Simulators and web products for
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1414",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Stoichiometry and Research - The Importance of Quantity in Biomedicine",title:"Stoichiometry and Research",subtitle:"The Importance of Quantity in Biomedicine",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the importance of stoichiometry in the biomedical field. It proposes a collection of selected research articles and reviews which provide up-to-date information related to stoichiometry at various levels. The first section deals with host-guest chemistry, focusing on selected calixarenes, cyclodextrins and crown ethers derivatives. In the second and third sections the book presents some issues concerning stoichiometry of metal complexes and lipids and polymers architecture. The fourth section aims to clarify the role of stoichiometry in the determination of protein interactions, while in the fifth section some selected experimental techniques applied to specific systems are introduced. The last section of the book is an attempt at showing some interesting connections between biomedicine and the environment, introducing the concept of biological stoichiometry. On this basis, the present volume would definitely be an ideal source of scientific information to researchers and scientists involved in biomedicine, biochemistry and other areas involving stoichiometry evaluation.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0198-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4332-1",doi:"10.5772/1875",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"stoichiometry-and-research-the-importance-of-quantity-in-biomedicine",numberOfPages:390,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"66f899e5eb1b3325af2d14fb8c36be2f",bookSignature:"Alessio Innocenti",publishedDate:"March 7th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1414.jpg",numberOfDownloads:62812,numberOfWosCitations:107,numberOfCrossrefCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:79,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:213,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 7th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 7th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"109885",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessio",middleName:null,surname:"Innocenti",slug:"alessio-innocenti",fullName:"Alessio Innocenti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109885/images/2210_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Alessio Innocenti graduated in Chemistry, with a specialization in Pharmacology, from University of Florence, Italy, in 2002. He received a PhD in Chemical Sciences from the University of Florence in 2006 and, since then, has been working as a postdoctoral Research Associate at the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence. He is responsible for the experimental assays of the research group, working on enzymatic kinetics and inhibition studies and focusing in particular on the carbonic anhydrase family. Since 2004 he has been included in four European collaborative projects involving a network of several universities and research institutes all over the European Union. His passion and enthusiasm for research has led to the publication of 133 scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals so far. 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Maritime pine (
Maritime pine (
Area of distribution of maritime pine (source: Caudullo et al. [
Maritime pine develops for a range of mean annual temperature between 13 and 15°C, and 8 to 10° C in the colder months, mean annual precipitation larger than 800 mm (100 mm in the dry season), altitudes up to 800 m. It has low sensitivity to autumn and winter frosts, but high to spring ones, and has a high sensitivity to snow. It prefers soils of light texture, with good drainage and with a depth larger than 30 cm, where root systems develop better but do not tolerate, calcareous, saline, hydromorphic, and compacted soils. Its ability to grow in shallow and nutrient-poor sites is due to not being very demanding regarding mineral nutrition and by establishing ectomycorrhizal associations that improve its ability to uptake nutrients in soils with pH less or equal to 5 [1, 2, 6, 7, 8]. The root system consists of superficial roots, which ensure the stability of the tree and support the fine roots, responsible for the absorption of water and nutrients, and deep roots, which ensure the attachment to the soil and the tree’s access to water from deeper groundwater levels [6]. It provides good anchorage regardless of soil water content, except when in full saturation in sandy soils [9]. Nonetheless, the lower the nutrients’ availability the lower the potential growth of the trees [10, 11]. It reaches 30–40 m in height [12], its longevity is between 80 and 300 years [1, 2] and it is shade intolerant [2]. It resists well the summer water deficits, characteristic of the Mediterranean region, as due to the high sensitivity of the stomata to water deficit it is able to maintain tissue hydration at adequate levels [13, 14]. Its imminently pioneering character is notorious in the success of its use in the fixation of coastal dunes formed by sands poor in organic matter, minerals, and water retention capacity [2].
In France, maritime pine occupies an area of 1015 thousand hectares, with the Landes having the largest monospecific area. While it represents 5% of the metropolitan French forested area, it is the most harvested species with 6.7 Mm3/year of removals [15]. It is also widely distributed in northwest Spain, in the Autonomous Communities of Galicia and Asturias and the province of León, and is the most important coniferous tree species in terms of both surface cover, with an area of 433,754 ha, and wood production [16, 17] with a volume harvested in 2017 of 3.4 Mm3 [16]. In Portugal mainland, its distribution extends along a coastal strip of low altitude from North to South as well as in the inner North and Central regions, up to an altitude of 700–900 m mainly under Atlantic climatic influence, and mostly in the Southwest to North aspects. It is the most represented conifer species in northern and central Portugal, occupying an area of 713.3 thousand hectares and a growing stock of 67 Mm3 [18]. Wood availability is estimated at 1.8 Mm3, in 2018, with a consumption of 4.2 Mm3 [19]. Typical stands are shown in Figures 2-4.
A mature stand of
Natural regeneration of
Adult stand of
The importance of maritime pine is not confined to its area, but it is also related to its economic returns and goods and services its stands and forests provide. Maritime pine major products (wood and resin) have a wide variety of uses, involving a complex forestry-industrial sector and integrating, in addition to the set associated with the transformation of wood, a range of enterprises processing non-woody forest raw materials, with emphasis on resinous products. Its contribution to the national economies is relevant. For example, in Portugal, this sector has 8516 companies and is responsible for 57,843 employees (representing 88% of industrial companies and 81% of employment in the Forestry Sector) and generate 1225 € million of Gross Value Added, €4348 million of Turnover, and €1876 million of exports (3.1% of national exports of goods) [19, 20].
In Portugal, it is the main wood-producing species for general purposes, which, in addition to a medium wood density, combines good strength characteristics and easy working. According to [20], of the 4.5 million m3 of
The importance of this sector goes far beyond the purely economic aspects, as its stands are essential for the populations life quality, with a direct impact on the quality of air, soil, and water and, in general terms, in the surrounding ecosystem. For example,
Maritime pine stands, due to its low crown cover, result of its shade intolerance, enable the development of an herbaceous and shrub understorey. This understory encompasses a suite of species resulting in moderate to high species richness. Also, it serves as shelter and reproduction spots for several bird, mammal, and reptile species [21]. Diversity is also enhanced by the different stand structures, from pure even-aged to mixed uneven-aged [22, 23, 24].
The sustainability of the pine stands and their productions are dependent on their resilience to disturbances, which include type, intensity, and frequency. Silvicultural practices are disturbances of low intensity and high frequency, with the aim of promoting growth. In general, its effects promote the system sustainability. Inversely, high intensity and low-frequency disturbances, such as fires or storms, may endanger the system sustainability [25]. Maritime pine stands are prone to fires, especially when a well-developed understory promotes the continuity of the vertical profile of the stand. The effects of forest fires on forest stands in general, and on maritime pine in particular, are twofold: the destruction of the stand and effects on soil. The resilience of the stand is linked to the regeneration which in turn is associated with the intensity of destruction (total or partial), type of regeneration (sexual or asexual reproduction), and the availability of seeds (whether in the soil or in the tree crowns). Maritime pine regenerates by seed (it is not able to sprout) and as long as seed is available, stand regeneration occurs [26]. It is well known the effect of vegetation on soil conservation and reduction of erosion risk, which is especially relevant in climates subject to high-intensity rainfalls, such as the Mediterranean climate. Also, vegetation, especially the arboreal, gives a primordial contribution to the maintenance and improvement of the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties, thus contributing to maintain and improve site quality ([27] and references therein). Maritime pine stands are frequently in sites of low quality, many times in steep slopes areas with high-intensity rainfalls [28, 29]. Thus, its sustainability can be enhanced by disturbances of low intensity and high frequency, such as the silvicultural practices (thinning and pruning) that can prevent those of high intensity and low frequency, such as fires. Maritime pine is also vulnerable to wind damage [30]. Extreme wind events associated with severe extratropical cyclones (storms) have caused extensive damage in Europe. In France, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, the damage of Martin and Klaus storms affected predominately maritime pine (37 million m3), which correspond to 15% and 32% of the maritime pine standing volume in the region in the former and latter storm, respectively [31]. The uprooting of trees and stem breakages have been reported for the species in Portugal [32, 33, 34], which may result from soil characteristics and individual tree social status, and the critical turning point at the base of the stem was correlated to tree size and particularly to stem weight or volume [35].
Among the biotic agents affecting the species, the pine processionary moth,
The maritime pine stands sustainability is also linked with climatic change. The increase in temperature and decrease of precipitation may result in a trend to its northwards distribution [28, 29]. Also, it seems that there will be a trend towards a longer dry season in the Mediterranean. One way to mitigate its effects is by reducing density through thinning in maritime pine stands and/or with mixed stands [39, 40] of maritime pine with other conifer or broadleaved species (Section 3.1).
Maritime pine is managed in high-forest stands [2] (see Figures 2 and 4). The structure is most frequently even-aged, whether from natural [41, 42, 43, 44] (Figure 3) or artificial [2, 40, 45, 46] regeneration. Traditionally, maritime pine is managed in pure stands. The preference for even-aged stands is related to easier management, promotion of wood quantity and quality [2, 40, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51], and disturbances, mainly fire or harvest events that usually result in one regeneration cohort shortly after disturbance, if seed is available [41, 42, 43, 44].
The uneven-aged structure is less frequent [22, 24, 42] probably due to the specie traits. Uneven-aged stands are more frequently developed with shade-tolerant species. Yet, uneven-aged stands have been successfully developed with shade-intolerant species with few cohorts (1 to 4) [52, 53, 54]. Several studies compare and discuss even and uneven-aged stands of maritime pine [55, 56, 57]. Uneven-aged stands of maritime pine are frequently originated from natural regeneration, whether as pure [22, 42, 47, 58] or mixed stands [23, 24, 59, 60].
The advantages of mixed stands in what concerns the stands’ sustainability while attaining similar or better yields than pure stands [52] enhanced the spread of maritime pine mixed stands. Examples are:
The development of maritime pine is determined by four broad factors; water availability, aerial growing space availability, tree “social” status (based on tree’s height relative to surrounding trees), and silviculture practices. Maritime pine stands in the Mediterranean climate are constrained by the available water. Several references [59, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69] indicate that growth occurs mainly in spring and autumn as a result of precipitation [67]. A study on the effect of precipitation on water uptake in maritime pine, stresses the effects of the temporal variability of rainfall and site on the water availability [67]. As the water absorption by maritime pine individuals does not occur immediately after the rainfall but has some delay in time [67, 68], it is better explained by a set of events of rainfall [67]. Also, summer precipitation (from May to September) seems to have low contribution to the absorption of water for two reasons: the precipitation amount is low and it is partially lost through evaporation. In mixed stands of
All species have, to a lower or wider extent, plasticity which enables individuals to adapt to the available growing space, by maintaining or increasing light intersection, water and nutrients absorption, and reducing competition. Species plasticity results in the variation of tree allometry, which enables the maintenance of growth. Crown plasticity can be the result of stand structure and/or climatic conditions [52]. For maritime pine individuals the increase in density results in the reduction of crown size due to crowding, when individuals do not have enough aerial growing space, or when branch abrasion occurs. These phenomena constrain the lateral growth of the crown and being maritime pine shade-intolerant, the lower crown under shade dies, resulting in the regression of the crown [39, 73]. Drought also affects crown allometry. In sites prone to drought its crown tends to have a large volume. The larger crown volume can be explained by the stands’ low density, being trees in free growth thus expressing the growing habits characteristic of the specie; and as the main limiting factor is water; it is expected that belowground competition is higher than that above ground. As a consequence, the crown competition and the variability in its allometry are weaker on dry sites and stronger on humid ones [39]. Likewise, the increase of aridity decreases productivity both in pure and mixed stands, whether for volume [73] or for biomass [74].
Individual tree social status influences tree allometry and growth. In pure stands, the individuals in the lower social status (dominated) have lower sizes and growth rates, due mainly to the lower availability of growing space, light in particular. In mixed stands of
Defoliation in maritime pine individuals results in the reduction of growth, of −0.9% of increment in basal area per 1% reduction of leaf area. For 15–30% of defoliation, the reduction of growth is considerable [49]. In a drought study, Rodriguez-Vallejo [40] observed that leaf area reduction due to drought resulted in the reduction of tree growth and that in natural stands was lower than in plantations. The reduction of growth due to leaf area reduction is related to the decrease of transpiration, hydraulic conductivity, and increase in xylem embolisms as well as competition for water. Thinning reducing competition may mitigate drought impacts on tree vigor and growth in maritime pine plantations [40].
Differences in tree allometry can also be assessed based on the configuration of the tree stem profile and have a direct influence on stem volume. Calçada-Duarte [76] points to a large number of geometric volume shapes for the species, varying from paraboloid to a solid of intermediate features of cone and neiloid (stem form with high tapering), which can result in stem volume differences greater than 25% for trees with equal values of diameter at breast height and total tree height.
The most frequent silvicultural practices in maritime pine stands are thinning and pruning. Thinning is used to regulate stand density. The goal is to maintain the best trees, that will reach the end of the production cycle and remove those that have lower growth rates (dominated), less desired stem shapes, or are dead or diseased [77] while providing intermediate economic revenues. The most frequent thinning method is from below (e. g., [2, 47]). This method is used because it is suited for shade-intolerant species and for sites with periodical drought season [77], which is the case of the maritime pine stands in the Mediterranean basin with an annual summer drought period. Thinning is of importance in these stands due to its effects on tree and stand growth; wood quality and quantity, especially when associated with pruning; and system sustainability, particularly to disturbances such as fire and drought. Due to its shade intolerance, their release should be done early in stand development [2, 78].
The thinning intensity can be based on empirical rules or defined by objective criteria, being usual to use of Wilson’s spacing factor [79] or Hart-Becking spacing index (H-B), widely used in France for coniferous trees (e.g., [80]), and Stand Density Index [81], the latter based on the self-thinning theory law. Density regulation based on SDI relies on the assumption that in monospecific even-aged populations of trees experiencing complete crown closure, mortality is density-dependent. The natural trajectory of the number of trees per tree size was defined by Luis and Fonseca [82] and revised by Enes et al. [44]. The use of relative values of SDI is suitable for management purposes, as it provides information on the appropriate number of living trees for given tree size, according to the management aims (e.g., optimum growth-density interval, maximization of stand volume, or maximization of mean tree size).
Arellano-Pérez [47] in maritime pine pure even-aged stands, used thinning from below with two intensities, light (removal of 20% of basal area) and heavy (removal of 40% of basal area), and compared them with unthinned plots. The authors observed that growth in diameter was the largest in the heavy thinning plots while total and crown base were similar in all treatments. Six years after thinning basal area was the largest in unthinned plots. The fuel load was lower in thinned plots, but that of the understorey had a slight increase in the thinned plots. Thinning reduces the probability of active crown fire probability but increases passive one. Overall, according to Arellano-Pérez [47] thinning did not affect fire severity and reduced potential fire risk. The effect of density on maritime pine growth is related to competition for growing space. The higher the density attained, the lower the growth, especially in diameter [58, 83]. Stands with high density are exposed to longer periods of hydric stress, especially during the drier months. Inversely, in low density stands, individual trees develop larger (deeper and wider) root systems, thus reaching water stored in the lower soil layers [83].
Nunes et al. [84] in a thinning from below experiment in maritime pine pure even-aged stands with intensity ranging from light to heavy, highlighted its importance in diameter growth while height growth was not affected. Another study in a mixed stand of
Pruning is a silvicultural practice frequently associated with thinning. Its main goal is to form a knot-free wood stem as high as possible, the reduction of the knotty stem core (both in number and size) and to stop juvenile wood growth [2, 85]. Pruning is recommended for two reasons: to reduce the knots number and size, which is one of the most derogatory wood features when used for nobler applications (e.g., veneer, plywood, structural elements, and furniture), both in the wood appearance characteristics and their mechanical resistance [86, 87]; and the removal of the less photosynthetically efficient branches (frequently the lower), enabling an increase of the carbohydrate availability, thus increasing growth [88, 89]. Yet, pruning removes both dead and live branches, the latter reducing also leaf area, which may also reduce photosynthesis and thus growth [90]. Hevia et al. [45] evaluated the effect of light (12–15% crown removal) and heavy (29–37% crown removal) pruning in young (7–11 years old) pure even-aged stands of maritime pine, and compared the results with unpruned trees. The higher the pruning intensity is, the greater will be the reduction of diameter growth, while lower effects were detected for height growth. Similar results were attained by Courdier et al. [91]. The effects of pruning intensity are related to species traits, namely the architecture of the crown, leaf surface area, photosynthesis, shade tolerance, and growth rates; but also, to edaphic and climatic site characteristics [45]. Hevia et al. [45] observed that the increase of growth post pruning was related to site index, relative spacing index, age, and tree diameter, as well as stand structure prior to pruning. The authors mentioned that the better the site, the older the trees, and the larger the diameter, the higher the growth in diameter and height. The post pruning growth seems to be also linked to the reserves in carbohydrates; the larger the reserves the higher the growth ([45] and references therein).
The regeneration of a stand is linked to its forest system. Clear cutting is associated mainly with artificial regeneration while clear-cutting with standards, clear-cutting by strips and/or patches, and shelterwood systems are frequently linked to natural regeneration [92, 93]. The most frequently used regeneration systems in maritime pine stands are clear-cutting, clear-cutting with standards, and clear-cutting by strips [2, 46].
Natural regeneration encompasses a set of sequential steps, namely seed production, seed dispersal, germination, and seedling establishment. Maritime pine trees are self-fertile. Wind pollination helps to spread their pollen grains from the male sexual organs (cone) to the female ones. Flowering, fruiting, and seed production are dependent on the tree development stage, stand density, and climate. Maritime pine individuals start to fruit at about 10–15 years old, with a periodicity of masting cycles of 3–5 years [2]. Trees with larger dimensions produce higher cone yields. Trees with larger dimensions tend to be in the upper layer of the canopy, are more vigorous and the light crow area is larger, all of which contribute to the increase of cone production [43, 94]. The reduction of density through thinning, reducing competition, and promoting the increase of crown area, especially the outer one where flowering and fruiting occur, increases fruit yield [43, 94].
Cone full development needs 2 years to be achieved [2] and climate, especially precipitation, determines the number of mature cones per year [43, 95]. For maritime pines stands the seed production per year is enough to regenerate the stands, in spite of its interannual variability [94, 96]. Its seeds are mainly wind dispersed; thus, wind direction and intensity are key factors in its dispersal, which occurs in the summer, from June to August [2]. The mean and the maximum dispersal distances of the seed are circa 14–25 m and 54 m, respectively [97].
Germination is related to seed germination rate and predation both before and after dispersal. Maritime pine germination occurs either in spring or autumn [2] and it is dependent on nutrient availability as the seed have few reserves; water, the increase in water stress reduces the germination and survival rates; and light environment, as germination and early development of seedlings is promoted by semi-shade environments that reduce light intensity and soil temperature, and increase soil moisture [78, 94, 98]. Guignabert et al. [94] mentioned that drought in summer was the primary cause of death in seedlings, mainly due to the increase of the deficit in vapor pressure and transpiration of seedlings. Partial cutting reduced water stress, thus promoting seedling survival [94] and a crown cover of about 32% had higher germination and survival rate of seedlings when compared with a crown cover of circa 5% [98].
Guignabert et al. [94] comparing seedlings with partial cutting clearcutting observed that seed production and dispersal were not limiting factors to regeneration. Inversely, the storage and conservation of seed in the seedbank constrained germination because of the high predation after dispersal; harvest residues and litter layer did not allow seeds to reach the soil; the capacity of germination of seeds was lower on clearcutting, and the germination rate was high in the first year after seed rain (previous year to harvest) and drastically reduced in the two following years.
Seed predation is a primordial factor in maritime pine regeneration. Predation before dispersal occurs when fruits are in the maturation early stages, while predation after dispersal takes place in the ground prior to germination, mainly by birds and insects. Post dispersal seed predation happens mostly in autumn and winter and depends on seed and predators’ number, frequently having a trend towards a high spatial and temporal variability [99]. Ruano et al. [96] observed that predation reduced seed of maritime pine from 400,000–500,000 seeds/ha to 10,000 seeds/ha, and that the seed predation rate increased with the decrease of quantity of seed.
Stand structure dynamics is determined by the initial species composition and proportions and structure. The differences in stand structure, even if they are small, may be, and many times are, enlarged in time [25]. These differences are visible both in the estimates of the stand variables and their precision and accuracy, which reinforces the need to develop flexible models that accommodate the variability of growth patterns and interactions between individuals for the variability in stand structure [52]. Alegria [42] and Alegria and Tomé [22] developed growth models for maritime pine uneven-aged stands. In both studies, the authors referred that the existing models (developed for even-aged stands) are not able to accommodate the differences in structure, and the new models outperformed the existing ones. Gómez-García [100] developed height-diameter functions for
In maritime pine even-aged stands, rotation can be defined for a target age or diameter. Rotation age varies between 35 and 45 years [2], though longer rotations have been used, for example in coastal dunes of Mata Nacional de Leiria (see Figure 2), of 70 years for timber and 100–140 years for protection [101]. The target diameter is defined according to the use of wood with 7–14 cm of diameter at breast height for panels and pulp; 14–20 cm for timber and > 35 cm for veneer wood and large dimension timber [2]. Figure 5 presents
Stand structure, tree growth, and silvicultural practices have a key role in wood quantity and quality. High stand density, especially in the early stages of development, promotes height growth in maritime pine stands, which shortens the period of juvenile growth of wood enabling trees to develop mature wood at early stand development stages [87, 102, 103], as well as reducing stem taper and promoting stem straightness that reduces the amount of reaction (compression) wood, thus reducing the undesirable characteristics for most wood uses [104]. However, as it is a fast-growing specie and shade-intolerant, release through non-commercial or commercial thinning should be prescribed [2]. The reasons for the early release of competition are twofold. The release will increase diameter growth and tree mechanical stability. The mechanical tree stability is frequently accessed with the h/d ratio (ratio between total tree height and diameter at breast height, with both variables in the same units). Mechanical stability is attained for h/d lower than 85 ([105] and references therein). As already referred due to its shade intolerance maritime pine individuals, when in dense stands lose their lower branches [2] whether due to shading or branch abrasion, originating the crown regression and reduction of growth [25]. Two structure indices can be used as proxies of potential photosynthetic ability, vigor, and growth: crown ratio (cr: percent of crown length in relation to total height), which is also used for mechanical stability assessment; and linear crown ratio (lcr: percent of the crown in relation to stem diameter). For good vigor and growth cr ≥ 30% and lcr > 50%, while for a good mechanical stability cr ≥ 50% ([105] and references therein).
Spatial tree arrangements have also a determinant role in wood quality. In irregular spacing, especially in dense stands, trees can develop eccentric and tortuous or leaned stems, which reduce mechanical stability, in particular to wind and snow, and depreciate wood quality due to compression wood [85, 104].
Stem taper determines the quantity and quality of wood. Theoretically, trees in free growth tend to have stems more conical while those with narrower spacing tend to be more cylindrical. Also, maximum radial growth is higher near the crown base where carbohydrates are more available due to mechanical stress [85]. Thus, density should be suited to the development of cylindrical stems. Wood quality is also determined by the presence of branches and juvenile wood. Early pruning indicated for maritime pine [2] enables to increase in the length of the cylindrical stem, reduces the knotty stem core, and promotes the formation of mature wood [2, 85, 87, 102, 103]. Pruning in the early stand development stages, with few high-intensity interventions enables an easier and faster recovery of the tree growth. The goal is to attain a knotty stem core of 1/3 or less of the diameter at breast height at the end of the production cycle [2].
Annual radial growth and its variability also determine the quantity and quality of timber. The goals are attaining a radial growth as large and as constant as possible, that maintains good wood technological properties. Thinning, redistributing the growing space by the better-suited trees that are foreseen to reach the end of the production cycle, enables to achieve the two aforementioned goals. Thinning from below and selective (Schädelin) thinning can be used [2]. In the former the trees removed are predominantly the dominated ones, thus maintaining the upper canopy. The latter is characterized by the selection of the future trees which are released from completion in thinning. This results in a trend towards higher growth rates in the latter [77]. Regarding thinning intensity, the higher the larger the radial growth, but also increases annual radial growth variability [77]. Thus, the option is between thinning of lower intensity and higher frequency or of higher intensity and lower frequency.
When the objective of forest stands is the production of quality wood, it is advisable that they be installed with reduced spacing. With this practice, the height growth is promoted (in detriment to diameter growth), in order to release the influence of the crown at the lower levels of the stem as soon as possible, reducing the amount of juvenile wood in the stem and promoting the early development of the mature wood (of better quality) in the lower levels of the stem [87, 102, 103], which are the most valuable due to their larger dimension in diameter. At the same time, the stem taper is reduced and its straightness is increased, thus also reducing the amount of compression wood, which presents undesirable characteristics for most wood uses [104].
A profile of a radial section of maritime pine wood is shown in Figure 6.
Radial section of
Given the great importance of the effect of the growth rate on wood quality, this topic has been studied for a long time, without, however, maintaining a great controversy, even allowing any bibliographic review to be forwarded to support any of the preconceived views. Initially, it was generally accepted that, in softwoods, rapid growth was associated with low densities, but this idea was based on a simple analysis of the cross-section of the stem by comparing the wide rings with low density, located in the center of the tree (juvenile wood), and the narrow rings with high density, located close to the bark (mature wood). However, the effects of ring width and age were confounded, so that most of the problems thought to be related to wide rings were, after all, due to the age of wood formation, that is, due to juvenile wood versus mature wood [106]. Regardless of the ring width, the juvenile wood is characterized by presenting a low density, which contrasts with the high density of the mature wood. Although the juvenile wood of softwood normally presents wide rings, the narrow rings of the juvenile wood also have low densities, as well as the wide rings of the mature wood show high densities [102]. Thus, the true effect of growth rate on density (as well as on other properties) can only be well evaluated in rings of the same age [106]. Currently, it is consensual that it is the occurrence of juvenile wood (age of the growth rings) and not the growth rate in diameter (ring width) that produces the worst quality wood.
Numerous studies carried out with resinous species in Portugal and Spain have repeatedly demonstrated the absence of correlation between ring width and wood quality characteristics [107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117] which are sufficiently clear to stop fearing, for this species growing in these regions, any hypothetical antagonism between the vigor and the wood quality. In this regard, also worth mentioning the work carried out by Fernandez-Golfin and Diez [107] on the influence of the ring width on the wood density and other physical-mechanical properties of wood in different species (among which
The importance of the maritime pine, both in area and yield, has led to the development of a large number of growth and production models to support the management of this forest resource. The first growth models for maritime pine - in the form of Yield Tables - were developed in Portugal, for the Leiria National Forest, by Santos Hall [118], and in Spain, in the 1940s, by Echeverría and De Pedro [119] in the Atlantic area. In France, the production tables developed by Décourt and Lemoine [120] for the pinewoods of the SW region (Landes) were the first models published for the specie. Significant development of models followed, attesting to the interest shown in this field of modeling applied to the species by researchers and technical experts. The evolution of the models since the production tables reflected the state of the art in the respective research area at the time, and documents the contemporary approach to forest growth prediction. In general, the models that have been proposed are empirical, at the stand or tree level, aiming at the application to pure and regular
In this section we identify the simulators available for the species, presenting the references as to authorship or their reference documents and availability to users. Some of the models are hosted on platforms, namely, the CAPSIS (Computer-Aided Projection of Strategies in Silviculture) platform, see [129], the platform “Qforestry” (Quantitative forestry), the web-based application to simulate alternatives for sustainable forest management SIMANFOR [130], and the “sIMfLOR” platform, where the StandSim.dd simulator is located (Table 1) [131].
Simulator | Reference | Main charac-teristics and access (code) | Platform |
---|---|---|---|
PBRAVO | [132, 133] | Stand level with disaggregation by diameter classes (Weibull function) | CD Rom (Pbravo vs. 2.0). |
ModisPinaster | [32, 134, 135] | Stand level with disaggregation by diameter classes (Johnson SB) | CAPSIS (http://www.inra.fr/capsis) |
PBIRROL | [22, 122] | Tree level, distance-dependent | StandSim.dd simulator (http://www.isa.utl.pt/cef/forchange/fctools) |
PINASTER | [136] Additional references in sIMfLOR | Tree level, distance-dependent. | StandSim.dd simulator (http://www.isa.utl.pt/cef/forchange/fctools) |
FlorNExT | [137] | Online application developed for the simulation of the growth and production at stand level. Combines several models developed for the species. Additional references in FlorNExT. Application of ForesMTIS. Web product | ForesMTIS. (http://flornext.esa.ipb.pt/) |
GesMO | GesMo 2005 1.0 na§ GesMO 2.0 [138] | Growth simulator and product classification for several species, including maritime pine | CD-Rom. |
SIMFOR | na§ | Simulator for maritime pine located on Qforestry Platform for results transfer related to quantitative methods for forest management | Qforestry (https://www.qforestry.com/) |
SIMANFOR | [130, 139] | Support system for the simulation of sustainable forest management alternatives which includes modules for maritime pine | SIMANFOR (www.palencia.uva.es/SIMANFOR) |
PP3 | [140] | Tree level, distance-independent | CAPSIS (http://www.inra.fr/capsis) |
Lemoine | [141] | A stand growth model | CAPSIS (http://www.inra.fr/capsis) |
Afocelpp | na§ | Tree level, distance-independent | CAPSIS (http://www.inra.fr/capsis) |
na§ | Tree level, distance-independent. Adaptation of PP3, for the integration of spatialized processes | CAPSIS (http://www.inra.fr/capsis) | |
SilmarS | na§ | Growth model | CAPSIS (http://www.inra.fr/capsis) |
Simulators and web products for
Specific reference not available; see the Web reference for details.
Although each model has its own specificities, the models produced to describe the dynamics of growth and several of them make it possible to anticipate the results of silvicultural options or management scenarios, according to predefined objectives or those to be achieved.
To support forest management, optimization models are used, usually anchored in Decision Support Systems (DSS), with the objective of obtaining optimal solutions for a given objective - usually wood production - subject to a set of constraints. Examples of optimization models for
Concerning the anatomical characterization,
The usual air-dry wood density values of approximately 0.566 g/cm3 in 30-year-old trees are worth mentioning [156], but which can reach average values of 0.657 g/cm3 at 70 years old [150]. These values are identical to those of
Another important aspect is that the difference between the wood density of the earlywood and the latewood is not very high, which results in a considerable homogeneity of density within rings [108, 151], with very advantageous repercussions in terms of its workability, namely in its transformation into sheet to plywood and veneer and in the easiness of receiving connection elements (e.g., nails, screws).
The fact that
In relation to chemical properties, the wide range of studies carried out on this theme has been unanimous in demonstrating a reduced variability, not only between different conifers species but even between trees of the same species. This lack of variability is notable not only in terms of variations in the macromolecule contents (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin), but also in terms of the elemental chemistry. The only difference that is sometimes identified is related to the extractive content of some species, whose range values are usually from 1.5 to 5% [165, 166, 167]. In the case of maritime pine in Portugal, it usually presents relatively higher contents, between 4.2% and 9.6% [113, 168, 169, 170].
Even so, these values for
Regarding the elementary chemistry contents, several studies have shown that the woody biomass of the
Although the studies on genetic improvement of
With regard to ring width, no adverse genetic correlations were detected between this and the wood density components. The fact that ring width is genetically and consistently positively correlated with the ring density, earlywood density, latewood percentage, and negatively with the heterogeneity index, allows us to contest, once again, the erroneous idea, but unfortunately still deeply rooted in the thinking of many researchers and wood users, that trees with higher radial growth (higher ring width) produce lower wood quality, namely lower density and latewood percentage in xylem [109, 110, 113].
These results should be sufficiently enlightening for us not to fear, for this species, any possible antagonism between the vigor and wood quality. On the contrary, it is expected that selection by the ring width will have a correlated effect in a slight increase in ring density, earlywood density, and latewood percentage (which should make it possible to reconcile good radial growths with high density), but not being accompanied by any significant changes in the latewood density, which will indirectly allow to increase the homogeneity of the growth rings. This fact is one of the most valued attributes by some of the wood processing industries. For example, the greater the homogeneity within the rings, the easier and more profitable will be the production of veneers, the greater its mechanical strength, the easier it receives the connecting elements (nails and screws), and the lower the risk of wood cracking [109, 113].
One of the places where the genetic improvement of P
In the second phase of the improvement program, an attempt was made to combine, in the same individuals, the vigor characteristic of the provenances from Leiria with the stem straightness of those from Corsica, having crossed these two provenances. However, the hybrids obtained by this cross kept these 2 characteristics apart in the same individuals: either a high vigor, or a good stem configuration, but never both, simultaneously [191].
Faced with this setback, the next phase aimed to improve the stem shape while maintaining its high vigor, using material from 86 selected trees in the Leiria pine forest, which provided considerable genetic gains. According to Butcher and Hopkins [192] and Hopkins and Butcher [193] at this stage of the program, an increase in total volume production of +36% was obtained, which represents, by itself, an average increase of about 3.5 m3 ha−1 year−1 and which, complemented by a significant improvement in the stem quality by increasing their straightness by around 40% and by reducing the size of the branches by 25%, allows for an even greater increase in the total volume of usable wood.
For the fourth phase of the program, which is still in progress, the main objectives were to improve the characteristics of the branches (reduction of the insertion angle and size) and to increase the wood density, having been selected the best individuals from the best families obtained in the previous phase of the program that showed good configuration of the stem and crown, and whose average density of juvenile wood was equal to or greater than 0.430 g/cm3 [193, 194, 195].
Thus, the current knowledge about the properties and characteristics of
Maritime pine is a plastic species widely distributed. Its traits and stand structures as well as the quantity and quality of its wood allow a wide range of uses. The stands are managed for wood, non-woody products, and services, thus recognizing its importance both economical and as a provider service demanded by society, thus contributing to its well-being.
The large representation of the species, particularly in southern Europe, has allowed advanced research on silvicultural systems and cultural practices, and their effects on wood properties, providing clarification on less well-perceived aspects of wood quality, particularly when considering the development of the species in the Mediterranean region. In parallel with silvicultural studies, several growth models and simulators have been developed and proposed to support management.
The challenges facing the species in the future are known, including severe weather conditions, especially drought, rural fires, storms, pests, and diseases. In addition, the systems are under pressure due to the high demand for woody material. From the extensive review carried out on maritime pine, it is noticed these challenges are part of research conducted or underway and of joint initiatives through international research projects (e.g., ForManRisk, https://formanrisk.eu/) to ensure the definition and update of management guidelines for the sustainability of maritime pine systems in the long term.
Thanks are due to the Pinus Competence Center (CCPB), Pinus Center (Centro Pinus), and International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), namely Division 1 (Silviculture), unit 1.01.10 Ecology and Silviculture of Pine, for promoting fruitful discussions on the silviculture and management of pine forests that have contributed to the organization of this chapter.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
For the author integrated with the research center Forest Research Centre (CEF), the research was financed by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT (the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology), within project UIDB/00239/2020. For the author integrated with the MED research center, this work is funded by National Funds through FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology under the Project UIDB/05183/2020. For the author integrated with the CITAB research center, it was supported by National Funds by FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UIDB/04033/2020.
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Nikitenkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5541.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16402",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:"N.",surname:"Nikitenkov",slug:"nikolay-nikitenkov",fullName:"Nikolay Nikitenkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"52684",doi:"10.5772/65702",title:"Advance Deposition Techniques for Thin Film and Coating",slug:"advance-deposition-techniques-for-thin-film-and-coating",totalDownloads:7563,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:"Thin films have a great impact on the modern era of technology. Thin films are considered as backbone for advanced applications in the various fields such as optical devices, environmental applications, telecommunications devices, energy storage devices, and so on . The crucial issue for all applications of thin films depends on their morphology and the stability. The morphology of the thin films strongly hinges on deposition techniques. Thin films can be deposited by the physical and chemical routes. In this chapter, we discuss some advance techniques and principles of thin-film depositions. The vacuum thermal evaporation technique, electron beam evaporation, pulsed-layer deposition, direct current/radio frequency magnetron sputtering, and chemical route deposition systems will be discussed in detail.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Asim Jilani, Mohamed Shaaban Abdel-wahab and Ahmed Hosny\nHammad",authors:[{id:"192377",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Jilani",slug:"asim-jilani",fullName:"Asim Jilani"},{id:"192972",title:"Dr.",name:"M.Sh",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel-Wahab",slug:"m.sh-abdel-wahab",fullName:"M.Sh Abdel-Wahab"},{id:"192973",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"H",surname:"Hammad",slug:"ahmed-hammad",fullName:"Ahmed Hammad"}]},{id:"53225",doi:"10.5772/66396",title:"Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputter Deposition as a Tool for Surface Modification of Medical Implants",slug:"radio-frequency-magnetron-sputter-deposition-as-a-tool-for-surface-modification-of-medical-implants",totalDownloads:2252,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"The resent advances in radio frequency (RF)‐magnetron sputtering of hydroxyapatite films are reviewed and challenges posed. The principles underlying RF‐magnetron sputtering used to prepare calcium phosphate‐based, mainly hydroxyapatite coatings, are discussed in this chapter. The fundamental characteristic of the RF‐magnetron sputtering is an energy input into the growing film. In order to tailor the film properties, one has to adjust the energy input into the substrate depending on the desired film properties. The effect of different deposition control parameters, such as deposition time, substrate temperature, and substrate biasing on the hydroxyapatite (HA) film properties is discussed.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Roman Surmenev, Alina Vladescu, Maria Surmeneva, Anna Ivanova,\nMariana Braic, Irina Grubova and Cosmin Mihai Cotrut",authors:[{id:"193921",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Vladescu",slug:"alina-vladescu",fullName:"Alina Vladescu"},{id:"193922",title:"Prof.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Surmenev",slug:"roman-surmenev",fullName:"Roman Surmenev"},{id:"193923",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Surmeneva",slug:"maria-surmeneva",fullName:"Maria Surmeneva"},{id:"193948",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Braic",slug:"mariana-braic",fullName:"Mariana Braic"},{id:"194047",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanova",slug:"anna-ivanova",fullName:"Anna Ivanova"},{id:"194048",title:"BSc.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Grubova",slug:"irina-grubova",fullName:"Irina Grubova"},{id:"196398",title:"Prof.",name:"Cosmin Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Cotrut",slug:"cosmin-mihai-cotrut",fullName:"Cosmin Mihai Cotrut"}]},{id:"53792",doi:"10.5772/67085",title:"Silver-Based Low-Emissivity Coating Technology for Energy- Saving Window Applications",slug:"silver-based-low-emissivity-coating-technology-for-energy-saving-window-applications",totalDownloads:3132,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Low-emissivity (low-E) technology is a unique and cost-effective solution to save energy in buildings for different climates. Its development combines advances in materials science, vacuum deposition, and optical design. In this chapter, we will review the fundamentals of energy saving window coatings, the history of its application, and the materials used. The current low-E coating technologies are overviewed, especially silver-based low-E technologies, which comprise more than 90% of the overall low-E market today. Further, the advanced understanding of generating high-quality silver thin films is discussed, which is at the heart of silver-based low-E product technology development. How the silver thin film electrical, optical, and emissivity properties are influenced by their microstructure, thickness, and by the materials on neighboring layers will be discussed from a theoretical and an experimental perspective.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Guowen Ding and César Clavero",authors:[{id:"195240",title:"Dr.",name:"Guowen",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",slug:"guowen-ding",fullName:"Guowen Ding"},{id:"197064",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Clavero",slug:"cesar-clavero",fullName:"Cesar Clavero"}]},{id:"52951",doi:"10.5772/66125",title:"Chemical Solution Deposition Technique of Thin-Film Ceramic Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells",slug:"chemical-solution-deposition-technique-of-thin-film-ceramic-electrolytes-for-solid-oxide-fuel-cells",totalDownloads:2392,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Chemical solution deposition (CSD) technique is recently gaining momentum for the fabrication of electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its cost-effectiveness, high yield, and simplicity of the process requirements. The advanced vacuum deposition techniques such as sputtering, atomic layer deposition (ALD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are lacking in scalability and cost-effectiveness. CSD technique includes a variety of approaches such as sol-gel process, chelate process, and metallo-organic decomposition. The present chapter discusses briefly about the evolution of CSD method and its subsequent entry to the field of SOFCs, various solution methods associated with different chemical compositions, film deposition techniques, chemical reactions, heat treatment strategies, nucleation and growth kinetics, associated defects, etc. Examples are cited to bring out the history dating back to the discovery of amorphous zirconia film through the successful fabrication of the crystalline fluorite-type films such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), scandia-doped ceria (SDC), and crystalline perovskite-type films such as yttria-doped barium zirconate (BZY) and yttria-doped barium cerate (BCY), to name a few.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Mridula Biswas and Pei-Chen Su",authors:[{id:"193015",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Su",slug:"pei-chen-su",fullName:"Pei-Chen Su"},{id:"193328",title:"Dr.",name:"Mridula",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas",slug:"mridula-biswas",fullName:"Mridula Biswas"}]},{id:"53336",doi:"10.5772/66476",title:"Molecular Precursor Method for Fabricating p-Type Cu2O and Metallic Cu Thin Films",slug:"molecular-precursor-method-for-fabricating-p-type-cu2o-and-metallic-cu-thin-films",totalDownloads:2360,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Functional thin films are used in various fields of our life. Many different methods are used to fabricate these films including physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical processes. The chemical processes can be used to manufacture thin films in a relatively cheap way, as compared to PVD methods. This chapter summarizes the procedures of the molecular precursor method (MPM), a chemical process, for fabrication of both metal oxide semiconductor Cu2O and metallic Cu thin films by utilizing Cu(II) complexes in coating solutions. The MPM, recently developed and reported by the present authors, represents a facile procedure for thin film fabrication of various metal oxides or phosphates. This method pertinent to the coordination chemistry and materials science including nanoscience and nanotechnology has provided various thin films of high quality. The MPM is based on the design of metal complexes in coating solutions with excellent stability, homogeneity, miscibility, coatability, etc., which are practical advantages. The metal oxides and phosphates are useful as the electron and/or ion conductors, semiconductors, dielectric materials, etc. This chapter will describe the principle and recent achievement, mainly on fabricating the p-type Cu2O and metallic Cu thin films of the MPM.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Hiroki Nagai and Mitsunobu Sato",authors:[{id:"148259",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"},{id:"148920",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroki",middleName:null,surname:"Nagai",slug:"hiroki-nagai",fullName:"Hiroki Nagai"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52684",title:"Advance Deposition Techniques for Thin Film and Coating",slug:"advance-deposition-techniques-for-thin-film-and-coating",totalDownloads:7563,totalCrossrefCites:31,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:"Thin films have a great impact on the modern era of technology. Thin films are considered as backbone for advanced applications in the various fields such as optical devices, environmental applications, telecommunications devices, energy storage devices, and so on . The crucial issue for all applications of thin films depends on their morphology and the stability. The morphology of the thin films strongly hinges on deposition techniques. Thin films can be deposited by the physical and chemical routes. In this chapter, we discuss some advance techniques and principles of thin-film depositions. The vacuum thermal evaporation technique, electron beam evaporation, pulsed-layer deposition, direct current/radio frequency magnetron sputtering, and chemical route deposition systems will be discussed in detail.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Asim Jilani, Mohamed Shaaban Abdel-wahab and Ahmed Hosny\nHammad",authors:[{id:"192377",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Jilani",slug:"asim-jilani",fullName:"Asim Jilani"},{id:"192972",title:"Dr.",name:"M.Sh",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel-Wahab",slug:"m.sh-abdel-wahab",fullName:"M.Sh Abdel-Wahab"},{id:"192973",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"H",surname:"Hammad",slug:"ahmed-hammad",fullName:"Ahmed Hammad"}]},{id:"53792",title:"Silver-Based Low-Emissivity Coating Technology for Energy- Saving Window Applications",slug:"silver-based-low-emissivity-coating-technology-for-energy-saving-window-applications",totalDownloads:3132,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Low-emissivity (low-E) technology is a unique and cost-effective solution to save energy in buildings for different climates. Its development combines advances in materials science, vacuum deposition, and optical design. In this chapter, we will review the fundamentals of energy saving window coatings, the history of its application, and the materials used. The current low-E coating technologies are overviewed, especially silver-based low-E technologies, which comprise more than 90% of the overall low-E market today. Further, the advanced understanding of generating high-quality silver thin films is discussed, which is at the heart of silver-based low-E product technology development. How the silver thin film electrical, optical, and emissivity properties are influenced by their microstructure, thickness, and by the materials on neighboring layers will be discussed from a theoretical and an experimental perspective.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Guowen Ding and César Clavero",authors:[{id:"195240",title:"Dr.",name:"Guowen",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",slug:"guowen-ding",fullName:"Guowen Ding"},{id:"197064",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Clavero",slug:"cesar-clavero",fullName:"Cesar Clavero"}]},{id:"52908",title:"Smart Thermoresponsive Surfaces Based on pNIPAm Coatings and Laser Method for Biological Applications",slug:"smart-thermoresponsive-surfaces-based-on-pnipam-coatings-and-laser-method-for-biological-application",totalDownloads:1836,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Various applications within last decades such as bacterially resistant surfaces, soft robotics, drug delivery systems, sensors and tissue engineering are poised to feature the importance of the ability to control bio-interfacial interactions. An enhanced attention is dedicated to designing smart stimuli-responsive interfaces for DNA, drug delivery, protein and cell based applications. Within this context, the thermoresponsive materials, especially poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) have been intensively used in tissue engineering applications for a controlled detachment of proteins and cells with a minimum of invasive effect on protein and cell structural conformation. The properties of smart bio-interfaces can be controlled by its composition and polymer architecture. Therefore, appropriate methods for obtaining controlled coatings are necessary. Laser methods were successfully used in the last decades for obtaining controlled organic and inorganic coatings for various types of applications, from electronics to tissue engineering. Among these, Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique bring us a step forward to other laser methods by avoiding damage and photochemical decomposition of materials. In this chapter we describe materials and approaches used for design of smart bio-interfaces aimed at controlling protein and cells behavior in vitro, focusing MAPLE method for tuning coatings characteristics in relation with biological response.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Laurentiu Rusen, Valentina Dinca, Cosmin Mustaciosu, Madalina\nIcriverzi, Livia Elena Sima, Anca Bonciu, Simona Brajnicov, Natalia\nMihailescu, Nicoleta Dumitrescu, Alexandru I. Popovici, Anca\nRoseanu and Maria Dinescu",authors:[{id:"32241",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dinescu",slug:"maria-dinescu",fullName:"Maria Dinescu"},{id:"176781",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Dinca",slug:"valentina-dinca",fullName:"Valentina Dinca"},{id:"176783",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurentiu",middleName:null,surname:"Rusen",slug:"laurentiu-rusen",fullName:"Laurentiu Rusen"},{id:"177680",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Anca",middleName:"Florina",surname:"Bonciu",slug:"anca-bonciu",fullName:"Anca Bonciu"},{id:"193439",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Madalina",middleName:null,surname:"Icriverzi",slug:"madalina-icriverzi",fullName:"Madalina Icriverzi"},{id:"193441",title:"Dr.",name:"Livia Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Sima",slug:"livia-elena-sima",fullName:"Livia Elena Sima"},{id:"193442",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Brajnicov",slug:"simona-brajnicov",fullName:"Simona Brajnicov"},{id:"193443",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nicoleta",middleName:"Luminita",surname:"Dumitrescu",slug:"nicoleta-dumitrescu",fullName:"Nicoleta Dumitrescu"},{id:"193444",title:"Dr.",name:"Cosmin",middleName:null,surname:"Mustaciosu",slug:"cosmin-mustaciosu",fullName:"Cosmin Mustaciosu"},{id:"193445",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Roseanu",slug:"anca-roseanu",fullName:"Anca Roseanu"},{id:"196184",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Serban",slug:"natalia-serban",fullName:"Natalia Serban"},{id:"198275",title:"Ms.",name:"A.I.",middleName:null,surname:"Popovici",slug:"a.i.-popovici",fullName:"A.I. Popovici"}]},{id:"52951",title:"Chemical Solution Deposition Technique of Thin-Film Ceramic Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells",slug:"chemical-solution-deposition-technique-of-thin-film-ceramic-electrolytes-for-solid-oxide-fuel-cells",totalDownloads:2392,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Chemical solution deposition (CSD) technique is recently gaining momentum for the fabrication of electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its cost-effectiveness, high yield, and simplicity of the process requirements. The advanced vacuum deposition techniques such as sputtering, atomic layer deposition (ALD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are lacking in scalability and cost-effectiveness. CSD technique includes a variety of approaches such as sol-gel process, chelate process, and metallo-organic decomposition. The present chapter discusses briefly about the evolution of CSD method and its subsequent entry to the field of SOFCs, various solution methods associated with different chemical compositions, film deposition techniques, chemical reactions, heat treatment strategies, nucleation and growth kinetics, associated defects, etc. Examples are cited to bring out the history dating back to the discovery of amorphous zirconia film through the successful fabrication of the crystalline fluorite-type films such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), scandia-doped ceria (SDC), and crystalline perovskite-type films such as yttria-doped barium zirconate (BZY) and yttria-doped barium cerate (BCY), to name a few.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Mridula Biswas and Pei-Chen Su",authors:[{id:"193015",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Su",slug:"pei-chen-su",fullName:"Pei-Chen Su"},{id:"193328",title:"Dr.",name:"Mridula",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas",slug:"mridula-biswas",fullName:"Mridula Biswas"}]},{id:"53122",title:"Anomalous Rashba Effect of Bi Thin Film Studied by Spin-Resolved ARPES",slug:"anomalous-rashba-effect-of-bi-thin-film-studied-by-spin-resolved-arpes",totalDownloads:2099,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The Rashba effect is a momentum‐dependent splitting of spin bands in two‐dimensional systems such as surface, interface and heterostructure. The effect is caused by broken space‐inversion symmetry and spin‐orbit coupling and allows to manipulate and generate the spin by the electric fields, that is, without the magnetic field. It means that the devices applied to the Rashba effect have many advantages. Bismuth is known as a promising candidate to investigate the surface Rashba effect, and the spin structure of Bi surface has also been intensively discussed. However, it is unclear to what extent the so far believed simple vortical spin structure is adequate. To understand the surface properties of the Rashba system is particularly important when utilizing the Rashba effect to the spintronic devices, since it is desirable to control the spin polarization when developing new types of devices. In this chapter, we report that the surface spin states of the Bi thin film exhibit unusual characteristics unlike the conventional Rashba splitting by using a spin‐ and angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurement.",book:{id:"5541",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings"},signatures:"Akari Takayama",authors:[{id:"192655",title:"Dr.",name:"Akari",middleName:null,surname:"Takayama",slug:"akari-takayama",fullName:"Akari Takayama"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"955",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. 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He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"41",type:"subseries",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"