Chapters authored
Exosomes and HIV-1 Association in AIDS-Defining Patients
Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles of endocytic origin that help to facilitate cell-to-cell communication by transporting cellular cargo locally or systemically to a recipient cell. These are subsequently fused and internalised by recipient cells. Exosomes are secreted from all cell types in HIV-1 infected patients. Recent studies reveal that exosomes from various sources modulate the pathophysiology of HIV-1, and conversely, exosomes are also targeted by HIV-1 factors. Semen or plasma exosomes could suppress/inhibit HIV-1 replication in humans and rodent models. Exosomal cargo components could be used as a biomarker in HIV-1patients and AIDS-defining patients. Exosome in semen and plasma is a useful tool for the diagnosis of HIV-1 and an alternative therapeutic tool for antiretroviral therapy.
Part of the book: Extracellular Vesicles
Role of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: Looking towards a Future Road Map
Exosomes are generated by the multivesicular degradation of plasma membrane fusion, lysosomal, and extracellular release of intracellular vesicles. The exosome ranges from 30 to 150 nm in size. Exosomes are “bioactive vesicles” that promote intercellular communication. Exosomes contain a variety of biologically active substances packaged with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. After any microbe infection into the exosomes, the content of the exosomes changes and is released into the bloodstream. Such type of exosome content could be useful for basic research on exosome biology. Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). During the Mtb infection, the exosomes played an important role in the body’s infection and immune response by releasing several exosome components providing new ideas for diagnosis, prevention, and therapeutic treatment of Mtb infection. The detection of the low abundance of the Mtb numbers or secreted peptides in the serum of TB patients is not possible. The best way of findings for diagnosis and treatment of TB could be possible by the exploration of exosome content analysis through various useful technologies. The study and analysis of exosome content would produce a road map for the future early diagnosis, prognosis estimation, efficacy monitoring, research, and application for TB.
Part of the book: Exosomes