Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by different researchers using plant extracts [31].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9975",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Digital Libraries - Advancing Open Science",title:"Digital Libraries",subtitle:"Advancing Open Science",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Over the past decades, traditional academic library environments have transformed into digital libraries. This has resulted in many challenges for libraries in terms of the reinvention of libraries’ roles and organizations, the skill sets of librarians, and library infrastructure. At the same time, this profound transformation has opened the door to many new avenues, such as the support and advancement of Open Science. 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She is president of euroCRIS, the International Organization for Research Information, and vice-chair of the International Society of Knowledge Organization – Low Countries Chapter. Dr. Vancauwenbergh’s research interests are focused on Open Science and CRIS systems, particularly semantic interoperability. She was a member of the EOSC Working Groups for Landscape and Skills and Training and is a convener of the EOSC Association Task Force Semantic Interoperability. She is also a member of the Commission International/Federal Cooperation on Open Science, Belgium; the Flemish Open Science Board; and chair of the FOSB Working Group Metadata & Standardization.",institutionString:"University of Hasselt",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Hasselt",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"576",title:"Digital Media",slug:"information-and-knowledge-engineering-digital-media"}],chapters:[{id:"76617",title:"Evaluating the Processes and Procedure of Digitalization Workflow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96851",slug:"evaluating-the-processes-and-procedure-of-digitalization-workflow",totalDownloads:407,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Digitisation is the practice of converting physical information into a digital (computer-readable format), by using digital technologies to modify the existing structure by enhancing the efficiency of an organisational process, foster reliability, and quality. This is a method of incorporating conventional records into a digitised form by eliminating redundancies and limiting the communications chain. This will help to improve accessibility and simplify better information exchange for users. The beginning of a digital revolution in any establishment is to appraise the manual methods with the view to improve and graduate to a user-friendly modern system. Digital workflow is a progressive, reliable arrangement of data, procedures, and responsibilities that make information is more permanent and management easy to access and enable the preservation of crucial data. This research set out to support workflow audit by revealing specific indicators to assist in processes that will enhance digital migration.",signatures:"Collence Takaingenhamo Chisita, Oluwole O. 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Interactive Applications are becoming lot more common and is more integrated into our everyday activities, like using mobile apps. The features of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) began to emerge through Interactive Applications (IAs) such as the applications of Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), Mixed Reality (MR). Information resources development is no longer restricted and residing within the realm of speculative fiction. By using AR, VR and MR, academic libraries could already deliver a massive revolution in information retrieval. However, the biggest challenge that need to be tackled perhaps remains in how we could tune between these resources and the users so that the greatest possible benefit could be achieved in the light of accelerated technological development. This chapter uncovers the challenges and opportunities in using Interactive Applications (IAs) technologies and should be an eye opener for academic libraries that Interactive Applications technology are important to transform the use of traditional resources to interactive resources.",signatures:"Husain Ghuloum and Zuwainah Al-lamki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75034",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75034",authors:[{id:"327746",title:"Dr.",name:"Husain",surname:"Ghuloum",slug:"husain-ghuloum",fullName:"Husain Ghuloum"},{id:"328343",title:"Dr.",name:"Zuwainah",surname:"Al-lamki",slug:"zuwainah-al-lamki",fullName:"Zuwainah Al-lamki"}],corrections:null},{id:"77084",title:"Multiple Facets of Open: A Different View on Open Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97815",slug:"multiple-facets-of-open-a-different-view-on-open-science",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Open – a well-known word, but with multiple facets: open, open-minded… In the publishing industry, “open” and “openness” describe a movement which has been setting the scene over the last decades, however the opening of science is not a new momentum. Writing down our thoughts and ideas is regarded as a first indicator of opening the human mind. To cope with information overload, paper slips were used as a favourite device - a precursor to modern index cards and card catalogs. The internet opens the doors to disseminate and share knowledge in a fast and easy way. Now, science is emerging in cyberspace and an innovative level of science is shaping, the evolution of Cyberscience. Science is shifting into the open, Open Science is developing as an additional form of doing research. These diverse perspectives are part of a colorful picture of an evolving scientific landscape, which will rise awareness of changing work behaviors.",signatures:"Anne-Katharina Weilenmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77084",authors:[{id:"327624",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Anne-Katharina",surname:"Weilenmann",slug:"anne-katharina-weilenmann",fullName:"Anne-Katharina Weilenmann"}],corrections:null},{id:"74582",title:"Overview of the Principles and Practices of Open Access Publishing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95355",slug:"overview-of-the-principles-and-practices-of-open-access-publishing",totalDownloads:654,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter provides an overview of the principles and practices of open access (OA) publishing. It discusses various aspects of this emerging mode of scholarly publishing, including the definition of Open Access and its different types and models in addition to its growth and impact. The chapter also highlights the implications of open access publishing on copyright issues and how creative commons licenses are used to deal with this issue. The main focus of the chapter is to outline and discuss the different advantages and benefits of open access publishing, refuting a number of myths and misconceptions about OA publishing, and to highlight how authors and researchers can benefit from publishing their intellectual works in an open access channel. The chapter adopts the literature review as a methodology and a tool of data collection.",signatures:"Omer Hassan Abdelrahman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74582",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74582",authors:[{id:"326361",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Omer Hassan",surname:"Abdelrahman",slug:"omer-hassan-abdelrahman",fullName:"Omer Hassan Abdelrahman"}],corrections:null},{id:"74524",title:"Origins and Developments of the Open Access Books",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95357",slug:"origins-and-developments-of-the-open-access-books",totalDownloads:494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The open access books (OAB) are a product of the research that in recent years has gained its place in scientific publishing and open access (OA). Both have gone from initial diffidence (for different reasons) to a growing interest. In the first part of the article, we present the most recent data relating to this kind of publication while in the second one the OAB phenomenon is examined within a more general evolution of the OA. 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However, in an era where the Open Science movement affectuates the modus operandi of the entire research ecosystem, it is paramount for digital libraries to include information on other digital objects such as research data. In fact, FAIR and Open research (meta)data can truly act as a leverage for digital libraries and broaden the scope of the library from a place for content consumption to a place for content creation. In order to take on this role, digital libraries must cooperate with ICT and the research community to ensure that the infrastructure is in place to store research (meta)data and that the librarians have the digital skill set for handling FAIR and Open research (meta)data. Throughout the chapter, we will elaborate on the essentials for creating a digital repository, with emphasis on the underlying metadata scheme using the Flemish application profile for research data as example. 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Chilian",slug:"wiliam-m.-chilian"},{id:"203403",title:"Dr.",name:"Liya",middleName:null,surname:"Yin",fullName:"Liya Yin",slug:"liya-yin"},{id:"203404",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hopmann",fullName:"Peter Hopmann",slug:"peter-hopmann"},{id:"203405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathleen",middleName:null,surname:"Graham",fullName:"Kathleen Graham",slug:"kathleen-graham"},{id:"203406",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhamini",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",fullName:"Bhamini Patel",slug:"bhamini-patel"},{id:"203407",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanithra",middleName:null,surname:"Sekaran",fullName:"Kanithra Sekaran",slug:"kanithra-sekaran"},{id:"203408",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansee",middleName:null,surname:"Desai",fullName:"Mansee Desai",slug:"mansee-desai"}]},{id:"53407",title:"Angiogenesis and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Emerging Role of HDACs",slug:"angiogenesis-and-cardiovascular-diseases-the-emerging-role-of-hdacs",signatures:"Ana Moraga, Ka Hou Lao and Lingfang Zeng",authors:[{id:"192735",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingfang",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Lingfang Zeng",slug:"lingfang-zeng"},{id:"193673",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga",fullName:"Ana Moraga",slug:"ana-moraga"},{id:"196605",title:"Dr.",name:"Ka Hou",middleName:null,surname:"Lao",fullName:"Ka Hou Lao",slug:"ka-hou-lao"}]},{id:"53248",title:"Unique Phenotypes of Endothelial Cells in Developing Arteries: A Lesson from the Ductus Arteriosus",slug:"unique-phenotypes-of-endothelial-cells-in-developing-arteries-a-lesson-from-the-ductus-arteriosus",signatures:"Norika Mengchia Liu and Susumu Minamisawa",authors:[{id:"160350",title:"Prof.",name:"Susumu",middleName:null,surname:"Minamisawa",fullName:"Susumu Minamisawa",slug:"susumu-minamisawa"},{id:"192875",title:"MSc.",name:"Norika",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Norika Liu",slug:"norika-liu"}]},{id:"54438",title:"Vascular Repair and Remodeling: A Review",slug:"vascular-repair-and-remodeling-a-review",signatures:"Nicolás F. Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna"},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia"},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez"},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. Miatello",slug:"roberto-m.-miatello"}]},{id:"53018",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis: A Focus on the Role of Cancer Stem Cells",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-a-focus-on-the-role-of-cancer-stem-cells",signatures:"Keiko Fujita and Masumi Akita",authors:[{id:"26281",title:"Prof.",name:"Masumi",middleName:null,surname:"Akita",fullName:"Masumi Akita",slug:"masumi-akita"},{id:"192582",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiko",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",fullName:"Keiko Fujita",slug:"keiko-fujita"}]},{id:"53461",title:"VEGF-Mediated Signal Transduction in Tumor Angiogenesis",slug:"vegf-mediated-signal-transduction-in-tumor-angiogenesis",signatures:"Lucia Napione, Maria Alvaro and Federico Bussolino",authors:[{id:"193680",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Napione",fullName:"Lucia Napione",slug:"lucia-napione"},{id:"196917",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Alvaro",fullName:"Maria Alvaro",slug:"maria-alvaro"},{id:"196992",title:"Prof.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Bussolino",fullName:"Federico Bussolino",slug:"federico-bussolino"}]},{id:"54103",title:"Noncoding RNAs in Lung Cancer Angiogenesis",slug:"noncoding-rnas-in-lung-cancer-angiogenesis",signatures:"Ioana Berindan-Neagoe, Cornelia Braicu, Diana Gulei, Ciprian\nTomuleasa and George Adrian Calin",authors:[{id:"193102",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Berindan-Neagoe",fullName:"Ioana Berindan-Neagoe",slug:"ioana-berindan-neagoe"},{id:"193316",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Braicu",fullName:"Cornelia Braicu",slug:"cornelia-braicu"},{id:"193317",title:"Dr.",name:"Ciprian",middleName:null,surname:"Tomuleasa",fullName:"Ciprian Tomuleasa",slug:"ciprian-tomuleasa"},{id:"193318",title:"BSc.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Gulei",fullName:"Diana Gulei",slug:"diana-gulei"},{id:"193319",title:"Prof.",name:"George Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Calin",fullName:"George Adrian Calin",slug:"george-adrian-calin"}]},{id:"53402",title:"Recent Advances in Angiogenesis Assessment Methods and their Clinical Applications",slug:"recent-advances-in-angiogenesis-assessment-methods-and-their-clinical-applications",signatures:"Imran Shahid, Waleed H. AlMalki, Mohammed W. AlRabia,\nMuhammad Ahmed, Mohammad T. Imam, Muhammed K. Saifullah\nand Muhammad H. Hafeez",authors:[{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid"},{id:"191256",title:"Prof.",name:"Waleed",middleName:null,surname:"Almalki",fullName:"Waleed Almalki",slug:"waleed-almalki"},{id:"191259",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan Hafeez",fullName:"Muhammad Hassan Hafeez",slug:"muhammad-hassan-hafeez"},{id:"195198",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmed",slug:"muhammad-ahmed"},{id:"195199",title:"MSc.",name:"Muhammed",middleName:null,surname:"Saifullah",fullName:"Muhammed Saifullah",slug:"muhammed-saifullah"},{id:"195200",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Imam",fullName:"Mohammad Imam",slug:"mohammad-imam"},{id:"195201",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Al Rabia",fullName:"Mohammed Al Rabia",slug:"mohammed-al-rabia"}]},{id:"53313",title:"Novel Methods to Study Angiogenesis Using Tissue Explants",slug:"novel-methods-to-study-angiogenesis-using-tissue-explants",signatures:"Tomoko Takahashi, Keiko Fujita and Masumi Akita",authors:[{id:"26281",title:"Prof.",name:"Masumi",middleName:null,surname:"Akita",fullName:"Masumi Akita",slug:"masumi-akita"},{id:"192582",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiko",middleName:null,surname:"Fujita",fullName:"Keiko Fujita",slug:"keiko-fujita"},{id:"192585",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomoko",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Tomoko Takahashi",slug:"tomoko-takahashi"}]},{id:"53219",title:"Therapeutic Angiogenesis: Foundations and Practical Application",slug:"therapeutic-angiogenesis-foundations-and-practical-application",signatures:"Pavel Igorevich Makarevich and Yelena Viktorovna Parfyonova",authors:[{id:"75221",title:"Prof.",name:"Yelena",middleName:null,surname:"Parfyonova",fullName:"Yelena Parfyonova",slug:"yelena-parfyonova"},{id:"192434",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Makarevich",fullName:"Pavel Makarevich",slug:"pavel-makarevich"}]},{id:"53828",title:"Platelet Lysate to Promote Angiogenic Cell Therapies",slug:"platelet-lysate-to-promote-angiogenic-cell-therapies",signatures:"Scott T. Robinson and Luke P. Brewster",authors:[{id:"193297",title:"Dr.",name:"Luke",middleName:null,surname:"Brewster",fullName:"Luke Brewster",slug:"luke-brewster"},{id:"193532",title:"Dr.",name:"Scott",middleName:null,surname:"Robinson",fullName:"Scott Robinson",slug:"scott-robinson"}]},{id:"53483",title:"Anti-VEGF Therapy in Cancer: A Double-Edged Sword",slug:"anti-vegf-therapy-in-cancer-a-double-edged-sword",signatures:"Victor Gardner, Chikezie O. Madu and Yi Lu",authors:[{id:"40915",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Yi Lu",slug:"yi-lu"},{id:"195224",title:"Mr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Gardner",fullName:"Victor Gardner",slug:"victor-gardner"},{id:"195226",title:"Dr.",name:"Chikezie",middleName:null,surname:"Madu",fullName:"Chikezie Madu",slug:"chikezie-madu"}]},{id:"53575",title:"Antiangiogenic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",slug:"antiangiogenic-therapy-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",signatures:"Kosuke Kaji and Hitoshi Yoshiji",authors:[{id:"192883",title:"Dr.",name:"Kosuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kaji",fullName:"Kosuke Kaji",slug:"kosuke-kaji"},{id:"195636",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshiji",fullName:"Hitoshi Yoshiji",slug:"hitoshi-yoshiji"}]},{id:"53335",title:"MCAM and its Isoforms as Novel Targets in Angiogenesis Research and Therapy",slug:"mcam-and-its-isoforms-as-novel-targets-in-angiogenesis-research-and-therapy",signatures:"Jimmy Stalin, Lucie Vivancos, Nathalie Bardin, Françoise Dignat-\nGeorge and Marcel Blot-Chabaud",authors:[{id:"192897",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stalin",fullName:"Jimmy Stalin",slug:"jimmy-stalin"},{id:"195979",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucie",middleName:null,surname:"Vivancos",fullName:"Lucie Vivancos",slug:"lucie-vivancos"},{id:"195980",title:"Prof.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Bardin",fullName:"Nathalie Bardin",slug:"nathalie-bardin"},{id:"195981",title:"Prof.",name:"Francoise",middleName:null,surname:"Dignat-George",fullName:"Francoise Dignat-George",slug:"francoise-dignat-george"},{id:"195982",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Blot-Chabaud",fullName:"Marcel Blot-Chabaud",slug:"marcel-blot-chabaud"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"222",title:"Diagnosis, Screening and Treatment of Abdominal, Thoracoabdominal and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5414d5b88ca007aeb24487e703cf0351",slug:"diagnosis-screening-and-treatment-of-abdominal-thoracoabdominal-and-thoracic-aortic-aneurysms",bookSignature:"R.T. Grundmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/222.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37604",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinhart",surname:"Grundmann",slug:"reinhart-grundmann",fullName:"Reinhart Grundmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"266",title:"Advances in the Diagnosis of Coronary Atherosclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d1b79102630c8528027d0f1f92042d32",slug:"advances-in-the-diagnosis-of-coronary-atherosclerosis",bookSignature:"Suna F. Kiraç",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51494",title:"Prof.",name:"Suna",surname:"Kirac",slug:"suna-kirac",fullName:"Suna Kirac"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"288",title:"Myocarditis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"641982de7111f331fc849131901b3a68",slug:"myocarditis",bookSignature:"Daniela Cihakova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/288.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"61797",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Cihakova",slug:"daniela-cihakova",fullName:"Daniela Cihakova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"316",title:"Aortic Valve",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b2216c24dafdfe62d198bd5689ddb36",slug:"aortic-valve",bookSignature:"Ying-Fu Chen and Chwan-Yau Luo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/316.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36812",title:"Prof.",name:"Chen",surname:"Ying-Fu",slug:"chen-ying-fu",fullName:"Chen Ying-Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"484",title:"Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Aortic Aneurysms and Aneurysm Rupture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7474d0a284e963e957ff6d58739e244c",slug:"etiology-pathogenesis-and-pathophysiology-of-aortic-aneurysms-and-aneurysm-rupture",bookSignature:"Reinhart Grundmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/484.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37604",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinhart",surname:"Grundmann",slug:"reinhart-grundmann",fullName:"Reinhart Grundmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75747",title:"Synthesis, Characterization of Dichlorofluorescein Silver Nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) and Their Effect on Seed Germination of Vigna radiata",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96756",slug:"synthesis-characterization-of-dichlorofluorescein-silver-nanoparticles-dcf-snps-and-their-effect-on-",body:'Dyes are colored entities that are chemically attached to the matrix fiber and accumulate during the drying period, providing color through the systematic absorption of light and increasing the speed of the fiber dyeing process [1]. There are two types of dyes which are natural or organic dyes and chemically synthesized dyes. In this chapter we are going to deal with organic dyes.
Natural dyes are derived from natural resources and, are typically categorized as plant, animal, mineral and microbial dyes, though plants are the key sources of natural dyes [2]. Examples of natural and organic coloring dyes are blue dye which derived from plant leaves, while red dye, Madder and Morinda from roots. Brazil Wood an old-world dye comes from wood of plant. Safflower and saffron dye made from their flowers, however, rhizomes of turmeric use to make dye. On the other hand yellow dye derived from roots, leaves, stems and flowers [2]. The organic dyes are colored as they appear in the visible light spectrum (400–700 nm) comprising of one chromosphere, a conjugate framework with a dual bond alternating arrangement with a single bond and an electron resonance that stabilizes in organic compounds [3]. Based on the chemical structure and characteristics properties, dyes are classified as
Fluorescein based titrations shows effective results at 0.005 N concentrations of chloride and if the formulation has neutral alkaline conditions [8]. 2′,7’-Dichloro- and 2′,7′-difluorofluoresceins are superior alternatives to underivatized fluorescein. Quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer for the analysis of the gas phase properties of three charge states of fluorescein, indicating that dianions and cations do not emit detectable fluorescence in the gas phase. Monoanions, on the other hand, do fluorescence and are useful for experiments [9]. Dichlorofluorescein (DFC) is a natural, crystalline organic, coloring agent that substitutes for chloride at 2 and 7 positions and originated in the fluorescein family. Figure 1 illustrates the molecular structure of dichlorofluorescein. The molecular weight of dichlorofluorescein (PubChem SID: 24894041) is 401.20 g/mol, a melting point of 280 °C and it is used as an indicator which is not prone to soluble, absorbs, disintegrates or infuses silver or halide ion, but changes color at the end of precipitate due to absorption phenomena [8]. It was therefore used as a quantitative agentometry titrant indicator, consisting of a known concentration of silver nitrate, to estimate the molarity of chloride in the sample as specified in the Fajans method [11].
Demonstrates the molecular structure of Dichlorofluorescein with empirical formula as C20H10cl205 [
Organic Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) applications are even less documented, however it has demonstrated application as an indicator for halide titration argentometry, gaseous dianion studies, targeting it as a probe for imaging, heamotherapy and histological applications [8, 10, 12]. Generally, non fluorescent 2′ 7’ Dichlorodihydrofluorscein diacetate is used in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to monitor the oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCF-DA) to an extremely fluorescent 2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein (DCF) compound due to the presence of reactive oxygen species using a fluorometric microplate assay [13]. And thereby, 2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein (DCF) may be very significant in the assessment of the human organ culture model. In the same way, organic dyes can be used to research the tracing of in the host body of insects, plants and animals [12]. DCF can be the reducing agent for metallic salt (iron, copper, zinc, silver, gold, etc.) for the formation of metallic nanoparticles for various agriculture applications.
Silver nitrate (AgNO3) is an inorganic compound that appears to have a colorless, white crystalline composition with molecular weight of 169.873 g/mol. In its solid state, it has a density of 4.35 grams per cubic centimeter and its density in the liquid state at a temperature is 210 °C corresponds to 3.97 g/cm3. The melting and boiling points of silver nitrate are 414 °F and 824 °F respectively. In 1800s, silver nitrate was used for the treatment of ulcerations and infected wounds and stomach ulcers [14, 15]. Silver nitrate is a chemical with a wide range of applications including antiseptic, suturing, eye disease disinfectant, burned wounds, wart and granulation tissue reduction, ulceration, dental cavity retention, etc. [16]. Other noteworthy medical applications of silver include wire or coated suture topical therapy for osteocutaneous fistulae, and foil coverings for burn wounds [14]. Silver nitrate compound is a productive source of creation for many other silver compounds used for the medical, biotechnological, nanotechnological, pharmaceutical as well as several other industries. Figure 2 shows the silver nitrate molecular structure. Silver nitrate is frequently used chemical in several areas in agriculture including control growth, flowering development, dormancy and by spraying it on the growth tip of plants [17].
Shows the molecular structure of silver nitrate [
Silver nitrate has a long use in nanotechnology for acting as a protective layer in stabilizing nanoparticles from further agglomeration. During the reduction of metal salt formation narrow size of nanoparticles are obtained. It absorbs on the surface of particle provide stabilization & diffusion barrier in the growth of particle [18]. Therefore, this silver salt are the best source for silver nanoparticles synthesis.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) range from 1 to 100 nm in size, which are fundamentally synthesized by physical, chemical and biological approaches. Silver nanoparticles were being used as antimicrobial agents in a wide variety of applications, which include disinfecting medical instruments and home appliances to water treatment [19]. Even though the other biological properties of silver nanoparticles such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis [20] already have enabled them to be extensively used in the fields of medicine and dentistry, diagnostics, therapeutic, medical care, health and food applications [21]. The other medical applications, including wound repair, bone healing, dental applications, vaccine adjuvant, antidiabetic agent, and biosensing [22]. The techniques of synthesis of metal silver nanoparticles have certain benefits as well as drawbacks. Therefore, depending on the application, the selection of the procedure is presumed and therefore, depending upon the application the selection of the methodology is considered. A well recorded manuscript available in the literature on the physical, chemical and biological preparation of silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have proved to be efficient agrochemical agents in order to improve the crop productivity, reducing the pests, increasing the nutrient uptake, inhibiting the pathogens and act as ‘magic bullets’ serving as herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers etc. [23, 24]. The biological activity of AgNPs depends on factors including surface chemistry, size, size distribution, shape, particle morphology, particle composition, coating/capping, agglomeration, and dissolution rate, particle reactivity in solution, efficiency of ion release, and cell type, and the type of reducing agents used for the synthesis of AgNPs are a crucial factor for the determination of cytotoxicity [20]. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic agents after both systemic and local administration and other hand it can affect cellular uptake, biological distribution, penetration into biological barriers, and resultant therapeutic effects [20]. There are several methods for creating nanoparticles, including co precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, inert gas condensation, ion sputtering scattering, micro emulsion, microwave, pulse laser ablation, sol–gel, sono chemical, spark discharge, template synthesis, and biological synthesis. We shall now briefly look into the methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles [25].
There are large number of mrthods for bthe synthesis of silver nanoparticles. While in the present study we will discuss using microorganisms, plant extract and we proposed to use DCF for silver nanoparticles synthesis.
There are various microorganism that have been explored for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles due to their advantage of reliable and ecofriendly process. The microorganisms used for reducing and capping the silver salts produces the various size, shape and morphology of silver nanoparticles. Novel
The plants part being organic and eco friendly are extensively used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The plant are the hot spots for the phytochemicals and secondary metabolites that are used constantly for various medicinal purposes including antimicrobial, antifungal, anti inflammatory, wound healing, antidiabatic etc. The plant sources such as leaves, stem, roots, flowers possessing the medicinal properties are used for the formulation of silver nanoparticles which carries the specific medicinal compound to reduce and capped the silver salt and present at the outer layer of silver to make them stable [29]. Therefore, the plant based silver nanoparticles possess the duel properties from silver and one from capped compounds from plants. The different plant leaf extracts for examples pine, ginkgo, magnolia, mango, neem,
Sr no | Plants | Size (nm) | Plant’s part | Shape |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 7–17 | Leaves | Spherical | |
2. | Acalyphaindica | 0.5 | Leaves | — |
3. | Acalyphaindica | 20–30 | Leaves | Spherical |
4. | 31.83 | Rhizome | Spherical | |
5. | 4–22 | Leaves | Spherical | |
6. | 50–350 | Leaves | Spherical, | |
7. | Alternanthera dentate | 50–100 | Leaves | Spherical |
8. | 20–50 | Seeds | — | |
9. | Boerhaaviadiusa | 25 | Whole plant | Spherical |
10. | 16.4 | Leaves | — | |
11. | 19–45 | Plant | Spherical | |
12. | 25–50 | Leaves | circular, | |
13. | Centellaasiatica | 30–50 | Leaves | Spherical |
14. | 10–35 | Peel | Spherical | |
15. | Cocciniaindica | 10–20 | Leaves | — |
16. | Cocous nucifera | 22 | Inflorescence | Spherical |
17. | Cymbopogancitratus | 32 | Leaves | — |
18. | 16–40 | Leaves | Quasilinear | |
19. | Eclipta prostrate | 35–60 | Leaves | pentagons, |
20. | Eucalyptus hybrid | 50–150 | Peel | spherical |
21. | Ficuscarica | 13 | Leaves | — |
22. | 35 | Leaves | — | |
23. | Melia dubia | 35 | Leaves | Spherical |
24. | Memecylonedule | 20–50 | Leaves | hexagonal |
25. | 57 | Leaves | — | |
26. | Musa paradisiacal | 20 | Peel | — |
27. | 25–80 | Leaves | triangular | |
28. | Nelumbo nucifera | 25–80 | Leaves | triangular |
29. | — | Leaves | Coral | |
30. | Pistaciaatlantica | 10–50 | Seeds | Spherical |
31. | Pogostemonbenghalensis | >80 | Leaves | — |
32. | <60 | Leaves | — | |
33. | Premnaherbacea | 10–30 | Leaves | Spherical |
34. | Psoraleacorylifolia | 100–110 | Seeds | — |
35. | Swieteniamahogani | 50 | Leaves | — |
36. | Tea extract | 20–90 | Leaves | Spherical |
37. | 10–30 | Latex | Spherical | |
38. | Trachyspermumammi | 87, 99.8 | Seeds | — |
39. | 16–28 | Fruit | Spherical | |
40. | 5 & 10–30 | Leaves | Spherical | |
41. | 30–40 | Fruit | circular, | |
42. | Ziziphoratenuior | 8–40 | Leaves | Spherical |
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by different researchers using plant extracts [31].
Diversity of compounds, polymers, exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids and other compounds such as natural dyes could be a good source for reducing metal salts to form stable stained nanoparticles which can have various applications such as pesticides, nutrients, hormones delivery for sustainable agriculture. In the light of the above addressed interesting information on dichlorofluorescein, silver nitrate, silver nanoparticles, it is evident that silver nanoparticles have an enormous application in various fields. It was noticed that none of the papers reported the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using any dye. The direct use of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) for the reduction of silver salt can also produce silver nanoparticles and could be used for the study of absorption and biotransformation in seeds and plants. The aim of this research is therefore to conduct the synthesis and characterization of dichlorofluorescein induced dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) under boiling method to evaluate their effects on the seed germination of
The materials and the methodology adopted for the synthesis of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP), characterization and application are described below. Material required: Requirement specification for the formulation of silver nanoparticles utilize dichlorofluorescein, NaOH, distilled water, AgNO3 (1 mm), conical flask, beaker, aluminum foil, volumetric flask, etc. Silver nitrate (AgNO3): silver nitrate was used for the synthesis of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) and was then used with the seed germination assay. Instruments for study: The following instruments such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta Potential (ZP) and Nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) were used for characterization of synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) [32].
Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) solution is prepared using 10 mg concentrate in 100 ml of distilled water. The solution is entirely blended until it becomes a greenish liquid. A 2.5 mL of the prepared dichlorofluorescein (DCF) solution was used for the preparation of 100 mL silver nanoparticles.
The silver nitrate solution is prepared by using 1.698 g silver nitrate powder in 100 ml of distilled water to form 100 mM concentration. From his prepared 100 ml of silver nitrate solution; 1 ml is used for preparation of 1 mM silver nitrate solution for silver nanoparticles synthesis. The complete process is performed under absence of light.
The dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) is prepared by mixing 97.5 ml of AgNO3 (1 mm) and 2.5 ml of dichlorofluorescein in conical flask at constant stirring. The complete reaction process is carried out under boiling condition for 1–2 min, the pH of the mixture is adjusted to 12 and the reaction completes after 24 hours. The chemical constituents or the functional group that are presents in the Dichlorofluoresceine (DCF) structure reduced the silver salt to form the silver nanoparticles called as dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs). The complete process of synthesis of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) using AgNO3 and dichlorofluorescein at 0 hr., 2 hr. and 24 hr. and observed changes in color from light green to dark brown, confirming the synthesis of silver nanoparticles synthesis is given in Figure 3.
Displays the synthesis of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP) employing AgNO3 and dichlorofluorescein under heating conditions. The change in color of the reaction mixture was noticed from light green to dark brown, demonstrating the formation of silver nanoparticles.
Various instruments are used to characterize the synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles. These are some of the techniques which we used in our investigations, such as FTIR analysis, that are used to classify a functional group that has a reducing and stabilizing properties. Finally, zeta potential and nanoparticles tracking analysis are used to track the surface charge and the size of the silver nanoparticles.
Dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) are used in the FTIR analysis to recognize the main functional groups involved in the reduction and capping of silver salt for the development of stable dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs). In the FTIR instrument, the radiation falls on the sample and causes changes in the vibration and rotational motion of the molecules at a wavelength of 4000–440 cm − 1 consisting of near and far infrared frequencies and the FTIR spectrum of the formulation was recorded.
The size of the synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) is calculated using Nanosight (LM-20, UK) at the Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, India. Dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP) were diluted in 0.5 ml nuclease-free water and injected into the sample chamber. The instrument parameters are calibrated as specified and the device is analyzed nanoparticles samples to calculate the size of the nanoparticles. The data are summarized on the computer screen and are retrieved in PDF format for analysis.
The zeta potential characterization of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) was tested by the Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra, India. A zeta potential is used to assess the potential surface charge of Dichlorofluorescein Silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP) using a zetasizer (nano ZS, malvern instrument Ltd., UK). In particular, the liquid samples of the dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles DCF-SNP (5 ml) were diluted with double distilled water (50 ml) using NaCl as an electrolyte suspension solution 2 M NaCl). In addition, the samples are injected into the sample slot of Zeta potential instrument and the good and important results data are reported in PDF formats. In each case, an average of three different measurements made while the values of the zeta potential ranged from +30 mV to-30 mV.
Dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP) was used to investigate its effect on the germination of Mung Bean (
Dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) are used by different analytical methods to characterize them at the nanoscale level. The technique used for characterization were fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential (ZP) analysis and nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) using NanoSight LM-20. In addition, the synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) was used to successfully test its effect on the germination of Mung Bean (
Dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP) were successfully fabricated using AgNO3 (1 mM) and DCF (2.5 per cent) by boiling the reactants at 12 pH. The reaction is observed for color shift and is found to be dark brown in color after 24 hours. The synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles DCF-SNP before and after the reaction and color shift are shown in Figure 4.
Visual observation of color change during the dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) nucleation stage.
The silver nanoparticles have been synthesized successfully using DCF has been synthesized by mixing 97.5 ml of AgNO3 (1 mM) and 2.5 ml of dichlorofluoresceine in conical flask. It takes 75 sec to boil and the color changes from orangish to greenish color. However, [34] uses silver nitrate (AgNO3) of 10–3 M concentration to the reaction vessels containing the bacterial isolate supernatants and reaction completes after 24 hours.
The FTIR measurement were carried out in order to identify the involvement of different functional groups present in dichlorofluorescein compound solution responsible for the bioreduction of Ag + and the capping of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs). The observed FTIR intense bands for Dichlorofluorescein compound solution were compared with the standard IR band ranges and this enables to identify the functional group at 1042.809 cm−1, 1074.148 cm−1, 1153.629 cm−1, 1262.412 cm−1, 1373.712 cm−1, 1472.978 cm−1, 1634.676 cm−1, 1997.814 cm−1, 2113.782 cm−1, 2204.477 cm−1, 2261.689 cm−1, 2300.828 cm−1 and 3262.457 cm−1 for possibly capped the dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) is shown in Figure 5 and the details in terms of wave number, bond and intensity are given in (Table 2). Table 3 illustrates a rather more specific FTIR spectrum of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) including that of the area covered, peak height from left to right edge and centre.
Shows the FTIR spectrum of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) which has been reduced via dichlorofluorescein (DCF) solution.
Sr. No. | Wavenumber (cm−1) | Bond | Functional group | Intensity |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1042.809 | C-N stretching | Amine | Medium |
2. | 1074.148 | C-N stretching | Amine | Strong |
3. | 1153.629 | C-O stretching | Tertiary alcohol | Strong |
4. | 1262.412 | C-O stretching | Aromatic easter | Strong |
5. | 1373.712 | O-H bonding | Alcohol | Medium |
6. | 1472.978 | C-H bonding | Alkane | Variable |
7. | 1634.676 | C-C stretching | Conjugated alkene | Medium |
8. | 1997.814 | C=C=C stretching | Allene | Medium |
9. | 2113.782 | C C stretching | Alkyne | Weak |
10. | 2204.477 | C C stretching | Alkyne | Weak |
11. | 22161.689 | N=C=O stretching | Strong, broad | Isocynate |
12. | 2300.828 | — | — | — |
13. | 3262.457 | O-H stretching | Strong, broad | Alcohol |
Shows the specifics of the FTIR spectrum of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) in terms of wave number (cm−1), bond, functional group and bonding strength.
Peak Name | Area | Height | Left Edge | Right Edge | Center |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−37.159 | 1.234 | 1052.004 | 1010.969 | 1042.809 | |
−30.857 | 1.572 | 1104.232 | 1066.927 | 1074.148 | |
−10.283 | 0.895 | 1160.189 | 1141.537 | 1153.629 | |
−35.279 | 1.485 | 1279.566 | 1234.800 | 1262.412 | |
−11.528 | 0.547 | 1384.020 | 1335.523 | 1373.712 | |
−17.379 | 0.721 | 1481.013 | 1451.169 | 1472.978 | |
−2365.076 | 25.540 | 1764.532 | 1563.085 | 1634.576 | |
−8.886 | 0.502 | 2014.477 | 1984.633 | 1997.814 | |
−151.214 | 2.514 | 2137.584 | 2070.434 | 2113.782 | |
−6.076 | 0.452 | 2215.924 | 2197.272 | 2204.477 | |
−1.151 | 0.104 | 2268.151 | 2245.768 | 2261.689 | |
−8.086 | 0.027 | 2365.145 | 2297.996 | 2300.828 | |
1341.449 | 4.760 | 3290.312 | 2932.183 | 3262.457 |
Shows the more specific FTIR spectrum of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) including the area covered, peak height from left to right edge and Centre.
The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirms that absorption bands at 1042.809 cm−1, 1074.148 cm−1, 1153.629 cm−1, 1262.412 cm−1, 1373.712 cm−1, 1472.978 cm−1, 1634.676 cm−1, 1997.814 cm−1, 2113.782 cm−1, 2204.477 cm−1, 2261.689 cm−1, 2300.828 cm−1 and 3262.457 cm−1 as the wave numbers for the functional groups amine, tertiary alcohol, aromatic ester, alkane, conjugated alkene, alkyne and isocynate that have taken part reducing the silver salt to form dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP). Similarly, [36] showed single aldehyde, OH stretching and aldehyde, amide, carbonyl, ethylene, methoxy compounds present in Cannonball Leaves extract and involved in the reduction of silver salt for the creation of silver nanoparticles using the FTIR spectrum.
Nanoparticles tracking and analysis (NTA) was carried out using NanoSight LM-20 to determine the dispersion characteristics, i. e. size and distribution of silver nanoparticles of dichlorofluoresceine (DCF-SNPs). The nanoparticles tracking and analysis measure the size of individual nanoparticles in a suspension by their brownian motions from which the intensity of particle size distribution are obtained. The size of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) from nanoparticles tracking and analysis was found to be less than 293 nm. The size distribution histogram of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles using nanoparticles tracking and analysis (NTA) is represented in Figure 6 and the 3-D plot of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles size distribution intensity can be seen in Figure 7.
Shows the size distribution histogram of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles using nanoparticles tracking and analysis (NTA).
Shows the 3-D plot for size distribution intensity of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs).
It could be seen extremely obviously from the histogram that the synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) ranged from 66 nm to 293 nm in size. The very few dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) are 112 nm, 159 nm, 215 nm and 293 nm in size. However the substantial majority of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP) are 159 nm wide.
The synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) intensity of their size distribution in nanoscale clearly demonstrates that most dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) are similar in diameter (159 nm) and few are clustered in scales above 300 nm. The synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) are therefore stabled formulated which could be used for chemical analysis in agriculture.
The synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) has a zeta potential value of-9.35 mV implying that the dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP) have a high negative surface load. The zeta variance efficiency was found to be 6.10 and 0.0196, reflecting that the zeta potential synthesized dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles are significant and could be used to associate other materials or molecules to achieve secondary effects. Figure 8 displays the zeta potential graph for dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP).
Shows the zeta potential graph for surface charge on the dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs).
The dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCFs) are in ranged between 40–293 nm size in diameter confirmed by analyzing nanoparticles tracking and analysis (NTA). The size distribution and zeta potential of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles were determined by DLS and it is confirmed that the dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles obtained are colloidal in nature, with average diameter approximately 159 nm and the corresponding average zeta potential for dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles as −9.35 mV. In contrast, the work of Saeb et al. (2014) obtained silver nanoparticles using bacterial isolates gave the highest value of zeta potential of −30 mV, which indicates a good stability. However, unexpectedly, this zeta potential value was drastically decreased to −18.3 mV and − 9.5 mV after 30 and 90 days respectively.
The effect of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) on seed germination of Mung bean (
Shows the time dependent toxicity effect of varying concentrations of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) on mung beans.
From the Figure 9 it is noted that as the concentration of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles increases the root and shoot length decreases as compared to controls once. After 96 hrs, the Mung beans treated with 25% of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) shows growth in root and shoot length when compared with the positive control. However, the concentration of DCF-SNPs increases from 50% to 100%, there was inhibition of growth observed when compared to 25% of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (Figure 10).
Shows the dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles effect on a: Root length and B: Shoot length of mung beans (
The effect of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles on seed germination of the Mung bean (
The [37] study the effect of silver nanoparticles on the seed germination and plant growth and found that the highest germination rate for corn seeds, was 6.5 seeds/day, which was observed after exposure to 1.5 mg/ml of silver nanoparticles and the highest germination percentage (73.33%) and highest germination rate (1.59 seeds/day) for watermelon were recorded at 2 mg/ml silver nanoparticles.
Due to interactions of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles, the percentage of germination and length of root and shoot has indeed been affected. The average length of root are measure after 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs and found to be 6.6 mm, 22.2 mm and 41.7 mm respectively. Similarly, the average length of shoot are measure after 48 hrs and 72 hrs and found to be 2.4 mm and 9 mm respectively. The experiment showed the average length of root and shoot at 72 hours was highest which is 41.7 mm and 9 mm respectively (Table 4).
Sr. no | Conc. of DCF-SNPs | Average root length | Average shoot length | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24 hrs | 48 hrs | 72 hrs | 24 hrs | 48 hrs | 72 hrs | ||
1. | 0% | 7 mm | 16.1 mm | 49.8 mm | — | 4 mm | 17.5 mm |
2. | 25% | 7.1 mm | 24.1 mm | 50.2 mm | — | 2 mm | 16.3 mm |
3. | 50% | 6 mm | 22.3 mm | 34.5 mm | — | — | 2.5 mm |
4. | 75% | 7.1 mm | 27.4 mm | 42.2 mm | — | 1.3 mm | 3.7 mm |
5. | 100% | 6 mm | 21.4 mm | 32 mm | — | — | 5.3 mm |
6. | Total Avg. | 6.6 mm | 22.2 mm | 41.7 mm | 2.4 mm | 9 mm |
Indicates the average percentage of the observed root and shoot length of germinated mung bean after 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs.
In the present study, the dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles showed unpredicted effects on root and shoot length when treated with the various concentrations of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs). The higher concentration of nanoparticles may be attributed to toxic level of nanoparticles which has been seen in present experimentation that above certain level of concentration the seedlings respond in different way and causes subsequent declines in growth. The work of [33] evidence the same results their study stating that at low concentrations the ZnO nanoparticles shows good effect on root and shoot was more prominent.
Therefore, the 25% concentration of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) though show positive effects on the seed germinations of mung beans it could have an advantage of using as the tracking the bio active compound, fertilizers, pesticides, hormone, minerals transfer into the plant system. As the dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) is a organic dye it could be coupled with the non toxic materials or polymer that could have avoid harmless to plants and at the same time assist to deliver bio active essential compound in plants. This bio uptake, biotransformation, and bioaccumulation of Fluorescent dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP) could be studied using the Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy. A study done by [38] already used Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), Leica TCS SP2 microscope (Leica Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL) to visualize the fluorescent Zein nanoparticles translocation in sugar cane.
In the current study, the synthesized dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) were synthesized successfully by boiling method. In addition, dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) were characterized by different techniques for measuring the particles size, morphology, functional group and surface charge. Moreover, the different concentrations of dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) effects on germination of mung beans (
The authors would like to thank Rajiv Gandhi Biotechnology Centre, Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, L.I.T. Premises, Nagpur-440033 (M.S.), India, for providing research space and laboratory facility for experimentations.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The FTIR analysis of dichlorofluorescein silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNPs) were done at the Narsamma Hirayya Arts Commerce & Science college, Amravati, Maharashtra, India.
Author would like to thank the Principal and Dr. Khandekar, of Narsamma Hirayya Arts Commerce & Science college, Kiran Nagar Near Farshi Stop, Amravati, Maharashtra, India, for FTIR analysis. In addition, authors thanks Dr. Aniket Gade, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, MS, India for the zeta potential and Nanoparticles tracking and analysis (NTA) characterization of formulated dichlorofluoresceine silver nanoparticles (DCF-SNP).
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Polymorphism at the DNA level includes a wide range of variations from single base pair change, many base pairs, and repeated sequences. Genomic variability can be present in many forms, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs, e.g., mini- and microsatellites), transposable elements (e.g., Alu repeats), structural alterations, and copy number variations. Different forms of DNA polymorphisms can be tracked using a variety of techniques; some of these techniques include restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) with Southern blots, polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), hybridization techniques using DNA microarray chips, and genome sequencing. During the last years, the recent advance of molecular technologies revealed new discoveries of DNA polymorphisms. DNA polymorphisms are endless, and more discoveries continue at a rapid rate. Mapping the human genome requires a set of genetic markers. DNA polymorphism serves as a genetic marker for its own location in the chromosome; thus, they are convenient for analysis and are often used as in molecular genetic studies.",book:{id:"6719",slug:"genetic-diversity-and-disease-susceptibility",title:"Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity and Disease Susceptibility"},signatures:"Salwa Teama",authors:[{id:"249329",title:"Dr.",name:"Salwa",middleName:null,surname:"Teama",slug:"salwa-teama",fullName:"Salwa Teama"}]},{id:"58467",title:"Generation of Antibody Diversity",slug:"generation-of-antibody-diversity",totalDownloads:3111,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Because of the huge diversity, the immunoglobulin repertoire cannot be encoded by static genes, which would explode the genomic capacity comprising about 20,000–25,000 human genes. The immunoglobulin repertoire is provided by the process of somatic germ line recombination, which is the only controlled alteration of the genomic DNA after meiosis. It takes place in mammalian B lymphocyte (B cells) precursors in the bone marrow. The genome germ line sequence of undeveloped B cells is organized in gene segments and compromise V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) gene segments constituting the variable domain of the heavy chain and only V and J genes for building up the variable domain of the light chain. The rearrangement of the variable region follows a strict order. The following processes that participate in the generation of antibody diversity were summarized—allelic, combinational, and junctional diversity, pairing of IgH and IgL, and receptor editing—which all together produce the primary antigen repertoire (pre-antigen stimulation). When a B cell encounters a foreign antigen, affinity maturation and class switch are induced. Thereby the antibody repertoire increases. The resulting secondary immunoglobulin repertoire reveals in humans at least 1011 specificities for different antigens.",book:{id:"5784",slug:"antibody-engineering",title:"Antibody Engineering",fullTitle:"Antibody Engineering"},signatures:"Oliver Backhaus",authors:[{id:"177685",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Backhaus",slug:"oliver-backhaus",fullName:"Oliver Backhaus"}]},{id:"61204",title:"Polymorphisms",slug:"polymorphisms",totalDownloads:2005,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Polymorphism or variation in DNA sequence can affect individual phenotypes such as color of skin or eyes, susceptible to diseases, and respond to drug, vaccine, chemical, and pathogen. It occurs more often than mutations (frequency ≥ 1%). The common polymorphism is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which is a single base change in a DNA sequence that occurs most commonly in the human genome. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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