Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
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Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
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"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
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Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7806",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Public Sector Crisis Management",title:"Public Sector Crisis Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The term “crisis management” was applied to business only after the publication of the monograph “Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable” by Steven Fink in 1986. Since then, this term has turned from a journalistic cliche into a scientific concept, and its concept, theory, and methodology have been further developed.It is the turning point in the meaning of the word “crisis” that indicates the possibility of changing the situation by making decisions that contribute to changing the vector of development of events from destruction to recovery and further development. From the above, the general definition of the term “crisis management” follows as a process of saving the system from its destructive effects. The activity of the crisis manager is always temporary and stops as a result of a favorable overcoming of the crisis or vice versa—the destruction of the system. Therefore, the criterion for the success of a manager in emergency crisis management is effectiveness as an absolute measure of the presence or absence of a result—it either exists or does not exist.",isbn:"978-1-83880-982-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-981-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-983-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77623",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"public-sector-crisis-management",numberOfPages:174,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"84a998820880e0f006a5e9eac40d83e7",bookSignature:"Alexander Rozanov, Alexander Barannikov, Olga Belyaeva and Mikhail Smirnov",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7806.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6212,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 3rd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 25th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 23rd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 13th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 12th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233092/images/system/233092.jfif",biography:"Dr. Alexander S. Rozanov is a specialist in Global Security and a graduate of Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia). He is the author of more than 60 scientific publications. After graduating, Dr. Rozanov worked in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Russian Government. In 2014 he received his Ph.D. in Politics from Lomonosov Moscow State University. From 2014 to 2017, Dr. Rozanov was invited as a guest lecturer in several well-known universities – University of California, Santa Barbara (USA), Paris-Sorbonne (France), and Wroclaw University (Poland). Dr. Rozanov specializes in the analysis of global and regional conflicts, as well as the global dynamics of world development. He is a member of the European International Studies Association (Great Britain). Dr. Rozanov is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Regional Studies and International Cooperation at the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"303094",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Barannikov",slug:"alexander-barannikov",fullName:"Alexander Barannikov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/303094/images/system/303094.jfif",biography:"Dr. Barannikov has a PhD in Economics and Management. From 2012 to 2014, he was an independent expert of the Commission of the Federal Agency for the supply of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel on compliance with the requirements for official behavior of Federal civil servants of the Central Office of the Federal Agency. His list of scientific works includes more than 87 scientific works, including 39 inventions. Dr. Barannikov is a Professor at the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"303097",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Belyaeva",slug:"olga-belyaeva",fullName:"Olga Belyaeva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/303097/images/system/303097.jfif",biography:"Dr. Olga Belyaeva is an Associate Professor at the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration at the Department of Regional Management of the Faculty of International Regional Studies and Regional Management. She has a PhD in Regional Economy. Dr. Belyaeva has 2 specialties – a professional lawyer and an economist. Dr. Belyaeva has published more than 80 scientific publications. She has been providing lectures since 2006. From 2003 to 2006 she worked in the field of audits of small and medium-sized businesses.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"308591",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail",middleName:null,surname:"Smirnov",slug:"mikhail-smirnov",fullName:"Mikhail Smirnov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/308591/images/system/308591.jfif",biography:"Michael Smirnov is a Professor at the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. He has a PhD in Law. For more than 15 years, Dr. Smirnov worked as a practical lawyer in international banks and consulting companies, at the same time providing lectures at Lomonosov MSU and Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. He is the author of more than 60 scientific publications. Dr. Smirnov is currently the head of the Academic Program ‘Legal Support of Financial Technologies’.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"272",title:"Management",slug:"management"}],chapters:[{id:"72017",title:"Crisis Management and Communication Strategies: RUSAL’s Case",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91644",slug:"crisis-management-and-communication-strategies-rusal-s-case",totalDownloads:617,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"No company is immune to crisis situations, an affirmation which, despite its triviality, is undeniably true. However, from the early 2014, such statement may have become even more true to Russian corporations, as the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula gave start to rounds of economic sanctions that are still perpetrated today. Such measures, which were initiated in response to the Kremlin’s political maneuvers, have hit a number of Russian companies, and increased the degree of uncertainty in which they have to operate, as they see economic restriction’s impact not only on the business activity tangible factors—i.e., economic rewards, service, and performance—but also on intangible factors—i.e., image and reputation—as well. Crises are integral parts of all world systems, unfortunately. While they are a theoretically well-understood issue, in practice, crises are perceived as a very painful phenomenon. A crisis can be compared to riding a roller coaster. First, as we gain speed and climb up the tracks we are filled with a sense of joy and delight. These feelings are quickly replaced with anticipation, panic, and fear as the roller coaster plunges into the “abyss.”",signatures:"Alexander Rozanov, Maria Ivanchenko, Alexandra Baranova, Mikhail Smirnov, Olga Belyaeva, Alexander Barannikov, Mikhail Ilichev, Ludmila Ilicheva, Biyaslan Tambiev, Maria Krotovskaya, Vladimir Chilingaryan, Tatiana Grabovich, Zaru Dulatkyzy, Alla Nikolaeva, Svetlana Ivanova, Kwame Boateng, Mattia Masolletti, Marina Danilina, Dmitry Medvedev and Natalya Ogneva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72017",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72017",authors:[{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov"},{id:"303094",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Barannikov",slug:"alexander-barannikov",fullName:"Alexander Barannikov"},{id:"312160",title:null,name:"Olga",surname:"Belyaeva",slug:"olga-belyaeva",fullName:"Olga Belyaeva"},{id:"312161",title:null,name:"Mikhail",surname:"Smirnov",slug:"mikhail-smirnov",fullName:"Mikhail Smirnov"},{id:"312162",title:null,name:"Alexandra",surname:"Baranova",slug:"alexandra-baranova",fullName:"Alexandra Baranova"},{id:"312163",title:null,name:"Natalya",surname:"Ogneva",slug:"natalya-ogneva",fullName:"Natalya Ogneva"},{id:"312164",title:null,name:"Dmitry",surname:"Medvedev",slug:"dmitry-medvedev",fullName:"Dmitry Medvedev"},{id:"312165",title:null,name:"Marina",surname:"Danilina",slug:"marina-danilina",fullName:"Marina Danilina"},{id:"312197",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",surname:"Ivanchenko",slug:"maria-ivanchenko",fullName:"Maria Ivanchenko"},{id:"316770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",surname:"Masolletti",slug:"mattia-masolletti",fullName:"Mattia Masolletti"},{id:"316771",title:"Dr.",name:"Kwame",surname:"Boateng",slug:"kwame-boateng",fullName:"Kwame Boateng"},{id:"317588",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",surname:"Ivanova",slug:"svetlana-ivanova",fullName:"Svetlana Ivanova"},{id:"317589",title:"Dr.",name:"Alla A.",surname:"Nikolaeva",slug:"alla-a.-nikolaeva",fullName:"Alla A. Nikolaeva"},{id:"317590",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaru",surname:"Dulatkyzy",slug:"zaru-dulatkyzy",fullName:"Zaru Dulatkyzy"},{id:"317773",title:null,name:"Tatiana",surname:"Grabovich",slug:"tatiana-grabovich",fullName:"Tatiana Grabovich"},{id:"317774",title:null,name:"Vladimir",surname:"Chilingaryan",slug:"vladimir-chilingaryan",fullName:"Vladimir Chilingaryan"},{id:"318393",title:null,name:"Maria",surname:"Krotovskaya",slug:"maria-krotovskaya",fullName:"Maria Krotovskaya"},{id:"318394",title:null,name:"Biyaslan",surname:"Tambiev",slug:"biyaslan-tambiev",fullName:"Biyaslan Tambiev"}],corrections:null},{id:"72314",title:"The Political Economy of Crisis Recovery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92586",slug:"the-political-economy-of-crisis-recovery",totalDownloads:577,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aftermath of the global financial crisis marked another stress test for welfare states and varieties of capitalism. More than ever before, governments were forced to consider substantial reforms to welfare provision and enact flexibility-enhancing measures in order to improve financial solvency and economic performance. The crash, however, was not only a regionally uneven process in its origins but also led to makeshift or uneven policy responses. As a result, the socio-economic effects of the downturn and political reactions to it varied considerably among countries. Nevertheless, there have been some common trends in outcome measures. These have served to blur the dividing lines between different welfare states and production systems, so vividly captured in the mainstream political economy literature.",signatures:"Mohammad Ferdosi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72314",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72314",authors:[{id:"316998",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Ferdosi",slug:"mohammad-ferdosi",fullName:"Mohammad Ferdosi"}],corrections:null},{id:"72395",title:"Contagion, Exchange Rate, and Financial Volatility: Indonesian Case in Global Financial Turbulence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92275",slug:"contagion-exchange-rate-and-financial-volatility-indonesian-case-in-global-financial-turbulence",totalDownloads:576,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Global turbulence after the financial crisis has hit Indonesia and almost all emerging countries. Quantitative Easing (QE) normalization (tapering of) has caused the capital outflows from emerging countries. Trade war and increasing geopolitical tension together raise the pressure. Argentina and Turkey have been experiencing economic shock. Indonesia should identify the contagion possibility and refer to Thai baht contagion experience in 1997. This paper assesses the contagion, exchange rate, and financial volatility triggered by global turbulence and Argentina-Turkey crisis in 2018. We use vector autoregression (VAR), simple correlation, dynamic conditional correlation (DCC), and regression method. We will investigate the potential contagion both in stock and exchange rate markets and in the rupiah exchange rate determination from both contagion and fundamental factors regarding the balance of payment (BOP) condition. The empirical result shows the potential contagion from Argentina and Turkey’s financial crisis to the Indonesian economy, especially to the stock market and exchange rate. The regression and correlation result also shows that Turkey has a higher financial contagion effect than Argentina to Indonesian financial market. Balance of payment condition also has the significant effect to explain rupiah exchange rate depreciation.",signatures:"Telisa Falianty and Arif Budimanta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72395",authors:[{id:"317414",title:"Dr.",name:"Telisa",surname:"Falianty",slug:"telisa-falianty",fullName:"Telisa Falianty"},{id:"317419",title:"Dr.",name:"Arif",surname:"Budimanta",slug:"arif-budimanta",fullName:"Arif Budimanta"}],corrections:null},{id:"73192",title:"State Capitalism in Belarus: Behind Economic Anemia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93606",slug:"state-capitalism-in-belarus-behind-economic-anemia",totalDownloads:857,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Belarus’ economic model looked rather successful in the late 1990s and in the 2000s with its economic growth above 7% per year. But during the last decade, Belarusian annual economic growth has fallen at the average level around 1% per year. This chapter reveals the rarely known case of state capitalism in this post-Soviet country with its specific indicators, and instruments behind economic anemia. It also outlines several traps on the way of Belarusian economic growth: “debt trap,” “middle-income trap,” “social burden trap,” “resource curse trap,” “conflict neighbors trap,” and “forceful pressure trap.” These pitfalls lead to the long-term economic slowdown in the Republic of Belarus. The consequences of such economic anemia bring to another discussion about the role of public values in support of state capitalism in Belarus.",signatures:"Kiryl Rudy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73192",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73192",authors:[{id:"323827",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiryl",surname:"Rudy",slug:"kiryl-rudy",fullName:"Kiryl Rudy"}],corrections:null},{id:"70824",title:"Crisis Management and the Public Sector: Key Trends and Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90855",slug:"crisis-management-and-the-public-sector-key-trends-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:979,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A crisis is a situation approaching a dangerous phase, which requires urgent intervention to avoid harmful effects on the body of an organization in order to return to normal situation. It is a decisive and critical time for the organization, where the wrong decision can even cost its viability. This situation can shape political, legal, economic, and governmental impact on its activities. From different definitions of crisis, we seek to underscore key elements of a crisis that may threat a public organization and, also, to highlight both the elements of management responsiveness resulting in the loss of control in the organization, regarding the short time demand for decision-making. The key purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the basis available in the international literature, upon which public risk mechanisms can be reviewed and chosen in public sector organizations under the scope of their applicability.",signatures:"Christos Lemonakis and Antonios Zairis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70824",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70824",authors:[{id:"311797",title:"Dr.",name:"Christos",surname:"Lemonakis",slug:"christos-lemonakis",fullName:"Christos Lemonakis"},{id:"313069",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonios",surname:"Zairis",slug:"antonios-zairis",fullName:"Antonios Zairis"}],corrections:null},{id:"72981",title:"Applying Monte Carlo Simulation in New Tech",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91264",slug:"applying-monte-carlo-simulation-in-new-tech",totalDownloads:364,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monte Carlo in Monaco is given to the theory for mathematics, whose simulation process involves generating chance variables and exhibiting random behaviours in nature. This simulation is a powerful statistical analysis tool and widely used in both non-engineering fields and engineering fields for new perspectives. This simulation has been applied to diverse problems ranging from the simulation of complex physical phenomena such as atom collisions, to the simulation of river boundary layers as meanders and Dow Jones forecasting. It can deal with many random variables, various distribution types and highly nonlinear engineering models, while Monte Carlo is also suitable for solving complex engineering problems in two areas which are varying randomly. Monte Carlo simulation is given as an application for hydrogen energy potential determination.",signatures:"Levent Yilmaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72981",authors:[{id:"305285",title:"Prof.",name:"Levent",surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"levent-yilmaz",fullName:"Levent Yilmaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"71352",title:"Management of Tourism Crisis in the Middle East",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90174",slug:"management-of-tourism-crisis-in-the-middle-east",totalDownloads:611,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study looks for to recognize the realism of management of tourism crisis in Jordan (Amman Hotels’ Bombing case study). In order to show the role of the management and its effects in facing the tourism crisis in Jordan, the researcher will try to handle a group of points: finding a special concept for tourism crisis, crisis generative environment, management of tourism crisis, and studying Jordan management of the Hotel bombing in Amman. To clarify and achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach to what is stated in the most important books and references Arab and foreign periodicals, statistics, and official reports relating to the ethics of the research. It is recommended, in this study, to provide training opportunities for all people who have a role in the management of tourism crisis especially in the communication sector, the massive presence of police in the tourism site, hotels, and all the tourism places under the condition of not being seen, and to provide the qualified policemen with modern defensive weapons.",signatures:"Omar Jawabreh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71352",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71352",authors:[{id:"311791",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Omar",surname:"Jawabreh",slug:"omar-jawabreh",fullName:"Omar Jawabreh"}],corrections:null},{id:"70464",title:"Exploring the Three-Way Destination Safety Solution to Crisis Management in Tourist Destinations in Rural Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89727",slug:"exploring-the-three-way-destination-safety-solution-to-crisis-management-in-tourist-destinations-in-",totalDownloads:597,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Development of tourist destinations is among topical issues in national discourse for economic growth and sustainability. The past two decades have witnessed massive development and investment in tourist destinations in rural areas. This is owing to the fact that rural tourism has been identified as among the development options for rural communities in most developing nations. Of recent, crisis and other safety issues have been among the militating factors against tourist destinations hence the cry for destination safety. These are said to emanate from the activities of the three major principals in the management of tourist destinations (hosts, tourism resources, and tourists/visitors). Incidentally, destination safety discourse is source of worry for these principal factors in tourist destination management. This has left many tourist destinations devastated, abandoned and abused. However, this chapter proposal would seek to identify the way out of this predicament. It tends to explore the meaning and application of the three-way destination safety (TWaDeSS) model in the management of crisis at tourist destinations in rural Nigeria. This will not only promote harmony among the three major principals in tourist destination but also enhance the rate of investment as a result of quality crisis control in these destinations.",signatures:"Elochukwu A. Nwankwo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70464",authors:[{id:"308906",title:"Dr.",name:"Elochukwu",surname:"Nwankwo",slug:"elochukwu-nwankwo",fullName:"Elochukwu Nwankwo"}],corrections:null},{id:"69310",title:"Crisis Management in Nigeria’s Public Sector and the Impact of the Organised Labour Union: Interrogating the Nexus between Industrial Harmony and Political Stability",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89562",slug:"crisis-management-in-nigeria-s-public-sector-and-the-impact-of-the-organised-labour-union-interrogat",totalDownloads:435,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This study sought to explore the dynamics in managing crisis in the Nigerian public sector and its engagement with the organised labour, with a view to determining the interface between industrial harmony and political stability in the country. This study is predicated on the fact that crisis management is essentially embedded in humanity. Additionally, the study was informed by the established and widely held view by scholars, that social groups by their nature and context, are in fact characterised by conflicts. Consequently, the study established that the public sector in every society is not immune against conflict or crisis, and this will naturally arise as long as there is interaction between and among human elements in the two sectors. The author used the terms—crisis and conflict—interchangeably in the study, and pointed out that the methodology adopted was a descriptive and analytical approach. This is informed by the sources of information accessed which are essentially secondary. The study concluded by asserting that given the humanity-linked nature of conflict, its management in the public sector, particularly in Nigeria, will continue to be an unavoidable responsibility of the government. This is to ensure that the right environment is created to guarantee smooth governance.",signatures:"Daniel Taye Medoye",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69310",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69310",authors:[{id:"308852",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel Taye",surname:"Medoye",slug:"daniel-taye-medoye",fullName:"Daniel Taye Medoye"}],corrections:null},{id:"71859",title:"The Police Development and Protection of Soft Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92072",slug:"the-police-development-and-protection-of-soft-targets",totalDownloads:604,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper describes the function and development of the requirements for modern and high-quality equipment and accessories and also equipment used by the specialized units of the police force of the ČR with a practical example. This is offered in the form of a draft requirement for a transport means – a multifunctional special vehicle, intended specifically to intervene in situations against demonstrators, extremists, and football hooligans. 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1. Introduction
In recent decades, search for effectiveness of organizational performance directed the researchers and practitioners toward the concept of personal and organizational values congruence [7, 9, 51]. The aim for value congruence in the context of organization management was perceived as a complicated practical problem. Therefore, values congruence is gaining an increasing importance in organizations aiming not only to attract and keep employees but also to ensure a targeted and desired behavior of the members of the organization, positive attitude of employees toward work and the organizational climate. After defining and understanding the values congruence as a positive phenomenon in the organization, which means that an employee not only supports the organizational values but also protects them, fosters and adheres to them, it has become a significant field of theoretical and empirical research [18, 24, 49]. Numerous studies demonstrate a positive impact of the values congruence on the individual and the organization, but there is insufficient emphasis on the importance of research into this phenomenon itself. In practice of organizations, the significance of this phenomenon is also not fully understood. Most organizations claim having organizational values, but a risk arises here frequently: organization has a list of values, perhaps they are well known to employees, but are they really respected in the organization? Do all employees have “obligatory” and the same organizational values? Can values be “obligatory” on the whole? What kind of value-based behavior do the organization’s executives show? There is also a question of whose values do the employees actually follow in practice: their personal, declared in the organization or prevailing in the organization?
There is a lack of discussions in scientific researches about assumptions and meaning of phenomenon of values congruence and insufficient focus on measures that would be useful and applicable in practice of organizations, in order to properly diagnose the congruence of values and to reduce or eliminate the gap between personal and organizational values. An axis of values congruence should be values assessment determining how individuals understand their personal and organizational values; how sustainable are their personal values with organizational values and/or what are the thoughts of employees of how strong do they have to undermine their personal values to meet the organization’s expectations [38]; what measures shall be used in order to ensure the congruence of values in the organization. According to Bao [3], in order to avoid confusion, instead of the debate on the concept of values congruence in general, researchers should pay more attention to present the investigated phenomenon, clearly indicate and substantiate the reasons of choosing the instruments and methods to investigate the values congruence.
The relevance of research is implied by the fact that properly constructed and empirically based complex diagnostic instrument for personal and organizational values congruence, including presentation of its application principles and logic, would be useful not only for further research but also in practice of organizations.
Object of the research is congruence of personal and organizational values.
Aim of the research is to diagnose the congruence of personal and organizational values by forming managerial decisions for strengthening the values congruence.
2. Research methodology
To reach the raised aim of the research, various theoretical and empirical research methods were applied.
Theoretical. By investigating the problem at the theoretical level, content analysis, general and logical analysis, synthesis, analogy, classification, comparison and complex summation methods of management, psychology, philosophy, scientific and methodological sources were applied that highlighted the problems of phenomenon and allowed to base the methodological approach of personal and organizational values congruence research, which implies the newness of the research.
Empirical. By developing the instrument for personal and organizational values congruence, analytical reflection method was applied. By searching for similarities, values groups common to the individual and the organization, and categories attributed to the phenomenon of values congruence, were grouped and categorized according to the meaning.
For the empirical study, mixed methods approach was used with a consistent combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods supporting the results with different data sources and formats. Personality psychologists affirm that analyzing values only based on quantitative methods is extremely difficult because it is possible to measure only the individual reactions to them and to identify trends [26, 35]. The addition of qualitative methods can reveal not only the visible and rationally perceived aspects of different reactions and assessments but also deeper underlying approaches that influence the reasons of occurring trends. Approach of mixed research methods allows to elaborate and expand the results of the investigation and to reveal latent causes arising from different experiences and practices of organizations.
To determine the validity and content suitability of the constructed instrument, which consists of an interview questionnaire for executives and survey for organization’s employees, the expert evaluation method was selected. Experts evaluated the completeness of the questionnaire, the relationship between the statements and objectives, questionnaire‘s structural parts matching to construct‘s definition and purposes of data collection, significance and clarity of the statements. Due to transdisciplinary of the phenomenon and the aim to adapt the instrument for multicultural researches, both quantitative and qualitative research instruments were validated by Lithuanian and foreign experts from different areas who investigated the values of employees in organizations and published scientific researches on the topic of personal and organizational values congruence. Expert groups of questionnaire for employees consisted of seven foreign and eight Lithuanian experts having scientific and practical experience related to human resources management: recruitment, talent management, staff motivation. Expert panel of questionnaire for executives consisted of six experts. Each expert was provided with a standardized evaluation form. The experts were asked not only to evaluate the statements in points but also to provide comments, observations, and suggestions about every questionable statement, scale or subscale, and about the whole questionnaire in respect of quality.
To analyze the expert survey data, a qualitative content analysis method was used. Results of the analysis are based on the content of analyzed text only in the context of research.
To determine the perceived personal and organizational values congruence, personal values of employees, prevailing values of the organization, the organizational climate, employees’ attitude to work, and the results of organizational performance surveys were carried out in 15 organizations. On the basis of research results, applicability of the constructed complex model of personal and organizational values congruence was empirically verified.
The stratified sampling strategy was used to collect sample. It means that the population is divided into strata, and the sample is chosen from each of the stratum. The data were collected according to the planned number of answers in each group that the population would be heterogeneous among strata and homogenous inside the stratum. The sample was chosen according to the profile of organization (public and private), the size of organization (minor and average), and the field of activity (production, marketing, and service). The chosen sample is proportional (the number of elements selected from each stratum is proportional to the number of elements in each stratum). Such sample is representative; the parameters of population are more accurate; and it is possible to carry out few analyses at the same time: analysis of population and analysis of separated strata. In order to apply the instrument in the multicultural context, organizations were separated into multicultural and non-multicultural.
A semi-structured interview method was used to analyze the practices of value congruence management. The research informants were the executives, who can, directly and thoroughly, tell about values management practices in organization. The executives were from eight organizations where the researches about personal and organizational values congruence were conducted. The data obtained through interviews is very significant and exhaustive. They were analyzed based on the results of the employees’ questionnaire.
A qualitative diagnostic method—phenomenographic—was used to analyze data from individual interviews with the executives of organizations. The purpose was to identify: how the research phenomenon is perceived from the perspective and experiences of executives of organizations; what kind of meaningful and relevant differences exist among different opinions about the phenomenon of values congruence in the organization. The executives revealed and, in detail, stated their provisions and presented the reflections and interpretations of distinctive situations.
Statistical. In order to determine the methodological and psychometric characteristics‘ reliability of constructed questionnaire, the dispersion of the factor, Cronbach’s α and Spearman-Brown coefficients, factor loadings, and resolution of the test steps (items) were calculated and explained. The descriptive statistical methods—mean, standard deviation, absolute and percentage frequencies—were used for the quantitative survey statistical analysis of data. The multidimensional statistical methods, correlation and factor analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate regression, were applied. The Tucker congruence coefficient was used to measure the similarity of factors. Correlation analysis was used to measure the linear statistical correlation between scales/subscales. The Student’s t-test was used to measure the similarity between two normal distributions of averages equation.
3. Review and conceptualization of congruence of personal and organizational values phenomenon
Comparative analysis and synthesis of personal and organizational values congruence assumptions, conceptions, and content allowed to specify the conceptual meaning of the phenomenon. Organizational values are more often applied in practice as a management mechanism in order to stimulate and ensure harmonious behavior of members within the organization. Congruence of personal and organizational values occurs when personal values of employees align with values of organization, which are supported by the top management and are acceptable by majority of members in the organization who support, cherish, and follow the values in day-to-day activities. The harmonization of members’ values in the organization ensures the desired and purposeful members’ behavior, determines positive employee’s attitude toward work and organizational climate, as well as destines the success of the organization in the present and future.
Scientific expertise examining the topics of values congruence at global level is high. The latest approaches to the values of organization were presented by Lencioni [29], Jaakson [20], Bourne and Jenkins [4]. The authors have agreed that the values of the organization are perceived in different sections and analyzed the forms, importance, and dynamics of the values occurring in the organization.
Values congruence is mostly being investigated in the view of how this phenomenon affects the person and the organization. Empirical studies, carried out since 1999, have proved that the personal and organizational values congruence is positively related to job satisfaction [2, 8, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 27, 28, 30, 37, 38, 44–46, 48, 51], organizational commitment [1, 8, 10, 15, 16, 19, 28, 30, 37, 38, 45, 46, 51], identification with the organization [5, 13], civic behavior [5], motivation [28, 38], initiative [46], decision-making delegation [41], contextual activities, when an employee works more than it is found in his job description [27, 50], etc.), and it also affects the performance of employees [16, 19, 28, 46]. What is more, value congruence reduces staff turnover [4, 5, 8, 13, 27, 37, 51], unethical behavior [46], employees’ work control [41], anxiety and stress in the workplace [38], the allocation of employees’ time to activities that are not related to work [4]. Scientists initiate discussions by constantly searching for new relations of values congruence in the context of employees and organization, confirming the benefit of this phenomenon both for the employee and the organization.
Researchers offer a variety of quantitative instruments for investigation of personal and organizational values congruence, but the choice of it is often not reasonable and fully clarified. Original instruments were constructed by Super [47], Wollack et al. [54], Rokeach [42], Quinn and Rohrbaugh [40], Posner et al. [39], Elizur [14], Cooke and Lafferty [11], O‘Reilly et al. [36], Liedtka [31], McDonald and Gdanz [32, 33], Cable and Judge [7], Meglino and Ravlin [34], Kalliath et al. [23], Cable and DeRue [5], Cable and Edwards [6], De Clercq et al. [12]. Even the most recent researches of personal and organizational values congruence applied old instruments whose application frequency is based on its reliability and validity. Although the same phenomenon is being analyzed and the center of attention are values, but the instruments differ in structure of content. Also, the importance of different values groups and assessment methods of values congruence are emphasized. In most of the instruments, employees’ values are usually associated only with work in the context of organizational culture. Also, the list of values is not detailed enough to set the importance and congruency of specific personal and organizational values. Application of various instruments and evaluation methods implies the assumption that the values congruence is a quite complex phenomenon to diagnose [3].
Values congruence in works of investigators is being assessed in different types. Typology of values congruence assessment was investigated by Judge and Cable [21], Ostroff et al. [37], Kristof-Brown et al. [25], Edwards and Cable [13], Leung and Chaturvedi [30], Bao [3]. There is no united opinion, which type of evaluation is the most appropriate to assess values congruence. Some researchers argue that the most important thing is the fact how an individual perceives and evaluates his personal and organizational values and congruency, others claim that it is necessary to evaluate subjectively or objectively. Cable and DeRue [5], who analyzed values congruence from the perspective of employee, argue that it is useful to examine the relationship between subjective congruence, perceived congruence, and its impact on the person and the organization.
Theoretical and empirically based models that were constructed to reflect the values congruence were offered by Chatman [9], Meglino [34], Westerman and Cyr [51], Cable and Edwards [6], Verplanken [48], Edwards and Cable [13], Greguras and Diefendorff [16], Kallas et al. [22], Suar and Khuntia [46], Hoffman et al. [17], Seong and Kristof-Brown [43]. In these models, the authors emphasize different elements that are usually associated with the context of the investigated phenomenon, therefore it is difficult to apply most of them in practice of organizations. In literature, there is a lack of complex insights about the phenomenon of personal and organizational values congruence. There is a need of models that could be practically applied in the organizations and that would highlight development process of the values congruence in the organization: assumptions, expression, and effect.
Analysis of the scientists’ work helps to understand the relevance of the values congruence and problems that arise in modern organizations and to purify the key factors that determine the congruence of personal and organizational values. However, scientific works dealing with problems of values congruence lack a comprehensive approach to strengthening the values congruence. In terms of qualitative approach, the phenomenon of values congruence is not widely investigated. Therefore, there is a lack of application of mixed research methods to investigate values congruence. Due to multitude of attitudes and different accesses to investigation of this phenomenon, one has to deal with problems, which are required for complex model of values congruence.
4. Dynamics of personal values and values in organization
By revealing approaches to the differences of values in organization, it can be stated that the treatment of values becomes relevant as being influenced by the individual interests of different researchers. This presupposes an assumption that there are different values in the same organization. Although the construct of value is widely analyzed in management literature, due to the lax conceptualization of the phenomenon, it tends to be more compromissory. Therefore, the progress of consistent research on values continues to be limited because of the lack of uniform theoretical justifications.
Values in the organization gain different forms, depending on how they evolve in activities of organizations and how they are treated by members of the organization. In the organization, there can be attributed, espoused, core aspirational, and shared forms of values, which are classified according to their meaning, expression, and subject. However, not only very close relationship between them but also significant differences can be revealed.
The forms of values in organization according to the meaning given to them can be positioned according to main criteria: time and subject, and additional criteria—conscious/unconscious and existent/non-existent. From the subject perspective, values can be separated into these groups: values which are formally espoused by the executives; values which are attributed to the organization by its members; fundamental values; values that are shared among members; and values which are aspired by members. These forms in the organization can be either congruent or incongruent, depending on how they are treated by executives and how they are approached by members of the organization. From the time perspective, values in organization reflect these values which were formed in the past; these values that are in common followed now; and these values which are aspired to be followed in the future. Different forms of values are not statistically determined as opposites. They are dynamic, and they occur on the interval from more developed to less developed values. In the organization, the values congruence means an overlap between forms of organizational values when members share values that are similar to those they attribute to the organization and which correspond to those that top managers espouse in formal documents and statements. Such overlap ensures the predictable and purposeful behavior of organization members, and it determines the success of the organization and positive attitude of employees toward work and organizational climate. Therefore, the comprehension of different forms and expressions of values would help executives understand, how to identify the reasons of the gap between employees‘ and organizational values and help to take up purposeful actions to ensure the congruence of values in organizations.
Personal and organizational values congruence could be directly (perceived) and indirectly (subjective and objective) assessed. Usually, one of these types is chosen for assessment. However, for complex assessment, it is recommended to integrate different types of measurement in one study and investigate values from different subjects in organization perspectives. Figure 1 shows the logically structured, different types of values assessment, possible ways of value expression in organization and approaches which help to investigate and measure values congruence.
Figure 1.
Relationship between values types of organization and assessment methods of values to ensure the values congruence.
Indirect perceived and direct subjective values congruence types of assessment were applied in this research. Indirect—when person individually assesses how congruent are his/her values to organizational values. Direct—when employees‘ personal values are compared to organizational values which are assigned by other members of organization.
This research will analyze the personal employees and the values prevailing in the organization that are perceived as collectively attributed by employees values. Shared values are perceived as subjective congruence of personal and organizational values.
5. Complex diagnostic instrument for personal and organizational values congruence
The content analysis of personal and organizational values phenomenon, other researchers recommendations for further research directions, a comparative analysis of empirical research on personal and organizational values congruence, as well as a comparative analysis of instruments and its structures used in the analyzed researches allowed to set the limits of the researched phenomenon and see development possibilities in further research. The disclosed limitations impede the practical use of present diagnostic instruments for personal and organizational values congruence. It was considered that there is a lack of comprehensive diagnostic instrument which would thoroughly analyze the congruence of personal and organizational values and help to establish recommendations for strengthening the values congruence in organization. A new Complex diagnostic instrument for personal and organizational values congruence, which was supplemented by significant details, was constructed for carrying out a detailed congruence diagnostics. In most cases, values congruence is analyzed through quantitative perspective. In order to reveal values congruence and/or latent reasons of the values, a gap is determined through perspectives of both, executives and employees. It consists of two parts: the first part is for employees in organization to assess the values congruence through quantitative perspective; the second part is for managers in organization to set value management practices in organization. Both quantitative and qualitative questionnaires’ reliability and validity were tested by Lithuanian and foreign experts whose field of research interest was organizational behavior, organizational culture, organizational psychology, human resources management, and values analysis in organization. The results of expert evaluation show that questionnaires have only minor deficiencies. The corrections were made and questionnaires were prepared to be used in the main survey. The final questionnaire is prepared in Lithuanian, English, and Russian languages in order to be used in multicultural organizations [52].
6. The quantitative research of personal and organizational values congruence
For quantitative diagnostics of values congruence, Questionnaire of Personal and Organizational Values Congruence for Employees was formed, whose structure is presented in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Structural diagram of questionnaire of personal and organizational values congruence for employees.
The questionnaire consists of 116 statements (without socio-demographic characteristics), 4 scales, and 18 subscales. Rating scale of perceived personal and organizational values congruence consists of five statements, determining values congruence manifestations. The scale of personal values consists of seven values subscales: economic values, social values, spiritual values, moral values, professional values, aesthetic values, and physical values. The statements of these subscales allow the assessment of the importance of specific values to employees. The scale of organizational values contains seven subscales analogous to the scale of personal values, which help to assess the employee’s subjective approach to organizational values. In total, scales of personal values and organizational values consist of a detailed list of 47 statements, each reflecting different values groups. On a scale of impact on person and organization, respondents subjectively evaluated employees’ attitude toward work, the organizational climate, and organizational performance. Seven Lithuanian and eight foreign experts confirmed the suitability of the questionnaire‘s content. On the basis of the survey results, the reliability of questionnaire’s methodological and psychometric characteristics was established and approved.
The main research was carried out in 15 organizations: four of the surveyed organizations were providing public sector services, four—private sector production, four—private sector trade, and four—private sector services. In total, 374 employees from 15 investigated organizations were surveyed.
Methodological characteristics of quality of the questionnaire of congruence of personal and organizational values for employees were tested by empirical and statistical means. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis has confirmed the construct validity of the questionnaire. High indicators obtained in the cases of both factorings show that congruence of personal and organizational values is a solid characteristic. High factor loadings and explained dispersion show that the scales and subscales of the questionnaire in the analysis of components of the impact on the person and the organization are also reliable. The results of the secondary factor analysis reveal the fact that factor loadings of subscales of the questionnaire of personal and organizational values are high in almost all scales. Therefore, it reveals strong respondents affirmation for constructed scales. In both cases of secondary factoring methods, relatively high scores substantiate that constructed questionnaire of congruence of personal and organizational values is valid and reliable, as subscales are reliable, and the prepared questionnaire, forming integral dimensions, is suitable for the measurement of the entirety of intended characteristics. Systematic and statistically significant relation between many subscales of personal values, organizational values, and the effect on the person and the organization affirms that used questionnaires are of high quality through psychometric perspective. By the use of multivariate regression, the statistical relationships between personal values, organizational values, perceived values congruence, and impact for person and organization were tested. Correlational relationships confirmed that organizational values are a factor to ensure the strong positive impact on the person and the organization.
The perceived assessment of personal and organizational values congruence showed the tendencies of values congruence. The respondents agreed the most with the statement that they agree with the values of the organization that they work in; a little less supported statement was the personal values match the values which are present in the organization; and the least supported statement was things that are valued in life are really similar to those which are valued in the organization. Such results of perceived assessment show that by gradually strengthening statements and personalizing them with particular values, the agreement with the statements and identification with organizational values is decreasing. The decreasing agreement with the statements can be related to more and more critical and more specific values congruence assessment, which allows to make assumption that not every value which is present in the organization is similar to the employees‘ personal values. It is noticed that more than a quarter of respondents neutrally assessed the latter statements. Such results could predict that employees do not know the values of organization. Therefore, it is difficult to express the clear and valid attitude through values congruence approach. The reverse statements’ evaluation is characterized by high coefficient of variation, whose range is about 50%, and it shows the heterogeneity of assessment. The more or less disagreement with the statements related to values incongruence also shows that respondents tend to link their own personal values with the organizational values. They also tend to support these values.
The perceived values congruence assessment results show that employees value their and organizational values congruence favorably, but not absolutely. However, perceived values congruence assessment do not show whether respondents understand and value, critically, both their personal and organizational values. Diverse evaluation of statements and frequent expression of neutral opinion might signal the lack of information about organizational values. The lack of information leads to insufficient understanding of these statements’ meaning.
Subjective personal and organizational values congruence assessment showed the congruence of particular employees‘ values and organizational values. The Tucker congruence coefficient (Tucker Phi) was used to measure the congruence, by checking the statistical similarity of factors. A very high congruence of almost every group was found. However, more attention in organizations should be paid for strengthening economic personal and organizational values congruence.
Paired Sample T Test was calculated to compare more in detail the differences of personal values and organizational values on the values groups and separated statements basis. The results revealed that not every value which is important to employees are valued and present in the researched organizations, because neither on the groups basis nor on separated statements basis are the organizational values priorities identical to personal value priorities. It is noticed that employees are more oriented to personal values realization, rather than values realization which are related to organization and its community; while the organization is more oriented to values which help to achieve better results of organization‘s activities, rather than assurance of employees‘ well-being. Statistically significant differences between personal values and organizational values were found in every measured subscale. However, the gap is not large in every value case. The strongest congruence was found between personal and organizational aesthetic values, although these values are not valued as the most important by either employees or organizations. Based on the found differences in averages, and according to the significance of values to person and organization, the strongest congruence is characterized by social and economic values. The largest gap was found between physical and professional values. Spiritual and moral values congruence is very similar. However, to both, person and organization, moral values are more important than spiritual values. Fairly consistent value differences were found in all three values groups. The study results show that, from an employee’s perspective, only small values gaps are allowed that the employee could continue working in the organization.
One-way ANOVA was used to set the differences through the perspective of types of organizations and through employees‘ sociodemographic characteristics (Table 1).
Gender
Age
Education
Position
Speciality match
Length of service
Sector
Area of activities
Cultural background
Perceived values congruence
+
−
−
+
+
+
−
−
−
Personal values
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
Organizational values
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
Impact on the person and the organization
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
Table 1.
Differences recorded in respect of the investigated characteristics.
The tendency emerged that only few sociodemographic employees‘ characteristics and type of organization characteristics have influence on assessment of personal values, organizational values, and assessment of impact on person and organization. The most statistically significant differences were found in perceived values congruence assessment depending on employees‘ gender, work experience, and how much occupation and specialty match the work position they have.
The calculated statistical outliers (z-score) analysis of investigated organizations shows assessment differences of personal values, organizational values, perceived values congruence, and impact on person and organization. Different employees‘ and organizations‘ values priorities were found in values groups. Therefore, it is inexpedient to apply the same values congruence strengthening recommendations for every organization, neither according to the organization nor according to an individual.
7. Qualitative research of personal and organizational values congruence
The second part of the instruments—Qualitative Personal and Organizational Values Congruence Interview Questionnaire for the Executives—aimed to identify values management practices in the organization in terms of executives. Questionnaire structure was formed according to the research object and research tasks in the context of full personal and organizational values congruence research, that is, it is recommended to perform interview after the survey of employees’ personal and organizational values congruence. To assess the suitability of the questionnaire, content expert evaluation was carried out, on the basis of which questionnaire structure and research aspects were purified. The final interview questionnaire for executives consists of six categories of questions constructed to identify organization’s practice of working with values: what is executives’ attitude about the values and importance of it, values congruence in the organization; what support actions of values formation, internalization are carried out; what are the ways in which values are ensured and its uniformity is maintained in the organization; how values affect staff selection.
The qualitative research was done by interviewing the executives of the same organizations as in the quantitative study. The interviews have shown the interest in the phenomenon of congruence of values and benefits of the study, but most organizations have not given special attention to the purposeful formation of values in organization. Executives do not conduct employee surveys about their personal values and the values prevailing in the organization, so the situation of personal and organizational values congruence was not known. However, study shows that not in every organization, whose executive claimed that they have never purposely worked with values (meaning that they have never worked with value purification, implementation, maintenance, etc.), the congruence is weak. The executives of smaller (in respect of employees) organizations, compared to executives of larger organizations, stressed the employee welfare more. They care about employees‘ opinion of valuable aspects in organization. It is important for them to know personal employees’ values. They say, that opportunities to ensure the congruence of personal and organizational values is important to them.
The results also reveal the reasons causing the gap between the values: desultory, uncoordinated by executives activities of the organization, lack of unity, incoherent communication, insufficient involvement of employees, lack of competence of the executives on the issues of implementation and importance of values. Selection of inappropriate employees significantly contributes to the gap of values in the practice of organizations existing in the market for a longer period. Also, individual needs of the employees are not given prominence, and the attention is not focused on the improvement of systems of motivation to improve working conditions for employees. Moreover, the lack of proper activities for adaptation of new employees shows that the employees have to figure out by themselves, through their mistakes, what actions and behaviors are tolerated in the organization and what are not. In addition, executives of the organizations often have the values of the organization only in their mind, while they are neither communicated nor formalized in the way understandable to everyone. Values in organizations are formed naturally; therefore, it is neither communicated nor controlled and, deliberately, not supported.
8. Application of the complex model for strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values
The analysis of values congruence models, presented in scientific literature, shows that there are two types of models [53]. One type reflects the phenomenon of values congruence itself with its impact on employees and on activities of the organization. The other type depicts the typology of values congruence. The models give little attention to the issue of selection of the types and methods of evaluation of value congruence. Also, in the models, constructive proposals are not provided about which particular measures to apply for strengthening and maintaining the congruence of personal and organizational values. They do not actualize the monitoring of the process and the implementation of longitudinal studies.
Based on the detailed comparative analysis of existing models, a new complex model for strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values was constructed by discerning the main values congruence phenomenon elements and contexts (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
The complex model for strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values.
This model can be used for streamlining and implementing the organizational values, during staffing, and to determine the values of the employees already working in the organization. The model can be applied in practice of organizations by implementing the process of eight stages: (1) matching the needs; (2) matching the values; (3) measurement of congruence of personal and organizational values; (4) measurement of the impact on the employee and the performance results of the organization; (5) selection of measures for strengthening the congruence; (6) application of the selected measures; (7) evaluation of the impact of the measures; and (8) continuation of application of the measures or selecting new measures.
The empirical validity of the complex model of personal and organizational values congruence was approved on the basis of regression analysis. The factors significantly associated with assessment of personal and organizational values congruence were socio-demographic characteristics of employees, employees’ personal values, and organizational values. Employees‘ gender, age, and work position can be interpreted as perceived values congruence assumptions. Statistically reliable strong relationship was found between organizational values and perceived values congruence. Perceived values congruence evaluation is strongly affected by employees‘ not only personal, economic, and social values but also organizational economic, social, and spiritual values. Also, influence of values congruence and organizational values on employee attitudes toward work, the organizational climate, and organizational performance was approved. However, stronger impact on employees‘ attitude toward work, organizational performance, and organizational climate has more organizational values than personal.
9. Managerial solution for strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values
The comparison of employees‘ questionnaire results and the identified value management practice in organizations revealed and explained possible reasons of values congruence and/or gap origin. Based on the study results, management solutions for organizations, which seek for stable value system and strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values, were formulated (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Structural diagram of strengthening of personal and organizational values congruence.
Managerial solutions were combined into a coherent logical structural diagram of strengthening of values congruence with the applicable stages: (1) definition of the situation; (2) diagnosis of the situation; (3) preparation of the decision; (4) application of the measures; (5) evaluation of the results; (6) preservation. At each step, the specific solved objectives are anticipated and described. Emphasis is placed on monitoring and control of each stage to ensure the purposeful process and to timely notice inefficiently implemented stage.
\n',keywords:"personal and organizational values congruence, personal values, value congruence model, organizational values, instrument for values congruence, managerial solutions",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/57830.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/57830.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57830",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57830",totalDownloads:1479,totalViews:581,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:4,impactScorePercentile:89,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 13th 2016",dateReviewed:"February 21st 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 29th 2017",dateFinished:"November 25th 2017",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The diagnosis of the congruence of personal and organizational values by forming managerial decisions for strengthening the values congruence was analyzed in this chapter. Analysis of empirical research on personal and organizational values congruence as well as a comparative analysis of instruments and its structures used in the analyzed researches was conducted. The questionnaire for employees, which integrates different methods of values congruence evaluation, an extensive list of personal and organizational values, was constructed. The interview questionnaire for executives in order to identify the practices in organization related to values was constructed. Both questionnaires were combined into one instrument for the complex diagnosis of personal and organizational values congruence. In order to consistently enhance personal and organizational values congruence, the complex model for strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values, including presentation of its application principles and logic, was constructed and empirically validated. A quantitative and qualitative study of personal and organizational values congruence in 15 different types of organizations in Lithuania and abroad had revealed the latent causes of the gap between personal and organizational values. Managerial solutions for strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values based on the results of research were formed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/57830",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/57830",book:{id:"5858",slug:"congruence-of-personal-and-organizational-values"},signatures:"Evelina Gulbovaite",authors:[{id:"198193",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Evelina",middleName:null,surname:"Gulbovaitė",fullName:"Evelina Gulbovaitė",slug:"evelina-gulbovaite",email:"ewellinne@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Vytautas Magnus University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Research methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Review and conceptualization of congruence of personal and organizational values phenomenon",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Dynamics of personal values and values in organization",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Complex diagnostic instrument for personal and organizational values congruence",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. The quantitative research of personal and organizational values congruence",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Qualitative research of personal and organizational values congruence",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. Application of the complex model for strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"9. Managerial solution for strengthening the congruence of personal and organizational values",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Agarval P, Sagar P. 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Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102541",slug:"determination-of-pesticides-residues-in-bee-products-an-overview-of-the-current-analytical-methods",body:'
1. Introduction
Honey has been described as a natural sweet mixture produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers or from living parts of plants. Bees combine this mixture with substances of their own, and then it is deposited, dehydrated, and stored in the honeycomb for further uses [1]. Honey is the most characterized bee product due to its nutritional value as a natural. Honey is composed of several carbohydrates, mainly fructose and glucose (85–95% of total sugars). Glucose has a lower degree of solubility than fructose. The ratio of glucose to fructose determines the liquid state of a given honey. Other types of sugar are present due to the union of two or more molecules of fructose or glucose as polysaccharides. Additionally, certain substances are available in honey, such as organic acids, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, lipids, flavonoids, and vitamins that are responsible for its biological properties including antioxidant or antibiotic activities [2].
Additionally, certain substances are available in honey, such as organic acids, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, lipids, flavonoids, and vitamins that are responsible for its biological properties including antioxidant or antibiotic activities [3, 4].
Melissopalynological analysis is used to establish whether a honey is unifloral or not. Unifloral honey has a higher market price because at least 45% of the pollen grains in its solids are from the same plant species. Therefore, the quality of a honey depends on the presence and concentration level of specific compounds and the botanical origin classification [5].
Honey can obtain the characteristics of plants whose pollen grains and nectar have been taken by bees. Thus, the biological properties are related to the plant species and its attributes [6]. Antioxidant activity is one of the observed biological properties of honey. The presence of enzymatic antioxidants (glucose oxidase, catalase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and phenolic acids) have been detected in many honeys [7, 8]. Several studies have looked to establish some relationship between phenolic compounds and the antioxidant properties of honey. An analysis of the phenolic compounds profile of unifloral Rhododendron honey produced in Turkey demonstrated that increased antioxidant activity was related to higher concentrations of those molecules. The same effect was observed for the antibacterial capabilities of honey samples [9, 10].
The identification of phenolic compounds includes many extraction techniques that permit the isolation of the phenolic fraction from the rest of the honey’s components. Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) procedures are recommended for cleaning the samples, followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Capillary Electrophoresis, CE [11]. Those techniques have been used to determine the chemical profiles of natural products from extracts obtained from complex organic matrices such as honey. Despite its high resolving power, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) may present some limitations for the separation of molecules belonging to the same family, even when proper sample cleaning is performed to achieve better results. In the same way, capillary electrophoresis and the related technique, electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), in zone format (CZE) allow for the analysis of ionic and neutral compounds on the same column. The great advantage of this methodology is the amount of sample needed for each analysis; it requires only a few nanoliters of extract with a solvent waste of 1 mL–2 mL per assay [12]. Several research studies have focused on the identification of phenolic compounds in bee products. Samples of commercial propolis were studied using CE, and 15 polyphenols were separated with a buffer of sodium tetraborate 30 mM, pH 9.0, and under an applied voltage of 15 kV. Borate buffers form complexes with orthodihydroxyl groups on the flavonoid skeleton and facilitate separation. In the same study, three different extracts were produced (ethanolic, aqueous-ethanolic, and aqueous-glycolic extracts) to compare the levels of available analytes in each one. After this procedure, it was possible to establish a reproducible fingerprint of the polyphenolic profiles, the pattern of which depended on the nature of the extraction solvent [13].
By the way, the determination of the antioxidant capability of honey requires UV–Vis determinations. For instance, the colorimetric assays for the general quantification of phenolics is done by Folin–Ciocalteu reaction; assessment of radical scavenging using the reduction reaction of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a very helpful method for this aim [3]; the assessment of antioxidant activity using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP) [14, 15] and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) [16] has been frequently used.
2. Chilean honey
In 2020, according to figures obtained from Agricultural and Livestock Service of Chile, there are 8777 beekeepers who manage 1.241,504 beehives distributed throughout the country [17]. In that sense, 1991 tons were exported, and most of the honey was sent to European markets, with Germany being the main buyer, followed by Belgium. Also, China and the United Arab Emirates have also emerged as important buyers of Chilean honey. Chilean bee products have interesting biological properties that improve their natural potential as an attractive exportable nutritional food. Chemical characterization is necessary for certifying their natural attributes. Furthermore, chemical content analysis enables the fulfillment of international regulations for healthy and safe foods because those markets are very strict in terms of the food safety issues. Several studies on the potential properties of native unifloral honey have been conducted. The Ulmo Honey (Eucryphia cordifolia) demonstrated the greatest antibacterial power among the selected Chilean unifloral honey samples. The main identified compounds are gallic, caffeic, coumaric, and chlorogenic acids [18, 19].
3. Undesirable residues
The presence of undesirable compounds in honey occurs when beehives or plants are exposed to pollutants caused by human activities; in this case, the final composition of honey is modified, and the effectiveness of its biological activity changes. Recently, it has been demonstrated that honey has a specific chemical profile of inorganic elements related to the place where it was produced [20]. This information enables the certification of the geographical origin of a honey [21]. Similarly, studies showed that the inorganic content is not dependent on the botanical origin, but rather on the composition of the soils and water in the areas surrounding beehives, and other environmental conditions play an important role in this case [10, 22]. Also, honeys that contained metals in their composition showed a decreased antioxidant activity compared with control samples [23]. The same trend was found in bee pollen samples obtained from the same beehives [24]. Furthermore, it was possible to observe that the chemical behavior of phenolic compounds was modified due to the presence of metals, based on analyses by capillary electrophoresis with diode array detector (CE-DAD) [12].
4. Good agricultural practices (GAP)
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the current definition of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) includes codes, standards, and regulations that have been developed in recent years by the food industry and producers’ organizations but also governments and nongovernmental organizations, aiming to codify agricultural practices at farm level for a range of commodities. Their purpose varies from fulfillment of trade and government regulatory requirements (in particular with regard to food safety and quality), to more specific requirements of specialty or niche markets. The objective of these GAP codes, standards, and regulations includes, to a varying degree: ensuring safety and quality of produce in the food chain; capturing new market advantages by modifying supply chain governance; improving natural resources.
Currently, despite those findings, the standard methods for the measurement of those compounds still include an analysis by HPLC with mass spectrometry (MS). The efficiency of mass spectrometry and the optimization of chromatographic procedures have helped to decrease the experimental time for each analysis. Moreover, several antibiotics can be detected in just one chromatogram. This was the case in a study that was performed by selecting 11 honey samples from different botanical origins produced in Granada, Spain. After HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer, the following antibiotics were quantified with an average of MRL from 0.05 to 0.76 μg Kg−1 and a run time of approximately 11 minutes: chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, methacycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and rolitetracycline [25].
5. Xenobiotics
In several areas where agricultural activities occur, the possibility of finding pesticide-free areas has decreased. Because of this, an increase in the density of apiaries has been observed with the systematic appearance of bee diseases. The continuous exposure of bees to xenobiotics (agricultural pesticides and veterinary products) is responsible for the presence of these compounds in recycled waxes [26]. Although the information available is just related to reports from a limited group of countries, there is enough evidence that the presence of these compounds in the surrounding areas of beehives, as well as in the composition of products obtained from those apiaries, may have a long-term effect on the reproductive health of beekeepers, even farmer workers, or consumers. [27].
6. Residues of pesticides: analytical methods
The use of pesticides in agriculture is allowed under strict regulations, but nowadays there is enough evidence about the negative effects of those products over bee health. In that way, the presence of pesticides in the honey content may be detected owing to direct contamination from beekeeping practices or by indirect contamination from environmental sources [28]. Since the mid-1990s, several beekeepers from different parts of United States and Europe reported high colony losses caused by a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) [29]. One of the key factors of this disorder has been the use of neonicotinoids, a class of neurotoxic pesticides. Some studies have showed its effects by killing bees after expositions of these compounds, and there is evidence of damages at sublethal doses of neonicotinoids over their nervous systems affecting foraging abilities, navigation, learning communication, and memory. Also, the suppression of the immune systems of bees may be caused by neonicotinoids [30, 31]. In 2013, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) identified several risks posed to bees by three neonicotinoid insecticides: Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam as seed treatment or as granules, with particular regard to their acute and chronic effects on bee colony survival and development. For this reason, the use of those products has been restricted by European Union. In addition, these restrictions are extensive for treated seeds with those pesticides (EFSA Journal 2013; 3066; 3067; 3068) [32]. It has been described that neonicotinoids are not the only group of insecticides with negative effects. The organophosphate and organochlorine also cause damage to the bees [33].
Among the methods used for the detection and identification of both insecticides and pesticides, the most useful technique is HPLC with mass spectrometry [34]. As previously indicated for pesticides, the critical step in those determinations is related to the pretreatments of samples before chromatographic analysis. One alternative methodology was developed for 13 pesticides detected in 40 samples of honeys from Poland. In this case, all the samples were subjected to liquid–liquid extraction process on a diatomaceous earth support. The main difficulty in this methodology was the matrix effects over the percentages of recoveries of pesticides (63–117%), when the samples were fortified for assessing the success of this extraction process [35]. At the present time, the analyses include the QuEChERS method followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). This is simple sample preparation technique recommended for pesticides detection in a wide variety of food and agricultural products. Several studies have achieved satisfactory results in the determination of a long list of pesticides belonging to different classes such as organophosphates, triazoles, carbamates, dicarboximides, dinitroanilines, and neonicotinoids in honeybee bodies, honey, and bee pollen. The advantage of QuEChERS is the improvement of precision of measurements and percentages of recovery of pesticides after analysis without a matrix effect of samples affecting the reliability of results. This permits better sensitivity and lower detection limits for each pesticide [36, 37, 38].
The group of compounds corresponding to agronomic pesticides and veterinary products is wide and growing day by day. Despite this, there is a consensus on the analytical methods available for their detection and quantification. Table 1 presents a list of susceptible compounds that can be identified in bee products with their main methodologies for their extraction, detection, and/or quantification (adapted from [39]).
N°
Pesticide
DL
QL
Extraction method
Chromatography method
ng g−1
ng g−1
SPE
QuEChERS
LC–MS/MS
GC–MS
1
2,4 D
0.05
0.1
√
√
2
ABAMECTIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
3
ACEPHATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
4
ACEQUINOCYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
5
ACETAMIPRID
0.005
0.01
√
√
6
ACETOCHLOR
0.005
0.01
√
√
7
ACRINATHRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
8
ALACHLOR
0.005
0.01
√
√
9
ALDICARB
0.005
0.01
√
√
10
ALDICARB SULFONE
0.005
0.01
√
√
11
ALDICARB SULFOXIDO
0.005
0.01
√
√
12
ALDRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
13
AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID
0.005
0.01
√
√
14
AMITRAZ
0.005
0.01
√
√
15
ATRAZINE
0.005
0.01
√
√
16
AZADIRACHTIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
17
AZINPHOS ETHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
18
AZINPHOS METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
19
AZOXYSTROBIN
0.05
0.1
√
√
20
BAC C10 BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
21
BAC C12 BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
22
BAC C14 BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
23
BENALAXYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
24
BENOMYL/CARBENDAZIM
0.005
0.01
√
√
25
BENTAZON
0.005
0.01
√
√
26
BHC ALPHA
0.005
0.01
√
√
27
BHC BETA
0.005
0.01
√
√
28
BHC DELTA
0.005
0.01
√
√
29
BIFENAZATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
30
BIFENTHRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
31
BITERTANOL
0.005
0.01
√
√
32
BOSCALID
0.005
0.01
√
√
33
BRODIFACOUM
0.005
0.01
√
√
34
BROMACIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
35
BROMADIOLONE
0.005
0.01
√
√
36
BROMOPHOS ETHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
37
BROMOPHOS METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
38
BROMOPROPYLATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
39
BUPROFEZIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
40
CADUSAFOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
41
CAPTAFOL
0.005
0.01
√
√
42
CAPTAN
0.005
0.01
√
√
43
CARBARYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
44
CARBENDAZIM
0.005
0.01
√
√
45
CARBOFURAN
0.005
0.01
√
√
46
CARBOPHENOTHION
0.005
0.01
√
√
47
CARTAP HCL
0.005
0.01
√
√
48
CHLOFENTEZINE
0.005
0.01
√
√
49
CHLORANTRANILIPROLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
50
CHLORDANE CIS
0.005
0.01
√
√
51
CHLORDANE TRANS
0.005
0.01
√
√
52
CHLORDENE
0.005
0.01
√
√
53
CHLORFENAPYR
0.005
0.01
√
√
54
CHLORFENSON
0.005
0.01
√
√
55
CHLORFENVINPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
56
CHLOROBENZILATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
57
CHLOROTHALONIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
58
CHLORPYRIFOS ETHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
59
CHLORPYRIFOS METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
60
CYHEXATIN/AZOCICLOTIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
61
CLETODIM (EYZ)
0.005
0.01
√
√
62
CLOTHIANIDIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
63
COUMAPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
64
CYANAZINE
0.005
0.01
√
√
65
CYFLUTHRIN (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
66
CYFLUTHRIN BETA
0.005
0.01
√
√
67
CYHALOTHRIN GAMMA
0.005
0.01
√
√
68
CYHALOTHRIN L
0.005
0.01
√
√
69
CYPERMETHRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
70
CYPROCONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
71
CYPRODINIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
72
CYROMAZINE
0.005
0.01
√
√
73
DDAC - DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
74
DDD op
0.005
0.01
√
√
75
DDD pp
0.005
0.01
√
√
76
DDE op
0.005
0.01
√
√
77
DDE pp
0.005
0.01
√
√
78
DDT op
0.005
0.01
√
√
79
DDT pp
0.005
0.01
√
√
80
DELTAMETHRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
81
DEMETON-S
0.005
0.01
√
√
82
DIAZINON
0.005
0.01
√
√
83
DICHLOBENIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
84
DICHLOFLUANID
0.005
0.01
√
√
85
DICHLORVOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
86
DICLORAN
0.005
0.01
√
√
87
DICOFOL op (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
88
DICROTOPHOS (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
89
DIELDRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
90
DIFENOCONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
91
DIFLUBENZURON
0.005
0.01
√
√
92
DIMETHENAMID
0.005
0.01
√
√
93
DIMETHOATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
94
DIMETHOMORF
0.005
0.01
√
√
95
DIPHENYLAMINE
0.005
0.01
√
√
96
DISULFOTON
0.005
0.01
√
√
97
DODINE
0.005
0.01
√
√
98
EMAMECTIN BENZOATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
99
ENDOSULFAN I
0.005
0.01
√
√
100
ENDOSULFAN II
0.005
0.01
√
√
101
ENDOSULFAN SULFATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
102
ENDRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
103
EPTC
0.005
0.01
√
√
104
ESFENVALERATE/FENVALERATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
105
ETHION
0.005
0.01
√
√
106
ETHOPROFOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
107
ETOFENPROX
0.005
0.01
√
√
108
FENAMIPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
109
FENARIMOL
0.005
0.01
√
√
110
FENAZAQUIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
111
FENBUCONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
112
FENCLORPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
113
FENHEXAMID
0.005
0.01
√
√
114
FENITROTHION
0.005
0.01
√
√
115
FENOXYCARB
0.005
0.01
√
√
116
FENPROPATHRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
117
FENPROPIMORF
0.005
0.01
√
√
118
FENPYROXIMATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
119
FENTHION
0.005
0.01
√
√
120
FERBAM
0.005
0.01
√
√
121
FIPRONIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
122
FLOCOUMAFEN
0.005
0.01
√
√
123
FLUAZINAM
0.005
0.01
√
√
124
FLUDIOXINIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
125
FLUFENOXURON (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
126
FLUMETRALIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
127
FLUQUINCONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
128
FLUSILAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
129
FLUTRIAFOL (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
130
FLUTOLANIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
131
FLUVALINATE (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
132
FOLPET
0.005
0.01
√
√
133
FONOFOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
134
FORCHLORFENURON
0.005
0.01
√
√
135
FORMETANATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
136
FORMOTHION (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
137
GLUFOSINATE AMONNIUM
0.005
0.01
√
√
138
GLYPHOSATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
139
HALOXIFOP METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
140
HEPTACHLOR
0.005
0.01
√
√
141
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
142
HEPTENOPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
143
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
0.005
0.01
√
√
144
HEXACONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
145
HEXAZINONE (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
146
HEXYTIAZOX
0.005
0.01
√
√
147
IMAZALIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
148
IMIDACLOPRID
0.005
0.01
√
√
149
INDOXACARB
0.005
0.01
√
√
150
IPRODIONE
0.005
0.01
√
√
151
ISOFENPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
152
KRESOXIM METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
153
LENACIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
154
LINDANE
0.005
0.01
√
√
155
LINURON
0.005
0.01
√
√
156
LUFENURON
0.005
0.01
√
√
157
MALATHION
0.005
0.01
√
√
158
MANDIPROPAMID
0.005
0.01
√
√
159
METALAXYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
160
METAMITRON
0.005
0.01
√
√
161
METAFLUMIZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
162
METHAMIDOPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
163
METHIDATHION
0.005
0.01
√
√
164
METHIOCARB
0.005
0.01
√
√
165
METHOXYCHLOR
0.005
0.01
√
√
166
METHOXYFENOZIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
167
METOLACHLOR
0.005
0.01
√
√
168
METOMYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
169
METRAFENONA
0.005
0.01
√
√
170
METRIBUZIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
171
MEVINPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
172
MIREX
0.005
0.01
√
√
173
MONOCROTOPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
174
MYCLOBUTANIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
175
NAPROPAMIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
176
NOVALURON
0.005
0.01
√
√
177
NUARIMOL
0.005
0.01
√
√
178
OMETHOATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
179
OXADIAZON
0.005
0.01
√
√
180
OXAMYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
181
OXYFLUORFEN
0.005
0.01
√
√
182
PACLOBUTRAZOL
0.005
0.01
√
√
183
PARATHION ETHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
184
PARATHION METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
185
PENCONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
√
186
PENDIMETHALIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
187
PERMETHRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
188
PHORATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
189
PHOSALONE
0.005
0.01
√
√
190
PHOSMET
0.005
0.01
√
√
√
191
PHOSPHAMIDON
0.005
0.01
√
√
192
PIRAZOPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
193
PIRIMETHANIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
√
194
PIRIMICARB
0.005
0.01
√
√
195
PIRIMIPHOS ETHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
196
PIRIMIPHOS METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
197
PROCHLORAZ
0.005
0.01
√
√
√
198
PROCYMIDONE
0.005
0.01
√
√
199
PROFENOFOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
200
PROPAMOCARB
0.005
0.01
√
√
√
201
PROPARGITE
0.005
0.01
√
√
202
PROPICONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
203
PROPOXUR
0.005
0.01
√
√
204
PROPYZAMIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
205
PROTIOCONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
206
PYMETROZIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
207
PYRACLOSTROBIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
208
PYRIDABEN
0.005
0.01
√
√
209
PYRIPROXYFEN
0.005
0.01
√
√
210
QUINALPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
211
QUINOMETHIONATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
212
QUINOXIFENO
0.005
0.01
√
√
213
QUINTOZENE
0.005
0.01
√
√
214
ROTENONE
0.005
0.01
√
√
215
SIMAZINE
0.005
0.01
√
√
216
SPINETORAM
0.005
0.01
√
√
217
SPINOSAD
0.005
0.01
√
√
218
SPIRODICLOFEN
0.005
0.01
√
√
219
SPIROTETRAMAT
0.005
0.01
√
√
220
SULFUR (S8)
0.005
0.01
√
√
221
TEBUCONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
√
222
TEBUFENOZIDE
0.005
0.01
√
√
223
TEFLUTHRIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
224
TERBACIL
0.005
0.01
√
√
225
TETRACONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
226
TETRADIFON
0.005
0.01
√
√
227
THIABENDAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
228
THIACLOPRID
0.005
0.01
√
√
229
THIAMETHOXAM
0.005
0.01
√
√
230
THIDIAZURON (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
231
THIOCYCLAM HYDROGEN OXALATE
0.005
0.01
√
√
232
THIOPHANATE METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
233
TOLCLOFOS METHYL
0.005
0.01
√
√
234
TOLYLFLUANID
0.005
0.01
√
√
235
TOXAPHENE (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
236
TRIADIMEFON
0.005
0.01
√
√
237
TRIADIMENOL
0.005
0.01
√
√
238
TRIAZOPHOS
0.005
0.01
√
√
239
TRICHLORFON (**)
0.005
0.01
√
√
240
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
241
TRIFLUMIZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
242
TRIFLUMORON
0.005
0.01
√
√
243
TRIFLURALIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
244
TRIFORINE
0.005
0.01
√
√
245
UNICONAZOLE
0.005
0.01
√
√
246
VAMIDOTHION
0.005
0.01
√
√
247
VINCLOZOLIN
0.005
0.01
√
√
Table 1.
List of pesticides analyzed in honey and beeswax samples. DL: Detection Limit; QL: Quantification Limit.
7. Conclusion
The identification and detection of pesticides in the final content of honey and beeswax could be useful for beekeepers for understanding one of the potential causes of bee death. In that term, this is helpful for making improvements in the regulations for beekeeping directed to take care and preserve bees and the production of honey.
Phenolic compounds are the main molecules involved in the biological activity of honey. These compounds and its biochemical properties may be affected due to the presences of residues such as pesticides. Likewise, a specific survey applied to beekeepers to obtain production data (tons per year, detection of decreased bee population, and presence of diseases such as nosema disease and varroa mite infestation) is useful for understanding the real impact of pesticides exposure for bees.
In that way, values for biological and or physicochemical activities, production data, and detection of pesticide joined to georeferentiation of selected study sites will allow us to build a map per region describing appropriate zones for apiculture development. Finally, it shall enhance the chances of beekeepers for increasing their production by protecting bees’ health.
Acknowledgments
Funding by ANID—PAI/Inserción sector productivo, 1era conv. 2019, Grant number I7819010001.This section of your manuscript may also include funding information.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"honey, beehives, pesticides residues, good agricultural practices, analytical methods",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80586.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80586.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80586",totalDownloads:48,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 14th 2021",dateReviewed:"January 8th 2022",datePrePublished:"February 23rd 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"February 23rd 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The presence of undesirable compounds in honey and other bee products may modify their biological attributes. Such molecules may be present because of different human activities (i.e., pollutants, pesticides) or because of veterinary treatments designed to control and prevent diseases that affect bees. The use of pesticides in agricultural crops has been related with negative effects with and acute damages for bees. The widespread agricultural use of neonicotinoids is a common exposure pathway for bees, and it may be an important factor in declining bee health. In 2013, the European Union has forbidden the use of three pesticides belonging to the neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam, and Clothianidin after the analysis of several scientific results of some studies where those pesticides were involved in an increased death of bees.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80586",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80586",signatures:"Enrique Mejías and Tatiana Garrido",book:{id:"11015",type:"book",title:"Insecticides",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Insecticides",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11015.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-027-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-026-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-028-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"193813",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rebolledo Ranz",slug:"ramon-eduardo-rebolledo-ranz",fullName:"Ramón Eduardo Rebolledo Ranz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"191583",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Mejias",fullName:"Enrique Mejias",slug:"enrique-mejias",email:"enrique@abeilleconsultores.cl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"193079",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",fullName:"Tatiana Garrido",slug:"tatiana-garrido",email:"tgarrido@ciq.uchile.cl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Chilean honey",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Undesirable residues",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Good agricultural practices (GAP)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Xenobiotics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Residues of pesticides: analytical methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Codex Stan 12-1981. Revised Codex Standard for Honey. Codex Stan 12–1981, Rev. 1 (1987), Rev. 2; 1981/2001; Amended 2019. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/es/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B12-1981%252FCXS_012e.pdf'},{id:"B2",body:'Missio da Silva P, Gauche C, Gonzaga LV, Oliveira-Costa AC. Honey: Chemical composition, stability and authenticity. 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Biological applications of honeys produced by Apis mellifera. Biological Research. 2013;46(4):341-345'},{id:"B23",body:'Mejías E, Garrido T. Analytical procedures for determining heavy metals in honey used as bioindicator of environmental pollution. In: En Arnaut V, editor. Honey Analysis. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2017. pp. 311-324. DOI: 10.5772/66328'},{id:"B24",body:'Mejias E, Montenegro G. The antioxidant activity of Chilean honey and bee pollen produced in the Llaima Volcano’s zones. Journal of Food Quality. 2012;35(5):315-322'},{id:"B25",body:'Carrasco Pancorbo A, Casado Terrones S, Segura Carretero A, et al. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet and electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry on-line detection for the separation of eight tetracyclines in honey samples. Journal of Chromatography A. 2008;1195:107-116'},{id:"B26",body:'Harriet J, Campá J, Grajales M, Lheritier C, et al. Agricultural pesticides and veterinary substances in Uruguayan Beeswax. Chemosphere. 2017;177:77-83'},{id:"B27",body:'El-Nahhal Y. Pesticide residues in honey and their potential reproductive toxicity. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;741:139953'},{id:"B28",body:'Panseri S, Catalano A, Giorgi A, Arioli F, Procopio A, Britti D, et al. Occurrence of pesticide residues in Italian honey from different areas in relation to its potential contamination sources. Food Control. 2014;38:150-156'},{id:"B29",body:'Agricultural Research Service. Colony Collapse Disorder Progress Report. CCD Steering Committee–Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture USDA; 2012. https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/br/ccd/ccdprogressreport2012.pdf'},{id:"B30",body:'Williamson SM, Wright GA. Exposure to multiple cholinergic pesticides impairs olfactory learning and memory in honeybees. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2013;216:1799-1807'},{id:"B31",body:'Alaux C, Brunet JL, Dussaubat C, et al. Interactions between Nosema microspores and neonicotinoid weaken honeybees (Apis mellifera). Environmental Microbiology. 2010;12(3):774-782'},{id:"B32",body:'European Food Safety Authority. Conclusion on Pesticide Peer Review: Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid. EFSA. 2013;11(1):3066'},{id:"B33",body:'Fawzy E, Sanaa E, Nour E. Determining pesticide residues in honey and their potential risk to consumers. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 2014;23(5):1573-1580'},{id:"B34",body:'Gbylik-Sikorska M, Sniegocki T, et al. Determination of neonicotinoid insecticides and their metabolites in honey bee and honey by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B. 2015;990:132-140'},{id:"B35",body:'Kujawski MW, Namiesnik J. Levels of 13 multi-class pesticide residues in Polish honeys determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Food Control. 2011;22:914-919'},{id:"B36",body:'Souza Tette PA, Rocha GL, Abreu Glória MB, Fernandes C. Pesticides in honey: A review on chromatographic analytical methods. Talanta. 2016;149:124-141'},{id:"B37",body:'Kasiotis K., Anagnostopoulos C., et al. 2014. Pesticide residues in honeybee, honey and bee pollen by LC-MS/MS screening: Reported death incidents in honeybees. Science of the Total Environment 485 – 486: 633-642'},{id:"B38",body:'Chen J, Mullin C. Determination of nonylphenol ethoxylate and octylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in beehive samples by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry. 2014;158:473-479'},{id:"B39",body:'Mejías E, Gómez C, Garrido T. Suitable Areas for Apiculture expansion determined by antioxidant power, chemical profiles, and pesticide residues in Caldcluvia paniculata Honey and Beeswax Samples. Insects. 2022;13:31'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Enrique Mejías",address:"enrique.mejias@cchen.cl",affiliation:'
Centro de Tecnologías Nucleares en Ecosistemas Vulnerables (CTNEV), División de Investigación y Aplicaciones Nucleares (DIAN), Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear (CCHEN), Santiago of Chile, Chile
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Universidad de Chile, Chile
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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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