped abruptly to avoid further harm to the body. Besides the harmful effects of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose that has been well documented, studies provide us with wide spectrum of drug inducible agents like, Atypical antipsychotic (AAP), D-galactosamine ((D-GalN)), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), thioacetamide, Anti- Tuberculosis Drugs (ATD), Anti- Retroviral Drugs (ARDs), Antimalarial Drugs, NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs), azacytidine, to mention but a few [3]. Therefore, this chapter focuses on discussing the mechanism of action and toxicological implications of drug-induced hepatotoxicity of the aforementioned drugs to human health.
As much as there are several analgesic drugs consumed by man as pain killer agents, paracetamol seems to be the commonly used and contains acetaminophen - the active ingredient, which has been shown to be well-tolerated in prescribed dose but in the event of overdose, liver damage occurs. This is because, acetaminophen metabolism catalysed by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver produces N-acetyl-p-benzoquineimine (NAPBQI) – a highly reactive (toxic) intermediate metabolite [7]. In the normal sense, this metabolite gets detoxified by glutathione conjugation in phase II reaction. Nevertheless, during acetaminophen’s overdose, a high concentration of the toxic metabolite is produced, and thus overwhelms the detoxification process, leading to hepatocellular necrosis. Reports have shown that liver injury caused by this metabolite can be reduced by the administration of acetylcysteine - a precursor of glutathione, by scavenging the toxic metabolite from the system [8].
Antipsychotic drugs are detoxified via the cytochrome-P450 system in the phase 1 and phase 11 reactions. In its metabolism, the enzyme known as mono-oxygenase converts the drugs into less toxic metabolites through hydrolysis, oxido-reduction and dealkylation processes. However, sometimes, the phase products may display high level of toxicity, hence, phase 11 reaction becomes inevitable. The phase II reaction mainly involves a biochemical process called conjugation reaction which makes use of glucuronic acid, sulphate, acetate, amino acids and glutathione to convert phase 1 products to a more body friendly form and subsequently for excretion. Many antipsychotic drugs beside antisulpride, risperidone, and paliperidone are catabolised primarily via the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 systems while clozapine and olanzapine use the CYP1A2 system for its drug metabolism. Experimentation shows that antipsychotic drugs potentially damages liver cells through three mechanisms (i) By increasing bile secretion and excretion leading to cholestasis which relates to immune-mediated hypersensitivity (a typical mechanism of chlorpromazine) (ii) Accumulation of toxic or reactive intermediates (or metabolites) that eventually attacks liver cells (iii) By Increasing the risk of metabolic idiosyncratic syndrome leading to high risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases which is typical of olanzapine and clozapine. Indiscriminate consumption of antipsychotic drugs presents some clinical manifestations (or side effects) and this can be encapsulated into four categories namely:
Hepatocellular disorder in which hepatic bio-indicators such as aminotransferases, ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities as well as the levels of albumin and total bilirubin are found to increase significantly in the serum.
Gastrointestinal disorders ranging from fatigue, appetite loss, excruciating pains in the liver region and epigastric discomfort
Cholestasis and steatosis like coloured stool
Immunological or hypersensitivity disorders including eosinophilia, anthralgia, rashes, acute liver failure (ALF), auto-immune diseases among others [9, 10].
Galactosamine, one of the commonly used experimental model for hepatotoxicity study in animals, is an amino sugar derivative found majorly as glycoprotein in living cells. In addition, it forms a component of some hormonal systems like Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) respectively. Biochemical investigation into the hepatotoxic effect of D-galactosamine revealed that it induces liver damage by interfering with the products of galactosamine metabolism via Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. Firstly, galactosamine is transformed to galactosamine-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P) catalysed by galactokinase while the second phase involves the conversion of galactosaminr-1-phosphate to Uridine diphosphate-galactosamine (UDPG) by galactose uridyltransferase. At low substrate specificity, UDPG inhibits the activity of UDP-galactose-41-epimerase, thereby causing a significant accumulation in the hepatic cells and others like UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and UDP-N-acetyl galactosamine with corresponding depletions of uridine triphosphate (UTP), uridine diphosphate (UDP), uridine monophosphate (UMP) as well as uridine diphosphate-glucose (UDP-Glu) and uridine diphosphate-galactose (UDP-Gal), respectively. The outcome of this process then causes the loss of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, inhibits hepatocyte ATP metabolism and hepatitis which invariably affects cell membrane, inhibits mRNA, protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis. These effects increase protein gene (p53) expression and decreases Bcl-2 mRNA levels in the liver. It is noteworthy, that the hepatoxic action of galactosamine is effective when in combination with lipopolysaccharide (GalN/LPS). This combination induces the Kupffer cells to secrete pro-inflammatory mediators that leads to liver cell apoptosis [11]. Experimental design that involves the treatment of animals with D-GalN alters albumin mRNA, glucose-6-phosphatase, histone-3 mRNA, alpha fetoprotein mRNA (αFP mRNA), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) expressions. Furthermore, it also upregulates expression of tumour nuclear factor (TNF-α mRNA) that has activity of necrotic factor-kappa B (NF- κB10) and alter membrane cofactor protein (MCP-1) level in serum. Also, serum ALT and AST activities increases substantially [12, 13].
N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), is a member of the nitrosamine family and are found in various foodstuff and underground water with high nitrate level. It has hepatocarcinogenic property by yielding adducts of DNA carcinogen in the liver and induces hepatic cancer. NDEA’s mechanism of hepatic damage is such that after treatment, it stimulates increase in liver mitochondrial transitional permeability (MTP), leading to increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, resulting in peroxidative stress [14, 15]. Alternatively, cytochrome P450 activates NDEA, generating reactive electrophilic molecules capable of increasing oxidative stress and liver cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity [16].
Thioacetamide (TAA), is a white crystalline, organosulfur compound with high affinity for water and alcohol. It is chemically designated as C2H5NS and generally classified as class 2B human carcinogenic agent. NDEA exhibits wide range of relevance such as serve as sulphide source in the synthesis of compounds (organic and inorganic), controls the deterioration of orange fruits (fungicidal role), precipitates cadmium sulphide from acidic solutions, drug development, pesticide production, serve as cross-linking agent but to mention a few. However, scientific reports documented that long-term oral consumption of TAA causes liver cell adenomas, cholangiomas and hepatocarcinomas as well as affects protein, nuclei acid synthesis and GGTP activity. The bio-transformation of TAA via oxidative bioactivation in the liver microsomes catalysed by flavin-containing mono-oxygenases (FMOs) and cytochrome P450 systems produce two toxic metabolites. Firstly, TAA is catalysed by thioacetamide-S-oxygenase to form a reactive intermediate, thioacetamide-S-oxide (TAASO) adduct through oxidation process, which then induces hepatocytic oxidative stress, resulting to increase in nucleoli and Ca2+ concentrations as well as inhibit mitochondrial activity, thereby leading to hepatotoxicity with a resultant effect of centrilobular necrosis. However, the action of CYP2E1 inhibitors (such as 4-methylpyrazole and diallyl sulphide) and TAA, block TAASO toxicity in a relative and absolute manner respectively. The second phase of metabolism involves the conversion of TAASO to thioacetamide-S-S-dioxide (TAASO2 - a reactive species) by the action of thioacetamide-S-oxide-S-oxygenase and then covalently binds with protein and nucleic acid causing hepatotoxicity with consequential effect of liver damage/injury [17, 18]. The characteristic validation of the hepatotoxic effect of TAA includes decrease in microRNA gene expression (miR-122, miR-192 and miR-194) and increase in AST and ALT activities, mitochondrial membrane protein gene expression (MMP-9 and MMP-2) as well as myeloperoxidase, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumour nuclear factor (TNFα) respectively [19, 20, 21].
This is a fluorine derivative compound with carcinogenic tenacity. Its incorporation in diet and subsequent administration induces increased incidences of liver and urinary bladder carcinomas in animal model. Acetylaminofluorene, a by-product of diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) initiates carcinogenesis by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and facilitate hyperproliferation [22]. Acetylaminofluorene metabolism by cytochrome P450 produces metabolites like 2-aminofluorene (AF), 2-glycoloylaminofluorene (2-GAF), N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NH-2-AAF), 2-acetylaminofluoren-3-,-7-,-9-ol (3-, 7-, 9-hydroxy-AAF) and 2-acetylaminofluoren-9-one (AAF-9-one) respectively and exhibits different toxicity pathway. For instance, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and AAF binds covalently at Carbon - 8th positions in guanine; causing single strand breaks in DNA with resultant effect of severe apoptosis. Sometimes, AAF exposure increases expression of genes implicated in p53-signalling pathway, mRNA genes [encode mitochondria drug resistance proteins (Mdr1b, Mrp1 and Mrp3)] and microRNA genes respectively, thereby resulting in apoptosis [23, 24, 25]. Studies showed that at small dose of 2-AAF for long (2.24 or 22.4 mg/kg, 3 times/week for 31 days) or high dose (448 mg/kg BW, i.g., 5 days/week for 8 weeks) produces maximum hepatocellular carcinogenesis through AAF- DNA adducts [26, 27]. Interestingly, lower dose of 2-AAF (50 mg/kg BW, i.p.) was reported to increase lipid peroxidation, deplete GSH level while the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were significantly reduced [28].
Anti-tubercular drugs are the most auspicious prescription medication used for the treatment of cases of tuberculosis - an infectious disease with high mortality rate [29]. However, long- term administration of anti-tubercular drugs like rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) (first line anti-tubercular drugs), significantly increase hepatotoxicity and induces liver injury in mammals [30]. The mechanism that precipitates anti-tubercular drug’s liver damage maybe unclear, nevertheless, studies show significant increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation, intracellular calcium (Ca2+) level and CYP4502EI activity also increases while GSH level, GPx and catalase activities decreases [31]. Recently, research shows that acetylators generate high level of acetylated drug which undergo further metabolism to yield other toxic intermediates which causes liver disruption, for instance, Isoniazid acetylation by N-acetyltransferase (NTA2) enzyme produces mono-acetyl hydrazine (MAH) that increases liver toxicity [32]. Notably, polymorphism at gene loci of NTA2, CYP2E1 and GST (detoxifying enzymes) modulate the activities of these enzymes and hence increases the risk of hepatotoxicity [33]. Studies have shown some administrable dose regimen of anti-tubercular drugs that can be used for biochemical evaluation, for example, intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg BW of isoniazid, 100 mg/kg BW of rifampicin and intragastric administration of 350 mg/kg BW of pyrazinamide respectively. Also, when they are in combined form such as INH and RIF as well as INH, RIF and PZA induces hepatotoxicity. This observation was in agreement with previous work as reported by [34] that daily oral administration of isoniazid (15 mg/kg BW), rifampicin (20 mg/kg BW) and pyrazinamide (35 mg/kg BW) in combined form for 45 days, increases malondialdehyde level (MDA).
The therapeutic action of highly active antiretroviral drugs (HAART) like Protease inhibitors (PI), non-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nNRTI) and Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) used in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergo various pathways, nonetheless, their adverse effects are targeted/localised at the hepatic cells [35, 36]. Take for example, all anti-retroviral therapy-native (ART-naïve) like atazanavir or ritonavir and NRTIs (such as zidovudine or didanosine) alongside N-Apostolova Efavirenz (nNRTI) causes hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and acute mitotoxic effect and oxidative stress respectively [37, 38]. Furthermore, administration of 50 μM of Efavirenz (EFV) can activate the activities of caspase-3 and caspase −9, trigger apoptotic mitochondrial intrinsic pathway and directly inhibit mitochondrial complex 1 subunit (MC1s) expression [39, 40]. The therapeutic efficacy of antiretroviral drugs is seen when used in combinations such as nNRTI and NRTIs but reports have documented that this combination produces deleterious effects on the mitochondria and also cause hepatic steatosis [41]. Another typical mechanism of action of some antiretroviral drug like stavudine (NRTI) is its ability to arrest cell cycle in growth phase (G1 phase) through upregulation of cyclic-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKN2A) as well as p21 genes and inhibiting mitochondrial DNA replication [42].
Amodiaquine (an anti-malarial drug) hepatotoxic effect is achieved in humans when it is being oxidised by liver microsomes and peroxidases, produces iminoquinone, (a reactive metabolite) which binds to proteins irreversibly, causing direct liver toxicity by disrupting the hepatocyte function [43].
This class of drugs act mainly by hepatocellular or mixed reactions and rarely by cholestatic reaction. The Niacin and Statin are the commonly used drugs in the treatment of hyperlipidemic conditions, however, they have potential to induce liver injury. Studies revealed that the administration of Lovastatin and Simvastatin in animal model (rabbits or Guinea pig) resulted in hepatocellular necrosis while Atorvastatin produced a mixed pattern of liver injury. It is noteworthy, that Simvastatin in combination with other drugs like flutamide, troglitazone and diltiazem gives a more pronounced hepatic effect and this has been attributed to the drug–drug interaction mechanism [1].
The liver damaging effects of NSAIDs like acetylsalicylic acid ranges from elevated ALT, AST and ALP activities to acute cytolytic, cholestatic or mixed hepatitis as well as increases in bilirubin and prothrombin time. The mechanistic action of NSAID-induced hepatotoxicity is unclear but both intrinsic (Aspirin and phenylbutazone) and idiosyncratic (Ibuprofen, sulindac, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, diclofenac and indomethacin) reactions have been documented [44]. Suggestively, hypersensitivity and metabolic aberrations are thought to responsible for liver injury. Unlike hypersensitivity reactions that are characterised by considerable anti-nuclear factor or anti-smooth muscle antibody titres as well as lymphadenopathy and eosinophilia, metabolic aberrations are caused by genetic polymorphisms, altering susceptibility to variety of drugs [45]. Diclofenac hepatotoxicity in humans and rats, for example, is linked to mitochondrial ATP synthesis impairment and the production of N-5-dihydroxydiclofenac (active metabolites), which causes cytotoxicity. Also, diclofenac-induced liver injury results in mitochondrial transition permeability (MTP), causing ROS formation, protein thiols production, mitochondrial swelling and oxidation of NADP+ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) respectively [45].
This anti-hypertensive drug called methyl dopa metabolises in the liver by Cytochrome P450, however, the oxidative reaction of methyl dopa by CYP450 produces superoxide anions (free radicals) to a reactive quinone or semi-quinone that binds tightly to the hepatic cells causing liver injury such as acute/chronic hepatitis and cholestasis with clinical evidence of elevated activities of ALT, AST and ALP respectively in the blood system [1].
Azacytidine (or Azacitidine), is a pyrimidine nucleoside analogue of cytidine which is metabolised to a triphosphate molecule in the intracellular domain and then introduced into the RNA and DNA molecule firmly held together covalently by DNA methyltransferase 1(DNMT 1) - an enzyme that adds methyl to DNA molecule at the carbon 5 position of cytosine. Azacitidine has an anticancer effect but at low doses, it inhibits DNA methylation resulting in its deactivation leading to DNA hypomethylation shortly after cell division in the absence of DNMT1. The antineoplastic activity of this drug comes from its hypomethylation, leading to tumour suppressor gene (TSG) reactivation which is rapidly lost in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) – a disorder associated with clonal haematopoietic stem cell, caused mainly due to ineffective cellular maturation with side effects as peripheral blood cytopenia and abnormalities in functional blood cell. The cytotoxic effect of azacytidine is achieved when the product of its phosphorylation is incorporated into RNA molecule, thereby leading to an elevated level of CDKN2B - a gene that encodes the protein p15 (a cell growth inhibitor responsible for myeloid differentiation as well as tumour suppression) in their bone marrow [46, 47].
Administration of tacrine (a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor) in the treatment of Alzheimer disease, gives rise to an elevated ALT activity in the bloodstream, inferring that there is disruption in the integrity of the hepatocytes. Tacrine’s mechanism of liver toxicity may be probably due to the inhibition of cholinesterase activity, resulting in the stimulation of cholinergic coeliac ganglion sensory (or afferent) sympathetic pathway, in which blood constricts, leading to impaired perfusion of the sinusoids and reperfusion injury-mediated by ROS [1].
Despite the basic biochemical indicators discussed above that are associated with drug-induced hepatotoxicity, recent studies have further identified other indicators and these are represented in Table 1 as shown below:
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity | Biomarkers of Liver toxicity | References |
---|---|---|
Acetaminophen (APAP) | Upregulation of mRNA expression of IL-10, IL-36, HO-1, TNFα, MT 1 and 2 and MMP 12 genes. | [48] |
D-Galactosamine | Increase in the expressions of NLRP3, NF-kBp65, IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα genes. | [49] |
N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) | Increase MDA level and decrease SOD, CAT, GST, GR, GPx activity. | [50] |
Thioacetamide (TAA) | Increase in Anti-PLT Ig level, Increase in the expression of TNFα, HMGB-1 and IL-6 genes. Increase in AST and ALT activity. | [51] |
2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) | Overexpression of iNOS, COX-2, NF-KB, PCNA genes. Increase in xanthine oxidase (XO) activity. Decrease in the activity of SOD, CAT, GST, GR and GPx. Increase in AST and ALT activity. High density of mast cell infiltration. | [52] |
Anti-Tuberculosis drugs | Over-expression of NAT2, CYP2E1, ABCB1 genes. Increase in NAD and Bilirubin levels and decrease in HAT activity. Decrease in GST, SOD, CAT activity. | [53] |
Anti-retroviral drugs | Increase in ABCB1 gene expression (that is c3435C > T of ABCB1) and CYPs genes (CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5). Increase in IL-1RN, IL-1β, IL-10, HLA-B and C and HLA-DRB1 genes. ALP activity and Total bilirubin (TBil) level increases. | [54, 55] |
Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs | Increase in the expression of HLA-DRB1 and SREBP2 genes while CK and HMG-CoA reductase activities increases. | [56] |
Some recent findings on drug-induced liver toxicity.
Drugs primarily serve as therapeutic agents in the treatment and management of various diseases, but over dependent or illicit consumption of drugs, results in hepatotoxicity which confers a detrimental effect on the liver’s architecture and functions respectively. Our findings showed that drug-induced hepatotoxicity can cause liver inflammation (associated with excruciating pains), liver transplantation (economically burdensome) as well as death. As a result of these frightening effects outlined above, we hereby conclude that doctor’s prescription guideline should be adhered to strictly, indiscriminate use of illicit drugs should be discouraged while regulatory bodies and law enforcement agencies should be empowered to prosecute drug offenders promptly.
The expertise of Professor Iheanacho Kizito, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri is well appreciated.
The authors declare no conflict of interest in this work.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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An economic comparison between conventional amine-based absorption and membrane separation demonstrates the great potential in membrane technology.",book:{id:"5448",slug:"recent-advances-in-carbon-capture-and-storage",title:"Recent Advances in Carbon Capture and Storage",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Carbon Capture and Storage"},signatures:"Guozhao Ji and Ming Zhao",authors:[{id:"190003",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"ming-zhao",fullName:"Ming Zhao"},{id:"190139",title:"Dr.",name:"Guozhao",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",slug:"guozhao-ji",fullName:"Guozhao Ji"}]},{id:"53350",doi:"10.5772/66253",title:"Hydropower Development in Nepal - Climate Change, Impacts and Implications",slug:"hydropower-development-in-nepal-climate-change-impacts-and-implications",totalDownloads:3424,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Nepal has endowed high potential of water resources, covering 395,000 ha (48%) area within 45,000 km in length of 6000 rivers with 170 billion m3 annual runoff and 45,610 MW feasible hydroelectricity generation. Since 1911, 500 kW power generation at Pharping, now reached 782.45 MW production in 2016. Nepal government has planned to increase its current 67.3% access in electricity to 1426 MW (87%), by 2022. Globally, 16.6% generation of hydroelectricity, 1,079 GW production, in 2015 will be increased to 1,473 GW by 2040 as projected. Although, hydropower is considered as a renewable clean energy, dam closure, influence within the downstream river and connected ecosystems have consequent impacts on hydropower production. Nepal’s topography offered more RoR types of hydropower and has more risk of landslide, flooding, GLOFs, LDOFs, and flash floods. Despite, Nepal contributes 0.027% of total global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; Nepal has focused on renewable energy, hydropower production, targeting 12000 MW by 2030 to fulfill its growing demand of 11,500 MW. Consequent development of clean energy, GHG reduction, single Bhotekoshi hydropower can reduce 160092 tons CO2/year. 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A number of membranes applicable in pre-combustion, post-combustion or oxy-fuel combustion have been discussed. An economic comparison between conventional amine-based absorption and membrane separation demonstrates the great potential in membrane technology.",book:{id:"5448",slug:"recent-advances-in-carbon-capture-and-storage",title:"Recent Advances in Carbon Capture and Storage",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Carbon Capture and Storage"},signatures:"Guozhao Ji and Ming Zhao",authors:[{id:"190003",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"ming-zhao",fullName:"Ming Zhao"},{id:"190139",title:"Dr.",name:"Guozhao",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",slug:"guozhao-ji",fullName:"Guozhao Ji"}]},{id:"53350",title:"Hydropower Development in Nepal - Climate Change, Impacts and Implications",slug:"hydropower-development-in-nepal-climate-change-impacts-and-implications",totalDownloads:3425,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Nepal has endowed high potential of water resources, covering 395,000 ha (48%) area within 45,000 km in length of 6000 rivers with 170 billion m3 annual runoff and 45,610 MW feasible hydroelectricity generation. 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The most worked‐on emerging absorbents, including liquid‐liquid biphasic, liquid‐solid biphasic, enzymatic, and encapsulated absorbents, already show encouraging results in improved energy efficiency, enhanced CO2 absorption kinetics, increased cyclic CO2 loading, or reduced regeneration temperature. In this chapter, the latest research and development progress of these emerging absorbents are reviewed along with the future directions in moving these technologies to higher‐technology readiness levels.",book:{id:"5448",slug:"recent-advances-in-carbon-capture-and-storage",title:"Recent Advances in Carbon Capture and Storage",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Carbon Capture and Storage"},signatures:"Quan Zhuang, Bruce Clements and Bingyun Li",authors:[{id:"189578",title:"Dr.",name:"Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhuang",slug:"quan-zhuang",fullName:"Quan Zhuang"},{id:"195678",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Clements",slug:"bruce-clements",fullName:"Bruce Clements"},{id:"195679",title:"Dr.",name:"Bingyun",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"bingyun-li",fullName:"Bingyun Li"}]},{id:"53621",title:"Design of Zero Head Turbines for Power Generation",slug:"design-of-zero-head-turbines-for-power-generation",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Failure analysis of the blades of a horizontal axis hydrokinetic turbine of 1 kW is presented. 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It was observed that the turbine is safe in its entire operating range as far as phenomenon of resonance is concerned. Additionally, it was observed that maximum harmonic response of the turbine on the application of dynamic loading is far lesser than its failure limit within the specified operating range.",book:{id:"5602",slug:"renewable-hydropower-technologies",title:"Renewable Hydropower Technologies",fullTitle:"Renewable Hydropower Technologies"},signatures:"Edwin Chica and Ainhoa Rubio-Clemente",authors:[{id:"189040",title:"Prof.",name:"Ainhoa",middleName:null,surname:"Rubio Clemente",slug:"ainhoa-rubio-clemente",fullName:"Ainhoa Rubio Clemente"},{id:"193744",title:"Prof.",name:"Edwin",middleName:null,surname:"Chica",slug:"edwin-chica",fullName:"Edwin Chica"}]},{id:"47886",title:"An Overview of Bioethanol Production From Algae",slug:"an-overview-of-bioethanol-production-from-algae",totalDownloads:5629,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:null,book:{id:"4542",slug:"biofuels-status-and-perspective",title:"Biofuels",fullTitle:"Biofuels - Status and Perspective"},signatures:"Didem Özçimen and Benan İnan",authors:[{id:"32444",title:"Dr.",name:"Didem",middleName:null,surname:"Özçimen",slug:"didem-ozcimen",fullName:"Didem Özçimen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"788",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. 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He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. 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