Operative and Postoperative Data
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"517",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"The Mystery of Glaucoma",title:"The Mystery of Glaucoma",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Since long ago scientists have been trying hard to show up the core of glaucoma. To its understanding we needed to penetrate gradually to its molecular level. The newest pieces of knowledge about the molecular biology of glaucoma are presented in the first section.\nThe second section deals with the clinical problems of glaucoma. Ophthalmologists and other medical staff may find here more important understandings for doing their work. What would our investigation be for, if not owing to the people’s benefit?\nThe third section is full of new perspectives on glaucoma. After all, everybody believes and relies – more or less – on bits of hopes of a better future. Just let us engage in the mystery of glaucoma, to learn how to cure it even to prevent suffering from it.\nEach information in this book is an item of great importance as a precious stone behind which genuine, through and honest piece of work should be observed.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-567-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6470-8",doi:"10.5772/1028",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"the-mystery-of-glaucoma",numberOfPages:364,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"65082a07fe9c15d7bd407ad213b09510",bookSignature:"Tomaš Kubena",publishedDate:"September 6th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/517.jpg",numberOfDownloads:80448,numberOfWosCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:74,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 27th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 24th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 31st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 29th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"41463",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Kubena",slug:"tomas-kubena",fullName:"Tomas Kubena",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41463/images/1964_n.jpg",biography:"Tomas Kubena, M.D., works currently as head of the Glaucoma Service in Zlin, Czech Republic. He is the graduate of the Medical College at Masaryk University in Brno (1987). Since 1990 he has been engaged in glaucoma and myopia research. He studied glaucoma with Professor G.L.Spaeth at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia (USA) and he is a fellow of Prof. Spaeth. He enlarged his education also in the department of Professor Airaxinen in Oulu (Finland), Professor Kriegelstein in Koln (Germany), and Professor Kessing in Copenhagen (Denmark). He improved the digital planimetry technology of the optic nerve head evaluation and the technology of imaging of retinal nerve fiber layer in a healthy eye and that of glaucoma eye. He presented his findings at the some international congresses: Athens (Greece), Boston (USA), Hong Kong, Taipei (Taiwan) and Hakone (Japan). One of his major concerns- other than medicine- is music- he is an active organ-builder and a local organist as well.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1094",title:"Ophthalmic Pathology",slug:"ophthalmic-pathology"}],chapters:[{id:"18949",title:"Evidence of Oxidative Stress Damage in Glaucoma",doi:"10.5772/19194",slug:"evidence-of-oxidative-stress-damage-in-glaucoma",totalDownloads:3206,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sandra M Ferreira, Claudia G Reides, Fabián S Lerner and Susana F Llesuy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18949",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18949",authors:[{id:"34012",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",surname:"Llesuy",slug:"susana-llesuy",fullName:"Susana Llesuy"},{id:"50895",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"sandra-ferreira",fullName:"Sandra Ferreira"},{id:"50896",title:"MSc",name:"Claudia",surname:"Reides",slug:"claudia-reides",fullName:"Claudia Reides"},{id:"50897",title:"Mr.",name:"Fabian",surname:"Lerner",slug:"fabian-lerner",fullName:"Fabian Lerner"}],corrections:null},{id:"18950",title:"Differential Effects of Elevated Hydrostatic Pressure on Gene Expression and Protein Phosphorylation in Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes",doi:"10.5772/18700",slug:"differential-effects-of-elevated-hydrostatic-pressure-on-gene-expression-and-protein-phosphorylation",totalDownloads:2238,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thomas J. 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We have developed a fast-track TAR technique which is completed within 3-4 hours. In the present chapter, we describe in detail our surgical procedure for improving TAR outcomes.
Historically, TAR has required deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) or retrograde cerebral perfusion with DHCA during distal anastomosis. However, DHCA has been shown to have adverse effects upon multiple organ systems. Moreover, these techniques do not give the surgeon adequate time to complete the aortic arch repair, the safety margin for which is limited to 40 to 60 minutes.
The antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) technique has been applied worldwide with various modifications. However, there is no common guideline as to the temperature that should be achieved before extracorporeal circulation can be stopped and replaced by initiation of SCP. Many institutions have recently attempted to elevate body temperature and reported excellent results in SCP with mild to moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. We have begun to use milder levels of hypothermia based on a tympanic temperature of 25-28℃. We present our experience of using an SCP technique with mild hypothermia in total arch replacement.
A contrast enhanced computed tomography of the chest and the abdomen was performed to evaluate systemic atherosclerotic disease. A coronary angiography was performed routinely to evaluate the coronary artery disease in elective cases and also magnetic resonance angiography of carotid, vertebral and intracranial arteries to evaluate potential cerebral ischemia.
Our threshold diameter for the treatment of aneurysm was 5 cm, however, the presence of risk factors influenced the individual indication for surgery such as age, pain symptom, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency and the expansion rate of the aneurysm. A saccular type aneurysm was indicated for surgery regardless of the size.
The arterial cannulation site is decided according to preoperative computed tomography (CT) and intraoperative epiaortic ultrasonography findings. Our first-choice site is the ascending aorta. If the ascending and arch aorta is severely atherosclerotic, we use axillary artery cannulation. Venous cannulae are inserted into the superior and inferior vena cava. A left ventricular vent cannula is inserted through the right superior pulmonary vein and systemic cooling is started immediately. The head is packed in ice to maintain cerebral hypothermia until cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is restarted. Myocardial protection is ensured by retrograde infusion of cold blood cardioplegia solution. Tympanic and bladder temperature are monitored; systemic cooling is considered adequate for circulatory arrest when the tympanic temperature falls to 25℃-28℃. Circulatory arrest is achieved at a tympanic temperature of 25-28℃, at which point the arch aorta is opened. SCP is always used in total arch replacement. A 14Fr balloon-tipped cannula is inserted into the brachiocephalic artery, and 12Fr cannulae into the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries. Antegrade SCP flow is 10-13ml/kg/min, brain oxygen monitoring is carried out using INVOS 5100C (Somanetics, Troy, Mich.), and bilateral radial artery pressure is monitored. Distal anastomosis is performed with a 4-0 monofilament continuous suture reinforced with Teflon felt strips. An ESTECH retractor is often used during the distal procedure to create a comfortable surgical field.(Fig 1) A sealed quadrifurcated Dacron graft is always used for arch repair. After completion of the distal repair, the vascular prosthesis is clampe, antegrade systemic circulation restarted through the side-branch of the prosthesis, and rewarming begun. Next, proximal anastomosis is performed with Teflon felt strip reinforcement approximately 1 cm above the sinotubular junction after completion of which, coronary circulation is started. Finally, the three arch vessels are reconstructed using 5-0 monofilament continuous sutures from the left subclavian artery to the brachiocephalic artery.(Fig 2,3) When this is completed, systemic rewarming and heart-beat adequate for weaning from CPB can be achieved.
Operation Time ( Hours)
Postoperative Intubation Time (Hours)
Stay of Intensive Care Unit (day)
Sequence of surgical procedure
CPB establishment with ascending aortic cannulation and bicaval venous drainage
Systemic cooling with topical head cooling in ice pack
Circulatory arrest at tympanic temperature of 25-28℃
SCP insertion into three arch vessels
Distal anastomosis using ESTECH retractor to create good surgical field
CPB restart from side branch and start of systemic rewarming to 35℃
Proximal anastomosis to ascending aorta
Coronary reperfusion and heartbeat start
Arch vessel reconstruction from subclavian artery to brachiocephalic artery
Weaning from CPB immediately after reconstruction of arch vessels
From January 2008 to July 2012, a total of 112 patients underwent total arch replacement under a single surgeon (A.T.) at Shiga Medical University Hospital. Of these 112 patients, the 45 requiring concomitant procedures were excluded and the remaining 67 isolated TAR patients (including 11 emergent cases), whose mean age was 73.3 years were admitted as subjects. The type of aortic disease was aortic dissection in thirteen (including three emergent) cases and atherosclerotic true aneurysm in 54 (including eight emergent) cases.
The operation time was 2.5 to 3 hours in eight cases, 3 to 4 hours in 31 cases, 4 to 5hours in 16 cases, and more than 5 hours in 12 cases. The CPB time was 82-268 minutes (mean 140 ± 36), the coronary ischemic time 38-158 minutes (mean 76 ± 26), the circulatory arrest time 28-137minutes (mean 45 ± 21), and the SCP time 57-212 minutes (mean 83 ± 29). (Fig 4)
Surgical view of distal anastomose site using ESTECH retractor
Hemorrhage requiring rethoracotomy occurred in three patients (4.5%), cerebrovascular deficit in three patients (4.5%), mediastinitis in two patients (3%), pulmonary failure in four patients (6%), and acute renal failure in four patients (6%). Prolonged intubation (>48H) was required in four patients (6%), and prolonged intensive care unit stay (>72H) in five.(Fig 5,6) The hospital stay from surgery to discharge was from 9 to 102 days with a mean of 14 days.
CT finding of distal arch aneurysm of thoracic aorta
CT finding of repaired arch with a sealed quadrifurcated Dacron graft
No thirty-day mortality occurred. Two hospital mortalities occurred (3%), one due to multisystem organ failure following emergent rupture and the other to cerebrovascular accident.
Historically, total arch replacement has required deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) or retrograde cerebral perfusion with DHCA during distal anastomosis.[1,2] However, these techniques do not give the surgeon adequate time to complete the aortic arch repair. The SCP technique, which extends the safe limits of time for arch surgery, has now gained acceptance.[4,5,6] As reliable SCP allows a high temperature setting during distal anastomosis, we have begun to use more moderate levels of hypothermia based on a tympanic temperature of 25-28℃. Core temperature based on bladder or rectal temperature has generally been used as the minimum setting and the safety of using tympanic temperature as the minimum setting is controversial. Ehrlich and coworkers [7] showed that brain oxygen consumption is reduced to 50% of baseline values if the patient is cooled systemically to a core temperature of 28C, while Zierer and coworkers [6] showed that SCP in combination with mild hypothermia (core temperature of 30C) offers sufficient cerebral protection and may be safely applied to aortic arch surgery requiring SCP time of up to 90 minutes or more. Our minimum temperature setting is tympanic temperature of 25-28℃. In almost all cases, when the tympanic temperature reaches 25℃, which takes approximately 10-20 minutes, the core temperature is still at 30-32℃. Our clinical outcomes show a low incidence of neurologic deficits and suggested that the application of this perfusion and temperature management protocol to aortic arch surgery was safe.
After completion of distal anastomosis, CPB was restarted from the side branch of the graft and rewarming initiated immediately. This early rewarming protocol with SCP is also controversial. Okada, who also used the INVOS system for monitoring brain oxygenation and increased SCP flow to maintain the INVOS index at preoperative values, reported that early rewarming can minimize CPB time, but that monitoring of brain oxygenation during rewarming is particularly important. [8]
After restart of CBP and rewarming, the proximal anastomosis is performed next and coronary perfusion restarted. Infusion of cardioplegic solution is thus needed only once. During arch vessel reconstruction, the heart-beat and progress of rewarming were sufficient to allow weaning from CPB, so that CPB could be discontinued immediately after reconstruction of the brachiocephalic artery. This sequence of reconstruction procedures minimizes CPB time and coronary ischemic time.
Recently, a number of studies have reported the safety of SCP with mild-moderate hypothermia for protection of the brain and visceral organs. In the present chater, the excellent surgical results also indicate the safety of SCP under mild hypothermia.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Operative time | \n\t\t\t156~419 minutes (mean 238 ± 64) | \n\t\t
CPB time | \n\t\t\t82-268 minutes (mean 140 ± 36) | \n\t\t
Coronary ischemic time | \n\t\t\t38-158 minutes (mean 76 ± 26) | \n\t\t
Circulatory arrest time | \n\t\t\t28-137minutes (mean 45 ± 21) | \n\t\t
SCP time | \n\t\t\t65-212 minutes (mean 83 ± 29). | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
Reoperation for bleeding | \n\t\t\t3 (4%) | \n\t\t
Deep sternal infection | \n\t\t\t2 (3%) | \n\t\t
Permanent stroke | \n\t\t\t3 (4%) | \n\t\t
Respiratory failure* | \n\t\t\t4 (6%) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t|
30days | \n\t\t\t0 (0%) | \n\t\t
Hospital | \n\t\t\t2 (3%) | \n\t\t
Operative and Postoperative Data
CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass
*Requiring prolonged ventilation support of more than 48 hours
ICU = intensive care unit
Scientific and technological world at present focuses on nano meter range fibrous materials which have excellent physical, chemical, biological and optical properties. Materials made from these fibers have great fundamental importance due to their flexibility and high directional strength. These are light weight with well-regulated pore structures and high surface to volume ratio. Fibrous materials at nano scale have shown excellence in every fundamental property. Nano fibers are well suitable in designing functional materials, used in tissue engineering, filtration, sensors, clothing and can also be used for energy storage. Specific morphological characteristics of nano fibers resembles original cellular matrix impacts living nature.
Unambiguous properties of nano fibers intend to modify or reinforce polymer matrices that have large beneficiations to mankind.
Today’s world is facing many challenges to run things in a smooth manner. Many man made things outburst as a threat to human life. In order to overcome such challenges researchers looked into fabrication of nano fibers that have substantial benefits in various fields. For example, globalization and modernization brought many hazardous things like plastic into day to day life of common man. Plastic is one of major pollutant that cannot decompose easily into Earth. Likewise, many materials are bringing challenges for better livelihood.
Nano fibers are alternative resources for many materials due to their excellent properties. These materials are emerging as substituents for original materials due to their low cost, low density, high porosity, high energy. These unique features enable nano fibers for novel applications.
Nano science and nano technology have been vital applicative for scientific world since antiquity. Impact of nano on the present world empowers and drives one to develop new aspects in many areas. Researchers thrive to dwell the inherence of nano to synthesize from different materials. Fibrous materials have been used as best replacement for many non-renewable sources with less cost. They have been used in day to day applications like mobiles, solar cells, batteries, filtration membranes etc. In many cases these materials are taken from end users or wastes. For example, cellulose nano whiskers can be prepared from coconut fiber [1]. Sea algae is also being used to prepare nano fibers with numerous applications [2]. Different methods like electron spinning, self-assembly, template synthesis, thermal induction and phase separation etc. are used to make nano fibers [3]. These methods include chemical and mechanical techniques. Nano fibers extracted from natural and synthetic polymers are authentic besties to nature.
Flexibility, high tensile strength is the major advantage of these fibers with enhanced properties. Knowing about the various types of nano fibers, their synthesis, properties with basic as well as commercial applications at one glance is the main emphasis of this chapter.
Nano fibers are generated from diverse materials show differences in physical properties as well as application potentials. Natural polymers, synthetic polymers, carbon based materials, metals, ceramics, semiconducting materials and composite materials are used for the preparation of nano fibers [4]. Figure 1 shows the materials used to synthesize nano fibers. Each of these materials have specific importance and applications.
Synthesis of nano fibers from various materials.
Dominance of renewable sources in the preparation of nano fibrous materials has been increased drastically in this decade due to their environment friendly properties. These renewable sources include polymers were paid much attention from their biocompatible, bio degradable and bio active nature. Starting from physical properties proliferation, adhesion, migration, cell adhesion are most evitable properties the makes one to rely to produce nano fibers.
Collagen, Cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin, gelatin and polysaccharides (chitosan, alginate) are the natural polymers and can be used to synthesize nano fibers using various techniques [5, 6, 7].
Collagen is an excellent protein in the extra cellular matrix found in connective tissues of body. The structure of collagen is helical with amino acids bound together which is elongated fibril also known as collagen helix. Nano fibrous materials generated from this regenerative biopolymer are used in reconstruction of tissues [8].
Nano structured cellulose fibers are commonly referred as cellulose nano fibers. Cellulose nano crystal, cellulose nano fibers, nano fibrillated cellulose and bacterial nano cellulose are the nano fibered cellulose with different physical, chemical and biological properties [9].
These fibrils are with high aspect ratio that is 5–20 nm width and some micrometers length. Many plant based products, biological products, sea products are the basis of cellulose. As an example the nano fibers from cellulose develops microfiber 3D printing network [10].
Silk fibroin is produced from silkworms and spiders. It has excellent mechanical properties with biological compatibility, morphological flexibility used to produce nano fibers mostly using electrospun technique [11]. The stability of fibers from silk is obtained from chemical treatments such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and water vapor. If viscoelasticity of silk fibroins is increased with blending them with polymers an improvement in mechanical properties were observed while biological properties remain [12].
One of the most abundant non-food protein is Keratin. Components of hair, feathers, nails, horns of mammals and birds are the many sources of keratin [13]. Despite of having so many good characteristics the keratin wastes are being pollutants. If the wastes are brunt they would release toxins due to Sulphur content. Instead of burning them and make as pollutants one can produce nano fibrous out of keratin by electrospinning technique that finds application in tissue engineering and many filtration devices [14].
For example, human hair mixed with polycaprolactone (PCL) in proper proportions to produce nanofibrous membranes that have excellent applications to develop composite materials and also can be used in various biomedical applications [15].
Gelatin is a natural polymer which is renewable acquired by fractional hydrolysis of collagen. It is most favorable bioengineering material due to its low cost, high biocompatibility and biodegradability [16]. Electrospun gelatin nano fibers face a difficult in water solubility with poor mechanical strength. To overcome this problem crosslinking technique like drying, heating and UV light exposure with some chemical treatments are induced [17].
Chitosan is one of polysaccharide obtained from deacetylation of chitin polymer. It is a natural source found in exoskeleton of insects, crustaceans and fungi. With excellence in properties like biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity chitosan suits for biomedical applications. Large variety of fungi, yeasts, bacteria can be inhibited by chitosan and through electrospinning technique nano fibers are prepared [18]. These specifications made chitosan ample with opportunities in biomedical and other fields of industry.
Polyvinyl alcohol Polycaprolactone (PCL), polyurethane (PU), poly(lactic-co-glycolicacid) (PLGA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PEVA) are the synthesized polymers that can be used to prepare nano fibers with different techniques [19, 20, 21]. Poly Lactic acid (PLA), Poly glycolic acid (PGA) and their copolymer (PLGA) are biodegradable found applications in medical field [22].
These all are water soluble polymers with good mechanical properties. Some of these synthesized polymers are strong enough with good antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Combining with natural polymers these synthesized new scaffolds were prepared for various applications [23].
In the present day scenario semiconducting materials looks forward to develop many new technologies that relates to environment and society. Reduction of a material to its nano size exhibit numerous novel properties with a wide range of applications include energy materials, optoelectronic devices, biomedical imaging etc. [23]. The size dependent tuneable band gaps of semiconductors exhibit excellent properties and are used to generate nano fibers. Many fibrous materials that possess semiconducting properties can be prepared from versatile techniques. Three different sources acetylene, ethanol and cotton were used to prepare semiconductor carbon nano fibers. Many electronic functionalities like light emitting diodes, photonic compounds, field effect transistors are used to fabricate nano fibers [24].
Metals and composite materials have explicit optical, physical and electrical properties. These special features avail the materials amalgamate with nano fibrils to develop new fibrous materials [25]. The newly developed materials exhibit stability, flexibility, bio compatibility, selectivity and improved sensitivity.
Formation of stable organic as well as inorganic molecules is possible from high flexible nature of carbon. Notable mechanical, thermal, electrical properties versatile carbon materials and intrudes the formation of carbon nano fibers [26]. These CNF’s also acts as essences for composite materials.
Nano fibers from these materials can be obtained from various physical, chemical or mechanical techniques explained in detail further in this chapter.
Synthesis of nano fibers include various chemical and mechanical and optical methods. From their early preparation till to date so many techniques keep on coming to generate fibrous materials in nano size. Nano fibers are generated from various technologies electrospinning, self-assembly, template based synthesis, polymerization, sonochemical synthesis [27]. Figure 2 shows the synthesis mechanism of nano fibers from various techniques. Along with these methods freeze drying or lyophilization is another technique used to produce nano fibers from cellulose materials. There are few ongoing and upcoming new technologies to synthesize nano fibers. Few of them are electro-hydrodynamic writing, plasma induced synthesis, solution blow spinning, centrifugal jet spinning, CO2 laser supersonic drawing.
Representation of Conventional and Modern Methods for synthesis of nano fibers.
Of all the availability techniques electrospinning is adaptable mechanism for the production of nano fibers [28, 29, 30, 31]. In this technique simple experimental arrangement is used to prepare nano fibers. An electric source, a syringe with nozzle, a counter electrode, target and a pump is the experimental setup to generate fibers at nano scale as shown in Figure 3. The principle of this technique is the electrostatic repulsion force produced in a high electrical field. The ejected solution forms into Tylor cone due to the potential difference. The solvent in the solution evaporates that leads to the formation of nano fibers and collected at collector. New improvisation in conventional electrospinning technique is done to generate nano fibers with enhanced properties. There are several types of electrospinning methods that includes multi axial, Co-axial, tri axial electrospinning, bi-component, mutlineedle electrospinning, needle less- bubble, two-layer fluid, splashing electrospinning are the techniques implementing to improve the nano fiber productivity [32].
Representation of nanofiber production with basic electrospinning method [
Majority of fibrous materials from natural and synthetic polymers are generated from electrospinning and its related techniques.
Self-assembly is one of the technique used to produce a variety of nano fibers. Self-assembly peptides are capable of producing scaffolds that improvises luminescence efficiency of nano clusters. Natural structural materials are self-assembled by acquiring desirable properties such as mechanical strength, thermal stability and biocompatibility. Peptide and peptide amphiphiles nano fibers are synthesized using self-assembly (Figure 4) [33].
Generation of nano fibers through self-assembly, phase separation and electron spinning [
Nano fibrils and hollow nano fiber are produced by template synthesis mechanism. Nano fibrils are prepared within the microporous membrane or any solid pores. Desired morphology of nano fiber is obtained by pre-configuration. Figure 5 shows a method for preparation of nanofibers. Sol–gel or electrodeposition are used to fill cylindrical pores at nano scale. Nano fibers are formed below the template [34].
Nano fibers from template synthesis [
Polymerization is a specific method used to synthesize nano fibers from polyaniline [35]. Three major methods are used to produce nano fibers. Chemical oxidative polymerization, interfacial synthesis and rapid mixing reactions [36]. A traditional way of obtaining fibers from polyaniline is the chemical oxidative polymerization. Polymerization takes place with the addition of aniline and an oxidant in acidic solution. By this method nano fibers without fine structure are formed. However, ultrafine nano fibrous material is produced when potassium biiodate is used as oxidant, then crystalline fine structured nano fibers were formed [37]. Polyaniline nano fibers were produced with homogenous nucleation. In this process overgrowth of molecules occurs and is controlled by the formation of nano fibers.
A powerful ultrasound irradiation is utilized for chemical reaction of molecules is sonochemical synthesis. Using this methodology, the molecules undergo high temperature and pressure conditions to produce varied range of nano structured materials. Polyaniline nano fibers can also be obtained from this method [38].
Electro hydrodynamic writing is a modern technique that drew attention of many with great potential in rendering nano fibers into highly flexible and controllable substrates. This technology gives highly controllable, flexible aliened micro/nano fibers [39]. Output obtained through electro hydrodynamic writing in developing nano fibers is so popular due to low cost, high flexibility and intense applications in various fields. Direct writing is possible from mechanoelectrospinnig to obtain direct hierarchal nano or microfibers. Unlike the general electrospinning mechanisms this method uses mechanical force that stimulates positioning of fibers with controllable morphology. Figure 6 shows the mechanism is used to produce nano fibers from assisted air flow with constrained force and additional stress that enhances jet stability. A versatile system is being developed for the production of ultrafine, highly flexible and stretchable electronics using nano fibers and there by applied in the formation of sacrificial structures [40].
Electro hydrodynamic writing to produce nano fibers [
Plasma induced synthesis is used to generate nano particles in different shapes and nano fibers in five steps. (i) rapid bombardment of radicals on electrode surface (ii) atomic vapor deposition (iii) plasma expansion (iv) condensation of solution (v) in situ reaction of oxygen and growth of nano fibers [41]. In the production of nano fibers plasma generation is the key role. It is generated from discharge of pulse between electrodes in solution by direct current. Silver nano particles are induced on chitosan nano fibers are to confirm antibacterial activity [42].
Solution blow spinning is a new emerging modern technique in fabrication of nano fibers. Both electrospinning and melt blowing elements are combined to organize this technique for the production of micro and nano fibers. Using this method production rate increases drastically. Figure 7 shows the experimental arrangement of solution blow spinning. A syringe pump is used to deliver polymer solution pumped through a nozzle under compressed air supply. This is used in situ deposition of nano fiber mats and mostly used for tissue engineering applications [43]. As an example nano fibers generated from solution blow spinning are used for composite air filter masks [44].
Representation of solution blowing technique [
A new technique with high efficient, low cost and greater throughput to fabricate nano fibers is centrifugal jet spinning. Figure 8 shows a dc motor with flexible air foil with liquid jet and spinneret is used to produce fibers. Two collectors are there to collect the obtained nano fibers [45]. When the centrifugal force overwhelms surface tension of polymer liquid material that stretches out the solution forming nanofibers in solid form. As an example a new spin nano fibers are used to produce nano fibers that is used as a fibrous mat scaffold for bone regeneration [46].
Schematic diagram shows centrifugal jet spinning [
This technique is a novel method to develop long nano fibers by irradiation with CO2 laser at supersonic velocities. Melted fibers are gone through supersonic airflow to draw nano fibers in the range of diameters. Estimation of flow velocity is done by computer program. Through this process several natural and synthetic polymers are being used to yield nano fibers [47].
Numerous applications of nano fibers are fascinating world due to their use in generating energy, many biological, medical field, in defense, food industry, water and environment. Each of these fields have specific developments from nano fibers as shown in Figure 9.
Applications of nano fibers in various fields.
Nano fibers emerged as best replacement for electrodes from anode and cathode materials used in lithium ion batteries. Many factors like electrochemical performance, limited capacity, high cost of materials affect the usage of lithium ion batteries as large scale storage devices [48]. Introduction of nano fibers as electrode materials paved way for generation of energy in batteries and fuel cells. The advantage of nano fibers being used as electrodes came from the properties such as high porosity, large surface area. The capability of nano fibers has extended from lithium-ion batteries to three dimensional interconnected networks. Metal organic frame works derived from metal oxides were intruded in carbon nano fibers through electrospinning to improve electrical conductivity with excellent rate capability [49].
Hydrogen is one of the future energy generation sources best carrier for renewable fuels due to its high energy content. Limitation in the availability, economical storage and generation are the challenges in the use of hydrogen as energy carrier. Nano fibered structures are synthesized to improve hydrogen storage.
Nano fibrous materials acts as best alternative scaffolds for tissue engineering as well as regenerative medicine [50]. Specific properties of nano fibers make them biologically active. Replacement of cells or tissues to exhibit proper body mechanism is the regenerative medicine. Transplantation of cells or tissues is done by various biologically active materials. Of them scaffolds developed from nano fibers are important as these are favorable layout for cellular growth, proliferation [51]. Natural or synthetic fibers are majorly used for tissue engineering as they have biocompatibility, biodegradability. As an example improved angiogenesis (development of new blood vessels) is improved through nano fibers for tissue engineering applications. Hard and soft tissues reconstruction is done by nano fiber scaffolds [52].
The use of nano fibers especially cellulose nano fibers from various materials like fruit peel extracts, sea alga, bacteria, fungi have been utilized in food industry. The use of nano fibers in food industry starts from packing, protecting aromatic and unstable compounds in beverages, monitors storage and in detection of pesticides [53]. Also nano sensors are used for quality assessment.
Morphology of nano fiber materials is attracting researchers due to numerous applications in environmental and water related issues in recent developments. Membranes of nano fibers developed from electrospinning technique shows greater prospective in waste water treatment and recycling. Many water treatment functionalities such as separation, adsorption, photo catalysis and antimicrobial activities can be treated effectively by nano fiber membranes Fiber mats prepared from nano fibers act as best filtration membranes that minimizes pressure drop with better efficiency than conventional mats. The contaminants in water and air were absorbed from the membranes of nano fibers with large surface to volume ratio and shows an increment in the life time of these mats [54].
Many micro and nano electrical devices like ultra-light weight space craft materials, electrostatic dissipation, nano solar cells, LCD devices are manufactured with nano fiber materials in electronics [55].
Nano fibers are the fantastic materials that found applications in defense. Face masks, chemical protective clothing liners, decontamination wipes etc. were prepared from nano fibers to improve their efficiency at low cost. Polyethylene oxide nano fibers serves as detoxifying substances against chemical war fares [56].
Table 1 shows the synthesis of nano fibers from various materials, their fabrication techniques, advantages and applications.
Types of nano fibers | Fabrication techniques | Advantages | Applications |
---|---|---|---|
Natural Polymers | Electrospinning, Template based synthesis, Electro hydrodynamic writing, CO2 laser supersonic, centrifugal jet spinning, plasma induced synthesis | Natural Polymers are obtained from renewable sources, eco-friendly and low cost | Food industry, medical applications, water and environment, protective clothing |
Synthetic Polymers | Electrospinning, Electro hydrodynamic writing, self-assembly, polymerization | Synthetic polymers provide optimal support to cell attachment with improved mechanical strength. | Wound dressing, filters, drug delivery, cytotoxicity studies |
Semiconducting, metals and composite materials | Electrospinning, centrifugal jet spinning, solution blow spinning | With specific physical, chemical and mechanical properties nanofibers obtained from these materials intrudes into many devices. | Biomedical, optoelectronic, bio imaging and sensors |
Carbon based materials | Electrospinning, sonochemical synthesis, template based synthesis | These are the materials which produce three dimensional graphene structures with high surface area, porosity, flexibility. | Super capacitor, air purifier, batteries and sensors |
Types of nano fibers advantages and applications.
Nano fibers are excellent materials designed from various materials like natural, synthetic polymers, metals, semiconductors and many more. These nano fibers have been developing since ages till to date with lot of improvement in their synthesis mechanisms. With a drastic improved properties nano fibers have pronounced applications in different fields. The fabrication methods include conventional methods like electrospun, template based synthesis, polymerization, self-assembly and sonochemical methods and modern methods like electro hydrodynamic writing, plasma induced synthesis, solution blow spinning, centrifugal spinning and CO2 laser supersonic technologies. New technologies to fabricate nano fibers are being developed day by day to meet the requirement of society. These nano fibers are synthesized from natural, synthetic polymers and from different materials like semiconductors, carbon based materials and many more. Applicative orientation makes these nano fibers a specific alternative to non- renewable sources. Still researchers are keenly looking into the real time applications of these nano fibers at huge.
There is a huge demand of nano fibers due to their numerous applications in various fields. These acts as best alternatives for solving many life leading problems that include water and purification, health related issues, electronics, energy derivatives etc. Nano fiber entrustment in all areas with commercial acceptance is the present challenge to the scientific world. Novel development in the fabrication of nano fibrous materials is the ongoing and future research work.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. 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In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 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