Habermas’ types of sciences produced by his theorized knowledge-constitutive interests. From [19], adapted [20]. Used with permission.
\nThe book is divided into three parts:
\nPart I: Ecological interpretation of land-use act - in this part, ecosystem and land use turn out to be a significant factor in the process of creating an ecological landscape.
\nPart II: Landscape district in applied ecological analysis - this part attempts to illustrate the best possible model of analysis integrated with landscape in practical case studies.
\nPart III: The anthropogenic impacts on landscape creation - this part discusses the human impact on landscape creation.",isbn:"978-953-51-2514-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2513-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5442-6",doi:"10.5772/61905",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"landscape-ecology-the-influences-of-land-use-and-anthropogenic-impacts-of-landscape-creation",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"354db0cb765007d8e48728a1356f2b75",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",publishedDate:"July 27th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5289.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14387,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:39,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:76,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:125,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 12th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 3rd 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 22nd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 20th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 20th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110471/images/system/110471.png",biography:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed has a Ph.D. in Architecture (Environmental Design) from Ion Mincu University, Bucharest, Romania. He completed postdoctoral research in 2004 on sustainable and bioclimatic houses at the School of Architecture, Aarhus, Denmark. His research expertise is sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work and has performed several studies in these areas. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",institutionString:"Jönköping University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"10",institution:{name:"Jönköping University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"849",title:"Landscape Ecology",slug:"landscape-ecology"}],chapters:[{id:"51201",title:"Agriculture and Its Impact on Land‐Use, Environment, and Ecosystem Services",doi:"10.5772/63719",slug:"agriculture-and-its-impact-on-land-use-environment-and-ecosystem-services",totalDownloads:8414,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:69,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Human expansion throughout the world caused that agriculture is a dominant form of land management globally. Human influence on the land is accelerating because of rapid population growth and increasing food requirements. To stress the interactions between society and the environment, the driving forces (D), pressures (P), states (S), impacts (I), and response (R) (DPSIR) framework approach was used for analyzing and assessing the influence of agriculture on land use, environment, and ecosystem services. The DPSIR model was used to identify a series of core indicators and to establish the nature of interactions between different driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, and responses. We assessed selected indicators at global, national, and local levels. Driving force indicators describe growing population trend and linking land‐use patterns. The driving forces exert pressure on the environment assessed by indicators describing development in fertilizer and pesticides consumption, by number of livestock, and by intensification joined growing release of ammonia and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, and water abstraction. The pressure reflects in the state of environment, mainly expressed by soil and water quality indicators. Negative changes in the state then have negative impacts on landscape, e.g., traditional landscape disappearance, biodiversity, climate, and ecosystem services. As a response, technological, economic, policy, or legislation measures are adopted.",signatures:"Radoslava Kanianska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51201",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51201",authors:[{id:"184781",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radoslava",surname:"Kanianska",slug:"radoslava-kanianska",fullName:"Radoslava Kanianska"}],corrections:null},{id:"50964",title:"Modelling the Contribution of Land Use to Nitrate Yield from a Rural Catchment",doi:"10.5772/63718",slug:"modelling-the-contribution-of-land-use-to-nitrate-yield-from-a-rural-catchment",totalDownloads:1426,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The nutrient flow dynamics in rural landscapes are among the basic characteristics of landscape functioning. In this study, the ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was applied in a small rural catchment in northwest (NW) Spain to evaluate the contribution of land use on nitrate losses and to assess the relative importance of different pathways by which nitrate is delivered to the drainage network. The model was first calibrated and validated at a monthly time step. The SWAT model performance was satisfactory (R2 > 0.5; Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) > 0.5 and percent bias (PBIAS) < 10%) during both the calibration and validation periods, indicating that SWAT predicted the nitrate discharge accurately. Using the calibrated SWAT model, this study showed that agricultural lands, even though they represent only 30% of the catchment, were main contributor to the nitrate losses accounting for about 77% of the total nitrate yield. The model results also indicated that, irrespective of the land use, groundwater flow is the main pathway for nitrate losses (63%); therefore, appropriate management practices aimed at decreasing nitrate leaching will be key factors in reducing nitrate yield in the study catchment.",signatures:"Maria-Luz Rodríguez-Blanco, Ricardo Arias, Maria-Mercedes\nTaboada-Castro, Joao Pedro Nunes, Jan Jacob Keizer and Maria-\nTeresa Taboada-Castro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50964",authors:[{id:"183458",title:"Dr.",name:"María-Luz",surname:"Rodríguez-Blanco",slug:"maria-luz-rodriguez-blanco",fullName:"María-Luz Rodríguez-Blanco"}],corrections:null},{id:"51225",title:"Multitemporal Analysis in Mediterranean Forestland with Remote Sensing",doi:"10.5772/63721",slug:"multitemporal-analysis-in-mediterranean-forestland-with-remote-sensing",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study employs a Fourier transform analysis approach to assess the land-cover changes in a mountainous Mediterranean protected area using multi-temporal satellite images. Harmonic analysis was applied to a time series of Landsat satellite images acquired from 1984 to 2008 to extract information about land cover status with a vegetation spectral index, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Ancillary cartographic information depicting land cover classes and the enlargement of the protected area over time (i.e., maps showing the original delineation in 1995 and subsequent enlargement in 2007) were employed as additional factors to understand vegetation-cover changes. Significant differences in the NDVI and harmonic components values were observed with respect to both factors. The application of the Fourier transform was particularly successful to extract subtle information. The harmonic analysis of the NDVI time series revealed valuable information about the evolution of the landscape. The initially protected area (northern sector) seems more affected by human activities than the southern sector (enlarged area in 2007) as revealed by the analysis of the first harmonic component that was closely related with vegetation coverage. Rural abandonment is a major driver of land-cover changes in the study area.",signatures:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor, Encarni I. Hernández, Jose Navarro-\nPedreño, Ignacio Gómez and Magaly Koch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51225",authors:[{id:"109913",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Melendez-Pastor",slug:"ignacio-melendez-pastor",fullName:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor"},{id:"137038",title:"Dr.",name:"Encarni I.",surname:"Hernández",slug:"encarni-i.-hernandez",fullName:"Encarni I. Hernández"},{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño"},{id:"137041",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Gómez Lucas",slug:"ignacio-gomez-lucas",fullName:"Ignacio Gómez Lucas"},{id:"183525",title:"Dr.",name:"Magaly",surname:"Koch",slug:"magaly-koch",fullName:"Magaly Koch"}],corrections:null},{id:"50268",title:"Hydrological Trend Analysis Integrated with Landscape Analysis at the Watershed Scale (Case Study: Langat Basin, Malaysia)",doi:"10.5772/62463",slug:"hydrological-trend-analysis-integrated-with-landscape-analysis-at-the-watershed-scale-case-study-lan",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this study, the trends of water and sediment data collected from three hydrometer stations over the past 25 years of development in the state of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, were analyzed using the Mann–Kendall and Pettitt’s tests. Landscape metrics for establishing the relationship between land use changes and trends of hydrological time series were calculated. The hydrologic trends were also studied in terms of rainfall variations and man-made features. Results indicated upward trends in water discharge at the Hulu Langat sub-basin and sediment load at the Semenyih sub-basin. These increasing trends were mainly caused by rapid changes in land use. Upward trends of hydrological series at the Hulu Langat sub-basin matched its rainfall pattern. At the Lui sub-basin, however, trends of hydrological series and variations in rainfall and land use were not statistically significant.",signatures:"Hadi Memarian and Siva K. Balasundram",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50268",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50268",authors:[{id:"182821",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Memarian",slug:"hadi-memarian",fullName:"Hadi Memarian"},{id:"184945",title:"Prof.",name:"Siva",surname:"Kumar Balasundram",slug:"siva-kumar-balasundram",fullName:"Siva Kumar Balasundram"}],corrections:null},{id:"51291",title:"The Anthropic Pressure on the Landscapes of the Subcarpathian and Piedmont Basin of Dâmboviţa River (Romania)",doi:"10.5772/63722",slug:"the-anthropic-pressure-on-the-landscapes-of-the-subcarpathian-and-piedmont-basin-of-d-mbovi-a-river-",totalDownloads:1074,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Subcarpathian and Piedmont Basin of Dâmboviţa cover an area of 412 km2 and largely overlap north-western part of Dâmboviţa County, namely the relief units: Gethian Subcarpathians (the Subcarpahians of Argeş), Subcarpathians of Curvature (the Subcarpathians of Ialomiţa) and Getian Plateau (Piedmont of Cândeşti).",signatures:"Mihaela Sencovici and Gica Pehoiu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51291",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51291",authors:[{id:"94647",title:"Dr",name:"Gica",surname:"Pehoiu",slug:"gica-pehoiu",fullName:"Gica Pehoiu"},{id:"186700",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",surname:"Sencovici",slug:"mihaela-sencovici",fullName:"Mihaela Sencovici"}],corrections:null},{id:"50472",title:"Tracking Anthropogenic Influences on the Condition of Plant Communities at Sites and Landscape Scales",doi:"10.5772/62874",slug:"tracking-anthropogenic-influences-on-the-condition-of-plant-communities-at-sites-and-landscape-scale",totalDownloads:1270,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Deriving vegetation condition assessments from land use classifications and mapping only provides rudimentary and very coarse insights; ones that may be misleading for planning and priority setting by regional planners and policy makers. Standardized indicators of past ecological resilience for a particular landscape can assist land managers and ecologists track, evaluate and report the outcomes of land management decisions. Developing a timetable of the varying goals of land management practices and their past effects on vegetation condition including regenerative capacity is suited to on-ground managers.Access to information about how and why landscapes were transformed helps regional planners and policy makers identify and prioritise areas for investment relative to an ideal state. Tracking the responses of previous native plant communities to a range of land management practices helps decision makers gain an understanding of which outcomes can be realistically achieved in particular landscape contexts.",signatures:"Richard Thackway",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50472",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50472",authors:[{id:"171613",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Richard",surname:"Thackway",slug:"richard-thackway",fullName:"Richard Thackway"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd4ff3f5b34fb2ee8089dc8da74a843a",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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Zreaqat",authors:[{id:"38245",title:"Dr.",name:"Maen",middleName:"Hussni",surname:"Zreaqat",fullName:"Maen Zreaqat",slug:"maen-zreaqat"}]},{id:"47811",title:"Pain Evaluation Between Stainless Steel and Nickel Titanium Arches in Orthodontic Treatment — A Comparative Study",slug:"pain-evaluation-between-stainless-steel-and-nickel-titanium-arches-in-orthodontic-treatment-a-compar",signatures:"M. Larrea, N. Zamora, R. Cibrian, J.L. Gandia and V. Paredes",authors:[{id:"150456",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanessa",middleName:null,surname:"Paredes",fullName:"Vanessa Paredes",slug:"vanessa-paredes"},{id:"150457",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Cibrian",fullName:"Rosa Cibrian",slug:"rosa-cibrian"},{id:"150458",title:"Prof.",name:"José-Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Gandia-Franco",fullName:"José-Luis Gandia-Franco",slug:"jose-luis-gandia-franco"},{id:"171979",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Zamora Martinez",fullName:"Natalia Zamora Martinez",slug:"natalia-zamora-martinez"},{id:"172124",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Larrea",fullName:"Monica Larrea",slug:"monica-larrea"}]},{id:"47810",title:"Non-Surgical Treatment of Class III with Multiloop Edgewise Arch-Wire (MEAW) Therapy",slug:"non-surgical-treatment-of-class-iii-with-multiloop-edgewise-arch-wire-meaw-therapy",signatures:"Paulo Beltrão",authors:[{id:"54307",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Beltrão",fullName:"Paulo Beltrão",slug:"paulo-beltrao"}]},{id:"47825",title:"Clinical Consideration and Management of Impacted Maxillary Canine Teeth",slug:"clinical-consideration-and-management-of-impacted-maxillary-canine-teeth",signatures:"Belma Işık Aslan and Neslihan Üçüncü",authors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan"},{id:"48330",title:"Prof.",name:"Neslihan",middleName:null,surname:"Üçüncü",fullName:"Neslihan Üçüncü",slug:"neslihan-ucuncu"}]},{id:"48109",title:"Oral Fluid Biomarkers in Smoking Periodontitis Patients and Systemic Inflammation",slug:"oral-fluid-biomarkers-in-smoking-periodontitis-patients-and-systemic-inflammation",signatures:"Anna Maria Heikkinen, Päivi Mäntylä, Jussi Leppilahti, Nilminie\nRathnayake, Jukka Meurman and Timo Sorsa",authors:[{id:"172572",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Heikkinen",fullName:"Anna Maria Heikkinen",slug:"anna-maria-heikkinen"}]},{id:"47884",title:"Oral Health From Dental Paleopathology",slug:"oral-health-from-dental-paleopathology",signatures:"Hisashi Fujita",authors:[{id:"172212",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisashi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",fullName:"Hisashi Fujita",slug:"hisashi-fujita"}]},{id:"48185",title:"Assorted Errands in Prevention of Children’s Oral Diseases and Conditions",slug:"assorted-errands-in-prevention-of-children-s-oral-diseases-and-conditions",signatures:"H.S. Mbawala, F.M. Machibya and F.K. Kahabuka",authors:[{id:"174066",title:"Prof.",name:"Febronia",middleName:"Kokulegya",surname:"Kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka"}]},{id:"47880",title:"Drug-Induced Oral Reactions",slug:"drug-induced-oral-reactions",signatures:"Ana Pejcic",authors:[{id:"68050",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Pejcic",fullName:"Ana Pejcic",slug:"ana-pejcic"}]},{id:"47945",title:"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition — A Possible Pathogenic Pathway of Fibrotic Gingival Overgrowth",slug:"epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-a-possible-pathogenic-pathway-of-fibrotic-gingival-overgrowth",signatures:"Ileana Monica Baniţă, Cristina Munteanu, Anca Berbecaru-Iovan,\nCamelia Elena Stănciulescu, Ana Marina Andrei and Cătălina\nGabriela Pisoschi",authors:[{id:"96616",title:"Dr.",name:"Catalina",middleName:null,surname:"Gabriela Pisoschi",fullName:"Catalina Gabriela Pisoschi",slug:"catalina-gabriela-pisoschi"},{id:"96626",title:"Prof.",name:"Ileana Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Baniță",fullName:"Ileana Monica Baniță",slug:"ileana-monica-banita"},{id:"127212",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena Camelia",middleName:null,surname:"Stănciulescu",fullName:"Elena Camelia Stănciulescu",slug:"elena-camelia-stanciulescu"},{id:"172601",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Berbecaru-Iovan",fullName:"Anca Berbecaru-Iovan",slug:"anca-berbecaru-iovan"},{id:"172602",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Munteanu",fullName:"Cristina Munteanu",slug:"cristina-munteanu"},{id:"172603",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Andrei",fullName:"Ana Marina Andrei",slug:"ana-marina-andrei"}]},{id:"47872",title:"Ultrasonic Instrumentation",slug:"ultrasonic-instrumentation",signatures:"Ana Isabel García-Kass, Juan Antonio García-Núñez and Victoriano\nSerrano-Cuenca",authors:[{id:"68134",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"García-Nuñez",fullName:"Juan Antonio García-Nuñez",slug:"juan-antonio-garcia-nunez"},{id:"76543",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"García-Kass",fullName:"Ana Isabel García-Kass",slug:"ana-isabel-garcia-kass"},{id:"173164",title:"Prof.",name:"Victoriano",middleName:null,surname:"Serrano-Cuenca",fullName:"Victoriano Serrano-Cuenca",slug:"victoriano-serrano-cuenca"}]},{id:"48103",title:"Oral Health and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes",slug:"oral-health-and-adverse-pregnancy-outcomes",signatures:"Sukumaran Anil, Raed M. Alrowis, Elna P. Chalisserry, Vemina P.\nChalissery, Hani S. AlMoharib and Asala F. Al-Sulaimani",authors:[{id:"25232",title:"Prof.",name:"Sukumaran",middleName:null,surname:"Anil",fullName:"Sukumaran Anil",slug:"sukumaran-anil"}]},{id:"48172",title:"Periodontal Disease — A Physician’s Viewpoint",slug:"periodontal-disease-a-physician-s-viewpoint",signatures:"Myers J.B.",authors:[{id:"172229",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Myers",fullName:"John Myers",slug:"john-myers"}]},{id:"48033",title:"Salivary Diagnostics, Current Reality and Future Prospects",slug:"salivary-diagnostics-current-reality-and-future-prospects",signatures:"Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva, Diego Romário da Silva, Sabrina\nAvelar de Macedo Ferreira, Andeliana David de Sousa Rodrigues,\nAllan de Jesus Reis Albuquerque and Sandra Aparecida Marinho",authors:[{id:"172595",title:"BSc.",name:"Allan",middleName:null,surname:"Albuquerque",fullName:"Allan Albuquerque",slug:"allan-albuquerque"},{id:"115449",title:"Prof.",name:"Andréa",middleName:"Cristina Barbosa",surname:"Cristina Barbosa da Silva",fullName:"Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"andrea-cristina-barbosa-da-silva"},{id:"173419",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Romario-Silva",fullName:"Diego Romario-Silva",slug:"diego-romario-silva"},{id:"173953",title:"Ms.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"Sabrina Ferreira",slug:"sabrina-ferreira"},{id:"173954",title:"Ms.",name:"Andeliana",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues",fullName:"Andeliana Rodrigues",slug:"andeliana-rodrigues"},{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho"}]},{id:"47896",title:"Oral Health Related Quality of Life",slug:"oral-health-related-quality-of-life",signatures:"Javier de la Fuente Hernández, Fátima del Carmen Aguilar Díaz and\nMaría del Carmen Villanueva Vilchis",authors:[{id:"172040",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"De La Fuente",fullName:"Javier De La Fuente",slug:"javier-de-la-fuente"},{id:"172558",title:"Dr.",name:"Ma. Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Vilchis",fullName:"Ma. Carmen Villanueva-Vilchis",slug:"ma.-carmen-villanueva-vilchis"},{id:"172557",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fatima",middleName:"Del Carmen",surname:"Aguilar-Diaz",fullName:"Fatima Aguilar-Diaz",slug:"fatima-aguilar-diaz"}]},{id:"47857",title:"Periodontal Health and Orthodontics",slug:"periodontal-health-and-orthodontics",signatures:"Mourad Sebbar, Zouhair Abidine, Narjisse Laslami and Zakaria\nBentahar",authors:[{id:"52171",title:"Dr.",name:"Mourad",middleName:null,surname:"Sebbar",fullName:"Mourad Sebbar",slug:"mourad-sebbar"}]},{id:"47895",title:"Panoramic Radiography — Diagnosis of Relevant Structures That Might Compromise Oral and General Health of the Patient",slug:"panoramic-radiography-diagnosis-of-relevant-structures-that-might-compromise-oral-and-general-health",signatures:"Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira Capote, Marcela de Almeida\nGonçalves, Andrea Gonçalves and Marcelo Gonçalves",authors:[{id:"87871",title:"Prof.",name:"Ticiana",middleName:"Sidorenko De Oliveira",surname:"Capote",fullName:"Ticiana Capote",slug:"ticiana-capote"},{id:"172270",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcela",middleName:"De Almeida",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Marcela Gonçalves",slug:"marcela-goncalves"},{id:"172407",title:"Prof.",name:"Andréa",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Andréa Gonçalves",slug:"andrea-goncalves"},{id:"172416",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Marcelo Gonçalves",slug:"marcelo-goncalves"}]},{id:"47827",title:"Advances in Radiographic Techniques Used in Dentistry",slug:"advances-in-radiographic-techniques-used-in-dentistry",signatures:"Zühre Zafersoy Akarslan and Ilkay Peker",authors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan"},{id:"172257",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilkay",middleName:null,surname:"Peker",fullName:"Ilkay Peker",slug:"ilkay-peker"}]},{id:"47929",title:"Evidence-Based Control of Oral Malodor",slug:"evidence-based-control-of-oral-malodor",signatures:"Nao Suzuki, Masahiro Yoneda and Takao Hirofuji",authors:[{id:"68990",title:"Dr.",name:"Nao",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Nao Suzuki",slug:"nao-suzuki"},{id:"127524",title:"Dr.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yoneda",fullName:"Masahiro Yoneda",slug:"masahiro-yoneda"},{id:"127525",title:"Prof.",name:"Takao",middleName:null,surname:"Hirofuji",fullName:"Takao Hirofuji",slug:"takao-hirofuji"}]},{id:"47890",title:"Periodontal Changes and Oral Health",slug:"periodontal-changes-and-oral-health",signatures:"Petra Surlin, Anne Marie Rauten, Mihai Raul Popescu, Constantin\nDaguci and Maria Bogdan",authors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin"},{id:"172585",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Rauten",fullName:"Anne Marie Rauten",slug:"anne-marie-rauten"},{id:"172586",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Daguci",fullName:"Constantin Daguci",slug:"constantin-daguci"},{id:"172587",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bogdan",fullName:"Maria Bogdan",slug:"maria-bogdan"},{id:"173160",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihai Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",fullName:"Mihai Raul Popescu",slug:"mihai-raul-popescu"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5908",title:"Insights into Various Aspects of Oral Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1dbc12a9a3a85664682fd8f81033996f",slug:"insights-into-various-aspects-of-oral-health",bookSignature:"Jane Francis Manakil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68285",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",surname:"Manakil",slug:"jane-manakil",fullName:"Jane 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Any insights are likely limited to the things we have in common. So, we begin with making clear our point of view (POV), which is derived from being immersed in engineering education in the United States since 1981. This education system is theoretically intended as the means to a profession that is dedicated to serving the well-being of society above all other considerations [1]. This purported purpose of engineering was not the core of our engineering education and subsequent teaching. The core was math and science, by which we are referring to the schools of western scientific thought, taught in English and traced to Thomas Aquinas, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Isaac Newton. Very briefly, as described by Capra and Luisi [2], Aquinas integrated scientific reason with faith, elevating what was scientific philosophy to God-given truth. The works of Bacon, Descartes and Newton served to produce an organized study of inanimate objects—changed only when acted on by force—and methods suitable for the study of such objects. Hidden in these paradigmatic shifts from philosophy to truth were assumptions and values that have functioned to shape our world as we know it today. Language is also relevant for its intimate coupling to our neurology [3]; like assumptions and values, its hidden structure unconsciously shapes our behavior [4, 5].
Our aspiration for engineering education, or all of education, is that of global health—societal and environmental, which we believe to be inextricably intertwined. However, at the moment of writing this, our country is reeling from what is apparently a systemic education gone wrong, writ large, and enabled by science and engineering. We ‘westerners’ imagine that our science and education support peaceful citizenship and democratic governance. Hundreds of years into this grand social experiment, the evidence suggests otherwise. Systemic patterns reveal our western education is most reliably producing fragmentation rather than health. In some ways, it is not surprising that a methodology of learning (“science”) that is based on fragmenting the whole into its constituent parts does not produce health, the root of which is Old English hælþ “wholeness, a being whole, sound or well’ [6]. As physicist David Bohm observed, “fragmentation is now very widespread, not only throughout society, but also in each individual; and this is leading to a kind of general confusion of the mind, which creates an endless series of problems and interferes with our clarity of perception so seriously as to prevent us from being able to solve most of them.” (p. 1, [7]).
What we did not account for in our social experiment with ‘western’ scientific education, was the effect that education would have on our selves. In a recent book, Henrich [8] documents the research that shows that brains and behavior of western-educated adults differ in dramatic ways from their global peers. Specifically, these individuals, which Henrich describes as western-educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD), have a default tendency to focus on parts within a visual field, whereas their non-WEIRD peers see the whole. Unsurprisingly, WEIRD individuals tend to view the world with the analytical thinking of the reductionist science that is core to western and engineering education. Reductionism and its methods assume a world of objects, held separate from and independent of the observer; its aim is to prove or disprove hypotheses about cause and effect. Reductionism is useful for manipulating the physical world for predictable outcomes but is not fit for the purpose of working with living beings. What this means for WEIRD people is a tendency to see human behavior as caused by traits of the individual whereas their non-WEIRD peers are more likely to reason that peoples’ behavior is a reaction to the systemic conditions—a more holistic interpretation. WEIRD people tend to employ limited moral logics that rely on what are viewed as “autonomous” actions by individuals [9]. Non-WEIRD subjects draw on a multitude of moral logics that include autonomous action and presume ones’ inseparability from communities. In short, western education conditions people to see the world in a fragmented, rather than holistic way.
Henrich’s analysis of WEIRD subjects does not address the effects of the English language as the medium of WEIRD-ness. However, cognitive scientists recognize that language is neurologically embodied [5, 10]. For example, Lakoff and Johnson describe semantic frames in the English language which focus attention to what are considered salient features, causing unconscious entailments on peoples’ behavior [4]. Might the language of engineering, deriving from military roots in the U.S., subconsciously condition behavior? Even the basic syntax of English--
Functional MRI studies of WEIRD subjects by Jack et al. [13, 14] point to patterns akin to what Henrich and others reported. They found that the neural networks active in reasoning about objects in the physical world have an antagonistic relationship between the activity regions that require social and moral reasoning (i.e., one’s relationship to the whole of society). When one is using the logics needed for working with objects, the neural circuitry that considers others, emotion and context, is inactive. The finding that different regions of the brain are accessed for different logics is not in itself surprising or problematic. However, in a follow up study by Jack et al. involving WEIRD subjects, they found moral concern and analytical reasoning to be inversely related [15]. In particular, people biased toward analytical reasoning were also inclined to draw upon these same dehumanized logics in situations that call for contextual, humanized reasoning, particularly when the situation involved ambiguity. Other studies involving western educated and non-western educated subjects have shown that priming subjects to use analytical reasoning results in less humane and less altruistic decisions [16, 17].
While some engineering curricula require general education, the engineering appetite for technical knowledge in the U.S. has had a magnetic pull on our attention as predicted by the sociologist, Jürgen Habermas. He suggested that knowledge and the methods for acquiring it are constituted by the purpose, whether that is to control the physical world (
Type of science: | Natural | Social | Critical |
---|---|---|---|
Frame and habits of mind | Positivist, Analytical | Constructivist, Hermeneutic | Deconstructivist, Emancipatory |
Interest | Technical: Predictable outcome of practical skills for employment | Practical/Meaning: Intellectual development and communication | Liberation*: Enlightenment to enact conscious choices |
Assumptions about reality (ontology) | Reductionist: simple cause & effect; reduce variation in experiments to validate | Constructivist: complicated; attempt to examine all variables to see cause & effect | Holistic: complex; acknowledge unknowable variables create emergence |
some practices derived from science | Engineering, western medicine | Education, counseling | Performing arts, spirituality |
Habermas’ types of sciences produced by his theorized knowledge-constitutive interests. From [19], adapted [20]. Used with permission.
Liberation indicates the process by which models and paradigms are revealed as such, introducing both consciousness and choice where they were artificially constrained.
These patterns are pointing to a simple principle that legacy engineering education does not account for: Learning/knowing alters our minds [21]; structure conditions behavior. Most significantly for education, our neurological structure conditions our attention and thought. These emerging findings are weak signals of a concerning pattern: engineering education based on a foundation of reductionist science contains the risk of educating professionals who are diminished in their ability to see, feel and reason in humane, holistic ways. From Bohm,
In short, a global engineering education at the emergence of Industry 5.0 must reframe engineering and develop a substantively new thinking as Einstein urged [22], lest we suffer a technology-enabled self-destruction.
What Einstein asserts is that the nature of the Universe is whole. Wholeness or Health, is a non-separable condition that exists prior to us. The fragmentation in ‘western’ science can be traced to Eurocentric philosophies from the 13-16th centuries, as described by Capra and Luisi [2]. By 1926, the South African statesman Jan Smuts advocated a return to the ancient Greek philosophy that he called “holism”,
This notion of holism is not new; it has been embedded in indigenous cultures for centuries in many forms. For example, Native Americans like the Iroquois tribes believed that every decision should be made in consideration of how it will affect seven generations (i.e., 7 x 100 years) into the future, recognizing their present moment to be intertwined with a future one. They also viewed themselves as part of a web of life with nature as a collaborator, leading to a sustainable relationship with nature, prior to the genocide inflicted upon them by white men. As seen in such indigenous societies, adopting wholeness and health as the fundamental nature of reality opens onto a landscape of radically different interpretations, methods, practices and capacities.
Consider that our societal challenges, amplified by technology, are holistic in nature (e.g., anthropogenic climate change). They therefore require an engineering that is grounded in holism. In other words, reductionism is a mental model incommensurate with the phenomena it is attempting to address; by analogy, an engineer cannot incorrectly conceive of gravity as a force that operates parallel to the surface of the earth and expect a gravity-reliant design to function as planned. Even in cultures that are traditionally more holistic, such as the case for China, there is recent advocacy for holistic research approaches [25, 26, 27].
To be more effective in engineering, our challenge is to develop an organized practice of working with holism. Such a science would encompass and use reductionist knowledge when fit for purpose, but would expand our POV and methods in important ways. How would a holistic science differ from the legacy science? How would a holistic science provide benefit to society? We explore these questions in the following sections.
If we take ‘science’ to be an organized study for the purpose of insight, a holistic science suggests a paradigm that radically differs from reductionist science. As can be seen in Table 2, the reductionist world view is one of separate objects that mechanistically interact; understanding comes through analyzing a system as simple, cause-and-effect interactions. A holistic world view embraces the whole of humanity and presumes unity, where forms arise though recursive interactions in the presence of energetic fields; understanding is inherently tentative and situational, producing heuristics. Reductionist principles are suitable for working with inanimate matter. They are not fit for working with living matter, humans or sentient beings. To point out the obvious, engineering to serve society inherently involves living beings.
Reductionism | Holism | |
---|---|---|
Nature of reality | Separate objects, independent from one another, inanimate, consisting of fundamental building blocks | Inseparable, interconnected whole, animate, recursive patterns repeat at different scales (“fractal”) |
Behavioral phenomena | Mechanistic: interaction by simple, generalizable cause-and-effect relationships (e.g., Force = mass x acceleration); predictable as the sum of the part-level interactions, often linear | Emergent: from an innumerable, recursive interaction among self-organizing components in the presence of fields; unpredictable with qualities that are not necessarily found in the parts—non-linear, cyclic |
Lens of understanding | Equilibrium/stasis or time-independence Analysis– breaking down complicated into simple, quantifiable and verifiable principles | Non-equilibrium/order from chaos Synthesis and Apprehension – Combining theory, action and observation in an ever expanding perception of patterns reflected in weak signals |
The ontological assumptions of reductionism and holism.
Paradigms have far-reaching consequences due to the profound and often invisible effects that mental models have on our expectations, thoughts and actions. For this reason, the pioneering systems thinker, Donella Meadows, identified “transcending paradigms” as the highest leverage intervention for systemic change [28]. Many of our present-day societal challenges—pollution, climate change, poverty, economic inequity, education inequity, and health crises, emerge from the whole and simply cannot be addressed through reductionist means. Engineering education based on holism holds the possibility of aiding our ability to more effectively address global challenges. What might such an engineering education produce?
While we cannot clearly see into what a future of engineering from holism might produce, viewing holism and reductionism through the lens of Aristotle’s causality, Figure 1, gives us a glimpse into a possible future. Aristotle, who assumed what we would now recognize as holism, modeled phenomena as emerging from the synthesis of four causalities: material, efficient, formal and final.
Aristotle’s causality. The bottom half represents causality from the domain of the physical world, suitable to reductionism: material and efficient causes. The upper half is the domain of relationships that is suitable for holism.
The causality in the physical domain concerns matter (“material cause”) and techniques of shaping matter (“efficient cause”). The domain of relationships concerns structures that inform the phenomenon (“formal cause”) and the ultimate ends or intent of the phenomenon (“final cause”). Engineering education in the U.S. has largely been focused on the physical domain, giving rise to the engineered world we inhabit today. What might it look like to design an engineering education with a holistic causality? What if we situated engineering as a sociotechnical discipline? What changes might we make if we centered our purpose or final cause to serve societal well-being? How would we change informing structures like Advisory Boards, faculty hiring and retention criteria or student acceptance criteria? With a final cause of health, how might we address the structural discrimination (e.g, laws, policies, practices) against those who have historically been denied social and economic power, such as Black and Brown bodied humans? How might education develop the whole neurological structure of human intelligence, cognitive and somatic? Clearly, this holism paradigm as a POV, opens our attention, causing us to literally see, understand, and act in different ways.
Let us consider how we might gain insight from a holism foundation by using a bacteria cell as an archetype. That is, we use here a biological model to illustrate a holistic lens for working with systems for any science, technology, engineering and math discipline. This living system cannot be separated from the universe, although we might consider the cell wall a boundary that defines the
Interconnectedness which entails a network of countless
Recursive
Four stages of cell mitosis. A. Prophase B. Prometaphase C. Anaphase D. Telophase. By Roy van Heesbeen - Delta Vision Roy van Heesbeen, Public Domain,
The cell itself, viewed holistically, is an emergent form that is defined by its global, self-sustaining purpose. Using systems concepts, we view the cell as an open system, communicating across its boundary. This living organism provides insight as a metaphorical archetype for effectively working with systems. Its dynamically complex properties and behavior are fractal; the fractal nature of reality is captured in the aphorism by the microbiologist Albert Jan Kluyver, “From elephant to butyric acid bacterium—it is all the same.” [30].
As indicated in Figure 3, the recursive patterns that result in autopoiesis exist at the scale of a single cell, an ecosystem of organisms and social culture. Using a systems lens, one can identify fields at each scale within which structures interact in self-organizing and recursive ways. At the scale of an ecosystem, nutrients are exchanged by producers, consumers and decomposers. Together, they symbiotically maintain the life-giving status of the ecosystem. Within an organizational scale, the social and historical expectations, norms and states of being--such as anger, fear, joy, or relaxation--function to create social fields. One can also identify structural analogs to the cell archetype in social systems. From a holism POV, the system is ‘defined’ by a shared global property, such as ‘living’ (cell & ecosystem), or student learning (college). At the cell level, the cell-wall creates the boundary that separates the conceptual system from the surroundings. For a college, the shared goal is student learning. Other structural features of an organization are the values and beliefs that govern peoples’ behavior. In a social system, such as a college, these thought structures interact with the institutional structures of rules, policies, practices and identities to produce the phenomena of learning and enculturation.
Fractal view of systems of different scales.
In using the cell as the archetype, we are not claiming identical features found at the cell scale and at the societal scale. We’re suggesting that the patterns of the cell provide insight for working with larger dynamically complex systems. The concept of a ‘system’ as being defined by a global intent is an example of a pattern that crosses scales: For the bacterium and organisms in the ecosystem, the shared intent is
What would be the appropriate scientific methods? In the next section, we will describe the relationship between methods and outcomes and suggest a holistic practice to account for this relationship.
As we consider the cell as an archetypal system for holistic science, one is likely to notice that there remains a great deal of unresolved mystery. What is causing these cells to undergo changes? Why exactly is it alive? What exactly is causing cells to differentiate in the emergence of a complex organism? Simply put, we do not know. Yet these questions highlight an essential difference in legacy science compared to a holistic science: reductionist science aims to answer questions, holistic science prioritizes achieving intended outcomes. Heuristic understanding occurs as a by-product in a holistic science, but it is secondary. In this way, holistic science is more aligned with engineering than reductionist science.
Holism recognizes that final cause has powerful and lasting ramifications; it functions as a seed out of which the tree and subsequent fruit arise. We can see the influence of final causality in the methods of reductionist science. They can be traced to Sir Francis Bacon, an English aristocrat and father of the empirical science method. Bacon advocated torture as a means to reveal truth [31]. He conceived of Nature as a female who hid her secrets from men, maintaining that “nature itself is something to be vexed and tortured, and that, once vexed and tortured, it will continue [as] the compliant slave of man” [32]. Bacon envisioned a utopian society, his formal causality, “for the Interpreting of Nature, and the Producing of Great and Marvelous Workes (sic) for the Benefit of Men” [33]. It was no doubt that his final cause of benefiting “man/men” was a reference to males of means, as women were often treated as property in 17th century England, a 14-year old version of which Bacon acquired as a wife at his age of 45 years [33]. Bacon represented an ethic where knowledge meant power and the interest of powerful men were deemed valuable by virtue of their (presumed) God-given superior social status. Bacon’s cultural milieu, identity and position in society established a scientific practice that does not include questions about who defines the research questions and methods, whether they are socially just, or whether they are humane. Furthermore, Bacon’s ideologies were influential in establishing thought in the U.S. which contributed to racists, sexist and inhumane ‘scientific’ practices; Bacon’s ethics persist in U.S. science cultures through discriminatory practices and structures [34, 35]. For example, medical scientists in the U.S. abused African Americans for the sake of benefiting others [36, 37, 38], a rationale often used in cases of non-consensual experimentation on humans [39, 40, 41]. Such ideologies produced a biased ‘science’ [42] and scientists who believed that science cannot be an activity relegated to the “socially inferior” [38]; this assertion implies the reductionist fallacy that a condition that exists only in relationship to the whole (society), such as poverty, is explained by some inherent ‘trait’ of the individual. A science of holism would instead recognize any so-called “inferior” social condition in the U.S. as emerging from the historic, systemic effects of genocide, slavery, colonialism and legalized discrimination (e.g., see [43, 44]).
These reductionist patterns of thought and behavior ironically suggest an ontology of holism. Specifically, the condition of non-separability includes the observer as causal to what is ‘observed.’ Seeing co-arises with knowing so that the mind of the observer is literally
In a holistic science, rather than attempt to eliminate distortion introduced by the observer, one accounts for it by holding a disposition of recursive inquiry throughout (p. 23 [45]), asking four essential questions: How do we know our understandings are accurate? How do we know whether our practice makes sense? How do we know whether we are acting morally right and appropriate in the circumstances? How do we know we are not self-deceptive in our responses?
As mentioned, holistic science is concerned with achieving the intended aims. In this way, a holistic science is a theory in action which might be better described by the word
Contrast of social science research approaches. Critical emancipatory action research is a collective form of action research. The numbers should be listed in sequential order.
Participatory action methods are aimed at collectively achieving a social purpose and often used in community-based social change efforts or co-design. We submit that the assumptions and aims of the participatory action methods are more strongly aligned with those of engineering.
The conception of how change takes place when working in a social system starkly contrasts with reductionism. From reductionism, Newton’s laws of motion condition us to believe that force must be applied to induce change (“An object in motion stays in motion unless it is acted on by a force.”); Newton’s laws are certainly useful in working with non-living matter. However, using force on people raises ethical dilemmas. Returning to the cell as a system archetype, the cause of action is mysterious, yet governed by the quality of relationships, structures and fields (Table 3).
As an educator, the notion that the quality of relationships, structures and fields condition change is easy to see. For example, imagine that learning is the change, a classroom the setting. Imagine that a human we call “student’ is living remotely to their college. They lack the infrastructure for a stable, high-speed interconnection, yet the instructor has mandated “engagement” through synchronous course dialog. Imagine that the human we call “student” is in a social field of threat and fear because of the systemic conditions of a global pandemic and insufficient internet. In this scenario, it is perhaps obvious that the quality of the learning will be conditioned by the quality of connectedness, structures and fields.
What is less obvious is the profound shaping produced by the hidden value systems in our science.
As alluded to in the history of Francis Bacon, the value system of any science is embedded in its methods. As illustrated in Figure 5, the values that give rise to thought structures within the reductionist and holistic POV are quite different. Figure 5 invites us to see engineering education as a whole, arising from the force field produced by hidden values that instantiate thought structures and subsequent patterns of behavior.
Reductionist and holistic values and thinking. The metaphor of an iceberg is in the background. Holism, while pictured for contrast on the right, encompasses the left and right areas of the figure. Adapted from [
Figure 5 uses an iceberg as a metaphorical backdrop to call our attention to dynamic systemic patterns. Briefly, the inseparable coupling of gravity, the structure of the water molecule and the thermal conditions produce a buoyancy force that causes ~10% of the iceberg volume to protrude. The tip is symptomatic of dynamics that are hidden beneath the surface. One could destroy the tip (i.e., metaphorically address the symptoms) but it will be reproduced through the systemic dynamics: the gravitational field’s coupling relationship with the H2O structures. Metaphorically,
What would an engineering education based on holism look like? We invite the global community to begin the creative process of answering that question. We offer a few thoughts, based on the principle that an autopoietic process will produce itself. In other words, the educational means of achieving the ends of health/wholeness must also have the quality of wholeness/health.
We first point out that holism includes reductionism. Reductionist science has value and we would first need to reflect on what we might conserve from our legacy methods. An ideal holistic engineering education would be balanced in its values and methods, producing discernment for choosing the methods that are fit for the purpose at hand. The value system in a Holism stance is captured in this simple imperative:
Some who feel strongly aligned with legacy science might argue that thought and emotion are separate realms with science falling within the domain of ‘reason’. This logic is ironic on at least two counts. The first is that this view originated with Descartes. He deduced his idea to separate the intellect from intuition through
An engineering education derived from holism would be attentive to the quality of relationships in the learning environment. By relationships, we refer to the nature of what connects people: a holistic education would invite people to connect through purposes that transcend self-assertive interests. In the face of conflict people would turn to their shared purpose, larger than their self-interests, to resolve issues. One who viewed the world and work of an engineer as dynamically complex would expect conflict (“chaos”) as a natural part of the process, rather than something to be eliminated. In other words, engineers would embrace the messy process of collaboration in social and political settings as a central and essential activity.
An engineering education that recognized the truth of holism would be attentive to the quality of structures that condition the learning. For example, the rise of academic capitalism [50] in the U.S. has institutionalized standardized testing for college entrance [51]. Because the standardized test was developed to validate a theory of white supremacy, this college entrance structure has produced structural discrimination against non-white populations. In the U.S., the engineering profession is depleted of diversity in perspectives by structural barriers at different scales: familial, classroom, institutional, regional, societal, and historical. To honor the whole of our collective humanity, an engineering education would do the painstaking work of revisioning just and equitable educational structures, policies and practices.
The work of revisioning just and equitable structures must recognize the fallacy of framing engineering as totally objective, meritocratic and free of social influences. This framing has been challenged by Cech and others in noting a Eurocentic discipline that fails to recognize the influence of race and gender on epistemologies and practice [52, 53, 54]. From the POV of holism, the framing is not a fact, it is an artifact: the autopoietic result of legacy science’s originating mental models.
Honoring the whole would translate to honoring the whole of our humanity, recognizing the Descartes fallacy of “thinking” as primary. What we are learning from neuroscientists is that human intelligence is distributed throughout the body, rather than centrally controlled from the cerebral cortex as once believed. That is, the structure of our whole intelligence includes bodily sensations, often outside our conscious awareness. Feelings, presumed irrelevant to engineering curricula, are now recognized as essential to learning [55]. It is perhaps obvious that emotions are essential to empathy and moral reasoning; they are what humanizes us. A holistic engineering education would cultivate our ability to constructively work with our whole intelligence, managing our neurological states of being and honoring ways of knowing that include intuition, artistic expression and the lived experience. Of critical importance is cultivating our appetite for beauty. As Maxine Greene has taught us, beauty feeds the social imagination necessary to envision just alternatives to the world we have [56]. Given the autopoietic nature of our minds, the value of putting our attention on beauty is the possibility of generating beauty.
Finally, an engineering education from holism would develop skillful means in working with
Nerve activation states from polyvagal theory. (Adapted from [
In a world of urgency, we ironically feel our first action is to pause and reflect. If learning is an autopoietic action, we who have been conditioned through a western education may first need to unlearn. At minimum we will need to expand our ability to sense beyond what is presently available to us. The danger is that any action we take from our present condition will arise from the structures of our western education and thereby worsen the situation. So, our first need is to renounce the primacy of thought and cultivate a holistic neurological intelligence that includes abilities to sense and integrate our feelings. Perhaps coincident with unlearning the hidden dynamics of reductionism, we will need to apprehend the language and methods of holism. Engineering classrooms, as evidenced by syllabi, can draw on semantic frames which foster social fields of fear in classrooms [62]. We will need to re-language engineering if we desire safe social fields.
Another task is to identify what to conserve from reductionism. What balance of competencies are relevant for engineers to be humane and effective in a world of dynamic complexity? Surely reductionist science is important and applicable. What concepts do we preserve in a holistic engineering education? We, as an engineering community, need to do the difficult work to unlearn, rethink and learn. As educators, learning the skillful means of managing our neurological states of being would benefit ourselves and the people we call ‘students.’ Chari and Singh have developed such neuroscience-grounded training [63]. We have field-tested their methods in a recent online course; we and our students experienced their practices as significantly aiding our learning.
Within this new direction of holistic learning, we will also need to generate new methods for understanding our effectiveness. There are those who are skilled at working with managing change through holism [65]. However, the challenge for us disciples of reductionist science is to suspend judgment that arises from our unexamined mental models. A helpful heuristic is to notice when we react with strong emotions in the context of academic questions. That is an opportunity to reflect on the four essential questions: How do we know our understandings are accurate? How do we know whether our practice makes sense? How do we know whether we are acting morally right and appropriate in the circumstances? How do we know we are not self-deceptive in our responses?
We have laid out the case for a method of learning engineering grounded in a holistic world view. This means that any engineering curriculum would recognize its relationship to its local history and culture. At the same time, we imagine that engineering learning methods across cultures share some learning outcomes. Such outcomes, as we are suggesting in Section 3.2, would reflect not only the reductionist threshold capacities that the engineering community desires to preserve, but include those that are relevant to living in a dynamically complex world that is far from equilibrium. Such a systemic state, as Prigogine and Nicolis [66] have recognized, does not behave in linear ways, where the outcomes are predictable extensions of a plan; systems far from equilibrium are characterized by emergent, spontaneous changes of state which are non-linear, neither predictable nor sourced in the synthesis of the systems components [66]. Such state changes, while not predictable in the conventional meaning of the word, represent outcomes produced by the emergent conditions. The operative question in such systems becomes: What conditions favor the outcomes that we desire?
As a notional proposal, we suggest the threshold technical capacities and holistic enrichments for an engineering education grounded in holism as listed in Table 4. The detailed experience of a program based on these capacities is out-of-scope for this chapter, but available in a pending publication by the authors. However, we provide concrete example below. Table 4 focuses on technical knowledge thresholds (“Reductionist technical content”) that fall in the category of technical interests (Table 1). It also includes what we conceive of as enrichments (“Enriched by Holism”) to support liberal and practical interests (Table 1). We acknowledge that Table 4 is not comprehensive and omits many practical interests that we touch upon in our example below.
Reductionism | Holism | |
---|---|---|
Governing principles of change | Magnitude and nature of applied force | The quality of relationships, structures and fields |
Change metaphor | Leverage | Transformation (e.g. chemical reaction) |
The nature of change from the POV of reductionism and holism.
Reductionist technical content preserved | Enriched by Holism | |
---|---|---|
Energetics | The first and second laws of thermodynamics and their implications Newton’s laws of linear and rotational motion applied to simple rigid bodies, Basic static and dynamic concepts and relationships | Power and energy flow within, between, among people and the planet (anthropogenic climate dynamics). Conceptual understanding of force as a change mechanism in social and political systems (past, present and future). |
Action in fields | Elementary chemical reactions near equilibrium conditions Basic electrostatic and electrodynamic concepts and relationships | Far-from equilibrium dynamics (state changes, emergence, dynamic complexity). Emergence in the presence of force fields (social, political); self-organization, structural coupling of outcomes to systems behavior. |
Flow | One-dimensional flow of charge and thermal energy (steady and transient states) Control through sensing and feedback | Neurological basis of sensing (perception, reception, interoception, proprioception). Reflection, dialog and narrative in support of participatory, systems transformation. Managing one’s attention and state of being. Making conscious choices. |
Measurement | Math (curated competencies from: algebra, calculus, linear systems, statistics) | Ontological and epistemic boundaries of quantitative and qualitative data. Dynamic complexity (concept of strange attractor, curated systems behavior and properties of scale, scope, resilience). |
Aliveness | Biology (curated set of principles about the structure and function of organisms, and ecosystems; metabolism, immune response). | Living systems dynamics (autopoiesis, recursion, self-organization, emergence, structural coupling). Threshold conditions for thriving (well-ness, fairness, whole person and community development). Art, joy and beauty as basis for creativity that is just and equitable. |
Proposed threshold holistic engineering capacities, grouped into themes.
As stated, we would expect engineering education grounded in holism to reflect the rich diversity and cultural heritage that exists on the planet. However, to illustrate a practical example, consider this vignette of an example of an engineering learning method in the north eastern United States. It takes the form of a four-year experience.
The central tenets of this holistic learning method include:
everyone (students, faculty, staff, administrators) is a learner,
everyone is an educator,
we are not separate from the systems imagine: we are part of an interconnected web of relationships,
we are always practicing something in a recursive loop of theories, action and learning in the spirit of Critical emancipatory action research, Figure 4.
These tenets translate to a culture of mutual respect. Everyone is valuable and worthy of dignity, regardless of formal role. In a holism model, a community mantra might be, “Honor the whole.” As a community member, one would feel a sense of care and responsibility for one another’s well-being.
The faculty create the
In this model, there would likely be an agreed-upon time where the parties convene to co-learn (i.e., a “class”), however, the primary means of learning would be collaborative (i.e., shared power), support self-organization, self-directed learning and peer-to-peer learning. The institutional schedule would structure blocks of time to accommodate collaborative project teams that transgress traditional boundaries.
Imagine that the curriculum was organized around the holistic themes of Table 4:
As a contextual backdrop, the present U.S. culture is simultaneously alive with the hope of freedom and toxified by its foundational history of genocide of indigenous people, enslavement of Black and Asian people, and violence against women. The myriad violences committed in building our nation have autopoietically reproduced through implicit cultural biases against people of color and women; such biases frequently escalate to lethal violence, such as the pattern of targeting Black men, women and children by law-enforcement agents, fragmenting our communities. A holistic engineering education in the U.S. historical culture could be organized around building the capacities listed in Table 4 for the purpose of dissolving and healing these cultural dynamics while growing the Aliveness that we aspire to.
In the first year, among the many activities, learners would build capacities to access their whole neurology through such practices as mindfulness, meditation, yoga, martial arts or spiritual expression. Simultaneously, they would be learning about sensing, instrumentation and measurement by building electronic circuits. These human-centered and technological activities would be integrated to communicate the value in one’s whole development. Such an integration of the fragmented Western so-called “mind”—abstract, cognitive thought—and so-called “body”—somatic sensations and feelings—would autopoietically produce holistic solutions.
They might also engage in learning history of the region and country, mapping the autopoietic results of these events as institutional structures, policies and practices at different scales: personal, social, regional, nation state, planetary. Simultaneously students would apply mathematics to simulate dynamic systems behavior through computer modeling. Using reflective dialog, they would make meaning together of systemic patterns, perhaps metabolizing residual effects in cases where their lives have been adversely affected.
They might develop their identity through weaving a story of their past, present and future selves in an engineered world. The sharing of these oral histories would be a celebrated community tradition. While developing their narratives of personal power, they would learn about power and energy viewed from the laws of thermodynamics. They would also learn how force works together with motion, equilibrium or stasis through Newton’s laws of motion. Artistic expression, dance, music or theater would be practiced and celebrated with joy. Such activities serve to enrich their vision of who they are becoming and the influence they aspire to have in the world.
The theme of Aliveness could be addressed by studying Nature’s designs. In addition to the basic concepts of chemistry and biology, students would learn the principles of autopoiesis and structural coupling. As an introduction to design, learners would be trained on the use of available prototyping tools so they can design a nature-inspired “Hopper.” They would also draw connections between structural coupling in autopoiesis and inequities in our country’s economic, health and environmental patterns. During this time, computational skills would be developed to analyze data.
In the following years, learners would return to the holistic themes of
The curriculum could include partnerships where learners live together situated on a site to demonstrate sustainable communities. They would continue embodied practices and learning related to
In this section, we have offered a glimpse into what learning engineering from holism might look like. In its essence, we have offered a vision of learning that is itself, autopoietic. That is, we have described a living, learning organization situated in the U.S. that sustains itself through a recursive return to global themes of
While this description may seem unrealistic, it is a narrative derived from our institution’s myriad learning experiments over the last 20 years. The vision we describe above coheres to an explicit holistic model that was not a cohering principle of our institution’s past curriculum. However, we offer it as a glimpse into one incarnation that is possible, recognizing it as something singular to our context. From the point of view of holism, we would expect a diversity of expressions of engineering curricula, relevant to the regional situation.
Reductionist science and practices are fit for limited purpose and have indeed resulted in the remarkable technological advances we see in Industry 5.0. However, emerging global patterns underscore the fact that our legacy reductionist science is insufficient to meet the moment. Disturbingly, a confluence of findings from different fields point to the pattern of self-replication in learning. An attention fixated on technical ‘problems’ creates an existence filled with technical problems. As predicted by Bateson [67], and later documented by O’Neil [68], without a profound educational shift, legacy science and engineering is likely to lead to self-destruction by extending the power of technology, uninformed by our humanity. Our challenge is to heed Einstein’s imperative to adopt the paradigm of holism or face a future fraught with the increasing social, political, environmental dis-ease produced by fragmentation. Not only is holism more aligned with the nature of the universe, it more accurately describes the dynamically complex, sociotechnical realities that engineers work with. Its methods, drawing from existing social science praxes, are also more aligned in their assumptions and purpose to the profession of engineering. When we consider what a holistic engineering education might involve, we recognize that we can only see dimly. We have offered a working model organized around a recursive consideration of
We are profoundly grateful to the countless Black women in the U.S. who have tirelessly raised the collective consciousness of others. We also thank Michele Simone, Nicola Sochacka and Roger Burton for the generous gift of their thought partnership in editing this manuscript. We acknowledge and celebrate our creative Olin community--past present and future--in all that we have done to stretch in the direction of our better selves. This work was made possible in part by a grant from the Coalition for Life Transformative Education.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The ideas in this chapter are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Coalition for Life Transformative Education.
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He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/421826",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"421826"},fullPath:"/profiles/421826",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()