Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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He is a chemist by profession who obtained his Ph.D. from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, where his work was concentrated on the construction of the Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter, which was used for the characterization of activated carbons. Professor Moreno has spent his research career developing new materials for water purification. These interesting materials have been synthesized and he has also designed several microcalorimeters that have contributed to these studies. As a result of his research, Professor Moreno-Piraján has 160 publications. 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By using this calorimeter the heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of two kinds of function materials, ionic liquid and nanomaterials, were investigated. The heat capacities of IL [EMIM][TCB] were measured over the temperature range from 78 to 370 K by the high-precision-automated adiabatic calorimeter. Five kinds of nanostructured oxide materials, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO2, ZrO2, and two kinds of nanocrystalline metals: nickel and copper were investigated from heat capacity measurements. 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\r\n\tThe book Endothelial Dysfunction book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. \r\n\tThe contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.
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His research areas include cardiovascular biology and aging, atherosclerosis, and redox biology. He has authored of over 55 peer-reviewed publications, edited 8 books and chapters, and presented at over 30 international conferences. He has served as editorial board and reviewer of >20 prestigious journals, e.g. European Heart Journal, and professional member of over 10 international scientific associations, including American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). He has been honored with numerous international and national awards (25 prizes), namely, including \\"Paul Dudley White International Award\\" from American Heart Association, \\"AGLA Walter Riesen Award\\" from Swiss Atherosclerosis Association, prize of \\"European Atherosclerosis Society Young Investigator Fellowship 2021\\", and \\"Harvard Postdoctoral Fellowship\\".',institutionString:"Harvard Medical School",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Harvard Medical School",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177730",firstName:"Edi",lastName:"Lipovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177730/images/4741_n.jpg",email:"edi@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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1. Introduction
PetroVietnam recently discovered a hydrocarbon flow in the Pre-Cenozoic carbonate rocks of the northern Song Hong basin, Vietnam northern continental shelf, which has since become a potential object in oil and gas exploration operations and has attracted the interest of petroleum companies. As the Song Hong basin where penetrated by the petroleum exploration wells show that the basement rock formations are mainly sedimentary rocks which were deposited in shallow marine environment. They consist of strongly altered carbonate rocks with age varying from Permian to Early Carboniferous and their thickness reach over 500 m. The above covering of the basement rocks is the Cenozoic sediments and its petroleum systems have been considered within the framework of Cenozoic stratigraphy, this finding has suggested a new approach for managing the petroleum systems of the basin. Therefore, this area has been extensively investigated by PetroVietnam and foreign petroleum companies, and detailed studies have been conducted on the litho-sedimentological characteristics of the carbonate rocks [1, 2, 3, 4]; the characteristics of the Mesozoic carbonate reservoir [5]; determining the geological age and building a geological prediction model for the Pre-Cenozoic carbonate basement [6]; and other projects [7, 8] in the northern Song Hong basin. However, geological data for this area is limited, therefore, PetroVietnam has indirectly conducted many studies using field models that focus on the outcrops in areas adjacent to the northern Song Hong basin. One of the problems currently under discussion is the petrological characteristics and ages of the carbonate formations of the carbonate rocks and their relationship in the northern Song Hong basin and the adjacent areas. Many field studies have been conducted to evaluate the petrology, stratigraphy, and tectonic characteristics of the Cat Ba, Co To, and Bach Long Vi islands and their adjacent areas, including Hai Phong, Ha Long Bay, and Quang Ninh. The results of these studies show that the ages of the carbonate formations of the study area in the northern Song Hong basin are similar to those of several islands in the Vietnam northern shelf, according to the characteristics of foraminiferal assemblages. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the petrology and stratigraphy of the carbonate formations in the northern Song Hong basin and their correlation with those of adjacent island. Three wells at a depth of over 3500 m with a carbonate rocks thickness of approximately 500 m were studied in the northern Song Hong basin. This study is very important for providing petrological characteristic and evidence regarding foraminiferal fossils to determine the stratigraphic relationship between wells and adjacent areas. It might also be applied for stratigraphic correlation and comparison of reservoir models in the wells.
2. Geological settings
The study area is located at northern Vietnam on the South china plate (Figure 1). In the Late Paleozoic, the South China plate collided with the Indochina plate and formed a broad northwest-southeast mobile belt, which included the Ailaoshan, Song Ma, and Dian-Qiong sutures that represent the complex boundary zone between the Indochina and South China plates in northern Vietnam, and the southeastern part of the South China plate [9]. The Song Ma suture zone is composed of large amount of serpentinite, altered gabbro, and chromitite. The serpentinite may serve as a remnant of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere [10]. According to Metcalfe [11], large-scale folding, thrust, and nappe formation in the Early-Middle Carboniferous, blanketing Middle Carboniferous strata, and plant remains suggest that this suture was originated in the Early Carboniferous.
Figure 1.
Map of the sedimentary basins of Vietnam continental shelf and adjacent areas, and the location of study area [4].
The northern Song Hong basin is composed of Pre-Cenozoic rocks, including carbonate, clastic, and metamorphic rocks, which are overlain by Cenozoic rocks [12]. Carbonates are the major rocks, while the other rocks are present to a lesser extent. The carbonate rocks consist of about (500 m thick) of Paleozoic successions originating during Devonian and Permian [8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Limestones are classified dolostone and crystalline limestone. The dolostones were probably originally mud-supported limestones that have been partially to completely replaced by variably finely to coarsely crystalline, anhedral to subhedral (xenotopic to hypidotopic), rhombic dolomites and are classified probably as crystalline dolostones. Crystalline limestone, in which lime mud matrix has mostly recrystallized to microspar/pseudospar. Locally, limestone has been fractured. There also appear some dolomite conglomerates, which are predominantly made up of gravel-sized dolomite grains and dolomite cement.
The northern part of this area is in the Quang Ninh zone, the southern part is located in the western part of Bac Bo (Tonkin) Gulf [22], and the entire study area is in the northern Song Ma suture zone. In which, the Quang Ninh zone is studied quite in detail on petrography and paleontology in the sections on Cat Ba island. The exposed lithology on Cat Ba island is dominated by carbonate rocks that have been described and updated by [13, 20, 23, 24], and consists of the Trang Kenh (D2-D3tk), Pho Han (D3-C1ph), and Bac Son (C-P bs) formations (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
The late Paleozoic stratigraphy column of the Northeast Vietnam (Bac Bo Gulf) [25].
3. Materials and methods
The current study was performed using petrographic microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. 81 thin-sectioned from carbonate units were prepared and stained by ARS (Alizarine Red Solution) to distinguish calcite and dolomite using Dickson’s method [26]. Thin sections were studied under polarized microscopy to analyze petrography. The determination of visible porosity was performed by modal analysis, which involved counting 300 points per thin section [27, 28]. The carbonate rock was classified based on Dunham’s classification [29] and its modification by Embry and Klovan [30]. 218 additional oriented thin sections are used to identify foraminifera (genus or species names). If the foraminifera were found to be relatively large upon separation from the carbonate debris, they were fixed onto the glass slide and then polished until all chambers or internal structures could be observed.
31 samples of dolostone and limestone were examined using a JEOL Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) in order to identify and assess the morphology, type of authigenic minerals and their relationship to framework grains and pore network.
93 samples of dolostone and limestone were examined using D8-Advance automatic system that carried out X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for determining the mineralogical composition based on amount in term of Semi-Quantitative. All of them were performed at Vietnam Petroleum Institute (VPI) in Vietnam.
4. Results and discussions
4.1 Petrological and stratigraphic characteristics of carbonate rocks in the early Carboniferous
The Early Carboniferous carbonate rocks has sporadically been interbedded dolostone, limestones and dolomitic limestones and a small amount of limestone alternating clamps, with a thickness of approximately 400 m to belong to the Pho Han (D3-C1ph) formation. Dolostones consist of euhedral and subhedral rhombic dolomite crystals with planar-euhedral and planar-subhedral texture [31] (Figure 3). These rocks have severely been affected by compaction, which are manifested by stylolitization and fracturing. Foraminifera fossil could be not found due to dolomitization. Limestone is classified mainly of lime-mudstone and minor amount of packstone. The lime-mudstones are composed of micrite and microspar calcite. The skeletal grains consist of mainly well-preserved benthic foraminifera and bioclasts.
Figure 3.
a. Dolostone is composed of mainly dolomite with euhedral and subhedral rhombus, made up of planar-euhedral and planar-subhedral. Ferroan calcite (Fe-Ca) is remained in dolostone and fill in the fractures; b. Dolostone is composed of mostly subhedral rhombic dolomite (Do). The visible porosity appears in between dolomite crystals; c. Packstone interbeds in dolostone at the 3750 m and 3900 m depth. Packstone is consisted of fossils including echinoderm (Ech), foraminifera (Fo), algae (Alg), bio-fragments and non-ferrous, micrite calcite (stained in pink color). The fossils contacts together and micrite dolomite (Do) appears either inner fossils or on matrix.
Two foraminiferal assemblages were identified in the studied interval which is from a depth of 3500–4000 m. The lower part contains unilocular foraminifera, while the upper part consists of Tournayellids. The unilocular foraminifera group characterized by abundant Calcisphaera and Parathurammina. This assemblage is considered to represent the upper region of the unilocular intermittent zone [21] and indicates that the carbonate formation was originated during the latest Early Tournaisian (Figure 4a–d). A fossil assemblage of Tournayellidae, include Tournayella, Septabrunsiina kazakhtanica, and Septabrunsiina sp. This assemblage was characterized by the clear evolution of septa between the chambers, which are affiliated with the lowermost part of the Chernyshinella-Palaeospiroplectamminazone in the Cat Co and Gia Luan sections. This suggests that this assemblage was formed during Early to Mid-Tournaisian (Figure 4e–g).
Figure 4.
The characteristic foraminiferal assemblage of the lower middle Tournaisian in the Song Hong basin; a–d. CALCISPHAERIDAE (Williamson, 1880); e. Septabrunsiina kazakhstanica (Reitlinger, 1961); f. Septabrunsiina sp. (Lipina, 1955); g. Tournayella (?) sp. (Dain, 1953). Scale bar is 100 μm.
Generally, the carbonate of this formation has been strongly replaced by fossil remains that are found scattered in the limestone layers and the visible porosity is noted as retained fracture pores and intercrystalline pores.
4.2 Petrological and stratigraphic characteristics of carbonate rocks in the late Carboniferous
The Late Carboniferous carbonate rocks appear at the depth roughly 3400–4150 m and is consisted of limestones, dolostones and crystalline limestones. At the upper part, the carbonate rocks are interbedded with basalt tuffs and with silic dikes/veins at the lower.
Almost all carbonate rocks are mud-supported type. Limestones are classified mostly as dolomitic-calcitic mudstone, wackestone and packstone. The allochems mainly consist of Foraminifera (fusuline), algae, coral and echinoderm (Figure 5), while the groundmass are micrite and microspar. The Lime mud matrix (micrite) has been partly to totally replaced by finely to coarsely crystalline, anhedral to subhedral dolomites (non-ferroan dolomite) and sparry calcite with calcite crystals ranging 10–15 μm diameter (as ferroan calcite, up to 35% and non-ferroan calcite, up to 70%). The carbonates have more or less been replaced by quartz. They have also suffered compaction in the form of fractures; however, all fractures have been filled by sparry calcite, sparry ferroan calcite and silica cement (Figure 6c and d).
Figure 5.
Thin section photography of carbonate rock in the Song Hong basin. a, b. both wackestone and packstone consist of foraminifera (Fusuline, Fo) and crinoids (white arrows), which are floating in the lime mud matrix. All crinoids have strongly been undergone calcitization. The lime mud matrix has locally been replaced by – Calcite minerals. Compaction represented by fractures and stylolities, which are filled up by ferroan calcite cements; c. volcanic dikes (Vol) and basalt tuffs (Tuf) cross-cutting both grains and matric.
Figure 6.
Thin section and SEM photography of carbonates in the Song Hong basin. a, b. the carbonate rocks have strongly been undergone tectonic activity, resulting in crushed fracturing (red arrows) and complex stylolization (yellow arrow); c. the fractures have been filled up by calcite, chert and ferroan calcite (red arrow); d. the fractures have been filled up chert as seen authigenic quartz and chalcedony then calcite grows (Ca) in remained pores; e. the development of rhombic dolomite crystals, creating many of intercrystalline pores; f. limestone has been completely crystallized into variably coarsely crystalline, anhedral to subhedral calcite and locally replaced with finely rhombic crystallines of dolomite. The sample has been fractured and fractures have been filled up by calcite minerals (along the middle).
Dolomitic-calcitic limestone that is lime mud matrix recrystallized into microcalcites and replaced by dolomite, was probably originally mud-supported limestone that has been strongly recrystallized to microspar carbonate crystals. The rock consists of abundant carbonate fragments with trace skeletal particles as foraminifera, echinoderm that floating on micrite carbonate matrix. A small amount of very fine to fine sand-sized secondary quartz grains are present. The rock has been undergone the compaction and dissolution in post-deposition. As results, the fractures crossed throughout the carbonate rocks forming stylolite texture and fractures; however, fractures are occluded by calcite and ferroan calcite; minor fracture pores are preserved.
Carbonate allochems consist of algae, foraminifera, and echinoderm. All fossil skeletons have been undergone micritization, however, their cellular structures are locally preserved. Commonly, allochems and micritic carbonate have strongly been recrystallized to with minor amount of ferroan calcite on lime mud matrix. The rock has been fractured and almost all fractures have been filled with calcite or ferroan calcite. The size of fractures changes from 0.02–0.4 mm in width.
Crystalline limestones are mainly consist of lime mud that is recrystallized into calcite. Minor allochems are present as echinoderm. The rock have been undergone compaction and dissolution that formed stylolite and fractures.
Dolostone has mud-supported limestone that partially to completely replaced by finely to coarsely crystalline, anhedral to subhedral (xenotopic to hypidotopic), rhombic dolomites. The size of dolomite crystals commonly range from 0.15–0.4 mm, and exhibit equigranular texture. Dolostone has been compacted and formed stylolite and fracture system complication (Figure 6a and b). It indicates that this rock has been affected by compaction during burial diagenesis. Fractures have been occluded by dolomite crystals.
The result of Scanning Electric Microscope (SEM) analysis show that displays the morphology coarsely crystalline, anhedral to subhedral calcite and locally replaced with finely rhombic crystallines of dolomite and rhombic dolomite crystals, creating many of intercrystalline pores (Figure 5e and f). The XRD result for whole-rock shows rock-forming minerals of carbonate basement, in which calcite and dolomite are homogeneously present in high levels. Quartz is also sporadically present with high amount. K-feldspar and plagioclase are nearly totally disappeared.
Diagenetic processes, such as micritization, may be contemporaneous with diagenetic process such as cementation. Diagenesis has included micritization of bioclasts and infiltration of micrite calcite into the foraminifera chambers; after that recrystallisation of micrite into microspar and pseudospar sizes; fracturing and non-selective dissolution of calcite, followed by precipitation of blocky calcite cement and locally formed of xenotopic to hypidiotopic dolomite.
In general, the visible porosity of carbonate rocks is mostly formed by dolomitization, dissolution and fracture. It is present as intercrystalline pores, which is formed from the dolomitization; whereas, fracture pores have been created by tectonic activity; vuggy pores that have been formed by the shrinkage of matrix and dissolution of skeletal debris; with minor moldic pores. Carbonate has more or less been fractured; however, almost all fractures have been filled up with silic and calcite due to hydrothermal activity. Therefore, the reservoir quality of the rock has been restricted.
The petrographic analysis result indicated that limestones are classified mostly as crystalline dolomite, dolomitic-calcitic mudstone, wackestone and packstone. These limestones are predominantly made up of carbonate allochems as Foraminifera (as Fusuline), Algae, Coral and Echinoderm, which have been stylolitised and fractured due to tectonic activity. The rocks have also been strongly altered with silic, which resulting from volcanic activity in post-deposition. It is vital for pointing to the depositional settings that were frequently in low to moderate-energy flow and affected by sea-level fluctuation and deposited in a reef-continental shelf shallow marine environment. This reef has more or less been affected by tectonic activity and volcanic activity, in which carbonate has been fractured, stylolitised and altered with silic minerals.
Two foraminiferal assemblages were identified in the studied interval which characterizes the Serpukhovian-Early Bashkirian and Late Moscovian age. The Millerella-Eostaffella zone was observed in the ~150 m thick limestone formations of the lower section of the basement. This zone was characterized by the abundant Pseudostaffellinae including: Eostaffella, Neostaffella, Mediocris, and Pseudoendothyra, common Palaeotextularia, and sudden disappearance of Endothyrinae at the end of the Serpukhovian [32]. The upper region of this zone contained the first Profusulinella and Ozawainellidae, which are indicative of the upper Bashkirian [14, 21] (Figure 7). The foraminiferal assemblage of this zone is similar to that in the uppermost Serpukhovian to upper Bashkirian in the Gia Luan section.
Figure 7.
The characteristic foraminiferal assemblage of the Serpukhovian-Moscovian in the Song Hong basin. a. Profusulinella sp. (Rauzer-Chernousova and Belyaev, 1936); b. Neostaffella sp. (Miklukho-Maklay, 1959); c. Fusulinid fragment; d. Grovesella sp. (Morelet, 1969); e. Schubertella sp. (staff and Wedekind, 1910); f. Fusulinella sp. (Möller, 1877); g, h. Pseudoendothyra spp. (Mikhaylov, 1939); i. Eotuberitina sp. (Miklukho-Maklay, 1965); j, k. ENDOTHYRINAE (Brady, 1884); l. Palaeotextularia sp. (Simakov, 1992); m. Globivalvulina sp. (Simakov, 1992); n. Mediocris sp. (Rozovskaya, 1961). Scale bar is 100 μm.
The Fusulinella-Fusulina zone was found in the ~100 m thick limestone in the middle section of the basement. It was identified by the abundances of Profusulinella, Fusulina, Schubertella, Ozawainellidae, Globivalvulina, and Eotuberitina (Figure 7). This zone is indicative of the upper Moscovian. In addition, calcareous algae groups are abundant in this zone, with Beresella appearing as the most predominant genus. This genus first appeared at the end of the early Carboniferous (Serpukhovian) and was the most abundant in the first half of the late Carboniferous, from the Bashkirian to the Moscovian [33, 34].
4.3 Petrographical and stratigraphic characteristics of carbonate rock in the middle-late Permian
In this studied section, the Early Carboniferous carbonate rocks appear at the depth roughly 3505–4050 m and is consisted of wackestone, packstone and mudstone to belong to Bac Son (C-P bs) formation. At the lower part, the carbonate rock is verified mainly as packstone with grain supported and contains many foraminiferal fossils. The majority composition minerals of limestone is non-ferroan calcite (stained in pink), locally ferroan calcite (stained in mauve), and ferroan dolomite. The limestones contain carbonate allochems as benthic foraminifera, echinoderm, coral, algae, bryozoa, brachiopod. The limestones are highly fractured and stylolitised owing to tectonic activity, squeezing, diagenesis, that filled up by ferroan calcite, dolomite (Figure 8).
Figure 8.
Thin section photography of Permian carbonate in the Song Hong basin. The main components are non-ferroan micrite calcite (Mi-Ca, stained in pink) intermixing with minor amount of organic matter (Org), locally replaced by dolomite (white arrows) and quartz. The rock contains bio-fragments such as foraminifera (Fo), ostracod (Os) and unidentified bio-fragments (Bio). The rock has been squeezed and created fractures (blue arrows), filled up by calcite (Ca).
After silicate (chalcedony) depositional process, the crystalline minerals filled up the fractures which is a dyke intruding into the limestone and nodules fill in the fractures. The visible porosity of carbonate rock is created by the dissolution of vuggy pores and fractured pores that locally preserved. Carbonate basement rock is classified as after Dunham’s classification [29], analyzed limestones are verified as wackestone, packstone and mudstone types.
Packstone contains a fair level of fossils such as foraminifera, algae, echinoderm, coral, bryozoa, brachiopod and other bio-fragments that contains more than 10% in total rock composition. Carbonate allochems and bio-fragments contact together and cemented by lime mud that is crystallized to microspar calcite (4–10 μm), pseudospar calcite (10–50 μm) and locally dolomitised. All fossil skeletons have been completely altered by calcite, their cellular structures are also altered by calcite and locally well preserved. Limestone has been fractured but the fracture pores are occluded by calcite (stained in pink) and ferroan calcite (stained in mauve).
Wackestone contains smaller amount of fossils such as foraminifera, ostracods, algae other bio-fragments that contains about 10% in total rock composition. Bio-fragments are floating on lime mud matrix that micrite texture and locally altered into dolomite and replaced by silicite. All fossil skeletons and their cellular structure are altered and filled up by calcite. Limestone has been fractured, stylolite texture, filled up by non-ferroan calcite.
Mudstone contains dominantly lime mud, micrite texture that is crystallized into microspar calcite and micrite calcite (<4 μm). Carbonate allochems as foraminifera, ostracods and unidentified bio-fragments that contain less than 10% in total rock composition. Carbonate allochems are floating on lime mud matrix, and locally altered into dolomite and replaced by silicate.
Dolostone has been formed from packstone, wackestone that dolomitised in the alteration post-depositional process and interbedded in packstone and wackestone. Dolostone have planar-subhedral texture and carbonate allochems in dolostone have been dolomitised.
The result of (SEM) analysis reveals the crystalline morphology of micrite calcite (Ca), size <4 μm and rhombic dolomite (Do) with euhedral with size >50 μm (Figure 9e and f). Together with the whole rock XRD results indicated that the most predominant volume is carbonate minerals in which mainly calcite and less than as dolomite, rarely siderite. Minor amount of quartz, feldspar minerals are also found at this interval.
Figure 9.
Thin section and SEM photography of Permian carbonates in the Song Hong basin. a-b. The main composition of the rock is non-ferroan calcite (Ca, stained in pink), locally replaced by dolomite (Do). Carbonate allochems include foraminifera (Fo), echinoderm (Ech), algae (Alg) and unidentified bioclasts (Bio); c-d. The rock has been squeezed and created fractures (arrows) and stylolite texture (Styl), filled up by clay minerals (Cl), ferroan calcite (Fe-Ca) and silica dyke; e-f. Calcite minerals (Ca) are replaced by dolomite (Do) with subhedral shape.
The petrographic analysis result in this study shows limestone experienced the alteration post depositional process such as the crystalline of lime mud altered into calcite, dolomitised. The squeezing and dissolution process created fractures and stylolite textures, locally fractures filled up by calcite, dolomite and silicate.
Lime mud has been crystallized and altered into calcite; Whereas, lime mud in bio-fragments crystalline altered into micrite calcite and sparry calcite that surrounded bio-fragments and created poikilotopic texture.
Dolomitised shows that micrite calcite has partly been altered by dolomite and locally filled up fractures. Dolomite crystals are more anhedral formed after that, in buried stage.
Fracture and stylolite have been formed by tectonic activity and they were filled up by calcite, dolomite.
Generally, the visible porosity is mainly fractured pores, vuggy and moldic pores intergranular pores between dolomite crystals. Because of the impaction hydrothermal activity, vuggy, fracture that infilled by silica dyke and nodule into limestone and restricted the reservoir quality of the rock, so the fracture pores are estimated in poor.
Based on the petrographic analysis result, the presence of fossils such as especially foraminifera group in mudstone and wackestone that contain lime mud, some bio-fragments and dominantly deposited in low energy marine, steady current. Packstone contains abundant carbonate allochems that have been deposited in marine environment with the changes of energy current from low to high and on the contrary.
The fossil skeletons were mainly replaced by calcite cement and dolomite and the inside of the chambers were also dolomitised but the structure of the skeleton is still very well preserved. The fossil assemblages found to characterize Late Paleozoic (Permian) is mainly distributed in northeast Vietnam and adjacent areas [21, 35]. The typical representatives include genera: Nodosinelloides, Nodosaria, Geinitzina, Codonofusiella, Pachyphloia, Rectoglandulina, Palaeotextularia, Reichelina, Cribrogenerina and popularity of fossil fragments of the Fusulinacae superfamily were dominant in samples, which exhibit strong folding septa and very clear keriotheca that are typical of the Schwagerinidae family (Figure 10), and are mainly distributed from the Kasimovian (Late Carboniferous) to the Capitanian (Middle Permian) [36, 37, 38]. In addition, the presence of the Geinitzina, Pachyphloia, Nodosinelloides, and Cribrogenerina genera in this well was also characteristic of the Permian [39, 40]. Moreover, algal groups mainly consisting of Konickopora were abundant. The first representative Konickopora in southern China were observed in formations from the Serpukhovian, and they became abundant in the Permian. The abovementioned foraminiferal assemblages suggest that this carbonate formation originated during the Capitanian-Wuchiapingian.
Figure 10.
a, b. Characteristics of the keriotheca septa of the Schwagerinidae family found in the study well; c. detailed structure of the keriotheca septa.
According to previous studies [21, 35] which were recorded the distribution of foraminifera assemblages in many areas on the Vietnamese continent and adjacent areas (Figure 11).
Figure 11.
Characteristic foraminifera assemblage of the Permian in the Song Hong basin. a-c. Nodosinelloides spp. (Mamet and Pinard, 1992), d-e. Geinitzina spp. (Spandel, 1901), f. Protonodosaria sp. (Gerke, 1959), g. Geinitzina sp. (Spandel, 1901), h-i. Sichotenella spp., j. Globivalvulina sp. (Schubert, 1921), k. Protonodosaria sp. (Gerke, 1959), l. Pachyphloia sp. (Lange, 1925), m. Pachyphloia sp. (Lange, 1925), n. Pachyphloia sp. (Lange, 1925), o. Diplosphaerina sp. (Derville, 1952), p. Protonodosaria sp. (Gerke, 1959), q. Pachyphloia sp. (Lange, 1925), r. Cribrogenerina sp. (Schubert, 1908), s. Nodosaria sp. (Lamarck, 1812), t. Neodiscus (?) sp. (Miklukho-Maklay, 1953), u. Protonodosaria sp. (Gerke, 1959). Scale bar is 100μm.
Genus Globivalvulina Schubert, 1921 was distributed stratigraphy from Serpukhovian to the latest Permian [41]. Genus Reichelina Erk, 1942 was identified in the range from Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian in South China [41]. In northern Vietnam, the distribution stratigraphy of Reichelina in Late Permian was found mainly in the Northeast to belong to Bac Son (Wuchiapingian) and Dong Dang (Changhsingian) Formation [21].
Genus Pachyphloia Lange, 1925 appeared first from Sakmarian and disappeared in the latest part of Permian in South China [41]. In Vietnam, Pachyphloia has been commonly found from the Middle to Late Permian and widespread in the northeast area to belong to the Bac Son and Dong Dang Formations [21].
Genus Schubertella Staff and Wedekind, 1910 was commonly found in the northern Vietnam (Bac Kan, Quang Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Quang Binh) in the range from Late Carboniferous (Moscovian) to Permian to belonging to the Bac Son Formation [21]. Genus Cribrogenerina Schubert, 1908, distributed in Late Permian (Changhsingian) of the Dong Dang Formation, was found in Cao Bang, Lang Son [21]. Family Schwagerinidae Dunbar et Henbest, 1930 is characteristic to the Permian of the Bac Son Formation in the North and the South of the Ha Tien Formation [21].
An assemblage of Nodosinelloides–Geinitzina which was characteristic of the Early Permian was recorded in Iran [42]. Codonofusiella–Reichelina assemblage is abundant in the northeast to belonging to the Bac Son Formation (Wuchiapingian). Genus Codonofusiella Dunbar et Skinner, 1937 distributed in the Middle-Late Permian to belong to the Bac Son, Dong Dang, Ha Tien Formations.
5. Conclusions
The carbonate rocks in the study area were originated during Late Paleozoic and have been determined by the foraminiferal fossils which show stratigraphic distribution ranges from the Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian age) to the Late Permian (Capitanian-Changhsingian age). These assemblages reveal the stratigraphic relationship that exists between the carbonate formations in Cat Ba island and the basement rock in the northern Song Hong basin, and provides chronostratigraphic data that can be used in geological models used for hydrocarbon exploration. Most of the carbonate rocks in the Carboniferous period are major dolostone and minor crystalline limestone, wackstone and packsonte.
The carbonate rocks have undergone the post-depositional alteration. The rock fabric and rock composition have changed as lime mud changes micro and sparry calcite with larger size and calcite replaced dolomite which is different component. Dissolution of minerals in the chemical diagenesis leave pores. Additionally, calcite micro and sparry are replaced by silic materials as quartz. The carbonate rocks are highly fractured and compacted forming fractures and stylolites; however, the fractures are infilled by calcite and dolomite in the later diagenesis and the fractures are also blocked by silica materials owing to hydrothermal activity.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Vietnam Petroleum Institute (VPI) for permission to use their data and samples for this paper. The authors would like to thank the Petrology and Biostratigraphy Labs. for supporting valuable analysis to complete this study.
Conflict of interest
All authors have participated in (1) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (3) approval of the final version.
The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.
\n',keywords:"stratigraphy, lithology, pore types, foraminifera, hydrocarbon, reservoir model",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76624.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/76624.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76624",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76624",totalDownloads:126,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:43,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2021",dateReviewed:"April 13th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 7th 2021",datePublished:"January 12th 2022",dateFinished:"May 6th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Pre-Cenozoic carbonate rocks in the northern Song Hong basin, Vietnam that are being considered and studied by oil companies in exploration and exploitation. The hydrocarbon accumulations in these rocks have been discovered and have significantly commercial reserves, in which the porosity plays an important role in estimating the capacity of hydrocarbon. The carbonate rocks are composed mainly of crystalline limestone, packstone, wackestone and mudstone, which have been experienced dolomitization, compaction and dissolution. The main carbonate pore systems include fracture, vuggy and intercrystalline porosity. The predominance of larger benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicates that the carbonate sediments were formed during the late Paleozoic (Carboniferous-Permian) and were deposited in shallow marine environment. Furthermore, the obtained petrological and biostratigraphic characteristics are well-correlated with the carbonate formations exposed in adjacent Cat Ba island area. The results of this study are either used in petroleum exploration or used in a local stratigraphic correlation in northern Vietnam.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76624",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76624",book:{id:"10556",slug:"sedimentary-petrology-implications-in-petroleum-industry"},signatures:"Mai Hoang Dam, Nguyen Tan Trieu and Lieu Kim Phuong",authors:[{id:"343515",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Mai Hoang",middleName:null,surname:"Dam",fullName:"Mai Hoang Dam",slug:"mai-hoang-dam",email:"dammh@vpi.pvn.vn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/343515/images/15308_n.jpg",institution:null},{id:"343518",title:"Dr.",name:"Lieu Kim",middleName:null,surname:"Phuong",fullName:"Lieu Kim Phuong",slug:"lieu-kim-phuong",email:"lkphuong@hcmig.vast.vn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"347399",title:"Mr.",name:"Nguyen Tan",middleName:null,surname:"Trieu",fullName:"Nguyen Tan Trieu",slug:"nguyen-tan-trieu",email:"trieunt@vpi.pvn.vn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Geological settings",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Results and discussions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Petrological and stratigraphic characteristics of carbonate rocks in the early Carboniferous",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Petrological and stratigraphic characteristics of carbonate rocks in the late Carboniferous",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3 Petrographical and stratigraphic characteristics of carbonate rock in the middle-late Permian",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Tam LT, Hoang CM, Tuan PV. Litho-sedimentological characteristics of Pre-Cenozoic carbonate in Ham Rong field, northeast of Song Hong basin. PetroVietnam Journal. 2014; 5:23-30.'},{id:"B2",body:'Phuong LK, Luan BT, Tuyen VT. Petrographic studies and diagenetic evolution of Paleozoic carbonate basement rock in the northwest Song Hong basin. Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering. 2019; 61(8):1-6'},{id:"B3",body:'Dam NH, Tuyen VT. Characteristic of petrology and distribution of larger benthic foraminifera of Permian carbonate in the southern part of block 106, Song Hong basin. PetroVietnam Journal. 2020; 3:22-31'},{id:"B4",body:'Dam MH, Phuong LK, Vo NVS, Tham NT, Huy VV. Characteristic foraminifera of the Pre-Cenozoic carbonate formations of Cat Ba island and northern Song Hong Basin, Vietnam. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 2020; 120:1-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104543'},{id:"B5",body:'Tam LT, Tuan PV, Hung NV. Characteristics of Mesozoic carbonate reservoir in Ham Rong field, block 106 in Vietnam’s continental shelf. PetroVietnam Journal. 2015; 5:26-31'},{id:"B6",body:'Huy TN, Trung ND, Ninh TD, Thang NV. 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Vietnam Petroleum Institute, Vietnam
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Vietnam Petroleum Institute, Vietnam
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Lieu Kim Phuong",address:null,affiliation:'
Ho Chi Minh City Institute of Resources Geography - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam
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1. Introduction
Redox flow batteries (RFB) are electrochemical reactors suitable for storing electrical energy by chemical reactions [1]. Depending on the technology used, this reaction can take place at elevated temperatures and/or in aggressive media, with an electrochemical potential superimposed. In recent years, the technical requirements on materials and components of the reactor of the Redox flow battery have therefore become more and more demanding. The battery unit consists of many stacked cells which are connected in series to a Flow battery stack. Each cell in turn consists of various components such as the proton exchange membrane, seals, frames and the conductive bipolar plate which provides the connection from cell to cell up to the end of the stack where the generated current is collected.
RFBs, in particular vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), have now reached a considerable degree of technical maturity and the systems are available on the market through many suppliers. However, due to a high remaining cost structure - partly due to a lack of economies of scale - the profitable market introduction of flow batteries still suffers from a high market acceptance.
On the one hand the membrane is considered the heart of a redox flow battery. On the other hand, the bipolar plate is one of the key components of an RFB. However, the Bipolar plate is important, since the plate has an impact on the complete systems, as far as total dimensions, total weight, thermal and electrical properties of the stack and thus of the system is determined by the bipolar plate technology [2].
As already mentioned, the chemical conditions for the materials used in redox flow batteries are challenging [3]. Most systems are operated between 40°C and 60°C in a liquid of dissolved vanadium salts in sulfuric acid. Besides the Vanadium-technology, there also some other technologies (metallobased or organic RFBs), which will not be further considered.
Due to these harsh conditions, superimposed by an electrochemical potential, graphite-based bipolar plates with polymeric binders are used in almost all applications in these battery stacks. The graphite composite plates are an unbeatable material in terms of stability under the above-mentioned corrosive conditions, and the cost-intensive coated metal plates have no chance.
They have been operated very adequately several times over the years. However, due to an intrinsic fragility caused by a high filling load with graphite, graphite composite plates require a greater thickness than metal plates, resulting in more weight and volume of the stack. From a cost point of view, the membrane is certainly considered the dominant part of the redox flow battery stack. However, the bipolar plates tend to be underestimated both in terms of their technical requirements and, in particular, their contribution to the cost structure.
Graphite composite based bipolar plates are manufactured using highly filled compounds [2]. They contain fillers like graphite and/or other electrically conductive carbons incorporated in polymers performing as a gluing binding matrix. The key challenge is the competing interaction between electrical conductivity - achieved by the carbon component - and mechanical stability as well as liquid tightness which is provided by the binding polymer.
The compounding process is the first step to produce highly filled, electrically and thermally conductive pellets for the subsequently following step of forming bipolar plates.
Both compounding and molding processes, which can be injection molding, compression molding or continuously extrusion, are very sensitive to process parameters and need to be carefully controlled. The objective is to manufacture bipolar plates in large volumes and high quality more or less like standard plastic parts. Only by using price cost attractive materials and the consequent focus on process automation by higher volume, the bipolar plate can contribute significantly to a better market acceptance of RFB.
Besides the bipolar plate, the gasket is a very important component of the battery stack and tends to be heavily underestimated. It plays a key role in the mechanical properties of the stack. Inappropriately selected gasket materials may cause cracks in the bipolar plates or may affect the membrane-structure negatively. Despite the fact that the gasket has to seal the stack, the cooperation with other stack components and their cumulative tolerance effects have to be on focus for the stack design and for the operation of its.
The same which is evident for each component is also obviously for the gasket; they have to be cost attractive. Therefore, in some research projects, it is the objective is to suspend gaskets completely and use welding or bonding processes instead.
Technically, the bipolar plate of a RFB stack has to accomplish the following functions [3, 4]:
conduct electrical current,
conduct heat and distribute coolant in a eventually incorporated cooling flow field,
provide mechanical stability of the stack,
prevent permeation and leakage
However, the functions of the gasket are completely different. The main functions of gaskets in a RFB stack are [5, 6]:
sealing and leakage prevention of anode and cathode area,
sealing and leakage prevention of cooling plates,
compensate tolerances and dimensional changes during stack-assembling caused by interaction with all stack components.
2. Technical requirements of bipolar plates and gaskets
Based on the technical functions described above, a comparison to other technologies is necessary: The Fuel Cells: The US department of energy (DoE) suggested development targets for fuel cell components as shown in the Table 1 for bipolar plates [8]. Although these data are based on communication and data from conventional low temperature PEM fuel cell developers, most of the targeted values can be directly transferred to Redox-Flow technology.
Technical property
Units
Targeted value
Plate weight
kgkW
< 0.4
Electrical conductivity Depending on type
Scm
> 100
Thermal conductivity
Wm⋅K
> 10
Flexural strength
MPa
> 34
Shore D hardness
> 40
Temperature resistance Thermo-mechanical test
°C
> 70
Acid uptake Depends on application or technology
low
Table 1.
Benchmarks for bipolar plates in redox-flow applications defined by DoE [7] and experiences from customer requirements from Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG.
Additionally, the chemical resistance of the bipolar plate can be characterized by measuring the corrosion current under a potential typical for RFB and using sulfuric acid or something suitable (depending on application as an electrolyte). The detailed parameters and development objectives of this corrosion test are still subject to technical discussions and depend on the anticipated application of the plate. A similar table of functional requirements can be set-up also for gasket materials in RFB.
The gasket material has to be resistant against the selected electrolyte and environment under operating conditions. This is qualified for example by comparison the mechanical properties of recently produced and altered samples. It has to be noted that the values mentioned in Table 2 are for orientation and refer to standard elastomer materials available on the market. Based on these technical requirements, an appropriate feedstock respectively materials for both bipolar plates and gaskets have to be selected.
Technical property
Units
Targeted value
Density
gcm3
1,15to 1,5
Electrical conductivity Depending on type
Scm
< 1
Shore D hardness
< 70, preferred value ~40
Compression set
%
< 18
Temperature resistance Thermo-mechanical test
°C
> 70
Chemical stability Depends on RFB-type
Resistant against the used chemical environment; no or low changes in properties (typically mechanical)
Table 2.
Proposed benchmarks for gaskets in RFB based on fuel cell requirements [9] and experiences from customer requirements from Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG.
3. General concepts of bipolar plate manufacturing
As mentioned above, composite bipolar plates consist of a binder polymer, which is highly filled with a conductive carbon component. Typical compositions are >80 wt.% conductive filler and < 20 wt.% binder polymer. Compounding, processing and manufacturing is substantially different from conventional polymers due to the high content of filler material in the compound [10]. The function of the carbon filler is to provide electrical and thermal conductivity.
Therefore, a three-dimensional percolating carbon structure is required. Usually, the main carbon component of the plate is synthetic graphite and the second material is carbon black. For producing plates, several options are possible:
Compression molding
Injection molding
Plate Extrusion
Foil Extrusion
In all methods, after removal from the process certain after treatment procedures may be necessary. Either to remove the ‘skin’ of the mold release agent from the surface of the plate or as noted in Derieth et al. [9, 10] to remove an accumulation of polymer from the injection. Or compression molding skin.
3.1 Binder polymers
In general, two different concepts of polymer binders can be applied in bipolar plates. First, the binder material can be polymerized or cross-linked in-situ in the composite during molding of the plate (resin method). The used polymer is thermosetting, which provides good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and often a relatively easy processing [11].
Second, a thermoplastic polymer material can be used in the compounding process (thermoplast method). Since the most materials in RFB are thermoplastic materials, in the following the focus will be also in this consideration. The polymer has to be selected with sufficient chemical, mechanical and thermal stability (e.g. data from [11]). Several material candidates are available on the market in high quality and well-defined configurations for different processing methods and applications due to the usage of additives like waxes, minerals or fibers.
Figure 1 shows the well know pyramidal classification for more than a handful of popular plastics.
Figure 1.
The plastics pyramid preferred materials for RFB applications are semi-crystalline materials such as PP, PE and PVDF [9].
3.2 Graphite materials and fillers
While graphite is generally the major filler for bipolar plates to achieve a sufficient conductivity, several other carbon additives can be employed in order to boost conductivity properties of the composite material. Examples for such additives are highly conductive carbon nano tubes (CNT), high surface carbon blacks (CB) or multi-layer graphene nanoplatelets [7].
Due to its crystalline layer structure graphite is inherently anisotropic in its physical properties e.g. electrical conductivity or its mechanical behavior. Electrical conductivity is being provided by the mobility of electrons within the graphite layers of each platelet. Contrary to the conductivity along the layers, graphite is perpendicular to these layers an electrical insulator. Thus, the bipolar plate manufacturing process should ‘promote’ different orientations of the platelets forming isotropic physical properties of the macroscopic plate material. Some additives such as carbon blacks are helpful to increase the number of conductive paths in the carbon-polymer-system. The nano-sized carbon blacks do function as a ‘gap-filler’ in the insulating polymeric matrix between the micro-sized graphite particles and this in consequence increases the overall material conductivity significantly [7].
The overall conductivity in a bipolar plate is generated by a three-dimensional percolating network which consists of conductive particles. The carbon-binder system is always inhomogeneous and can be considered as a two-phase system of conductive carbon paths bonded in a polymer matrix as shown in Figure 2. The structure of the material highly depends on the chemical composition and not less important on the kind of the chosen processing-approach (compounding, molding, extruding…) and the therefore used parameters. The complete processing chain – from the raw material to the molded plate – has to be carefully controlled to ensure consistency and reproducibility of the bipolar plates.
Figure 2.
Polarization microscopy of polished surface from bipolar plate with 80 wt.% graphite content. Particles (black) are locatable in polymer matrix (white).
Carbon blacks can be formed in the gas phase by thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons under different conditions [11] and this results in a broad variety of materials with differences in surface area, hydrophobicity and conductivity. The different carbon black grades are then available for the adequate application and function.
Keeping this in mind it has to be considered that high surface carbons are more disposed to (undesired) carbon corrosion effects than graphite-based materials, thus their positive conductivity effect has to be balanced against long term stability requirements.
Another important aspect of carbon materials is purity. Since most fuel cell membranes and catalysts are highly sensitive against contamination with Iron-ions and other metal residuals, the raw materials for bipolar plates have to be carefully characterized with respect to their contamination level. The carbon or graphite type also mainly determines bipolar plate’s properties like porosity, phosphoric acid uptake or corrosion and hydrophobicity, both regarding the surface and the bulk [11, 12].
3.3 Recycling
At status quo, the amount of waste caused by the production of bipolar plates – an inhomogeneous system consisting of plastic and carbon –is significantly higher when compared to a fully implemented commodity plastic production process [13]. The waste accrues in form of rejects from production, which can be lowered by optimization processes, but also in form of gates, which are necessary for production and dimensioned by material properties. In addition, the systems in which the material is used have a limited lifespan, so the demand of reusage of the parts made of graphite compound or the compound itself is conceivable.
On the other hand, there is the possibility to use secondary materials as feedstock of the graphite compounds to substitute fully or partially the conventional fillers. Conductive fillers like synthetic graphite are valuable resources being produced via different thermal processes, which are similar to other thermal processes e.g. some recycling processes for various other wastes. Some of these processes generate in some degree useful carbon materials [13].
These circumstances and opportunities result in an increasing development of recycling methods with the consequence of a property upgrade of the carbon by combining lower general production costs. In the best case these carbons are suitable for bipolar plates. In Figure 3 the principle of the different recycling opportunities are being described.
Figure 3.
Scratch of flow diagram for resources from recycling and secondary sources. The primal structure is from plastic treatment [14, 15, 16]. The obvious barriers are the contaminations and changes in material properties caused by multiplied processing.
4. Characterization data of RFB bipolar plate materials
Certainly, the final criteria of success for any bipolar plate is the in-situ control of performance and stability under real RFB conditions. However, RFB are highly complex systems with numerous sources of inconsistency. Thus, standardized ex-situ bipolar plate characterization is required for material development and quality control. Several test methods are well established for bipolar plates and some are presented below. The list of test methods is not considered to be complete.
Clearly, electrical conductivity both in-plane and through-plane is one of the most important properties of the bipolar plate. Despite most fuel cell (component) and battery laboratories have access to electrical conductivity testing equipment, by now there is no generally standardized test method for bipolar plates for RFB, and comparing results from different sources can show significant differences, even though the same samples are tested. One of the main reasons may be surface effects and pre-treatment of the sample. As shown in the Figure 4, Eisenhuth has implemented a testing system for this application, which is suited for local in-plane conductivity testing with the option to measure several times at different locations on the plate.
Figure 4.
Testing device and method for electrical conductivity measurement at Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG.
The in-plane conductivity device allows for a conductivity mapping over a sample area of 750x300 mm. Thus, the characterizing of the plates with respect to the degree of homogeneity during production is possible. Conductivity mapping is an important tool both for quality control as well as and furthermore for the material and process development.
For graphite composite plates it is well known that compounding and molding are highly sensitive to process details and may generate inhomogeneous structures on the surface and/or in the inner core of the material. Certainly, the development target is a homogeneous distribution of conductivity with only minimal deviations between different points on the bipolar plate.
For PPG86 and BMA5 or BMA6 plates the compounding and manufacturing process in hot pressing are established and well controlled, and the conductivity mapping shows an even distribution. Irregularities in the conductivity are in some processes unavoidable because of the process-depending-orientation of the particles through different processing influences. For example, in injection molding the filler particles orientate differently from the core to the surface of the produced parts, which results in different conductivities measured In-plane or through-plane. In addition, the regions which will be filled lastly in injection molding show a higher average conductivity compared to the gate region.
A conductivity mapping of a second process example for a PPG86 based plate is shown in Figure 5. This specific plate is produced by plate extrusion. The border area of the plate parallel to the flow direction during the extrusion process seem less conductive.
Figure 5.
In-plane conductivity mapping of a PPG86 based bipolar plate made by extrusion by another company who is also active in the field of redox flow batteries. The material shows a higher resistivity at the outside areas caused by the manufacturing-process. The results are corrected with finite size corrections for 4-point probe measurements [17].
In terms of hot pressing – a process with a certainly low flow – these described irregularities are more dependent from the overall process stability and experience of the manufacturer. Development in the field of hot pressing by Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG in the last years are focused mainly in material research with the aim of reaching higher conductivity, larger plate designs and simultaneously easier production.
In Table 3 technical properties for bipolar plates made by hot pressing are shown. The data is measured with the shown in-plane conductivity measurement device and specimen according DIN EN ISO 527 tested on a universal testing device and a microbalance.
Technical property values
2018
2020
PPG86
BMA6
PPG86
BMA6
Density (gcm3)
1.8
2.1
1.8
2.0
Electrical conductivity (Scm) Depending on type
96.2
192.3
185.2
312.5
Flexural strength (MPa)
21.1
31.8
22.4
31.7
Table 3.
Technical properties from databases from Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG.
The comparison between the results shows that the improvement of the standard products from Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG has led to an increase of the electrical conductivity from around 75%. But the mechanical behavior seems similar. This is due to optimizing process parameters and periodic testing of new raw materials.
4.2 Qualification of secondary raw materials by thermogravimetric analysis
As described above the material used for the bipolar plates in RFB applications is made out of plastics and conductive fillers like graphite. During RFB operation the bipolar plates are exposed to normal temperatures, such as 40°C. Consequently, all raw materials used for plate manufacturing have to resist approximately 40°C.
Parallel to the shortage of the raw materials, the Vanadium-RFB technology has to compete regarding cost- and technology-aspects to other technologies, in particular with the lithium ion storage technology. Knowing this background, it is more than advisably to look out for alternative materials. Thus, the Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG is investigating together with a consortium alternative material sources, in particular from the recycling sector. Two potential processes which produces carbon materials are shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Principle of producing carbon black and graphite from used tires (A) and in a hydrogen production in a methane cracking process (B) [13, 16, 18].
Both processes separate carbon in form of agglomerated particles. Tyres consists of rubber filled with carbon pigments to strengthen the material. By the oxygen-less combustion of tyres the carbon will be released and during the pyrolysis process it is being formed to agglomerates.
During methane cracking – a process to produce hydrogen - carbon can agglomerate on particles, which function as. The particles consist of contaminations of the used feed gas or are part of the used catalyst [17].
The samples are called CB-RC for the tyre recycling carbon black and CB-MC for the methane cracking carbon black. Resulting curves of the mass loss over the temperature of TGA from different carbon blacks are shown in Figure 7. Samples of conventional carbon blacks are called CB-C.
Figure 7.
TGA data from different carbon blacks. Conventional CB (CB-C) and CB from secondary sources (CB-MC and CB-RC) are compared. The differences in combustion temperatures and contents of ash are significant.
The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used in order to determine the combustion and vaporization temperatures of the materials and allows to quantify the contents of different materials in the compound [19].
During TGA a sample is heated under defined conditions such as gas environment and heating rate. The weight loss as well as the temperature (in correlation to the weight loss) of the sample in the oven is being determined. The TGA is used at Eisenhuth as an instrument of permanent quality control of the process. It also can be used, to get more information about the compound material.
The TGA curves show that the secondary materials contain a high content of ash. The influence of the ash is at that point unknown. At best it does not influence or at least it has a minor influence on the properties of the compound respectively the plates. In the worst case some critical contaminations are soluble or volatile and will damage the system, in which the material is used. The details are shown in Table 4. The average combustion temperature is extracted from the curves at the point at which 50% of the weight of the combustible mass is lost.
Carbon black type
Average combustion temperature /°C
Rest mass (Ash) /%
CB-C-I
784.4
0.13
CB-C-II
691.4
−0.29
CB-MC-I
684.7
8.66
CB-MC-II
666.4
14.86
CB-MC-III
695.8
10.18
CB-RC-I
558.4
19.52
CB-RC-II
541.4
12.45
Table 4.
Results of TGA from different CB-types. The CB tested are conventional (CB-C), products from methane cracking (CB-MC) and products from Tyre recycling (CB-RC). The average combustion temperature is at the point of 50% weight loss of the combustible mass.
The second that stand out is the difference of the combustion temperatures of the tested CB. A lower combustion temperature under the assumption that the tested materials consists of similar carbon structures is an indication for a higher surface area [20]. It is described that the surface area – normally measured for CB according ASTM D 2414 with dibutyl phthalate (DBP) – has an influence in the percolation threshold and the resulting conductivity of the corresponding compound. The percolation threshold is the small zone in which the compound receives a mayor increase in its electrical conductivity by only adding a very less of filler content [21].
In order to characterize the influence of the different CB types on the conductivity, the secondary CB are integrated and evaluated in various testing and production series to compare the new materials with the current neat carbon black. The Table 5 shows the results of conductivity measurements like described above from different compounds, in which the CB types are used. For comparison individual references from the mentioned testing and production series are listed in the same table. The compounds are made by combining different polymers mostly PP with graphite. Some of the graphite is replaced with the different CB to keep the recorded filler content at the same level for all.
CB used in compound
Filler content /wt.%
Compound conductivity /Scm
Reference conductivity /Scm
CB used in Ref.
CB-C-I
78
28.3 ± 2.0
13.2 ± 2.5
None
CB-C-II
75
12.9 ± 0.9
< 1
CB-C-I
CB-MC-I
80
11.3 ± 1.2
< 1
None
CB-MC-II
80
10.6 ± 2.5
< 1
None
CB-MC-III
80
12.0 ± 1.5
< 1
None
CB-RC-I
75
8.9 ± 0.7
18.7 ± 0.6
CB-C-I
CB-RC-II
75
9.0 ± 0.8
18.7 ± 0.6
CB-C-I
Table 5.
Results of conductivity measurements from different compounds. Partially consisting of the described CB types from conventional and secondary sources compared to individual references produced parallel the tested compound mixtures.
It can be observed that the impact of the secondary CB on the electrical conductivity is noticeable, but far less for CB-MC and CB-RC-types than the qualification by the TGA suggests. The compounds consisting the CB-MC types have a relatively low conductivity compared to standard materials but the reference compound with the same filler content has no measurable conductivity, therefore the CB-MC types seem to reduce the percolation threshold for the filler in the compound. The CB-RC types have compared to conventional CB a smaller impact on the conductivity because half the value of the CB-C-I consisting reference compound with the filler content of 75 wt.% has been measured.
The qualification by the TGA was fitting for the conventional types. Whereas the high differences between the prognosis and the measurement results for the secondary CB types are unexpected and a high level of uncertainty remains. The reason of these differences can be the high content of probably non-conductive contamination or different carbon structures of the particles. Both reasons are possibly responsible for a way lesser combustion temperature during TGA-measurements. The higher the lever of amorphous carbon and impurities so lower the combustion temperature and the achievable level of conductivity.
5. Gaskets application and qualification
Since many years the fuel cell developers invested tremendous efforts in improvement and technological readiness of the core components, such as membranes and electrodes configuration. However, within the last years the gasket material was recognized more and more as an underestimated component. Despite the gasket does not directly contribute to the electrochemical processes, inappropriate gaskets can cause leakages [6].
The increased use and establishment of the systems on the market, primarily among consumers, has resulted in a focus on safety issues during consumption and error sources during mass production.
Common hard gaskets support well defined gaps, however may be compromised in their sealing properties, do not compensate tolerances very well and may put mechanical distortion on the bipolar plates, which can cause cracks or breaking after a long time. On the other hand, with soft gaskets it is more difficult to control the performance of the system cause of limitations in parameters like pressure. These descriptions are analogue to RFB systems.
In general, like the other RFB components the gaskets have to resist temperatures up to 70°C, electrolytes like sulfuric acid or other materials of RFB systems like bromine and contact to electricity. Fluoroelastomers (FKM) and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) are most likely the materials of choice for several applications.
For certain applications EPDM might be a cost-efficient alternative for systems which can handle the stiffness of this rubbers. The arguments clearly show that gaskets are a highly customized component for each stack manufacturer. For overview, some typical gasket properties for a broad variety of materials are shown in the Table 6.
Description and Unit
TPS
TPV
TPU
TPO
EPDM
SI
FKM
HNBR
Hardness Shore A
2–95
20–95
2–85
65–95
25–85
25–85
50–90
40–90
Temperature range °C
−50 / +120
−40 / +130
−40 / +85
−40 / +70
−50 / +100
−70 / +200
−20 / +220
−30 / +150
Steam resistance
—
—
—
—
++
++
++
++
Oil resistance
+
+
—
+
—
+
++
++
Acid /bases resistance
++
++
0
++
++
—
++
+
Table 6.
Gasket material overview with typical physical properties and behavior in system specific conditions used by Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG.
Along with the rubber materials like silicone (SI), hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), EPDM and FKM thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) in form of styrenic block copolymers (TPS), thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV), thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) and thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers (TPO) are listed. These thermoplastic-elastomers have similar properties to rubber but can be processed like “common” thermoplastics and can be softer if required. This has the advantage of easier manufacturing and recycling of the material as well as a broader range for applications.
5.1 Qualification of physical properties affecting gasket production
In order to supply consistent gaskets with appropriate tolerances the viscoelastic properties of the gasket prepolymers and thermoplastics are an important parameter. A low viscosity is beneficial for processing. For plastic materials usually the mold flow rate or mold flow index are specified by the supplier, supporting the manufacturer for plastic parts with processing-relevant- information and –parameters. However, these data are ‘standard data’ and not always compatible with the molding conditions or equipment at the part manufacturer.
In addition, for rubber materials or their pre-polymers and thermoplastic elastomers these data are not available in most cases, because of their impacting viscoelastic behavior. Therefore, Eisenhuth developed a phenomenological test method to characterize polymer materials with respect to processability. In this test, a melt of the used pre-polymer or thermoplastic is pressed into a spiral-shaped mold with a defined pressure under process-relevant temperatures.
The viscous melt flows into the spiral mold and finally stops, when the applied pressure is equal to the ‘back-pressure’ in the mold. The reason therefore is the higher lever of the progressing polymerization, vulcanization or solidification of the melt. The length of the helix can be correlated to the viscosity and consequently to the processability. The longer the helix the lower the viscosity. This is helpful to find the processing ranges of materials as far as the viscosity is concerned (Figure 8).
Figure 8.
Spiral mold for characterization processability by injection molding by Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG.
As mentioned, the length of the spiral is an good indicator for the processability. This test has been performed with a variety of potential gasket materials to achieve a data baseline. The values are shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Results of injection molding in spiral mold.
The results show that processability depends strongly on the material but different types of the same material have also high differences. Exemplarily shown in the Figure the good processability of some types of thermoplastic elastomer materials cannot be reached by the measured processability of rubber materials.
5.2 Chemical resistance of gasket materials in system specific environments
The processability of the thermoplastic elastomers is convenient but it is necessary to qualify the mechanical and chemical stability of the materials. The called rubbers are commonly used in different applications such as fuel cells and chemical industries, and their long-life behavior is already known.
To ensure the stability of the materials specimen according DIN EN ISO 37 are made and treated in this example in vanadium electrolyte for VRFB applications. The electrolyte is positive charged, so the most aggressive species of vanadium ions is to 1.65 mol/L concentrated in 4 mol/L sulfuric acid. The specimens are treated the same time for around thousand hours and therefore stored in glasses with full surrounding electrolyte. The specimens are tested for tensile strength according DIN EN ISO 37 in a universal testing machine. The resulting Young’s modulus are shown in Figure 10 and are exemplary for the overall changes in mechanical properties of the treated specimens.
Figure 10.
Results of tensile strength testing according DIN EN ISO 37. The tested materials are different rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers. The untreated specimens are directly tested after production. The second data is generated after exposure of specimens with aggressive vanadium electrolyte used in VRFB.
It is shown that the stability of the rubbers in the specific environment is good. The modulus is low but there are no major changes measured. In average the thermoplastic elastomers are different to the rubbers. Most of the materials and material types have a higher modulus with low changes. TPU seems not suited for the application, moreover one indication are high changes such as superficial cracks in the surface of the sealing.
6. Conclusions
In this chapter the basics and advantages of graphite bipolar plates could be presented in connection with current research topics at Eisenhuth regarding the reduction of production costs and the related easier market introduction of RFB. Furthermore the suitability of easy to process thermoplastic elastomers as sealing material in RFB was shown.
It was explained that the proposed targets for material properties are not fully achieved, but that progress in materials research is possible. For example, the electrical conductivity of standard materials for RFB could be optimized by about 75% in recent years.
Options to reduce costs through recycling methods and use of secondary resources were discussed. It could be shown that the substitution of commercial carbon types such as synthetic graphite by secondary materials for composite production is possible.
The differences in the processability of rubber types and thermoplastic elastomers were shown by tests in a correspondingly designed injection mold. The chemical stability of some types of thermoplastic elastomers is tested for VRFB.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge fruitful collaboration, extensive test work and the positive relationship to Technical University of Clausthal, German Aerospace Center Oldenburg (Institute of Networked Energy Systems) and Research Center of Fuel Cell Technology (ZBT) in Duisburg.
Public funding is gratefully acknowledged from Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Germany) and Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) in cooperation with the project holder Forschungszentrum Jülich in the projects ‘Redox Flow Extrusion’, ‘Re3dox’, ‘Demo-Bio BZ’ and from the State of Lower Saxony in the project “Maleskues” and “Titan Porous Hybrid”.
Conflict of interest
The authors are part of the company Eisenhuth GmbH & Co. KG, which produces bipolar plates made of graphitic compounds and gaskets for fuel cell, redox-flow battery and heat exchanger purposes.
The shown data are part of the acknowledged public funded projects. The conclusions and statements made are based on the experience of the authors in their specific working fields in the said company.
\n',keywords:"bipolar plate (BPP), gasket, graphite compound, composite, graphite plate, polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene-propylene-dien-monomer (EPDM), fluoroelastomer (FKM)",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74351.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74351.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74351",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74351",totalDownloads:508,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"July 9th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 1st 2020",datePrePublished:"January 25th 2021",datePublished:"November 17th 2021",dateFinished:"December 8th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Graphite filled thermoplastic based composites are an adequate material for bipolar plates in redox flow battery applications. Unlike metals, composite plates can provide excellent resistance to the highly aggressive chemical environment at elevated temperatures in combination with an electrochemical potential in battery operation. The chapter therefore gives an overview of the most important requirements for the graphite-plastic composite material and thus also for the bipolar plates, as well as the different characterization methods of the bipolar plates. In the following, both the modern composite materials based on polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and their general properties are described with a focus on improved long-term stability. Furthermore, recycling is also considered. One section is dedicated to seals, which - as so often - are an underestimated component of redox flow batteries. In this gasket part of the chapter, the most common materials and interactions between gaskets and other stack components are presented, as well as the material properties, characterization and processing methods of the gaskets.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74351",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74351",signatures:"Thorsten Hickmann, Toni Adamek, Oliver Zielinski and Thorsten Derieth",book:{id:"10259",type:"book",title:"Energy Storage Battery Systems",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",fullTitle:"Energy Storage Battery Systems - Fundamentals and Applications",slug:"energy-storage-battery-systems-fundamentals-and-applications",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider, Mehdi Khodaei and Liang Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10259.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-907-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-906-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-915-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"326868",title:"Dr.",name:"Thorsten",middleName:null,surname:"Hickmann",fullName:"Thorsten Hickmann",slug:"thorsten-hickmann",email:"t.hickmann@eisenhuth.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"343806",title:"Dr.",name:"Toni",middleName:null,surname:"Adamek",fullName:"Toni Adamek",slug:"toni-adamek",email:"t.adamek@eisenhuth.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"343807",title:"Dr.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Zielinski",fullName:"Oliver Zielinski",slug:"oliver-zielinski",email:"o.zielinski@eisenhuth.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"343808",title:"Dr.",name:"Thorsten",middleName:null,surname:"Derieth",fullName:"Thorsten Derieth",slug:"thorsten-derieth",email:"t.derieth@eisenhuth.de",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Technical requirements of bipolar plates and gaskets",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. General concepts of bipolar plate manufacturing",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Binder polymers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Graphite materials and fillers",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Recycling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Characterization data of RFB bipolar plate materials",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.1 Electrical conductivity measurements (In-plane)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.2 Qualification of secondary raw materials by thermogravimetric analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"5. Gaskets application and qualification",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"5.1 Qualification of physical properties affecting gasket production",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.2 Chemical resistance of gasket materials in system specific environments",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2019. https://www.irena.org/-media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/May/IRENA_Renewable-Power-Generations-Costs-in-2018.pdf (accessed November 28, 2019).'},{id:"B2",body:'Apelt S, Hickmann T, Marek A, Widdecke H. How conductive compounds work. Kunststoffe International, No 12. 2006. 86-90 p'},{id:"B3",body:'J. Noack, N. Roznyatovskaya, T. Herr, P. Fischer, The Chemistry of Redox-Flow Batter-ies, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54 (2015) 9776-9809. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201410823.'},{id:"B4",body:'Larminie J, Dicks A, editors. Fuel Cell systems explained, first edition. New York: Wiley. 2000. DOI: 10.1002/9781118706992'},{id:"B5",body:'Kakati B Kr, Verma A, editors. Carbon polymer composite bipolar plate for PEM fuel cell. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2011. ASIN: B01K955QYA'},{id:"B6",body:'George M. Vanadium redox flow batteries: design and experimentation. Honors Research Projects, 666. 2018. Available from: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/666'},{id:"B7",body:'Hickmann T. Plastic applications in PEM fuel cells. VDI Reports, No 2035. 2008. 81-83 p'},{id:"B8",body:'Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy [Internet]. Available from: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-polymer-electrolyte-membrane-fuel-cell-components, [Accessed: 2020-08-31]'},{id:"B9",body:'Bonnet M, editors. Kunststofftechnik. Hamburg: Springer Verlag. 2013. ISBN: 978-3-658-03139-8'},{id:"B10",body:'T. Derieth, G. Bandlamudi1, P. Beckhaus1, et al. Development of Highly Filled Graphite Compounds as Bipolar Plate Materials for Low and High Temperature PEM Fuel Cells, Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 11, 21-29 (2008)'},{id:"B11",body:'Pierson H, editors. Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamond and Fullerenes. USA: Park Ridge [USA]: William Andrew. 1993. ISBN: 9780815513391'},{id:"B12",body:'Huijun L, Lingxu Y, Qian X, Chuanwei Y. Corrosion behavior of a bipolar plate of carbon–polythene composite in a vanadium redox flow battery. RSC Adv., Volume 5. 2015. 5928-5932p. DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13697g'},{id:"B13",body:'Hickmann T, Zielinski, O.: Redox Flow Battery: System for Test Series with Recycling Material in: Conference proceedings: ICEES 2020 - 4th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Science, Pert h, Australia, January 8-10, 2020'},{id:"B14",body:'Stübler N, Hickmann T, Ziegmann G. Effect of methanol absorption on properties of polymer composite bipolar plates. Journal of power sources, Volume 229. 2013. 223-228 p. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.129'},{id:"B15",body:'Jörg Woidasky Marc-Andree Wolf. In: Peter Elsner Peter Eyerer Thomas Hirth. Kunststoffe, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 2012. 105-113 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-16173-5'},{id:"B16",body:'Schroder D. Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization. Hoboken: Wiley. 2006. 1-59 p. ISBN: 978-0-471-73906-7'},{id:"B17",body:'Groves I, Lever T, Hawkins N. Determination of Carbon Black Pigment in Nylon 66 by TGA. TA Instruments Ltd. (U.K.) [Internet]. Available from: http://www.tainst.com'},{id:"B18",body:'Roy C, Labrecque B, de Caumia B. Recycling of Scrap Tires to Oil and Carbon Black by Vacuum Pyrolysis. Resources Conservation and Recycling, Volume 4. 1990. 203-213 p. DOI: 10.1016/0921-3449(90)90002-L'},{id:"B19",body:'Abánades A. Low Carbon Production of Hydrogen by Methane Decarbonization. In: Zhen F, Smith R, Xinhua Q, editors. Production of Hydrogen from Renewable Resources. Netherlands: Springer-Verlag. 2015. 149-177 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7330-0'},{id:"B20",body:'METTLER TOLEDO. Analysis of Elastomers with Different Types of Carbon Black. METTLER TOLEDO TA Application Handbook Elastomers, Volume 2 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.mt.com/de/de/home/supportive_content /matchar_apps/MatChar_HH456.html [2020-08-31]'},{id:"B21",body:'Xiaoyu L, Hua D, Qin Z, Feng C, Qiang F. The effect of DBP of carbon black on the dynamic self-assembly in a polymer melt. RSC Adv., Vol 6. 2016. 24843-24852 p. DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28118k'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Thorsten Hickmann",address:"t.hickmann@eisenhuth.de",affiliation:'
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The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
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We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
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In conclusion, none of the methods is superior to the other, the area of application would determine which method to select.",book:{id:"6554",slug:"from-natural-to-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-and-applications",title:"From Natural to Artificial Intelligence",fullTitle:"From Natural to Artificial Intelligence - Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Sabur Ajibola Alim and Nahrul Khair Alang Rashid",authors:[{id:"224685",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabur",middleName:"Ajibola",surname:"Alim",slug:"sabur-alim",fullName:"Sabur Alim"},{id:"225647",title:"Prof.",name:"Nahrul Khair",middleName:null,surname:"Alang Rashid",slug:"nahrul-khair-alang-rashid",fullName:"Nahrul Khair Alang Rashid"}]},{id:"8856",doi:"10.5772/7815",title:"Security and Privacy of Intelligent VANETs",slug:"security-and-privacy-of-intelligent-vanets",totalDownloads:4480,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"6122",slug:"computational-intelligence-and-modern-heuristics",title:"Computational Intelligence and Modern Heuristics",fullTitle:"Computational Intelligence and Modern Heuristics"},signatures:"Mahmoud Al-Qutayri, Chan Yeun and Faisal Al-Hawi",authors:null},{id:"63017",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80026",title:"Convolutional Neural Networks for Raw Speech Recognition",slug:"convolutional-neural-networks-for-raw-speech-recognition",totalDownloads:2618,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"State-of-the-art automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems map the speech signal into its corresponding text. Traditional ASR systems are based on Gaussian mixture model. The emergence of deep learning drastically improved the recognition rate of ASR systems. Such systems are replacing traditional ASR systems. These systems can also be trained in end-to-end manner. End-to-end ASR systems are gaining much popularity due to simplified model-building process and abilities to directly map speech into the text without any predefined alignments. Three major types of end-to-end architectures for ASR are attention-based methods, connectionist temporal classification, and convolutional neural network (CNN)-based direct raw speech model. In this chapter, CNN-based acoustic model for raw speech signal is discussed. It establishes the relation between raw speech signal and phones in a data-driven manner. Relevant features and classifier both are jointly learned from the raw speech. Raw speech is processed by first convolutional layer to learn the feature representation. The output of first convolutional layer, that is, intermediate representation, is more discriminative and further processed by rest convolutional layers. This system uses only few parameters and performs better than traditional cepstral feature-based systems. The performance of the system is evaluated for TIMIT and claimed similar performance as MFCC.",book:{id:"6554",slug:"from-natural-to-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-and-applications",title:"From Natural to Artificial Intelligence",fullTitle:"From Natural to Artificial Intelligence - Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Vishal Passricha and Rajesh Kumar Aggarwal",authors:[{id:"256038",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Aggarwal",slug:"rajesh-aggarwal",fullName:"Rajesh Aggarwal"},{id:"256039",title:"Mr.",name:"Vishal",middleName:null,surname:"Passricha",slug:"vishal-passricha",fullName:"Vishal Passricha"}]},{id:"8860",doi:"10.5772/7812",title:"Heuristics of Social Process Design",slug:"heuristics-of-social-process-design",totalDownloads:2205,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The notion of design is prominent in the fields of heuristics, learning and gaming. “Design” can refer to space (architecture or geography), time (music) and even to roles and perspectives (e.g. negotiation games); such is named “substrate of design”. The understanding of one substrate of design could be helpful for others regarding useful structures, evolutionary generation of such structures and applicable quality criteria.",book:{id:"6122",slug:"computational-intelligence-and-modern-heuristics",title:"Computational Intelligence and Modern Heuristics",fullTitle:"Computational Intelligence and Modern Heuristics"},signatures:"Gilbert Ahamer",authors:null},{id:"8852",doi:"10.5772/7819",title:"A Variation of Particle Swarm Optimization for Training of Artificial Neural Networks",slug:"a-variation-of-particle-swarm-optimization-for-training-of-artificial-neural-networks",totalDownloads:2230,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"6122",slug:"computational-intelligence-and-modern-heuristics",title:"Computational Intelligence and Modern Heuristics",fullTitle:"Computational Intelligence and Modern Heuristics"},signatures:"Masood Zamani and Alireza Sadeghian",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63970",title:"Some Commonly Used Speech Feature Extraction Algorithms",slug:"some-commonly-used-speech-feature-extraction-algorithms",totalDownloads:3276,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Speech is a complex naturally acquired human motor ability. It is characterized in adults with the production of about 14 different sounds per second via the harmonized actions of roughly 100 muscles. Speaker recognition is the capability of a software or hardware to receive speech signal, identify the speaker present in the speech signal and recognize the speaker afterwards. Feature extraction is accomplished by changing the speech waveform to a form of parametric representation at a relatively minimized data rate for subsequent processing and analysis. Therefore, acceptable classification is derived from excellent and quality features. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), Linear Prediction Coefficients (LPC), Linear Prediction Cepstral Coefficients (LPCC), Line Spectral Frequencies (LSF), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Perceptual Linear Prediction (PLP) are the speech feature extraction techniques that were discussed in these chapter. 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Traditional ASR systems are based on Gaussian mixture model. The emergence of deep learning drastically improved the recognition rate of ASR systems. Such systems are replacing traditional ASR systems. These systems can also be trained in end-to-end manner. End-to-end ASR systems are gaining much popularity due to simplified model-building process and abilities to directly map speech into the text without any predefined alignments. Three major types of end-to-end architectures for ASR are attention-based methods, connectionist temporal classification, and convolutional neural network (CNN)-based direct raw speech model. In this chapter, CNN-based acoustic model for raw speech signal is discussed. It establishes the relation between raw speech signal and phones in a data-driven manner. Relevant features and classifier both are jointly learned from the raw speech. Raw speech is processed by first convolutional layer to learn the feature representation. The output of first convolutional layer, that is, intermediate representation, is more discriminative and further processed by rest convolutional layers. This system uses only few parameters and performs better than traditional cepstral feature-based systems. 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The variations in linear and two-dimensional cellular automata model and their features are discussed in relation to their applications as randomizers. Additional memory layers, functional nonuniformity in space or time, and global feedback are examples of such variations. Successful applications of cellular automata random number/signal generators (both software and hardware) reported in the scientific literature are also reviewed. The chapter includes an introductory presentation of the mathematical (ideal) model of cellular automata and its implementation as a computing model, emphasizing some important theoretical debates regarding the complexity and universality of cellular automata.",book:{id:"6554",slug:"from-natural-to-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-and-applications",title:"From Natural to Artificial Intelligence",fullTitle:"From Natural to Artificial Intelligence - Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Monica Dascălu",authors:[{id:"249893",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Dascalu",slug:"monica-dascalu",fullName:"Monica Dascalu"}]},{id:"39688",title:"Ant Colony Optimization Toward Feature Selection",slug:"ant-colony-optimization-toward-feature-selection",totalDownloads:4080,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3123",slug:"ant-colony-optimization-techniques-and-applications",title:"Ant Colony Optimization",fullTitle:"Ant Colony Optimization - Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Monirul Kabir, Md Shahjahan and Kazuyuki Murase",authors:[{id:"154612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Murase",slug:"kazuyuki-murase",fullName:"Kazuyuki Murase"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"525",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",biography:"Full professor at University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Spain, previously working at the University of Alicante, Autonomous University of Madrid and Polytechnic University of Valencia. Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). 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That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"
\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n
\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
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Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia 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