Malaria RDT phase 2 performances in wild type clinical samples containing
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10198",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents modern applications of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in engineering science. Chapters discuss such topics as machine learning models of RSM as well as potential applications of RSM in industries such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, textiles, and food, among others.",isbn:"978-1-83968-918-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-917-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-919-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90965",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",numberOfPages:270,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",publishedDate:"November 10th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3640,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:51,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 25th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 23rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 22nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 12th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 11th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321730/images/system/321730.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Palanikumar Kayaroganamis currently a professor and principal at Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, Chennai, India. He is involved in teaching, research, development, and innovation in the field of higher technical education. He is among the world's top 2% of scientists on a list compiled by Stanford University. He has numerous journal publications to his credit as well as several awards, including the AICTE-Visvesvaraya Best Teacher award and a Global Peer Review Award from Publons Web of Science. His areas of interest include statistical techniques, modeling and optimization, total quality management, composite materials, machining, and additive manufacturing.",institutionString:"Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"78972",title:"Introductory Chapter: Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100484",slug:"introductory-chapter-response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",totalDownloads:140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kayaroganam Palanikumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78972",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78972",authors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],corrections:null},{id:"76805",title:"Introducing Machine Learning Models to Response Surface Methodologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98191",slug:"introducing-machine-learning-models-to-response-surface-methodologies",totalDownloads:324,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Traditional response surface methodology (RSM) has utilized the ordinary least squared (OLS) technique to numerically estimate the coefficients for multiple influence factors to achieve the values of the responsive factor while considering the intersection and quadratic terms of the influencers if any. With the emergence and popularization of machine learning (ML), more competitive methods has been developed which can be adopted to complement or replace the tradition RSM method, i.e. the OLS with or without the polynomial terms. In this chapter, several commonly used regression models in the ML including the improved linear models (the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model and the generalized linear model), the decision trees family (decision trees, random forests and gradient boosting trees), the model of the neural nets, (the multi-layer perceptrons) and the support vector machine will be introduced. Those ML models will provide a more flexible way to estimate the response surface function that is difficult to be represented by a polynomial as deployed in the traditional RSM. The advantage of the ML models in predicting precise response factor values is then demonstrated by implementation on an engineering case study. The case study has shown that the various choices of the ML models can reach a more satisfactory estimation for the responsive surface function in comparison to the RSM. The GDBT has exhibited to outperform the RSM with an accuracy improvement for 50% on unseen experimental data.",signatures:"Yang Zhang and Yue Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76805",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76805",authors:[{id:"335048",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yang-zhang",fullName:"Yang Zhang"},{id:"352339",title:"Dr.",name:"Yue",surname:"Wu",slug:"yue-wu",fullName:"Yue Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78497",title:"Global Optimization Method to Multiple Local Optimals with the Surface Approximation Methodology and Its Application for Industry Problems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98907",slug:"global-optimization-method-to-multiple-local-optimals-with-the-surface-approximation-methodology-and",totalDownloads:132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although generally speaking, a great number of functional evaluations may be required until convergence, it can be solved by using neural network effectively. Here, techniques to search the region of interest containing the global optimal design selected by random seeds is investigated. Also techniques for finding more accurate approximation using Holographic Neural Network (HNN) improved by using penalty function for generalized inverse matrix is investigated. Furthermore, the mapping method of extrapolation is proposed to make the technique available to general application in structural optimization. Application examples show that HNN may be expected as potential activate and feasible surface functions in response surface methodology than the polynomials in function approximations. Finally, the real design examples of a vehicle performance such as idling vibration, booming noise, vehicle component crash worthiness and combination problem between vehicle crashworthiness and restraint device performance at the head-on collision are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.",signatures:"Ichiro Hagiwara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78497",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78497",authors:[{id:"336523",title:"Prof.",name:"Ichiro",surname:"Hagiwara",slug:"ichiro-hagiwara",fullName:"Ichiro Hagiwara"}],corrections:null},{id:"76154",title:"Response Surface Designs Robust against Nuisance Factors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97047",slug:"response-surface-designs-robust-against-nuisance-factors",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper discusses an algorithmic approach to constructing trend-free and orthogonally-blocked response surface designs. The constructed designs have the main effects, 2-factor interactions and second-order effects being orthogonal or near-orthogonal to the nuisance factors such as the time-trend or the blocking factors. The paper also provides a catalogue of (near-) trend-free Box–Behnkens designs and orthogonally blocked Box–Behnkens designs arranged in rows and columns.",signatures:"Nam-Ky Nguyen, Mai Phuong Vuong and Tung-Dinh Pham",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76154",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76154",authors:[{id:"335258",title:"Dr.",name:"Nam-Ky",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"nam-ky-nguyen",fullName:"Nam-Ky Nguyen"},{id:"346708",title:"Dr.",name:"Mai Phuong",surname:"Vuong",slug:"mai-phuong-vuong",fullName:"Mai Phuong Vuong"},{id:"346709",title:"Dr.",name:"Tung-Dinh",surname:"Pham",slug:"tung-dinh-pham",fullName:"Tung-Dinh Pham"}],corrections:null},{id:"74955",title:"Central Composite Design for Response Surface Methodology and Its Application in Pharmacy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95835",slug:"central-composite-design-for-response-surface-methodology-and-its-application-in-pharmacy",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The central composite design is the most commonly used fractional factorial design used in the response surface model. In this design, the center points are augmented with a group of axial points called star points. With this design, quickly first-order and second-order terms can be estimated. In this book chapter, different types of central composite design and their significance in various experimental design were clearly explained. Nevertheless, a calculation based on alpha (α) determination and axial points were clearly described. This book chapter also amalgamates recently incepted central composite design models in various experimental conditions. Finally, one case study was also discussed to understand the actual inside of the central composite design.",signatures:"Sankha Bhattacharya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74955",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74955",authors:[{id:"250076",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankha",surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"sankha-bhattacharya",fullName:"Sankha Bhattacharya"}],corrections:null},{id:"75195",title:"Response Surface Methodology Optimization in Asphalt Mixtures: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95994",slug:"response-surface-methodology-optimization-in-asphalt-mixtures-a-review",totalDownloads:281,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The application of statistical modeling and optimization approaches such as response surface methodology (RSM) is important for the excellent potential to tackle different constraints and goals and the analysis of the relationships between independent factors influencing a particular response. This chapter provides a simple yet detailed literature review on the utilization of RSM for the design of experiments, modeling, and optimization of virgin and alternative materials into asphalt binder and mixtures for sustainability. Meanwhile, an in-depth analysis based on the literature reviewed in terms of asphalt binder modification employing RSM with various independent parameters were summarized. Also, a critical review of the application of RSM to optimize the engineering and mechanical performance characteristics of asphalt concrete mixtures is presented in this chapter. The current chapter concluded that the use of RSM statistical analysis in a highway materials perspective provides a broader understanding of the factors that control pavement performance throughout the pavement service life.",signatures:"Aliyu Usman, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Madzlan Bin Napiah and Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75195",authors:[{id:"293717",title:"Dr.",name:"Muslich Hartadi",surname:"Sutanto",slug:"muslich-hartadi-sutanto",fullName:"Muslich Hartadi Sutanto"},{id:"330923",title:"Dr.",name:"Madzlan Bin",surname:"Napiah",slug:"madzlan-bin-napiah",fullName:"Madzlan Bin Napiah"},{id:"337309",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"ALIYU",surname:"USMAN",slug:"aliyu-usman",fullName:"ALIYU USMAN"},{id:"345045",title:"MSc.",name:"Nura Shehu",surname:"Aliyu Yaro",slug:"nura-shehu-aliyu-yaro",fullName:"Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro"}],corrections:null},{id:"76722",title:"Application of Response Surface Method for Analyzing Pavement Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96508",slug:"application-of-response-surface-method-for-analyzing-pavement-performance",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hot mix asphalt (HMA) is a common material that has been largely used in the road construction industries. The main constituents of HMA are asphalt binder, mineral aggregate, and filler. The asphalt binder bounds aggregate and filler particles together and also waterproofs the mixture. The aggregate acts as a stone skeleton to impart strength and toughness to the structure, while the filler fills pores in the mixture which can improve adhesion and cohesion as well as moisture resistance. The HMA behavior depends on individual component properties and their combined reaction in the mixture. Asphalt binder properties change due to different factors. Over the years, asphalt pavement materials age, causing binder embrittlement which adversely affects pavement service life. Response Surface Method (RSM) is a set of techniques that are used to develop a series of experiment designs, determining relationships between experimental factors and responses, and using these relationships to determine the optimum conditions. Incorporating RSM in pavement technologies can beneficially help researchers to develop a better experimental matrix and give them the opportunity to analyze the changes in pavement performance in a faster, more effective, and reliable way.",signatures:"Seyed Reza Omranian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76722",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76722",authors:[{id:"337229",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Reza",surname:"Omranian",slug:"seyed-reza-omranian",fullName:"Seyed Reza Omranian"}],corrections:null},{id:"77195",title:"Selection of Optimal Processing Condition during Removal of Methylene Blue Dye Using Treated Betel Nut Fibre Implementing Desirability Based RSM Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98428",slug:"selection-of-optimal-processing-condition-during-removal-of-methylene-blue-dye-using-treated-betel-n",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto chemically (Na2CO3) treated ripe betel nut fibre (TRBNF) was studied using batch adsorption process for different concentrations of dye solutions (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L). Experiments were carried out as a function of contact time, initial solution pH (3 to11), adsorbent dose (10 gm/L – 18 gm/L) and temperature (293, 303 and 313 K). The adsorption was favoured at neutral pH and lower temperatures. Adsorption data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm and subsequently optimised using a second-order regression model by implementing face-centred CCD of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum sorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 31.25 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters suggest that the adsorption is a typical physical process, spontaneous, enthalpy driven and exothermic in nature. The maximum adsorption occurred at pH 7.0. The effect of adsorption was studied and optimum adsorption was obtained at a TRBNF dose of15 gm/L.",signatures:"Amit Kumar Dey and Abhijit Dey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77195",authors:[{id:"285796",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhijit",surname:"Dey",slug:"abhijit-dey",fullName:"Abhijit Dey"},{id:"335705",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Dr. Amit Kumar",surname:"Dey",slug:"dr.-amit-kumar-dey",fullName:"Dr. Amit Kumar Dey"}],corrections:null},{id:"76929",title:"Uses of the Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Agro-Industrial Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98283",slug:"uses-of-the-response-surface-methodology-for-the-optimization-of-agro-industrial-processes",totalDownloads:223,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Response surface methodology is a tool for the design of experiments, widely used today to optimize industrial processes, including agro-industrial ones. Since its appearance in the last century’s fifties, hundreds of articles, chapters of books, and books attest to this. In this work, a general overview of this tool’s general practical aspects is made. This statistical tool’s usefulness and popularity, used in the optimization of agro-industrial processes and in making them more efficient and sustainable, is described through multiple examples.",signatures:"José Manuel Pais-Chanfrau, Jimmy Núñez-Pérez, Rosario del Carmen Espin-Valladares, Marco Vinicio Lara-Fiallos and Luis Enrique Trujillo-Toledo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76929",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76929",authors:[{id:"262859",title:"Ph.D.",name:"José Manuel",surname:"Pais-Chanfrau",slug:"jose-manuel-pais-chanfrau",fullName:"José Manuel Pais-Chanfrau"},{id:"273373",title:"MSc.",name:"Jimmy",surname:"Núñez Pérez",slug:"jimmy-nunez-perez",fullName:"Jimmy Núñez Pérez"},{id:"320598",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosario del Carmen",surname:"Espín-Valladares",slug:"rosario-del-carmen-espin-valladares",fullName:"Rosario del Carmen Espín-Valladares"},{id:"320599",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcos Vinicio",surname:"Lara-Fiallos",slug:"marcos-vinicio-lara-fiallos",fullName:"Marcos Vinicio Lara-Fiallos"},{id:"320600",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Enrique",surname:"Trujillo-Toledo",slug:"luis-enrique-trujillo-toledo",fullName:"Luis Enrique Trujillo-Toledo"}],corrections:null},{id:"75999",title:"In Search of Optimal Laser Settings for Lithotripsy by Numerical Response Surfaces of Ablation and Retropulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96271",slug:"in-search-of-optimal-laser-settings-for-lithotripsy-by-numerical-response-surfaces-of-ablation-and-r",totalDownloads:163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Even though ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy (URSL) has become the preferred treatment option for urolithiasis due to shorter operation time and a better stone-free rate, the optimum laser pulse settings for URSL with the shortest operative times remain unknown. In this chapter, two sets of design of experiments (DOE) were conducted with response surface methodology: 1) the quantitative responses of calculus ablation and retropulsion in terms of the pulse energy, pulse width, and the number of pulses of a prototype Chromium (Cr3+), Thulium (Tm3+), Holmium (Ho3+) triple doped yttrium aluminum garnet (CTH:YAG) laser system. The ablation or retropulsion is inversely proportional to the pulse width, and the pulse width has a higher impact coefficient for the ablation than for the retropulsion. The quadratic fit of the response surface for the volume of ablation has a nonlinear relationship with the pulse width and number of pulses. 2) the laser setting optimization of laser lithotripsy of a commercially available CTH: YAG laser system. The experimental setup is based on a benchtop model first introduced by Sroka’s group. Comparing to frequency, the laser pulse energy or peak power has a higher impact coefficient to stone retropulsion as compared to stone ablation in CTH: YAG laser lithotripsy. The most efficient way to curtail stone retropulsion during laser lithotripsy is to lower the laser pulse peak power.",signatures:"Jian J. Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75999",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75999",authors:[{id:"196464",title:"Dr.",name:"Jian",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jian-zhang",fullName:"Jian Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"76683",title:"Response Surface Methodology Applied to the Optimization of Phenolic Compound Extraction from Brassica",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97655",slug:"response-surface-methodology-applied-to-the-optimization-of-phenolic-compound-extraction-from-em-bra",totalDownloads:234,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The response surface methodology (RSM) is a relevant mathematical and statistical tool for process optimization. A state of the art on the optimization of the extraction of phenolic compounds from Brassica has shown that this approach is not sufficiently used. The reason for this is certainly an apparent complexity in comparison with the implementation of a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimization. The objective of this chapter is to show how one implement the response surface methodology in a didactic way on a case study: the extraction of sinapine from mustard bran. Using this approach, prediction models have been developed and validated to predict the sinapine content extracted as well as the purity of the extract in sinapine. The methodology presented in this chapter can be reproduced on any other application in the field of process engineering.",signatures:"Valentin Reungoat, Morad Chadni and Irina Ioannou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76683",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76683",authors:[{id:"172080",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",surname:"Ioannou",slug:"irina-ioannou",fullName:"Irina Ioannou"},{id:"334877",title:"Dr.",name:"Morad",surname:"Chadni",slug:"morad-chadni",fullName:"Morad Chadni"},{id:"348648",title:"Mr.",name:"Valentin",surname:"Reungoat",slug:"valentin-reungoat",fullName:"Valentin Reungoat"}],corrections:null},{id:"75524",title:"Practicing Response Surface Designs in Textile Engineering: Yarn Breaking Strength Exercise",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96518",slug:"practicing-response-surface-designs-in-textile-engineering-yarn-breaking-strength-exercise",totalDownloads:215,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Predicting properties of end product from known properties of raw material is an important part of quality control in manufacturing. Main concept in this research is to reach a specified property of end product from known properties of raw material by attaining response surface designs with feasible region. The Ne20–19.21 T/inch yarn breaking strength (response, desired value 450 cNs) is acquired from cotton fiber properties (variables). The relationship between response and variables are obtained in response surface drawings and contour plots. The area showing the desired value in contour plots are colored in lilac and are intersected to obtain the feasible regions. By reading backwards from the feasible region borders, the variable value ranges are reached which will give the desired value of the response is obtained. When this information to start the yarn production is ready, the cotton lots containing these fiber property value ranges will be bought or from raw material in hand we will be read which yarn breaking strength will occur at the end of production. It was concluded that response surface designs with feasible region are quick, practical, and effective tools, provide valuable results, contribute a lot to quality control, and are beneficial in textile quality control.",signatures:"Nefise Gönül Şengöz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75524",authors:[{id:"208754",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Nefise",surname:"Gönül Şengöz",slug:"nefise-gonul-sengoz",fullName:"Nefise Gönül Şengöz"}],corrections:null},{id:"78667",title:"Application of Response Surface Methodology in Food Process Modeling and Optimization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100113",slug:"application-of-response-surface-methodology-in-food-process-modeling-and-optimization",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Modeling and optimization is an important task in food manufacturing. It enables one to understand and describe processes which in turn help establish quantified relationship between input and output variables. Modeling and optimization help to make informed decision on a process with the objective of improving efficiency and minimizing cost while maintaining quality. Response surface Methodology (RSM) has been employed in modeling and optimizing several food processing operations including baking, cooking, roasting, drying, extrusion, fermentation and many others. Moreover, RSM has been extensively used in product formulation and ingredient optimization. This chapter describes the application of RSM in food process modeling and optimization. The steps to be followed, the experimental designs that can be used and the interpretation of response surfaces developed are described. Moreover, selected application of RSM in food process modeling and optimization are reviewed and presented.",signatures:"Solomon Worku Kidane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78667",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78667",authors:[{id:"332875",title:"Prof.",name:"solomon Worku",surname:"Kidane",slug:"solomon-worku-kidane",fullName:"solomon Worku Kidane"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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\r\n\tThe ultimate goal of many fields of neuroscience research is to harness the ability of the mammalian brain to reorganize. The ability to control cortical reorganization in the adult cortex, either by controlling existing adult mechanisms for plasticity or by reactivating mechanisms of developmental plasticity, would be a tremendous advancement in the treatment of cortical damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, the specifics of the timing and types of reorganization possible in the mammalian visual cortex, in particular, have consistently generated tremendous interest in both the scientific community and the general public. Few sources, however, provide a combined look into the plasticity of the visual cortex in both juvenile and adult mammalian brains.
\r\n\r\n\tWhile it is clear that visual representations in the mammalian cortex can undergo significant reorganization during an early critical period of development, the extent of reorganization possible in the developing visual cortex is still an area of active investigation. This dynamic nature of cortical circuitry is important for learning, as well as for repair following nervous system injury. Similarly, several aspects of the visual cortex are thought to remain plastic into adulthood, allowing cortical sensorimotor maps to be modified continuously by experience. Because studies of the extent of cortical reorganization in the adult mammalian visual cortex have at times produced quite disparate results, many pioneering studies are now attempting to address these controversial measurements.
\r\n\r\n\tThis proposed book topic will examine our current understanding of the interplay of plasticity and stability in the developing and adult mammalian visual systems as well as our progress towards translating these fundamental research findings into updates for clinical practice.
\r\n\t
Malaria is one of the deadliest diseases of poverty. It is estimated that malaria causes 228 million illnesses and 405 thousands deaths each year. Among the sick, children aged under 5 years are the most vulnerable group affected by malaria; in 2018, they accounted for 67% (272 000) of all malaria deaths worldwide [1].
In many countries where malaria is endemic, a lack of access to adequate diagnostic services leads to poor health outcomes for fever patients, as well as poor surveillance of infections and outbreaks, and treatment monitoring [2].
To make matters worse, the appearance of antimalarial resistant parasites including artemisinin derivatives pose a major public health threat [3]. In addition, drugs such as the artemisinin-derivatives are more expensive, leading to an increased demand for patient evaluation by accurate diagnostic tests before treatment [4, 5, 6].
Therefore, it has grown in the last years a general agreement that new diagnostic tests are needed for remote areas in malaria-endemic countries. However, the new tests must show improved performance over existing techniques, so that adequate distribution of anti-malarial drugs can effectively target the disease and its outbreaks, contributing to the reduction of generation of drug-resistant parasite strains [7].
In malaria-endemic countries, the major hurdle for widespread access to malaria diagnostics is the limited health care infrastructure [8, 9]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, the useful diagnostic tool at the point of care (POC) is defined by some characteristics. It should be low cost, deliver sensitive and accurate results in as little time as possible, run on a portable instrument (ideally, should be instrument-free), require minimal external power, require minimal training before use, and not require refrigerated reagent storage and transportation. These guidelines are collectively known by the acronym ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end-users) [10]. In addition to those requirements, an ideal POC malaria diagnostic device should determine which species is infecting the patient, to establish the level of parasitemia, and be able to detect mixed or low-level infections.
Current POC tests for malaria include the smear microscopy and immunochromatographic rapid tests (RDTs). However, more sensitive and specific techniques based on nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) have been praised as the best choice for a successful malaria POC diagnostic test. In this work, we will review the status of the diagnostic technologies that have been used for malaria detection at POC conditions, discussing their main advantages and disadvantages in the POC context.
Microscopy remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis in most endemic areas. This technique allows the identification of different malaria-causing parasites (
There are two variations of the microscopy technique, the thick drop and the blood smear, both use the Giemsa dye in their preparations and are performed with sample of peripheral blood. Thick droop is made by placing a few drops of blood on a glass slide, allowing the blood to dry, and then lysing the blood (usually with water) before staining. The blood smear is made from a thin layer of cells and are fixed with methanol before reading. The thick drop allows the identification of lower parasitemias, by concentrating the parasites. The blood smear technique is more sensitive in speciating the parasites, however it does not allow the identification of low parasitemias [12].
This technique has the great advantage of being cheap (costs approximately $ 0.20 per sample), fast (approximately 1 hour between collection and the result, if performed by a skilled laboratory technicians), and does not need sophisticated equipment. The number of patients tested by microscopic examination increased an increase of 165 million tests in 2010 [13] to more than 208 million testes in 20171. The global total is dominated by India. The sensitivity of the optical microscopy technique using the thick drop method is50–500 parasites/μL, however, many factors may interfere with the results found in the thick drop technique, such as the quality of the microscope, the quality of the available staining reagents, and the skill of the technician. Several studies have shown that the sensitivity of the microscopy technique may be lower in several areas of transmission depending on the quality of the examination and the expertise of the microscopists, which can increase the number of false negative results [14, 15].
Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is a quick diagnostic approach to detect malaria among malaria-suspected patients and rule out malaria among individuals without malaria. RDTs detect parasite-specific antigens in a drop of fresh blood through lateral flow immunochromatography using antibodies to detect one or several antigens [16] (Figure 1).
Lateral flow assay architecture. Samples containing the analyte flow through the nitrocellulose membrane by capillary flow (panel A), carrying reporter antibodies (labeled with gold, latex or a fluorophore) until the mixture interacts with the test line (containing antibodies that bind the analyte of interest) and the control line (containing anti-IgG antibodies that bind to human IgG molecules)(panel B). If the control line shows a positive reaction, it is a valid test. If the test line shows a positive reaction, it is a positive sample for the specific analyte (panel C).
The RDTs detect a single species (either
The RDT test is highly sensitive and specific, it is easy to perform, simple to interpret and the results can be read in 15–30 min. These make it suitable for community-level health facilitates in rural areas and other endemic situations where equipment and professional microscopists are not accessible. However, they have a limited shelf life, and need to be kept dry and away from extremes of temperature. They may also fail to detect malaria in cases where there are low levels of parasites in the blood, and false positives are possible due to cross reactions or gametocytemia (infection with the sexual stage of the parasite only).
A brief comparison of WHO pre-qualified RDTs is presented in Table 2. WHO, in collaboration with Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), FIND, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other partners, established a protocol to measure the quality of malaria RDTs that are designed to diagnose
Product name | Manufacturer | Panel detection score | False positive rates (%) | Meets WHO performance criteria? | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
200 parasites/μL | 2000 parasites/μL | 200 parasites/μL | 2000 parasites/μL | |||||||
Pf | Pv | Pf | Pv | Pf | Pv | Pf | Pv | |||
non-Pf infection | Pf- infection | non-Pf infection | Pf- infection | |||||||
Paracheck Pf - Rapid Test for | Orchid Biomedical Systems – Tulip Diagnostics (P) Ltd | 94.0 | NA | 100.0 | NA | NA | 1.4 | NA | 4.3 | Yes |
One Step test for Malaria Pf/Pan Ag MERISCREEN Malaria Pf/Pan Ag | Meril Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd | 73.0 | NA | 99.0 | NA | NA | 0.7 | NA | 0.0 | No |
Parascreen - Rapid test for Malaria Pan/Pf | Zephyr Biomedicals – Tulip Diagnostics (P) Ltd | 91.0 | 94.3 | 100.0 | 97.1 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 1.4 | Yes |
FalciVax - Rapid test for Malaria Pv/Pf | Zephyr Biomedicals – Tulip Diagnostics (P) Ltd. | 95.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Yes |
STANDARD Q Malaria Pf/Pv Ag Tes | SD Biosensor, Inc | 85.0 | 100.0 | 99.0 | 100.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | Yes |
STANDARD Q Malaria Pf Pan Ag Test | SD Biosensor, Inc. | 88.0 | 100.0 | 99.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | Yes |
STANDARD Q Malaria Pf Ag Test | SD Biosensor, Inc. | 87.0 | NA | 99.0 | NA | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | Yes |
First Response Malaria Antigen | Premier Medical Corporation Limited | 95.0 | NA | 100.0 | NA | NA | 0.7 | NA | 0.0 | Yes |
First Response Malaria Ag. pLDH/HRP2 Combo Card Test | Premier Medical Corporation Limited | 85.0 | 73.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | No |
First Response Malaria Ag. Pf/Pv Card Test | Premier Medical Corporation Limited | 94.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | Yes |
One Step test for Malaria Pf/Pv Ag MERISCREEN Malaria Pf/Pv Ag | Meril Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd | 78.0 | 85.7 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 1.4 | Yes |
ParaHIT Ver. 1.0 Rapid Test for | ARKRAY Healthcare Pvt. Ltd | 77.0 | NA | 100,0 | NA | NA | 0.0 | NA | 0.0 | Yes |
Malaria RDT phase 2 performances in wild type clinical samples containing
NA = not applied; Pf =
NAAT have the potential to overcome several hurdles for malaria diagnostic at POC, more specifically related to the detection of low limits of infection, as well as the ability to discriminate the species and quantify the parasitemia.
As the most known nucleic acid amplification technique, PCR has long been used for malaria diagnostic in laboratory settings. PCR-based malaria assays for laboratory use are found in many variations: conventional, nested, hydrolysis probe, digital, or high resolution melting [19, 20, 21].
As expected, there is a clear correlation between the level of PCR detection and the parasitemia of a given sample ([22] and Figure 2). The lower the parasitemia, the higher the detection cycle above the baseline/threshold (a value known as Ct). Conversely, the higher the parasitemia, the lower the Ct. Figure 1 shows the detection of different amounts of parasites using two instruments: a lab-based and a portable, hand held thermocycler, the Q3-Plus [23, 24]. The linear regressions show that there is no difference in performance between both instruments using Spearman correlation, with r2 ranging from 0.73 to 0.80, showing the viability of this portable platform for POC malaria diagnosis.
Spearman correlation between PCR detection cycle and parasitemia estimated by optical microscopy. Detection of
PCR is more sensitive than both microscopy and immunochromatographic tests. PCR has been found to be especially useful for identifying low-level infections often missed by other techniques, showing a detection limit in the range of 0.5–5 parasites per μL of sample. PCR can detect multiple targets in the same reaction without losing sensitivity and specificity and can be easily parallelized in high throughput instruments [23, 25, 26, 27, 28]. The higher sensitivity is achieved by targeting multi copy genomic regions, such as 18S ribosomal RNA gene, which might be present in up to 1000 copies per genome and contains enough similarity across the genus
PCR has been coupled with lateral flow strips to create a simple and easy-to-use detection method for the amplified products, called nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA) [29, 30]. It combines the specificity of the PCR amplification with the simplicity of lateral flow strips, using DNA capture and recognition sequences and antibody-based colorimetric methods to visualize the targets on the nitrocellulose membrane. NALFIA has been evaluated under field condition in Kenya, yielding results as sensitive and specific as laboratory PCR and a limit of detection of less than 3 parasites/μL [29].
However, in general, PCR reagents must be stored and transported at freezing temperatures (−20 °C), which is one of the main factors impairing its widespread use at POC settings all over the world and partially explaining why there are so many few available options for POC use for detection of infectious diseases. Some companies that have developed complete systems that use PCR, either conventional or nested, and melting curve analysis to detect targets of interest in POC conditions. However, neither has a solution targeted to malaria.
Much effort has been done to minimize or eliminate the requirement for freezing temperature for storage and transportation of PCR reagents. Even though some progress was indeed achieved, no commercial product is yet available. Rampazzo and colleagues [23] showed a ready-to-use qPCR that can be stored in the reaction vessel at room temperature for up to 28 days without losing performance. Iglesias and coworkers [31] showed similar results using a nested PCR for malaria detection, providing a comparison with microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests. Kamau and colleagues also reported a ready-to-use multiplex PCR for malaria detection [32]. Taylor and coworkers [33] developed a portable PCR instrument that performed 12 reactions in parallel, using lyophilized reagents and high resolution melting to detect and differentiate
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is the most common isothermal amplification technique, although other methods have been developed in the last years. Other common isothermal methods, developed after the pioneering technique of the rolling circle amplification [35], are recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), helicase-dependent amplification (HDA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), and even transcription mediated amplification (TMA) [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42].
LAMP uses a complex set of four primers that bind to the region of interest and its boundaries and, after the initial amplification, create a secondary stem-and-loop structure that serves as a binding site constantly open for a new set of primers to anneal and keep the amplification happening [41, 43]. Amplification by LAMP involves two main repetitive steps of elongation by loop primers: the self-elongation step, where the template is elongated from the stem loop structure that was formed at the 3′ end, and the elongation step, where the formation of the new PCR product actually happens, polymerizing from the primers. That way, the end product is not a single band, but a series of concatamers of different sizes, all containing an amplified sequence of the target. Usually LAMP is performed at 55–65 °C by the enzyme Bst, from
Yamamura and colleagues have developed a rapid diagnostic solution for malaria by using DNA extraction through FTA paper, combined with a LAMP assay and melting curve analysis [44]. Although the solution was analyzed with real samples, the analyses were performed in the lab and not at the POC, so the protocol remains promising until tested in field conditions.
A complete technological solution able to extract DNA, amplify and detect specific DNA sequences from malaria parasites was published [43, 45]. The presented an origami device that vertically processed the sample coupled with a microfluidic lateral flow LAMP amplification and detection platform. The platform was able to detect the presence of the malaria parasite in 98% of infected individuals, with a better performance than standard POC tests, such as optical microscopy and commercial rapid immunochromatographic tests, which detected the parasite in 86 and 83% of the cases, respectively [43, 45].
A high throughput LAMP assay for malaria detection has been shown to work in field conditions, with a clinically relevant sensitivity and, importantly, low cost per analysis [46]. It needs to be evaluated on asymptomatic patients, but it remains one of the most promising candidates for a true POC test.
LAMP has also been coupled with a MiniION sequencer, being able to amplify a genomic target and then differentiate all five
Detection of PCR-amplified products by lateral flow strips has been used for detection of malaria parasites in field samples [29]. In that work, DNA was extracted using a commercial kit. However, considering the difficulties of DNA extraction in the field, we believe that LAMP is the most suitable amplification technique to be conjugated with lateral flow strips as a feasible tool to be implemented in POC settings, and it should be further evaluated. Indeed, a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy of LAMP methods revealed that it is robust for diagnosing malaria, both in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients [49].
LAMP has also been used for detection of malaria parasites with a simple 1:1000 sample dilution, thus bypassing the hurdles of nucleic acid extraction in the field [50]. Although the protocol is fast and showed excellent detection limits, it has not been tested with real samples in field conditions, and therefore its positive features remain to be confirmed.
Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) is an isothermal reaction that continuously cycle between the reverse transcriptase activity that copies an RNA sequence into a cDNA, and the activity of a polymerase for subsequent amplification. NASBA generates a high number of copies of the target per cycle, usually reaching detectable concentrations of the product faster than other isothermal methods [42].
NASBA has been used to estimate the prevalence in asymptomatic migrants [51], to estimate gametocytes density [52] and has been shown to have significant correlation with quantitative PCR [53]. Because of its great potential for detecting low-level infections, NASBA has been proposed to be a good alternative to microscopy, especially in low prevalence areas [29, 37]. However, NASBA has not been tested in field conditions, so its performance remains to be evaluated.
In recent year, biological research questions have become the center of convergence of several scientific disciplines, such as physics and engineering, joining the early partner chemistry.
Microfluidics is a general term for engineering techniques that leverage on physics forces at the micro scale to enable the miniaturization, simplification and automation of complicated analytical processes, while consuming less reagents, minimizing waste, and requiring less supporting instrumentation. Working at the microscale, microfluidic devices are portable, easy-to-use, self-contained, and low-cost diagnostic devices that allow the precise manipulation of minute amounts of liquids to be manipulated by miniaturized structures, such as micropumps, micromixers, microtweezers, and microvalves. Most attractive features of microfluidic technology for POC applications are the low volume of reagents required, faster reaction times, and compact/portable platforms [54, 55].
Microfluidics can be divided in conventional and paper-based assays. Conventional microfluidics focuses on miniaturizing regular laboratory protocols, with a special emphasis on integration of all necessary elements for the diagnostic reaction into stand-alone systems [54, 56]. In conventional microfluidic systems, liquid control can be exerted by acoustic, mechanical, magnetic, as well as capillary and centrifugal forces. Paper-based systems, on the other hand, rely mostly on the power of capillary forces, passively controlling liquid flow via hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. However, paper-based assays can integrate sample preparation and pre-concentration more easily than conventional microfluidic systems [56].
Mao and colleagues developed a portable multiplex microfluidic array system, which used LAMP to simultaneously amplify and detect malaria-related
Among the microfluidic devices, the centrifugal microfluidic device or lab-on-a-disc (LOAD) has advanced remarkably due to simple operation by rotation, allowing for total integration of protocol steps, and high-throughput capability. LOAD devices have been extensively used for molecular diagnostic assays [58]. Among many targets and applications, one stands out relative to our goals in this text. Choi and colleagues developed a platform consisting of a disposable centrifugal disc and a compact instrument able to perform real time PCR for malaria diagnosis with a relevant limit of detection [59]. Although this and other platforms showed great promise towards POC applications, they have not been tested in field conditions [58].
Aptamers, also known as ‘chemical antibodies’, are short single-stranded oligonucleotides, either DNA- or RNA-based, obtained from synthetic libraries by a process called ‘systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)’, that fold into distinct tertiary structures and are able to bind to the target with high affinity and specificity. Aptamer-coated surfaces, such as beads, sensors, or micro channels have been used to capture malaria parasites, which then can be detected by several techniques.
Fraser and colleagues developed a portable biosensor with a colorimetric approach to detect
Since blood collection is an invasive technique, other samples have been evaluated for their diagnostic capacity, in particular saliva and urine [61]. Although there has been some tests in the field using saliva for serological evaluation of samples with reasonable success, no nucleic acid amplification protocol has been used in conjunction with non-invasive samples in field application to help diagnose malaria [61]. In addition, PCR sensitivity in these samples is lower than other POC methods, impairing their current use as samples in molecular POC tests.
Infected or healthy red blood cells (RBCs) have different paramagnetic behaviors, likely due to the presence of hemozoin crystallites in iRBCs [62], and thus can be separated using magnetic fields, taking advantage of the miniaturization of magnetic resonance relaxometry (MRR) [63].
In fact, iRBCs can be enriched by a variety of methods, such as margination [64], dielectrophoresis [65], or magnetic methods [66] [67]. Margination is a separation method based on the deformability of RBCs, where microfluidic forces within the microchannels allow for the stiffer malaria iRBCs to segregate towards the device’s sidewalls [62, 63, 64, 68]. Dielectrophoresis is a force exerted on any particle when it is subjected to a non-uniform electric field, and particle manipulation is dependent on physical properties of the medium and particle electrical properties, on particle size and shape as well as frequency of electric field [69]. In contrast to dielectrophoresis, microfluidic margination offers the convenience of not needing external electrical and magnetic fields for iRBCs separation. However, both dielectrophoresis as well as magnetic methods have been used for development of diagnostic methods for malaria infection [70]. Magnetic resonance relaxometry has also recently emerged as a very attractive technique to detect ring stage parasites, using a portable permanent magnet, with very encouraging results [62, 68]. However, although promising, dielectrophoresis, magnetic resonance, or margination have not been used in POC devices for malaria diagnosis.
Banoth and colleagues developed a portable device that measures optical absorbance at 405 nm of single RBCs flowing through microfluidic channels. Variation in optical absorbance is then used to discriminate infected from health RBCs from other cellular components present in few microliters of whole blood [71]. Nam and coworkers produced a device with microfluidic channels decorated with a magnetic wire where iRBCs can be separated from hRBCs due to the paramagnetic properties of hemozoin with very high efficiencies [72].
Some malaria diagnostic approaches try to avoid sample collection and processing altogether, such as infrared spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra are acquired directly from the biological sample without the need for any signal enhancer, such as dyes or reagents highlighting the targets of interest [73, 74]. The acquired FTIR spectra are representative of the molecular composition of the sample, and multivariate data analysis can be used to uncover changes in the FTIR spectra produced by cellular and biochemical changes induced by the presence of a specific pathogen [75, 76]. A work describing the use of this technique for malaria diagnosis employed Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) to detect gametocytes at a level 100 times lower than microscopy-based testing [77]. Heraud and colleagues evaluated this technique using portable infrared spectrometers at four regional clinics in Thailand, comparing against laboratory-based qPCR. The analysis of 318 patients resulted in a high degree of sensitivity and specificity, supporting further testing in POC settings [78]. Recently, Mwanga and colleagues extended previous work [77] and provided the first demonstration that infrared spectroscopy could be coupled with supervised machine learning to accurately diagnose malaria in human dried blood spots [79]. Although more extensive field-testing must be performed, FTIR spectroscopy is indeed a promising method for point of care diagnostic of malaria.
Sample preparation has always been a challenge for molecular assays as well as a bottleneck in translating complex molecular based tests to easy-to-use point of care products. Several prototype devices have been proposed and have shown good results in laboratory settings [80].
For nucleic acid testing, Govindarajan and colleagues reported a low cost μPAD for POC extraction of bacterial DNA from raw viscous samples using microfluidic origami. As demonstrated,
The testing of clinical samples for nucleic acids has also been performed for infectious disease diagnosis in resource-limited environments, for example, to detect Ebola virus from extracted RNA or other infectious diseases [82, 83].
A complete technological solution able to extract DNA, amplify and detect specific DNA sequences from malaria parasites was published [43, 45].
Gan and colleagues developed a plastic microfluidic device that integrated a filter disc for DNA extraction from samples as distinct as whole blood, dried blood on various paper substrates, buccal swabs, saliva, and even cigarette ends. The device produced DNA suitable in quantity and quality for several downstream applications such as sequencing, SNP evaluation, and PCR [84].
Rodriguez and colleagues integrated nucleic acid extraction with isothermal amplification and detection by lateral flow on a foldable paper-based device able to detect RNA from Influenza A (H1N1) in less than one hour [85].
Kastania and coworkers present a polymeric microfluidic chip capable of purifying DNA through solid phase extraction that can be used as a stand-alone device or integrated in a lab-on-chip platform. The microfluidic channels were randomly roughened in the micro-nano scale with oxygen plasma, thereby creating high surface area as well as high density of carboxyl groups (–COOH). The –COOH groups together with an optimized buffer are able to bind DNA on the microchannel surface. DNA was the washed away by changing the solution biochemical properties. DNA extracted by this device was evaluated by conventional PCR, yielding satisfactory results [86].
These are just some examples. For an in-depth analysis of the issues of nucleic acid extraction possibilities and problems, the reader is directed to excellent reviews on the subject [80, 87, 88, 89, 90].
Currently, magnetic beads and solid-phase extraction are the prime choices for nucleic acid extraction in POC devices, even though neither is yet ready for large-scale application [80, 91, 92]. Although both methods rely on the use of chaotropic agents for cell lysis and release the nucleic acids from structural proteins, washing steps are more efficient in beads-based methods in POC prototypes. However, some simplified protocols do not use beads or membranes and rely purely on both chemical and mechanical methods to denature cell membranes as well as scaffold proteins to release nucleic acids in adequate amounts and purity for diagnosis tests [80].
As shown above, despite extensive advances, no extraction method has made its way to the market of POC diagnostic solutions, and this is a major obstacle for nucleic acid-based assays. Although promising, integration of sample preparation, nucleic acid extraction, amplification and detection of genomic targets into microfluidic devices has not yet achieve the maturity to have impacts on the diagnosis of malaria in field settings. This is clear when one considers that FTA cards are primarily used for sample transportation from the field to the lab, instead as part of a complete kit combining their sample preparation and nucleic acid capabilities with the portability, not to mention sensitivity and specificity, of some of the techniques discussed in the prior sections of this work. We are not aware of such commercial kit.
A less-spoken but nonetheless quite important challenge of POC devices is waste disposal. Proper discard of biological waste generated by POC tests is a matter of concern, and open air burning might be the only option in some circumstances. However, the situation is more complex, since some chemical waste require special treatment before disposal, such as guanidine thiocyanate used in nucleic acid extraction protocols [93]. Developers need to take this issue in consideration when developing the assays and user-friendly tests.
An absolute requirement for identification and treatment of all parasite carriers, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, is inherent to all malaria elimination programs. Such identification implies that an active search for asymptomatic patients must be performed in POC conditions: since these patients will not look for medical attention, the medical team must find them. In addition, all techniques described in the present text have intrinsic advantages and disadvantages for application in POC settings, and thus each will fulfill a different aspect of the diagnostic needs, some better than others. Table 2 presents a brief comparison between the different techniques used.
Microscopy | RDT | Nucleic Acid | |
---|---|---|---|
Limit of detection (parasitemia) | 50 parasites/μL | > 100 parasites/μL | 0.5–5 parasites/μL |
Time to perform | 60 min | 15–20 min | 2 hours |
Cost | $0.20 | <$1 to $5 | $1.50 –$20 |
Need for technical training | Yes | No | Yes |
Appropriate for remote field testing | Yes | Yes | Not yet |
Microscopy, for example, requires few and inexpensive equipments, can be operated under virtually any environment conditions and within a few hours of collecting the blood, the microscopy test can provide valuable information. However, microscopy requires a very skilled professional for appropriate reading of the slides, which poses a problem due to the relative scarce availability. Furthermore, a review work found out that microscopy underestimates
RDTs, on the other hand, do not require a skilled professional and also does not require expensive instruments. In fact, RDTs can be used with the naked eye, which makes it the perfect choice for remote and hard-to-reach areas. Although they identify
PCR is very sensitive and specific, as well as a very robust and well understood technique. Although PCR is more sensitive and specific than microscopy or RDTs, it has limited use as a POC diagnostic tool because of its proneness to contamination, relative expensive reagents, delicate instruments, the need for a stable power source and skilled workers [99, 100, 101]. If a portable and robust PCR instrument is developed and is loaded with a malaria detecting reaction as it has been recently done [23, 33], then PCR might have a place in POC settings.
Compared to PCR, LAMP has the advantage of not requiring a complex and sensitive instrument, using less energy and time to achieve a sensitive target detection. However, LAMP is prone to contamination and production of false positive results from non-target amplifications, which decreases the specificity. If these technological hurdles are solved, LAMP is the most promising nucleic acid amplification technique for use in POC settings. NASBA, a sensitive and specific amplification technique, also does not require a complex thermocycler. However, it is high cost, prone to contamination and thus production of false positives, and requires a more extensive sample preparation than LAMP. Although equipment-free, NASBA is still far from POC applications.
Non-invasive methods such as infrared detection of hemozoin are very promising due to the good results in field tests and low cost of the instrument. Together with LAMP, it remains one of the most promising techniques for POC malaria diagnosis.
Finally, yet importantly, microfluidic techniques should collaborate with any nucleic acid amplification technique to make feasible a robust, sensitive and specific malaria POC diagnostic assay. Microfluidics have the capability of overcoming most of the obstacles of sample preparation and adequate amplification and detection of genomic targets. We believe that microfluidics will be in the center of a malaria POC diagnostic assay within a few years.
When one considers the production of the tests and its associated accessories such as required instruments (microscope, thermal cycler, thermal block, to name a few) in the cost analysis, microscopy is the cheapest in the long term, after the cost of the microscope is diluted over the years, and qPCR is the most expensive. The average cost for a microscopy slide test is in the range of $0.20, while RDTs typically have a production cost of $0.50 to $2.00 per test, and nucleic acid amplification techniques harbor a production cost ranging from <$1–$5 for a LAMP assay up to $10–$20 per qPCR or NASBA assay (Table 2). Non-invasive methods have a negligible cost per assay, but its overall cost is expected to be as high as qPCR tests due to instrument costs [30, 61].
Costs associated with the different available tests must be considered not solely in terms of production costs. Cost evaluation models must also include variables such as DALY, patient’s waiting time, cost acceptance (or ‘willingness to pay’) and, perhaps most importantly, adherence to the test result by patients, pharmacists, and health care providers, which is ultimately related to the perceived reliability of the test.
As discussed in the previous sections, microscopy and RDTs are the only current diagnostic tools adapted for use in resource-limited settings. Although samples can be transported to centralized laboratories to be evaluated by nucleic acid amplification techniques, turn-around time are typically too long in rural areas of developing countries, defeating the purpose of point of care testing.
Some works have explored cost effectiveness of available malaria diagnostic options for low-resource areas: presumptive, standard microscopy, and RDTs. Shillcut and colleagues used a decision tree model and probabilistic sensitivity analysis to evaluate costs and effects of RDT-positive patients and RDT-negative non-malaria febrile patients [5]. The authors found that the threshold level at which RDTs are more cost-effective than presumptive treatment is intrinsically related to the disease prevalence in the area. A health care provider can be 95% certain that RDTs are cost-effective relative to presumptive treatment at any prevalence below 62%, while there is a 95% certainty that RDTs are not cost-effective if the prevalence if higher than 90%. Microscopy would be cost-effective with 95% certainty relative to presumptive treatment if prevalence were below 41%, and would not be effective at prevalence rates above 83%. Finally, Shillcut and colleagues determined that RDTs are more than 85% likely to be cost-effective relative to microscopy at any level of disease prevalence [5]. Although the authors clearly show that RDTs are cost-effective, little is known about the impact of the facility of use and adherence to therapy that easy-to-use diagnostic tests might have on the patients [5, 102]. Similar results were observed in a deeper analysis using data from urban and rural areas of Nigeria [103], Kenya [104], and the Brazilian Extra-Amazon Region [105].
However, a recent study showed that patients are not always willing to pay for RDTs [106]. Since subsidies for artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) already exist, it has been argued that similar subsidies could incentivize patients and health care providers to choose RDTs instead of presumptive treatment [107, 108]. Under that assumption, Bath and colleagues used a more complete decision tree and showed that subsidized RDTs could promote increased use of first-line antimalarials. Therefore, RDTs cost-effectiveness relative to microscopy or presumptive treatment would be true also in high prevalence areas, where a greater proportion of patients would benefit from increased first-line antimalarials use [108].
In summary, there are different methods can be employed for the diagnosis of human malaria. While microscopy remains the gold standard, being the mainstay of parasite-based diagnosis, its characteristics are inadequate for ensuring good sensitivity and specificity of malaria diagnosis in the field, adversely affecting health outcomes and optimal use of resources. An acceptable microscopy service is one that is both cost-effective and provides results that are consistently accurate and sufficiently timely to have a direct impact on treatment. This requires a comprehensive and functioning quality assurance program that is lacking in most malaria-endemic countries. RDT tests, which require little expertise to use and are quality-assured from the factory, are a good alternative for malaria diagnosis in remote areas. However, RDTs have no species-specific capacity to identify all five malaria species, and the parasite can present different mutations that hinder this diagnosis by increasing false-negative results. Nuclei acid-based tests, on the contrary, are specific, sensitive, and flexible to be adapted into a POC assay. Nucleic acid-based POC tests have the potential to reduce inappropriate use of anti malarials in endemic regions, bypassing the time and expertise required for microscopic analysis; however, they are more expensive and have not yet been truly adapted for use in remote areas. However, significant advances have been made to facilitate the use of POC methods, so we firmly believe that, within the coming years, interdisciplinary partnership will certainly blend innovative knowledge in biology, chemistry and physics to overcome the major hurdles impairing widespread use of nucleic acid POC tests.
The authors would like to express gratitude to Mr. Wagner Nagib de Souza Birbeire for the development of the scientific image in Figure 1.
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Anthocyanins are responsible for the color of red grapes and wines, hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids act as copigments, stilbenes as antioxidants and the flavan-3-ols are mainly responsible for the astringency, bitterness and structure of wines, being involved also in the color stabilization during aging. This chapter will focus on the chemical structures of the main polyphenols, their identification and quantification in grapes and wines by advanced analytical techniques, highlighting also the maceration and aging impact on the polyphenols evolution. The factors influencing the phenolic accumulation in grapes are also reviewed, emphasizing as well the relationship between phenolic content in grapes versus wine. Polyphenolic changes during the wine making process are highlighted along with the main polyphenol extraction methods and analysis techniques. This research will contribute to the improvement in the knowledge of polyphenols: their presence in grapes, the relationship with wine quality and the influence of the external factors on their evolution.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Violeta-Carolina Niculescu, Nadia Paun and Roxana-Elena Ionete",authors:[{id:"187102",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionete",slug:"roxana-ionete",fullName:"Roxana Ionete"},{id:"206056",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",middleName:"Carolina",surname:"Niculescu",slug:"violeta-niculescu",fullName:"Violeta Niculescu"},{id:"207020",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Paun",slug:"nadia-paun",fullName:"Nadia Paun"}]},{id:"58638",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72823",title:"Occurrence and Analysis of Sulfur Compounds in Wine",slug:"occurrence-and-analysis-of-sulfur-compounds-in-wine",totalDownloads:1956,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Sulfur compounds play an important role in the sensory characteristics of wine. These molecules can derive from the grape, in which the non-volatile forms are usually present as glycosylated molecules, the metabolic activities of yeast and bacteria, the chemical reactions taking place during the wine aging and storage, and the environment. The sulfur compounds include molecules positively correlated to the aromatic profile of wine, namely the volatile thiols, and are responsible for certain defects, imparting notes described as cabbage, onion, rotten egg, garlic, sulfur and rubber. Due to the low concentration of these molecules in wine, their high reactivity and the matrix complexity, the analytical methods which enable their detection and quantification represent a challenge. The solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique has been developed for sulfur compounds associated with off-flavors. The analysis of volatile thiols usually requires a derivatization followed by gas chromatography (GC)-MS or UPLC-MS methods. Besides the sulfur-containing aromas, another sulfur compound that deserves mention is the reduced glutathione (GSH) which has been widely studied due to its antioxidant properties. The analysis of GSH has been proposed using a liquid chromatography technique (HPLC or UPLC) coupled with fluorescence, MS and UV detectors.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Daniela Fracassetti and Ileana Vigentini",authors:[{id:"207271",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Fracassetti",slug:"daniela-fracassetti",fullName:"Daniela Fracassetti"},{id:"220967",title:"Dr.",name:"Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Vigentini",slug:"ileana-vigentini",fullName:"Ileana Vigentini"}]},{id:"66619",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85692",title:"Contribution of the Microbiome as a Tool for Estimating Wine’s Fermentation Output and Authentication",slug:"contribution-of-the-microbiome-as-a-tool-for-estimating-wine-s-fermentation-output-and-authenticatio",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Wine is the alcoholic beverage which is the product of alcoholic fermentation, usually, of fresh grape must. Grape microbiome is the source of a vastly diverse pool of filamentous fungi, yeast, and bacteria, the combination of which plays a crucial role for the quality of the final product of any grape must fermentation. In recent times, the significance of this pool of microorganisms has been acknowledged by several studies analyzing the microbial ecology of grape berries of different geographical origins, cultural practices, grape varieties, and climatic conditions. Furthermore, the microbial evolution of must during fermentation process has been overstudied. The combination of the microbial evolution along with metabolic and sensorial characterizations of the produced wines could lead to the suggestion of the microbial terroir. These aspects are today leading to open a new horizon for products such as wines, especially in the case of PDO-PGI products. The aims of this review is to describe (a) how the microbiome communities are dynamically differentiated during the process of fermentation from grape to ready-to-drink wine, in order to finalize each wine’s unique sensorial characteristics, and (b) whether the microbiome could be used as a fingerprinting tool for geographical indication, based on high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies. Nowadays, it has been strongly indicated that microbiome analysis of grapes and fermenting musts using next-generation sequencing (NGS) could open a new horizon for wine, in the case of protected designation of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI) determination.",book:{id:"8054",slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Dimitrios A. Anagnostopoulos, Eleni Kamilari and Dimitrios Tsaltas",authors:[{id:"180885",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dimitris",middleName:null,surname:"Tsaltas",slug:"dimitris-tsaltas",fullName:"Dimitris Tsaltas"},{id:"203761",title:"MSc.",name:"Dimitris",middleName:null,surname:"Anagnostopoulos",slug:"dimitris-anagnostopoulos",fullName:"Dimitris Anagnostopoulos"},{id:"271801",title:"Ms.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Kamilari",slug:"elena-kamilari",fullName:"Elena Kamilari"}]},{id:"67444",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86443",title:"Somatic Variation and Cultivar Innovation in Grapevine",slug:"somatic-variation-and-cultivar-innovation-in-grapevine",totalDownloads:1036,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Paradoxically, continuous vegetative multiplication of traditional grapevine cultivars aimed to maintain cultivar attributes in this highly heterozygous species ends in the accumulation of considerable somatic variation. This variation has long contributed to cultivar adaptation and evolution under changing environmental and cultivation conditions and has also been a source of novel traits. Understanding how this somatic variation originates provides tools for genetics-assisted tracking of selected variants and breeding. Potentially, the identification of the mutations causing the observed phenotypic variation can now help to direct genome editing approaches to improve the genotype of elite traditional cultivars. Molecular characterization of somatic variants can also generate basic information helping to understand gene biological function. In this chapter, we review the state of the art on somatic variation in grapevine at phenotypic and genome sequence levels, present possible strategies for the study of this variation, and describe a few examples in which the genetic and molecular basis or very relevant grapevine traits were successfully identified.",book:{id:"8054",slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Pablo Carbonell-Bejerano, Carolina Royo, Nuria Mauri, Javier Ibáñez and José Miguel Martínez Zapater",authors:[{id:"287215",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez Zapater",slug:"jose-miguel-martinez-zapater",fullName:"Jose Miguel Martinez Zapater"},{id:"287226",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Ibáñez",slug:"javier-ibanez",fullName:"Javier Ibáñez"},{id:"300441",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Carbonell-Bejerano",slug:"pablo-carbonell-bejerano",fullName:"Pablo Carbonell-Bejerano"},{id:"300442",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Royo",slug:"carolina-royo",fullName:"Carolina Royo"},{id:"300444",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Mauri",slug:"nuria-mauri",fullName:"Nuria Mauri"}]},{id:"57946",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71627",title:"Microbiological, Physical, and Chemical Procedures to Elaborate High-Quality SO2-Free Wines",slug:"microbiological-physical-and-chemical-procedures-to-elaborate-high-quality-so2-free-wines",totalDownloads:1616,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the most preservative used in the wine industry and has been widely applied, as antioxidant and antibacterial agent. However, the use of sulfur dioxide implicates a range of adverse clinical effects. Therefore, the replacement of the SO2 content in wines is one of the most important challenges for scientist and winemakers. This book chapter gives an overview regarding different microbiological, physical, and chemical alternatives to elaborate high-quality SO2-free wines. In the present chapter, original research articles as well as review articles and results obtained by the research group of the Wine Technology Center (VITEC) are shown. This study provides useful information related to this novel and healthy type of wines, highlighting the development of winemaking strategies and procedures.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego, Miquel Puxeu, Laura Martín, Enric Nart, Claudio\nHidalgo and Imma Andorrà",authors:[{id:"207221",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrer-Gallego",slug:"raul-ferrer-gallego",fullName:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego"},{id:"208597",title:"Dr.",name:"Miquel",middleName:null,surname:"Puxeu",slug:"miquel-puxeu",fullName:"Miquel Puxeu"},{id:"208598",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"laura-martin",fullName:"Laura Martín"},{id:"208599",title:"Mr.",name:"Enric",middleName:null,surname:"Nart",slug:"enric-nart",fullName:"Enric Nart"},{id:"208600",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Hidalgo",slug:"claudio-hidalgo",fullName:"Claudio Hidalgo"},{id:"208601",title:"Dr.",name:"Imma",middleName:null,surname:"Andorrà",slug:"imma-andorra",fullName:"Imma Andorrà"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58638",title:"Occurrence and Analysis of Sulfur Compounds in Wine",slug:"occurrence-and-analysis-of-sulfur-compounds-in-wine",totalDownloads:1953,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Sulfur compounds play an important role in the sensory characteristics of wine. These molecules can derive from the grape, in which the non-volatile forms are usually present as glycosylated molecules, the metabolic activities of yeast and bacteria, the chemical reactions taking place during the wine aging and storage, and the environment. The sulfur compounds include molecules positively correlated to the aromatic profile of wine, namely the volatile thiols, and are responsible for certain defects, imparting notes described as cabbage, onion, rotten egg, garlic, sulfur and rubber. Due to the low concentration of these molecules in wine, their high reactivity and the matrix complexity, the analytical methods which enable their detection and quantification represent a challenge. The solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique has been developed for sulfur compounds associated with off-flavors. The analysis of volatile thiols usually requires a derivatization followed by gas chromatography (GC)-MS or UPLC-MS methods. Besides the sulfur-containing aromas, another sulfur compound that deserves mention is the reduced glutathione (GSH) which has been widely studied due to its antioxidant properties. The analysis of GSH has been proposed using a liquid chromatography technique (HPLC or UPLC) coupled with fluorescence, MS and UV detectors.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Daniela Fracassetti and Ileana Vigentini",authors:[{id:"207271",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Fracassetti",slug:"daniela-fracassetti",fullName:"Daniela Fracassetti"},{id:"220967",title:"Dr.",name:"Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Vigentini",slug:"ileana-vigentini",fullName:"Ileana Vigentini"}]},{id:"57497",title:"Recovering Ancient Grapevine Varieties: From Genetic Variability to In Vitro Conservation, A Case Study",slug:"recovering-ancient-grapevine-varieties-from-genetic-variability-to-in-vitro-conservation-a-case-stud",totalDownloads:1768,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"A great number of varieties have been described in grapevine; however, few of them are currently in use. The increasing concern on varietal diversity loss has encouraged actions for recovering and preserving grapevine germplasm, which represents valuable resources for breeding as well as for diversification in grapevine-derived products. On the other hand, it is expected that this important crop, which is distributed in warm areas worldwide, will suffer the climate changes. Therefore, it is also convenient the identification of intravarietal variability and the recovery of accessions well adapted to particular environments. In this chapter, we will contribute to highlight the importance of recovering ancient materials, the usefulness of SSR markers to determine their molecular profile, the importance to analyze their virus status, and the possibilities that offer biotechnological tools for virus sanitation and in vitro storage as a complement of field preservation. In this context, we have evaluated different grapevine accessions and developed in vitro culture protocols for micropropagation, sanitation, and storage grapevine cultivars. In this work, we report the results obtained for the historic variety “Valencí Blanc” (or “Beba”) and the historic and endangered variety “Esclafagerres” (“Esclafacherres” or “Esclafacherris”).",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Carmina Gisbert, Rosa Peiró, Tania San Pedro, Antonio Olmos,\nCarles Jiménez and Julio García",authors:[{id:"207745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmina",middleName:null,surname:"Gisbert",slug:"carmina-gisbert",fullName:"Carmina Gisbert"},{id:"207748",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Peiró",slug:"rosa-maria-peiro",fullName:"Rosa María Peiró"},{id:"207749",title:"Ms.",name:"Tania",middleName:null,surname:"San Pedro Galán",slug:"tania-san-pedro-galan",fullName:"Tania San Pedro Galán"},{id:"207750",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Olmos",slug:"antonio-olmos",fullName:"Antonio Olmos"}]},{id:"58633",title:"The Evolution of Polyphenols from Grapes to Wines",slug:"the-evolution-of-polyphenols-from-grapes-to-wines",totalDownloads:2023,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Polyphenols play an important role in the quality of wines, due to their contribution to the wine sensory properties: color, astringency and bitterness. They act as antioxidants, having positive role in human health. They can be divided into non-flavonoid (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids and stilbenes) and flavonoid compounds (anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and flavonols). Anthocyanins are responsible for the color of red grapes and wines, hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids act as copigments, stilbenes as antioxidants and the flavan-3-ols are mainly responsible for the astringency, bitterness and structure of wines, being involved also in the color stabilization during aging. This chapter will focus on the chemical structures of the main polyphenols, their identification and quantification in grapes and wines by advanced analytical techniques, highlighting also the maceration and aging impact on the polyphenols evolution. The factors influencing the phenolic accumulation in grapes are also reviewed, emphasizing as well the relationship between phenolic content in grapes versus wine. Polyphenolic changes during the wine making process are highlighted along with the main polyphenol extraction methods and analysis techniques. This research will contribute to the improvement in the knowledge of polyphenols: their presence in grapes, the relationship with wine quality and the influence of the external factors on their evolution.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Violeta-Carolina Niculescu, Nadia Paun and Roxana-Elena Ionete",authors:[{id:"187102",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",middleName:null,surname:"Ionete",slug:"roxana-ionete",fullName:"Roxana Ionete"},{id:"206056",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",middleName:"Carolina",surname:"Niculescu",slug:"violeta-niculescu",fullName:"Violeta Niculescu"},{id:"207020",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Paun",slug:"nadia-paun",fullName:"Nadia Paun"}]},{id:"67760",title:"Production and Marketing of Low-Alcohol Wine",slug:"production-and-marketing-of-low-alcohol-wine",totalDownloads:1300,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Moderate wine consumption may be associated with specific health benefits and a healthy lifestyle. However, increased amounts of ethanol are cytotoxic and associated with adverse health outcomes. Alcohol reduction in wine might be an avenue to reduce alcohol related harm without forcing consumers to compromise on lifestyle and benefit from positive aspects of moderate consumption. The aim of this review is to give an overview of viticultural and pre and post fermentation methods to produce low-alcohol wine, and to summarize the current evidence on the consumer acceptance and behaviour related to low-alcohol wine. Strategies for the labelling and marketing of wines with reduced alcohol content are discussed.",book:{id:"8054",slug:"advances-in-grape-and-wine-biotechnology",title:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology",fullTitle:"Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology"},signatures:"Tamara Bucher, Kristine Deroover and Creina Stockley",authors:[{id:"289140",title:"Dr.",name:"Creina",middleName:null,surname:"Stockley",slug:"creina-stockley",fullName:"Creina Stockley"},{id:"289141",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Bucher",slug:"tamara-bucher",fullName:"Tamara Bucher"},{id:"289142",title:"Ms.",name:"Kristine",middleName:null,surname:"Deroover",slug:"kristine-deroover",fullName:"Kristine Deroover"}]},{id:"57946",title:"Microbiological, Physical, and Chemical Procedures to Elaborate High-Quality SO2-Free Wines",slug:"microbiological-physical-and-chemical-procedures-to-elaborate-high-quality-so2-free-wines",totalDownloads:1613,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the most preservative used in the wine industry and has been widely applied, as antioxidant and antibacterial agent. However, the use of sulfur dioxide implicates a range of adverse clinical effects. Therefore, the replacement of the SO2 content in wines is one of the most important challenges for scientist and winemakers. This book chapter gives an overview regarding different microbiological, physical, and chemical alternatives to elaborate high-quality SO2-free wines. In the present chapter, original research articles as well as review articles and results obtained by the research group of the Wine Technology Center (VITEC) are shown. This study provides useful information related to this novel and healthy type of wines, highlighting the development of winemaking strategies and procedures.",book:{id:"6077",slug:"grapes-and-wines-advances-in-production-processing-analysis-and-valorization",title:"Grapes and Wines",fullTitle:"Grapes and Wines - Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis and Valorization"},signatures:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego, Miquel Puxeu, Laura Martín, Enric Nart, Claudio\nHidalgo and Imma Andorrà",authors:[{id:"207221",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrer-Gallego",slug:"raul-ferrer-gallego",fullName:"Raúl Ferrer-Gallego"},{id:"208597",title:"Dr.",name:"Miquel",middleName:null,surname:"Puxeu",slug:"miquel-puxeu",fullName:"Miquel Puxeu"},{id:"208598",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martín",slug:"laura-martin",fullName:"Laura Martín"},{id:"208599",title:"Mr.",name:"Enric",middleName:null,surname:"Nart",slug:"enric-nart",fullName:"Enric Nart"},{id:"208600",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Hidalgo",slug:"claudio-hidalgo",fullName:"Claudio Hidalgo"},{id:"208601",title:"Dr.",name:"Imma",middleName:null,surname:"Andorrà",slug:"imma-andorra",fullName:"Imma Andorrà"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1411",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81659",title:"State-of-the-Art Knowledge about 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) and Strategies to Avoid Cork Taint in Wine",slug:"state-of-the-art-knowledge-about-2-4-6-trichloroanisole-tca-and-strategies-to-avoid-cork-taint-in-wi",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103709",abstract:"Cork stoppers have been used for many centuries to seal wine in various vessels. Therefore, corks have become a traditional part of wine packaging in many countries and still play an important role for the entire wine industry. Nowadays, there is a wide option of bottle cork stoppers on the market, such as natural corks, agglomerated and technical stoppers (1 + 1), etc. These cork closures have a number of advantages, including positive sustainable and ecological aspects. Natural cork material can also be responsible for cork taint, which imparts musty/moldy or wet cardboard off-odors to the wine. However, corks are not the only source of cork taint in wine, as will be shown in the present chapter. Over the past decades, a number of compounds have been detected that can contribute to the cork taint. Among them, haloanisoles play a major role, in particular 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), which has been shown to be responsible for 50–80% or more of musty defect cases in wine. Currently, the cork and wine industries have developed a number of tools and technologies to effectively prevent cork tait in wine or to remove it if the wine is already contaminated. These practical as well as analytical questions about the TCA defects are the subject of the actual chapter.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Andrii Tarasov, Miguel Cabral, Christophe Loisel, Paulo Lopes, Christoph Schuessler and Rainer Jung"},{id:"78620",title:"Table Grapes: There Is More to Vitiviniculture than Wine…",slug:"table-grapes-there-is-more-to-vitiviniculture-than-wine",totalDownloads:141,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99986",abstract:"Table grapes are fruits intended for fresh human consumption due to their sensory attributes and nutritional value. The objective of this chapter is to review the existing knowledge about table grapes, including a description of different varieties, with particular emphasis on the new highly appreciated seedless varieties. Following an introductory note on the world distribution and production of table grapes, also considering the impact of climate change, selected varieties of table grapes will be characterized in terms of their physiology, postharvest features, and consumer preferences. A morphological description of each variety, with emphasis on grape skin, grape rachis and grape cluster will be included. A final note on the drying of table grapes into raisins, and the most appropriate varieties for drying, will be given. The major changes occurring throughout the growth, development, and ripening phases of table grapes production will be discussed, regarding both physical (skin color and skin and pulp texture) and chemical (phenolic compounds, sugar content and acidity) parameters, as well as growth regulators.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Ana Cristina Agulheiro-Santos, Marta Laranjo and Sara Ricardo-Rodrigues"},{id:"79500",title:"New Insights about the Influence of Yeasts Autolysis on Sparkling Wines Composition and Quality",slug:"new-insights-about-the-influence-of-yeasts-autolysis-on-sparkling-wines-composition-and-quality",totalDownloads:94,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101314",abstract:"Sparkling wines elaborated using the traditional method undergo a second fermentation in the bottle. This process involves an aging time in contact with the lees, which enriches the wine in various substances, especially proteins, mannoproteins and polysaccharides, thanks to the autolysis of the yeasts. As a result of this yeast autolysis, sparkling wines benefit from better integration of carbon dioxide and a clear sensory improvement, especially in the case of long aging. This chapter synthetizes the main results that our research group has obtained about the influence of yeasts autolysis on sparkling wines composition and quality during last years, making special emphasis on the capacity of the lees to release proteins and polysaccharides as well as on their capacity to consume oxygen and thus protect the sparkling wines from oxidation.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Pere Pons-Mercadé, Pol Giménez, Glòria Vilomara, Marta Conde, Antoni Cantos, Nicolas Rozès, Sergi Ferrer, Joan Miquel Canals and Fernando Zamora"},{id:"79110",title:"Microbial Decontamination by Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) in Winemaking",slug:"microbial-decontamination-by-pulsed-electric-fields-pef-in-winemaking",totalDownloads:81,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101112",abstract:"Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) is a non-thermal technique that causes electroporation of cell membranes by applying very short pulses (μs) of a high-intensity electric field (kV/cm). Irreversible electroporation leads to the formation of permanent conductive channels in the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, resulting in the loss of cell viability. This effect is achieved with low energy requirements and minimal deterioration of quality. This chapter reviews the studies hitherto conducted to evaluate the potential of PEF as a technology for microbial decontamination in the winemaking process for reducing or replacing the use of SO2, for guaranteeing reproducible fermentations or for wine stabilization.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Carlota Delso, Alejandro Berzosa, Jorge Sanz, Ignacio Álvarez and Javier Raso"},{id:"78993",title:"pH Control and Aroma Improvement Using the Non-Saccharomyces Lachancea thermotolerans and Hanseniaspora spp. Yeasts to Improve Wine Freshness in Warm Areas",slug:"ph-control-and-aroma-improvement-using-the-non-saccharomyces-lachancea-thermotolerans-and-hanseniasp",totalDownloads:90,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100538",abstract:"Lachancea thermotolerans is a yeast species that works as a powerful bio tool capable of metabolizing grape sugars into lactic acid via lactate dehydrogenase enzymes. The enological impact is an increase in total acidity and a decrease in pH levels (sometimes >0.5 pH units) with a concomitant slight reduction in alcohol (0.2–0.4% vol.), which helps balance freshness in wines from warm areas. In addition, higher levels of molecular SO2 are favored, which helps to decrease SO2 total content and achieve better antioxidant and antimicrobial performance. The simultaneous use with some apiculate yeast species of the genus Hanseniaspora helps to improve the aromatic profile through the production of acetyl esters and, in some cases, terpenes, which makes the wine aroma more complex, enhancing floral and fruity scents and making more complex and fresh wines. Furthermore, many species of Hanseniaspora increase the structure of wines, thus improving their body and palatability. Ternary fermentations with Lachancea thermotolerans and Hanseniaspora spp. sequentially followed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae are a useful bio tool for producing fresher wines from neutral varieties in warm areas.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Antonio Morata, Carlos Escott, Iris Loira, Juan Manuel Del Fresno, Cristian Vaquero, María Antonia Bañuelos, Felipe Palomero, Carmen López and Carmen González"},{id:"78970",title:"Alternatives to CU Applications in Viticulture. How R&D Projects Can Provide Applied Solutions, Helping to Establish Legislation Limits",slug:"alternatives-to-cu-applications-in-viticulture-how-r-d-projects-can-provide-applied-solutions-helpin",totalDownloads:180,totalDimensionsCites:2,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100500",abstract:"Copper (Cu) and its based preparations have been used for over 200 years to control fungi and bacterial diseases in cultivated plants. Downy mildew caused by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola is one of the most relevant and recurrent diseases of grapevines. Recently, the use of Cu is being limited by some regulations because of its high impact at different levels (health and environmental problems). Due to its accumulation in soil, this metal causes a little controversy with the principles of sustainable production. Therefore, international legislation and initiatives have recently been arisen to start limiting its use, with the main goal to replace it. In this framework, some alternatives have been tested and others are recently being developed to replace, at least partially, the use of Cu in viticulture. Many of them, are being developed and tested under the scope of research and development EU funded projects. To not compromise sustainability targets in viticulture, results from these R&D projects need to be considered to assess the present risks of using Cu in viticulture and to better support establishing limits for its applications, considering soils vulnerability, while no sustainable alternatives are available in the market.",book:{id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg"},signatures:"Mario De La Fuente, David Fernández-Calviño, Bartosz Tylkowski, Josep M. Montornes, Magdalena Olkiewicz, Ruth Pereira, Anabela Cachada, Tito Caffi, Giorgia Fedele and Felicidad De Herralde"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:16},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. 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He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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