\r\n\tApplied and basic studies - Field studies and lab assays of fungicides can be discussed. We also look for examples of application methods, which may include timing of application, tools for application, fungicide compatibility, phytotoxicity, etc. Field trials have to have at least two years of data; \r\n\tAdaptation of Integrated Plant Disease Management - How the IPM practice has been adapted in the field. Application of disease risk models, or use of fungicide application aids, which can be hardware or software. The introduction of a new tool for growers can also be included; \r\n\tNovel fungicides - In addition to the traditional chemical approach, alternative materials (enzymes, oils, extracts, etc.), biological control agents, or plant defense activators can be discussed; \r\n\tAdaptation of new technologies - Examples will be the use of unmanned vehicles, sensor technologies, advanced sprayers, or disease forecast systems for precision agriculture; \r\n\tFungicide resistance - Unfortunately, we cannot ignore the fact that fungicide-resistant strains are widespread. Documentation of fungicide-resistant strains, the introduction of new technologies and methods can be discussed.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-378-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-377-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-379-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"3a8c9d55c21ce8d69d2edc94f9e592f3",bookSignature:"Dr. Mizuho Nita",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11609.jpg",keywords:"Lab Assays, Application Method, In-Field IPM, Fungicide Application Aids, Alternative Materials, Biological Control Agents, Plant Defense Activators, Rapid Detection, New Technologies, Unmanned Vehicle, Disease Forecast System, Precision Agriculture",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 23rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 23rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 22nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 10th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 9th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Specially appointed Associate Professor of Shinshu University in Japan and a member of the American Phytopathological Society, Dr. Nita is an Extension Plant Pathologist who specializes in grape disease management.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",middleName:null,surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/98153/images/system/98153.jpg",biography:"Mizuho Nita is an Associate Professor and Extension Specialist of grape pathology at Virginia Tech’s Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Winchester, VA. His academic interest is in the areas of applied plant pathology and plant disease epidemiology. His current research projects are: Use of a biological control agent for grapevine crown gall; Management of grape ripe rot; Epidemiological studies of grapevine leafroll-associated virus and its vectors; Grape disease management tool (GrapeIPM.org); Trunk diseases; and Organic and alternative fungicides. He has been active on extension programs that target growers and Cooperative Extension agents not only in Virginia but also in other states and countries. He also serves as a Specially-appointed Associate Professor at Shinshu University in Japan. Prof. Nita is active on his blog Virginia Grape Disease Updates (http://ext.grapepathology.org), Twitter (@grapepathology), and Facebook (GrapePathVATech).",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347258",firstName:"Marica",lastName:"Novakovic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"marica@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2917",title:"Fungicides",subtitle:"Showcases of Integrated Plant Disease Management from Around the World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"665dd19d4542cd0322655651e6aadfeb",slug:"fungicides-showcases-of-integrated-plant-disease-management-from-around-the-world",bookSignature:"Mizuho Nita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2917.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"77077",title:"Light Pollution Observations in Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96897",slug:"light-pollution-observations-in-indonesia",body:'
1. Introduction
Light pollution is a growing concern all over the world. It affects all ways of life, human and animals alike. People are more and more affected by light pollution, and some are getting health problems like lack of sleep, obesity, and breast cancer. Other problems are that people cannot see the beauty of night sky, the disruption of the circadian rhythm in human and animals, and the efficiency of energy in street lamps in cities.
Falchi et al. [1] analyzed light pollution all over the world. They made an atlas of light pollution in Europe, Asia, and North America. They observed that more than 80% of the world and more than 99% of the U.S. and European populations live under light-polluted skies. They concluded that this pose humanity with problems of unprecedented magnitude. Cinzano et al. [2] discussed the same problem and observed that this problem also affect many regions like Central Africa and Central Asia which was previously thought were free from this problem.
Light pollution is related with the sky quality, in which the better the sky quality means that the light pollution is the lesser. A good sky quality means that one can see much of the objects of the sky, including dimmer objects. The sky quality can be measured using Sky Quality Meter device which records the light emitted by the sky and calculates the incident radiation. Spoelstra [3] measured the sky quality of Arnhem, Holland using an SQM which equipped with a filter wheel. The observations conducted in blue, green, red, and infra red wavelengths. His results indicated that the level of light pollution in a certain location depends on the dominant wavelength of the sky brightness of the location.
In their effort to quantify light pollution, Cinzano and Falchi [4] reviewed indicators of light pollution and products available with recent observational and modeling techniques. They used LPTRAN (Light Pollution radiative TRANsfer) software package to predict the distribution of the night sky in any visible wavelength. This software can be applied in various atmospheric conditions and geographical differences of local conditions (cloud cover) and ground surfaces. The calculations were then applied to the cities of Verona, Vicenza, Padova and Venezia in Italy. They found that the condition of the atmosphere can contribute significantly to the light poluution and they are able to do this quantitavely.
Light pollution have been mapped based on satellite data. Cinzano et al. [5] created the first world map of artificial light of the world using data obtained by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). The conclusion of their analysis is that light pollution of the night sky appears to be a global-scale problem affecting nearly every country of the World. The problem is more severe in the United States, Europe and Japan, as expected. However the night sky appears more seriously endangered than commonly believed.
Light pollution had been observed locally also. Using operation line scan (OLS) data of DMSP satellite, Tavoosi et al. [6] analyzed the light pollution of Teheran in 1993, 1998, and 2003 and mapped the changes of light pollution in those years. They concluded that the changes of light pollution in Teheran did not evenly occurred and this information can be used to project the development of the city in the future. Bruehlmann [7] observed the light pollution in the city of Winterthur, Switzerland using a luxmeter. These observations were compared with the results of DSLR observations obtained in International Space Station, and it was concluded that the map obtained from lux meter observations is more accurate than obtained using DSLR observation, but there is a good correlation between this two observations, so DSLR observation can be use to determine local light pollution map if there are no observations using lux meter.
Analysis of the light pollution map was carried out by Butt [8] who examined light pollution maps in urban and rural areas of Pakistan using data captured by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite using the Operational Linescan System (OLS) equipment on the satellite. The areas covered by this study include several provinces in Pakistan, namely Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, and Baluchistan. In this case, the data were collected twice a day in the period 2004–2009. This data is taken from an altitude of 830 km from the Earth’s surface with a spatial resolution of 2.7 km. The data obtained by Butt [8] is then processed using Geographical Informational System (GIS) software. Light pollution parameters used are light that comes directly from urban areas and sky glow caused by these urban areas. Furthermore, other data used is cartographic data (road networks, topography, land surface coverage, and river networks). Using the data obtained over a period of 6 years (2004–2009) they can finally obtain a map of light pollution during that period. They concluded that there are some areas that experience changes in light pollution levels drastically, but there are also areas that have relatively little change in light pollution. Other researchers, namely Chalkias et al. [9] conducted an analysis of the observational data for the Athens and surrounding areas in Greece etc. during the period 1995–2000 using the same data used by Butt [8] above, namely using the DMSP satellite and OLS data contained in that satellite. They tried to calculate the change in light pollution intensity during the 5 years period. They concluded that there are areas around Athens that have experienced a drastic increase in light pollution, but there are also those that are not experiencing too much light pollution.
Albers and Doriscoe [10] made a model of light pollution and discuss its implications for the many dark sky parks in the United States. They made a map of the brightness of the sky in the zenith direction and based on the assumption that the brightness of the sky has a linear relationship with population density in a particular area and is inversely proportional to the power of 2.5.
This map is then compared with satellite data obtained from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMAP) satellite. Next they made use of the scale of the sky’s brightness expressed in the limiting magnitude in the zenith direction proposed by Schaaf [11] and then compared the model they obtained with the observational data they collected from each location they chose.
The results of their comparison showed that the observational data matched what they got from the model, except for certain places such as very dark areas and brighter areas. In dark regions the observer cannot observe the weakest stars as predicted by the model, while for bright regions the observer can still observe stars that are weaker than predicted by the model.
Related to light pollution which occurred in a certain location, this depends on the process of light arriving to that location. Bara and Lima [12] conducted an analysis of the arrival of light pollution in one place, by calculating the weight of each light pollution emission from various light sources arriving at that point.
In this case they do the sum of the radiation emission that comes at one point from various sources by taking into account the absorption and refraction processes of various types of aerosols through which the light emission passes before reaching the specified point.
Here, the data used is data from the Suomi-NPP satellite which appears in the form of a map of the distribution of light irradiation in a particular area where the area being the subject is covered in that area. Furthermore, the area under review is converted into a light pollution transfer matrix and from this the contribution made by each matrix component is calculated at the point that is the subject of this analysis. In this case, Bara and Lima [12] take the case of the A Veiga area in the Galicia region, and then calculate the light pollution experienced by the Xares area which is part of the A Veiga region.
Furthermore, a more detailed satellite map is made of the light pollution received by each point from the A Veiga area. From the calculations they did for each point on the map they made, finally a map was created showing the light pollution coming from A Veiga that was experienced by each surrounding area. This analysis conducted by Bara and Lima [12] can be applied to the case described by Albers and Doriscoe [10] above to calculate how far a point experiences light pollution from surrounding points, and how far each point contributes on light pollution experienced as a whole.
Light pollution observations had also been conducted in Indonesia, but those mainly were conducted sporadically mainly in an island (Java) and not in an extended period of time [13, 14, 15]. In this respect, we need observations of light pollution which conducted in extended period of time and in an extended area. As an archipelagic nation which covers vast area of sea and land, Indonesia need night sky brightness observations which conducted in regions outside Java so the comprehensive map of light pollution in Indonesia can be obtained.
This article is a summary of works related to the night sky brightness observations in Indonesia after its installation in 2018. The purpose of this article is to present the current understanding of light pollution in Indonesia using observations in several locations in Indonesia. Preliminary reports and analyzes of these works can be seen at Admiranto et al. [16, 17]. Section 2 describes the equipment, data, and methodology of obtaining the data. Section 3 describes the data analysis, and results of this data analysis. Section 4 describes the web presentation of the observations, and Section 5 describes discussion and conclusions of this analysis.
2. Data and methodology
Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN) has several stations across Indonesia which are used to observe night sky brightness. These stations are: Agam (West Sumatra), Pontianak (West Kalimantan), Bandung (West Java), Sumedang (West Java), Garut (West Java), Pasuruan (East Java), and Biak (Papua) (Figure 1). Locations of these stations can be seen in Table 1.
Figure 1.
Locations of sky quality observations in Indonesia.
Stations
Longitude
Latitude
Condition
Agam (AGM)
100 19′ 10.00″ E
0 13′ 48.00” S
Rural
Pontianak (PTK)
109 20′ 23.00″ E
0 02′ 48.00” N
Peri urban
Bandung (BDG)
107 40′ 40.21″ E
6 55′ 32.03” S
Urban
Sumedang (SMD)
107 50′ 13.97″ E
6 54′ 47.08” S
Rural
Garut (GRT)
107 41′ 31.97″ E
7 39′ 00.22” S
Rural
Pasuruan (PSR)
112 40′ 00.00″ E
7 34′ 00.00” S
Peri urban
Biak (BIK)
136 01′ 00.00″ E
1 17′ 00.00” S
Urban
Table 1.
Locations and conditions of 7 observation stations.
In each station we put Sky Quality Meter manufactured by Unihedron Company to observe the night sky brightness. The Unihedron Sky Quality Meter are SQM-LU types which can make night sky observations continuously during the night. These equipments are of photodiode-based instruments which has effective field of view of ~20° and produce sky brightness data in mag/arcsec2. All SQM record sky brightness magnitude in zenith direction from 5 pm to 7 am with sampling rate of one minute. Figure 2 shows the equipment we use to record the sky quality.
Figure 2.
Unihedron SQM LU-DL equipments.
We made observations of night sky brightness (NSB) continuously since 2018 (the observations were not started simultaneously for each station). These data were obtained under different sky conditions, during dark and full Moon, low and high cloud cover, and clear and overcast conditions. Because the NSB are different between moonlit sky and otherwise, we then classify the nights depend on the phases of the Moon. The data then sent to a server in Bandung and organized according to data sources (7 stations) through Virtual Private Network (VPN) to the server in Space Science Center in Bandung through this address https://bimasakti.sains.lapan.go.id/. The organization of this data transfer process can be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Architecture of sky quality meter data management system in Space Science Center.
The summary of the observations can be seen in Tables 2–4. The observations were not started simultaneously so there are some stations which were late in starting the observations. There are some occasions that the data was not obtained continuously, and this is caused sometimes by the equipment which was not working and we need to wait for the replacement from the vendor. Available data are designated by V, and unavailable data are designated by X.
Location
2018
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Agam
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
V
V
V
V
V
Biak
X
X
X
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Kupang
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
Garut
V
V
X
V
V
V
V
X
V
V
V
V
Pasuruan
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
Pontianak
X
X
X
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Sumedang
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
V
V
V
V
Table 2.
SQM data in 2018.
Location
2019
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Agam
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Biak
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Kupang
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Garut
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Pasuruan
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Pontianak
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Sumedang
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
Table 3.
SQM data in 2019.
Location
2020
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Agam
V
V
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
Biak
V
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Kupang
V
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Garut
V
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Pasuruan
V
V
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
Pontianak
X
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sumedang
V
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Table 4.
SQM data in 2020.
Note: V: available data, X: data is not available.
S.No.
Station
S Q M (mag/arc sec2)
Bortle Scale
Satellite (mag/arc sec2)
Bortle Scale
1.
Agam
19.5
5
21.99
3
2.
Bandung
17.1
8
19.93
6
Sumedang
19.6
5
21.00
4
Garut
20.6
2
21.95
2
Pontianak
17.7
8
19.93
6
Pasuruan
18
6
20.44
5
Biak
20
5
20.98
4
Table 5.
Comparison of sky quality observations using sky quality meter with reading from the satellite observations complemented with its Bortle scale.
Each station has its unique surroundings which make each has different light pollution characteristics. A station which is located near an urban concentration has high light pollution. We took satellite images of the stations from the site https://www.lightpollutionmap.info to verify the observations from below using the Sky Quality Meter. We can see that the sky conditions in Indonesia depend upon the proximities of those various locations to the source of night sky. There are places which are very dark, especially in Sumedang and Garut, but there are some places that are very bright like in Bandung and Pasuruan which are urban and peri urban in nature, respectively.
2.1 Agam station
This station is located in some hilly region with height about 865 m above sea level, and the nearest city is about 20 km from the station. This explains the relatively low light pollution in this station at the value of 19.5 mag/arc sec2. Figure 4 is the light pollution of Agam and its surroundings. According to the satellite reading, the sky quality value observed from this station is 21.99 mag/arc sec2.
Figure 4.
Light pollution at Agam station.
2.2 Pontianak station
Pontianak station is located near the city of Pontianak (the capital of West Kalimantan), so the light pollution in this location is rather high as can be seen in the Figure 5 below with the value of 17.7 mag/arc sec2. The satellite reading of this station is 19.93 mag/arc sec2.
Figure 5.
Light pollution at Pontianak station.
2.3 Bandung station
Bandung is the capital of West Java at which is located about 750 m above sea level. so the light pollution here is a bit high as can be seen in Figure 6 below with the value of 17.1 mag/arc sec2. The satellite reading of this station is 19.55 mag/arc sec2.
Figure 6.
Light pollution at Bandung station.
2.4 Sumedang station
Sumedang station which is about 800 m above sea level is a rural observation station, and the value of the sky quality is 19.6 mag/arc sec2. Meanwhile, the satellite reading of this station is 21.00 mag/arc sec2 (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
Light pollution at Sumedang station.
2.5 Garut station
This station is located southern West Java coastal area. The value of the sky quality is 20.6 mag/arc sec2, and the satellite reading of this station is 21.95 mag/arc sec2 (Figure 8).
Figure 8.
Light pollution at Garut station.
2.6 Pasuruan station
This station is located near a big city (Surabaya) and a busy highway. The value of the sky quality is 18 mag/arc sec2, and the satellite reading of the sky quality is 20.44 mag/arc sec2. One can see in the Figure 9 that the light pollution at this location is a bit high.
Figure 9.
Light pollution at Pasuruan station.
2.7 Biak station
This station is also located in a coastal area near the city of Biak, and the value of the sky quality is mag/arc sec2. Meanwhile, the satellite reading of this station is 20.98 mag/arc sec2 (Figure 10).
Figure 10.
Light pollution at Biak station.
Table 5 depicts the SQM observations and satellite reading of these stations. One can see that the value of the satellite reading of the sky quality is systematically higher than the value of the sky quality observed from below. Priyatikanto [18] stipulated that this discrepancies are caused by atmospheric extinction and scattering.
3. Moving observations
Apart of conducting stationary observations, we conduct observations in moving mode also. These mobile campaigns were conducted to measure the sky brightness using moving vehicles through various conditions, ranging from cities to villages, highlands to lowlands. The observations were conducted by six different team which observe the night sky brightness at the same night on June 24–26, 2019 during which the weather was relatively good (no rain or overcast) and the moonlight does not much contaminated the sky. During that period, the moon age was 20 to 23 days and the fraction of illumination was 63–45%.
In this campaign we use also the Unihedron SQM-LU (Sky Quality Meter with data logger attached through a USB port). The SQM was equipped with a battery charger and inserted into a tube that can be placed outside the vehicle. The Unihedron Device Manager application is also installed on a computer which connected to Shared GPS application on Android to see which location has such and such night sky brightness. Data were sampled all along the trip with 10 second intervals, and data recorded are location and time of observation, and sky brightness in unit of magnitude per square arcsecond (mag/arc sec2), among others. The summary of observations are presented in Table 6.
Agam-Bukittinggi-Batusangkar-Sawahlunto – Solok-Padang-Pariaman-Padang Panjang
AGM
292 km
Mainly rural
5.
Sumedang
SMD
94 km
Mainly urban
6.
Oelnasi-Kupang-Kuanheun
KOE
80 km
Mainly rural
Table 6.
Routes and distances covered in moving observations.
In general, trips in Table 6 which occurred in Java Island (1, 2, 3, and 5) were considered urban trips areas and the roads covered are in the northern part of Java which has more economic activities compared with the southern part of Java. On the other hand, trips in Sumatra and Timor (4 and 6) are considered mainly rural trips (Figure 11).
Figure 11.
Upper panel depicts regions covered in the campaigns. Lower panels show the routes taken by each team. Different colors (red, green, orange) represent different night of observation. This map is superposed with radiance map of VIIRS (in nW/m2/sr).
There are variations of night sky brightness among locations covered in the journey. The all journey which path of 2870 km length covered big cities with high sky brightness of 10 mag/arc sec2 to the suburban and rural areas with low sky brightness of 21–22 mag/arc sec2. The values of much of the data are in the 17–21 mag/arc sec2 range.
Some of the data are contaminated by the glare of external light which made the sky brighter than it should be, but on the other hand some trees sometimes cover the equipment so the sky appear darker than it should be. This circumstances should be taken into account using some kind of data filtering to get the real sky brightness.
One of the purpose of moving observations of night sky brightness is to establish a preliminary sky brightness map. Night sky brightness data from VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) satellite can be compared with SQM data to obtain an empirical model, in which the correlation can be used to obtain the night sky brightness over a greater area. Figure 12 shows correlation between two kinds of data above. Density plots are shown to represent two dimensional data distribution in which darker color represent regions with higher density.
Figure 12.
Density plot of SQM data obtained during the trip by each team correlated with map from VIIRS which put in logarithmic scale. Dashed line represents empirical model from [14].
From the plots one can see a trend of increasing sky brightness with the increase of surface radiance measured by VIIRS. Nevertheless, this correlation is weak which caused by some contamination from unwanted light sources like light from transportation, street light, and buildings. Anoher problem is that the sky was not completely clear so some clouds scatter back the light some incoming radiation from the Earth’s surface. We need very clear night condition to make observations with accurate results.
Priyatikanto et al. [19] obtained an empirical model in which the logarithm of VIIRS radiance and the value of night sky brightness in mag/arc sec2 follow a linear function:
SQM=20.595–3.090logRADIANCEE1
We can use the Eq. (1) to obtain the value of night sky brightness expressed in mag/arc sec2 provided the value of VIIRS magnitude which should be expressed logarithmically.
4. Website presentation
To disseminate the results of night sky brightness measurements, Space Science Center maintains a Sky Quality Observation (SQO) website which can be accessed at the address sqm.sains.lapan.go.id. This website is aimed for the general public where the information displayed uses simple language so that it can be easily understood even though they do not have an astronomical background.
The information displayed on the SQO Website includes understanding to readers regarding the explanation of the brightness of the night sky and light pollution. This information about the introduction of the brightness of the night sky is expected to arouse public awareness to protect the night sky in order to minimize light pollution. In addition, there is information to determine the brightness of the night sky using the Bortle Scale. The Bortle scale is a numerical scale to measure the brightness of the night sky. This scale starts from class 1 which is the darkest sky scale to class 9 which is the brightest sky which usually found in urban areas. This website also displays a glimpse of information about the Java-Bali light pollution map made based on the 2013 DMSP-OLS composite image combined with measurements of the Earth’s surface as well as several location points for measurements of the brightness of the night sky carried out by the Space Science Center in Indonesia (Figure 13).
Figure 13.
Website representation about information of sky quality and its pollutions and of sky quality observations conducted by Space Science Center and LAPAN’s stations.
There is a Request Our Data feature on the SQO Website, to facilitate ones which need night sky brightness data which had been carried out by the Space Science Center and the LAPAN’s stations. To make a data request, one needs to fill personal information such as full name, telephone number, email address, and affiliation. After that, fill in the detail requested SQO data such as where the data from (Agam, Garut, Kupang, Pasuruan, Pontianak, and Sumedang) and the month-year of the data. And finally, fill in the reason for requesting SQO data.
Apart from providing information about the brightness of the night sky, the SQM website also has an SQO Map feature. This feature is presented digitally to make it easier for users to access by selecting data for the desired month and year. The information displayed in this feature is based on the average measurement of the SQO value each month, which is differentiated when calculating the average for the new moon and at the time of the full moon at points according to the location of the night sky brightness recorder and the point of observation location. Users can also zoom and scroll on the digital map to see the location of the night sky’s brightness more easily.
Lastly, the SQO Website has a Backend or Admin Menu page that is used to manage content on the Front end of the Website such as Data Requests, Contact Pages, Homepage Info, Space and Atmospheric Observation Center locations, and SQO maps.
5. Discussions and conclusion
The coordinated observations of light pollution in Indonesia reveal some interesting insights, namely there are some regions in Indonesia with very low light pollution, and there are some sites which have very high light pollution. These observations are linearly correlated with satellite observations, namely which use VIIRS data channels.
The light pollution observations conducted by Space Science Center of LAPAN is the first coordinated light pollution observations in Indonesia. There are many works that should be done to improve the results, especially in the process of building of light pollution map across Indonesia. This can be done by installing more Sky Quality Meter equipments, especially near the locations with high pace of development to mitigate the adverse effects of light pollution.
On the other hand, light pollution observations should be conducted also in strategic locations, especially in some dark places which are suitable for astrotourism, and this strategy can be used to preserve the environment and can be used to make star party events to give some education in astronomy.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our gratitude to Space Science Center of LAPAN to make the light pollution observations possible.
\n',keywords:"light pollution, coordinated observations, Sky Quality Meter, moving observations, website",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77077.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77077.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77077",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77077",totalDownloads:177,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:38,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"January 1st 2021",dateReviewed:"February 26th 2021",datePrePublished:"June 7th 2021",datePublished:"March 30th 2022",dateFinished:"June 7th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Light pollution is a growing concern in the world. It affects many walk of lives, including human health, the degradation of nocturnal animal habitat, and the inability of the astronomers to observe dimmer objects. We in Space Science Center of LAPAN (Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space) try to mitigate this through a coordinated observation of light pollution using Sky Quality Meter equipments which are located in several LAPAN’s stations [Agam (West Sumatra), Pontianak (West Kalimantan), Sumedang (West Java), Garut (West Java), Pasuruan (East Java), Kupang (East Nusa Tenggara), and Biak (Papua)]. The observations has been conducted since 2018 in stationary and moving modes, and the results are then sent to a central database which is located in Space Science Center in Bandung (West Java). The results showed that there are some variations of light pollution across Indonesia. In this respect most of the stations have moderate pollution as can be seen from the values of Biak, Agam, Sumedang, and Pontianak (20.0, 19.5, 19.6, and 17.7 mpsas respectively). On the other hand, the stations which are located near or in cities have high light pollution (Bandung and Pasuruan with 17.1 and 18.0 mpsas, respectively). A particular station (Garut) has low light pollution (20.6 mpsas). The data of these observations are presented in a website to be accessed by interested parties.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77077",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77077",book:{id:"9653",slug:"light-pollution-urbanization-and-ecology"},signatures:"Agustinus Gunawan Admiranto, Rhorom Priyatikanto, Siti Maryam, Elyyani, Siti Kurniawati and Muhammad Faisal Eko Saputro",authors:[{id:"273783",title:"Mr.",name:"Agustinus",middleName:"Gunawan",surname:"Admiranto",fullName:"Agustinus Admiranto",slug:"agustinus-admiranto",email:"gunawan.admiranto@lapan.go.id",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"337408",title:"Dr.",name:"Rhorom",middleName:null,surname:"Priyatikanto",fullName:"Rhorom Priyatikanto",slug:"rhorom-priyatikanto",email:"rhorom.priyatikanto@lapan.go.id",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"337589",title:"Mrs.",name:"Siti",middleName:null,surname:"Maryam",fullName:"Siti Maryam",slug:"siti-maryam",email:"fham2.siti.maryam@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"338628",title:"Dr.",name:"Elyyani",middleName:null,surname:"Elyyani",fullName:"Elyyani Elyyani",slug:"elyyani-elyyani",email:"elyyani@lapan.go.id",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"338629",title:"Dr.",name:"Siti",middleName:null,surname:"Kurniawati",fullName:"Siti Kurniawati",slug:"siti-kurniawati",email:"siti.kurniawati@lapan.go.id",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"338630",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Faizal Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Saputro",fullName:"Muhammad Faizal Eko Saputro",slug:"muhammad-faizal-eko-saputro",email:"muhammad.faizal@lapan.go.id",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Data and methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Agam station",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Pontianak station",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Bandung station",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Sumedang station",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Garut station",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.6 Pasuruan station",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.7 Biak station",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"3. Moving observations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Website presentation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. Discussions and conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Duriscoe, D., Kyba, C.C.M., Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K., Portnov, B.A., Rybnikova, N.A., Furgoni, R. Science Advances; 2002 Vol 2, No. 6'},{id:"B2",body:'Cinzano, P., Falchi, F. Elvidge, C. D. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 2001; 328: 689-707'},{id:"B3",body:'Spoelstra, H. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. 2014; 139:82-89'},{id:"B4",body:'Cinzano, P., Falchi, F. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. 2014; 139:13-20'},{id:"B5",body:'P. Cinzano, P F. Falchi and C. D. Elvidge. 2001; Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328: 689-707'},{id:"B6",body:'Tavoosi, H., Darvishzadeh, R., Shakiba, A., Mirbagheri, B. Modelling Light Pollution in Suburbs Using Remote Sensing and GIS. In: The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate, 29 June - 3 July 2009, Yokohama, Japan; 2009'},{id:"B7",body:'Bruehlmann, S. M. Measuring and Mapping Light Pollution at a Local Scale, [dissertation], 2014; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam'},{id:"B8",body:'Butt, M. J. (2012), Estimation of Light Pollution Using Satellite Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques, GIScience & Remote Sensing, 2012, 49, No. 4, p. 609-621. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.49.4.609'},{id:"B9",body:'Chalkias, C., Petrakis, M., Psiloglou, B., Lianou, M. (2006), Modelling of light pollution in suburban areas using remotely sensed imagery and GIS, Journal of Environmental Management 79, 57-63'},{id:"B10",body:'Albers, S., dan D., Doriscoe (2001), Modeling Light Pollution from Population Data and Implications for National Park Service Lands, The George Wright Forum, Volume 18 No. 4'},{id:"B11",body:'Schaaf, F. (1994) The Schaaf Scale. Sky and Telescope (November), 64-65'},{id:"B12",body:'Bará, S., Lima, R. C. (2018) Photons without borders: quantifying light pollution transfer between territories, International Journal of Sustainable Lighting IJSL, 51-61'},{id:"B13",body:'Herdiwijaya, D. Light pollution at Bosscha Observatory, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1153. 2019; 012133 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1153/1/012133'},{id:"B14",body:'Pribadi, P., Pramudya, Y., Muchlas, Okimustava. The IoT implementation on the night sky brightness measurement in Banjar using the sky quality meter. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2202, 020023. 2019; doi:10.1063/1.51416362202'},{id:"B15",body:'Pramudya, Y., Budi, K. S., Okimustava, Muchlas. Preliminary study on relation between temperature, humidity and Night Sky Brightness in Yogyakarta. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. 1231. 012004. 2019; IOP Publishing; doi:10.1088/ 1742-6596/1231/1/012004'},{id:"B16",body:'A. G. Admiranto, SK Haida, R Priyatikanto, S. Maryam, Ellyyani, N Suryana. “Mobile Campaign of Sky Brightness Measurement in Indonesia”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020'},{id:"B17",body:'A. G. Admiranto, R. Priyatikanto, S. Maryam, Ellyyani, N. Suryana. “Preliminary Report of Light Pollution in Indonesia Based on Sky Quality Observation”, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019'},{id:"B18",body:'Priyatikanto, R Extinction and scattering parameters derived from sky brightness measurements; Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1523 012017.2020; IOP Publishing; doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1523/1/012017'},{id:"B19",body:'Priyatikanto, R., Admiranto, AG, Putri, GP, Elyyani, Maryam, S and Suryana, N, Map of Sky Brightness over Greater Bandung and the Prospect of Astrotourism; Indonesian Journal of Geography, 51, 190. 2019; DOI: 10.22146/ijg.43410'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Agustinus Gunawan Admiranto",address:"gunawan.admiranto@lapan.go.id",affiliation:'
Space Science Center, Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Bandung, Indonesia
Space Science Center, Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Bandung, Indonesia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9653",type:"book",title:"Light Pollution, Urbanization and Ecology",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Light Pollution, Urbanization and Ecology",slug:"light-pollution-urbanization-and-ecology",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",bookSignature:"Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9653.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-973-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-972-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-974-4",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"133"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"78296",type:"chapter",title:"Introductory Chapter: Ecological Effects of Light Pollution - A Review",slug:"introductory-chapter-ecological-effects-of-light-pollution-a-review",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Levente Hufnagel and Ferenc Mics",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel"},{id:"428541",title:"Dr.",name:"Ferenc",middleName:null,surname:"Mics",fullName:"Ferenc Mics",slug:"ferenc-mics"}]},{id:"75498",type:"chapter",title:"Artificial Light at Night: A Global Threat to Plant Biological Rhythms and Eco-Physiological Processes",slug:"artificial-light-at-night-a-global-threat-to-plant-biological-rhythms-and-eco-physiological-processe",totalDownloads:268,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rekha Sodani, Udit Nandan Mishra, Subhash Chand, Indu, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Kailash Chandra, Jyoti Chauhan, Bandana Bose, Vivek Kumar, Gopal Shankar Singh, Devidutta Lenka and Rajesh Kumar Singhal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"249796",title:"Dr.",name:"Kailash",middleName:null,surname:"Chandra",fullName:"Kailash Chandra",slug:"kailash-chandra"},{id:"320400",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Singhal",fullName:"Rajesh Singhal",slug:"rajesh-singhal"},{id:"326742",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhash",middleName:null,surname:"Chand",fullName:"Subhash Chand",slug:"subhash-chand"},{id:"332315",title:"Dr.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:null,fullName:"Indu null",slug:"indu"},{id:"337943",title:"Dr.",name:"Rekha",middleName:null,surname:"Sodani",fullName:"Rekha Sodani",slug:"rekha-sodani"},{id:"338585",title:"Dr.",name:"Udit Nandan",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",fullName:"Udit Nandan Mishra",slug:"udit-nandan-mishra"},{id:"338588",title:"Ms.",name:"Devidutta",middleName:null,surname:"Lenka",fullName:"Devidutta Lenka",slug:"devidutta-lenka"},{id:"345755",title:"Mr.",name:"Hirdayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Anuragi",fullName:"Hirdayesh Anuragi",slug:"hirdayesh-anuragi"},{id:"345756",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyoti",middleName:null,surname:"Chauhan",fullName:"Jyoti Chauhan",slug:"jyoti-chauhan"},{id:"345757",title:"Prof.",name:"Bandana",middleName:null,surname:"Bose",fullName:"Bandana Bose",slug:"bandana-bose"},{id:"345758",title:"Mr.",name:"Vivek",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Vivek Kumar",slug:"vivek-kumar"},{id:"345759",title:"Prof.",name:"Gopal Shankar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Gopal Shankar Singh",slug:"gopal-shankar-singh"}]},{id:"80625",type:"chapter",title:"Moth Species Caught by Ultraviolet and Visible Light Sources in Connection with Their Wingspan",slug:"moth-species-caught-by-ultraviolet-and-visible-light-sources-in-connection-with-their-wingspan",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"László Nowinszky, Lionel Hill, János Puskás, Károly Tar and Levente Hufnagel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel"},{id:"191856",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Nowinszky",fullName:"László Nowinszky",slug:"laszlo-nowinszky"},{id:"194787",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Puskás",fullName:"János Puskás",slug:"janos-puskas"},{id:"308170",title:"Prof.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Tar",fullName:"Károly Tar",slug:"karoly-tar"},{id:"452247",title:"Dr.",name:"Lionel",middleName:null,surname:"Hill",fullName:"Lionel Hill",slug:"lionel-hill"}]},{id:"75764",type:"chapter",title:"Artificial Light at Night and Breast Cancer",slug:"artificial-light-at-night-and-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:213,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Redhwan Al-Naggar and Lutfi Al-Maktari",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"337397",title:"Prof.",name:"Redhwan",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Naggar",fullName:"Redhwan Al-Naggar",slug:"redhwan-al-naggar"},{id:"337407",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutfi",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Maktari",fullName:"Lutfi Al-Maktari",slug:"lutfi-al-maktari"}]},{id:"77077",type:"chapter",title:"Light Pollution Observations in Indonesia",slug:"light-pollution-observations-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:177,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Agustinus Gunawan Admiranto, Rhorom Priyatikanto, Siti Maryam, Elyyani, Siti Kurniawati and Muhammad Faisal Eko Saputro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"273783",title:"Mr.",name:"Agustinus",middleName:"Gunawan",surname:"Admiranto",fullName:"Agustinus Admiranto",slug:"agustinus-admiranto"},{id:"337408",title:"Dr.",name:"Rhorom",middleName:null,surname:"Priyatikanto",fullName:"Rhorom Priyatikanto",slug:"rhorom-priyatikanto"},{id:"337589",title:"Mrs.",name:"Siti",middleName:null,surname:"Maryam",fullName:"Siti Maryam",slug:"siti-maryam"},{id:"338628",title:"Dr.",name:"Elyyani",middleName:null,surname:"Elyyani",fullName:"Elyyani Elyyani",slug:"elyyani-elyyani"},{id:"338629",title:"Dr.",name:"Siti",middleName:null,surname:"Kurniawati",fullName:"Siti Kurniawati",slug:"siti-kurniawati"},{id:"338630",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Faizal Eko",middleName:null,surname:"Saputro",fullName:"Muhammad Faizal Eko Saputro",slug:"muhammad-faizal-eko-saputro"}]},{id:"76109",type:"chapter",title:"Understanding the Importance of Harmonized Landscape Design for Forest Education Centers in Malaysia",slug:"understanding-the-importance-of-harmonized-landscape-design-for-forest-education-centers-in-malaysia",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohd Kher Bin Hussein and Nor Syuriaty Bt Jaafar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"344272",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Kher",middleName:"Bin",surname:"Bin Hussein",fullName:"Mohd Kher Bin Hussein",slug:"mohd-kher-bin-hussein"},{id:"348527",title:"MSc.",name:"Nor Syuriaty",middleName:null,surname:"Bt Jaafar",fullName:"Nor Syuriaty Bt Jaafar",slug:"nor-syuriaty-bt-jaafar"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6570",title:"Ecosystem Services and Global Ecology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"659109f1d6de7b7f6dce3cfa5011d7b3",slug:"ecosystem-services-and-global-ecology",bookSignature:"Levente Hufnagel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6570.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",surname:"Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"62933",title:"Introductory Chapter: Evaluation Methods of Ecosystem Services and Their Scientific and Societal Importance in Service of Solving the Global Problems of the Humankind",slug:"introductory-chapter-evaluation-methods-of-ecosystem-services-and-their-scientific-and-societal-impo",signatures:"Levente Hufnagel, Ferenc Mics and Réka Homoródi",authors:[{id:"10864",title:"Dr.",name:"Levente",middleName:null,surname:"Hufnagel",fullName:"Levente Hufnagel",slug:"levente-hufnagel"},{id:"268024",title:"MSc.",name:"Ferenc",middleName:null,surname:"Mics",fullName:"Ferenc Mics",slug:"ferenc-mics"},{id:"268025",title:"MSc.",name:"Réka",middleName:null,surname:"Homoródi",fullName:"Réka Homoródi",slug:"reka-homorodi"}]},{id:"61597",title:"Characteristics of Collapsing Ecosystems and Main Factors of Collapses",slug:"characteristics-of-collapsing-ecosystems-and-main-factors-of-collapses",signatures:"Melinda Pálinkás",authors:[{id:"202242",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Melinda",middleName:null,surname:"Pálinkás",fullName:"Melinda Pálinkás",slug:"melinda-palinkas"}]},{id:"59798",title:"Non-Native Invasive Species as Ecosystem Service Providers",slug:"non-native-invasive-species-as-ecosystem-service-providers",signatures:"Barbara Sladonja, Danijela Poljuha and Mirela Uzelac",authors:[{id:"88464",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Sladonja",fullName:"Barbara Sladonja",slug:"barbara-sladonja"},{id:"227713",title:"Dr.",name:"Danijela",middleName:null,surname:"Poljuha",fullName:"Danijela Poljuha",slug:"danijela-poljuha"},{id:"243906",title:"MSc.",name:"Mirela",middleName:null,surname:"Uzelac",fullName:"Mirela Uzelac",slug:"mirela-uzelac"}]},{id:"59049",title:"Ecosystem Services Provided by Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Marine Coastal Zones",slug:"ecosystem-services-provided-by-benthic-macroinvertebrate-assemblages-in-marine-coastal-zones",signatures:"Gwynne Stoner Rife",authors:[{id:"225447",title:"Dr.",name:"Gwynne",middleName:null,surname:"Rife",fullName:"Gwynne Rife",slug:"gwynne-rife"}]},{id:"60969",title:"Ecosystem Services across US Watersheds: A Meta-Analysis of Studies 2000–2014",slug:"ecosystem-services-across-us-watersheds-a-meta-analysis-of-studies-2000-2014",signatures:"Antonio J. Castro, Jason P. Julian, Caryn C. Vaughn, Chelsea J\nMartin-Mikle and Cristina Quintas-Soriano",authors:[{id:"171356",title:"Dr.",name:"Caryn C.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaughn",fullName:"Caryn C. Vaughn",slug:"caryn-c.-vaughn"},{id:"171357",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason P.",middleName:null,surname:"Julian",fullName:"Jason P. Julian",slug:"jason-p.-julian"},{id:"234942",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",fullName:"Antonio Castro",slug:"antonio-castro"},{id:"249326",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Quintas-Soriano",fullName:"Cristina Quintas-Soriano",slug:"cristina-quintas-soriano"},{id:"251205",title:"MSc.",name:"Chelsea",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Mikle",fullName:"Chelsea Martin-Mikle",slug:"chelsea-martin-mikle"}]},{id:"61029",title:"Laticifers and Secretory Ducts: Similarities and Differences",slug:"laticifers-and-secretory-ducts-similarities-and-differences",signatures:"Erika Prado and Diego Demarco",authors:[{id:"237096",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Demarco",fullName:"Diego Demarco",slug:"diego-demarco"},{id:"237322",title:"Ms.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Prado",fullName:"Erika Prado",slug:"erika-prado"}]},{id:"59861",title:"Ecosystem Service Mapping: A Management-Oriented Approach to Support Environmental Planning Process",slug:"ecosystem-service-mapping-a-management-oriented-approach-to-support-environmental-planning-process",signatures:"Lisa Pinto de Sousa, Ana I. Lillebø and Fátima L. Alves",authors:[{id:"220988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Lillebø",fullName:"Ana Lillebø",slug:"ana-lillebo"},{id:"228742",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",fullName:"Lisa Sousa",slug:"lisa-sousa"},{id:"228745",title:"Prof.",name:"Fátima",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Fátima Alves",slug:"fatima-alves"}]},{id:"59518",title:"The Role of Ecosystem Services in Community Well-Being",slug:"the-role-of-ecosystem-services-in-community-well-being",signatures:"James Kevin Summers, Lisa M. Smith, Richard S. Fulford and Rebeca\nde Jesus Crespo",authors:[{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers"}]},{id:"61054",title:"Urban and Industrial Habitats: How Important They Are for Ecosystem Services",slug:"urban-and-industrial-habitats-how-important-they-are-for-ecosystem-services",signatures:"Gabriela Woźniak, Edyta Sierka and Anne Wheeler",authors:[{id:"160493",title:"Dr.",name:"Edyta",middleName:null,surname:"Sierka",fullName:"Edyta Sierka",slug:"edyta-sierka"},{id:"227199",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Woźniak",fullName:"Gabriela Woźniak",slug:"gabriela-wozniak"},{id:"240288",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Wheeler",fullName:"Anne Wheeler",slug:"anne-wheeler"}]},{id:"59883",title:"Integrating Ecosystem Services in Historically Polluted Areas: Bioremediation Techniques for Soils Contaminated by Heavy Metals",slug:"integrating-ecosystem-services-in-historically-polluted-areas-bioremediation-techniques-for-soils-co",signatures:"Mirela Nedelescu, Daniela Baconi, Miriana Stan, Ana-Maria\nVlasceanu and Anne-Marie Ciobanu",authors:[{id:"203029",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Baconi",fullName:"Daniela Baconi",slug:"daniela-baconi"},{id:"230863",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirela",middleName:null,surname:"Nedelescu",fullName:"Mirela Nedelescu",slug:"mirela-nedelescu"},{id:"230864",title:"Dr.",name:"Miriana",middleName:null,surname:"Stan",fullName:"Miriana Stan",slug:"miriana-stan"},{id:"230865",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Vlasceanu",fullName:"Ana Maria Vlasceanu",slug:"ana-maria-vlasceanu"},{id:"230866",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Ciobanu",fullName:"Anne Marie Ciobanu",slug:"anne-marie-ciobanu"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6644",title:"Emerging Pollutants",subtitle:"Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e03aeca8b09510ef11fcf3621a2a996",slug:"emerging-pollutants-some-strategies-for-the-quality-preservation-of-our-environment",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8863",title:"Hydrocarbon Pollution and its Effect on the Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25243b6684e6a441a6bf1f854d49f9e8",slug:"hydrocarbon-pollution-and-its-effect-on-the-environment",bookSignature:"Muharrem Ince and Olcay Kaplan Ince",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Prof.",name:"Muharrem",surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10178",title:"Environmental Emissions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"febf21ec717bfe20ae25a9dab9b5d438",slug:"environmental-emissions",bookSignature:"Richard Viskup",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10178.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103742",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Viskup",slug:"richard-viskup",fullName:"Richard Viskup"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79287",title:"Endocrine Functions of the Testes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101170",slug:"endocrine-functions-of-the-testes",body:'
1. Introduction
The testes, also known as the male gonads, are male reproductive organs located in the scrotal sacs and basically responsible for spermatogenesis [1]. However, various studies have shown that in addition to the spermatogenic functions, the testes also secrete steroid and protein hormones, a role known as the endocrine functions of the testis. The testis produces androgens such as testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone and estrogen which are the most typical steroids, and also releases proteins called inhibins, activins, and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)/Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) [1]. Collectively these hormones maintain the health of the testes and ensure its proper functioning regarding sperm production and delivery. In the following sessions, the androgens and the testicular protein hormones are discussed in detail.
2. The androgens
Androgens are required for the development and maintenance of specific reproductive tissues in men, such as the testis, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicle, and penis, as well as other male characteristics such as increased muscle strength, hair growth, and so on. To maintain a sufficient androgen concentration, androgen development rates must be balanced against excretion rates and metabolic clearance [2]. The actions of the androgens are influenced by the steroid concentration that can penetrate target cells, the degree of metabolic conversion within the cells, interactions with receptor proteins, and, finally, the action of androgen receptors at the genomic level. These hormones regulate the development of the male reproductive system, as well as the development of “masculine” physical characteristics such as beards and a deep voice, as well as sexual activities [3].
It is worth noting that the testis’ secretion of androgens begins even before birth. For example, the testes begin generating testosterone during the first or second part of pregnancy, depending on the species of the animal. The presence of human chorionic gonadotropin at the 7th week of intrauterine life (IUL) brings about some hormonal biosynthesis activities in the testis, leading to early expression of testosterone, which further leads to more activation of the testicular hormonal function utero. In other words, male genitalia development (and brain masculinization) require high amounts of androgens, which are produced by fetal Leydig cells [4]. However, due to the fact that placental hormones are eliminated after delivery, the pituitary-gonadal axis undergoes significant alterations, and the newborn male enters a new phase of gonadal endocrine activity which eventually leads to the death of the fetal Leydig cells. With the death of these cells, androgen production decreases, reaching a trough at postpartum. With the formation of mature Leydig cells from stem cells, testosterone levels eventually rise to high levels. Furthermore, there is also a definite sex difference in this regard, since quantitatively significant ovarian steroid production does not begin until puberty in humans. The synthesis of androgens and protein hormones such as anti-Mullerian hormone by the fetal testis, which is addressed later in this chapter, certainly plays a role in the establishment of male genital differentiation. Female differentiation, on the other hand, occurs more independently, regardless of ovarian hormone output. The androgens are very important in male reproduction [5]. Therefore, the following sessions will be devoted to explaining the physio-chemistry of the testicular androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone).
3. Testosterone
This is the most common form of androgen produced by the testes. It is responsible for the growth of male genitals and sperm production. Testicles in a healthy male can produce about 6 milligrams of testosterone each day. It is synthesized and secreted by the Leydig cells of the testis. These cells do not contain 210-hydroxylase or 110-hydroxylase and so do not synthesize glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids like the adrenal cortex, which also secrete testosterone [6]. Luteinizing hormone, in conjunction with adrenocorticotropic hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, increases testosterone synthesis by stimulating cholesterol desmolase, which in turn helps in steroidogenesis [7].
The prostate contains 5a-reductase which converts testosterone to its active form, dehydrotestosterone [7]. The testicular synthesis of testosterone is controlled by the activities of the hypothalamic-pituitary control mechanism. In this system, the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus secrete gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The luteinizing hormone is then transported to the testis where it stimulates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone [8]. This action is regulated by the presence of D-aspartic acid that is present in the pituitary gland and the testes and has a role in the regulation and release of LH and testosterone (T). In other words, luteinizing hormone acts on the Leydig cells to promote testosterone secretion, while testosterone acts as an intra-testicular paracrine mechanism to reinforce the spermatogenic effects of FSH on the Sertoli cells as well as the germ cells [9].
4. Biosynthesis of testosterone
The androgens are secreted in the testis by interstitial cells of Leydig, which account for 20% of the adult testis mass. Leydig cells are abundant in both newborn and adult males. However, in childhood, these cells are scarce or nonexistent. As a result, androgen secretion occurs in newborns and after puberty. Its secretion begins in the seventh week of fetal life by the fetal genital ridge. Around the second to fourth month of fetal life, the testes begin to secrete testosterone. Human chorionic gonadotropins, which are secreted by the placenta during pregnancy, stimulate testosterone secretion from the testes. However, until the age of 10 to 12 years old, almost no testosterone is secreted. Following that, testosterone secretion begins, and it rapidly increases at the onset of puberty and continues for the rest of one’s life. After 40 years, the secretion begins to decline and reaches near zero by the age of 90 [3].
Cholesterol, a substrate that can be synthesized from acetate de novo or taken up from plasma lipoproteins, is a precursor in the synthesis of steroids at any stage. The low density lipoprotein fraction appears to be the primary extracellular store of cholesterol in human Leydig cells [10]. Furthermore, intracellular lipid droplets containing cholesterol esters can serve as intracellular cholesterol stores. The Cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme of the inner mitochondrial membrane of Leydig cells hydroxylates the side chains C22 and C20 of cholesterol to convert it into pregnenolone. It is then trans-located to smooth ER for conversion to testosterone in two pathways.
4.1 Dehydroepiandrosterone pathway
In this system, cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone by cAMP. Pregnenolone is then hydrolyzed to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone by the action of 17α-hydroxylase. The end product of the hydroxylation is converted in the Leydig cells to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by the actions of 17, 20-Lyase. Two events then follow. Firstly, DHEA is converted by the action of 17-HSD to androstenediol and then to testosterone by the combined action of 3-HSD and 5-4 isomerase. Secondly, DHEA is converted to androstenedione with the help of 3-HSD and 5-4 isomerase and then to testosterone by the action of 17-HSD [11].
4.2 Progesterone pathway
In this system, most of the pregnenolone is converted to progesterone in presence of 3β-HSD and 5, 4 isomerase. The activities of 17-hydroxylase convert progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone, which is then converted to androstenedione by 17, 20-Lyase, and finally to testosterone by the action of 17-OHSD.
5. Actions of testosterone
The hormone helps in the differentiation of the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle. It is also responsible for the pubertal growth spurt and the cessation of the pubertal growth spurt (epiphyseal closure). It ensures libido, spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells (paracrine effects), deepening of the voice in males, increased muscular mass, and growth of the penis and seminal vesicles, and negative feedback control of the anterior pituitary. In order to carry out its role in spermatogenesis, testosterone is said to mediate maintenance of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) [11].
6. Degradation of testosterone
Many target tissues convert testosterone into dehydrotestosterone, the most active androgen. Some tissues, including adipose tissue, the hypothalamus, and the liver, convert testosterone to estradiol. The liver degrades the majority of testosterone into inactive androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone which are then conjugated and excreted in the urine [3].
7. Dihydrotestosterone
This metabolite of testosterone is considered the most active form of testosterone and it helps in the differentiation of the penis, scrotum, and prostate (including growth of the prostate), male hair pattern, and baldness, as well as sebaceous gland activity. It is believed that the mechanisms of action of dihydrotestosterone are the same as those of testosterone since it is the active form of testosterone.
8. Mechanism of action of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Both DHT and testosterone have the ability to bind to the androgen receptor, but DHT has a higher affinity than unbound or unchanged testosterone. When DHT or testosterone binds to the androgen receptor, it forms a complex that undergoes structural changes. This complex then enters the nucleus of the cell and binds to specific nucleotide sequences of DNA known as hormone response elements. This binding causes changes in the transcription of various proteins mediated by specific genes, resulting in the androgenic effects of the cells [3].
8.1 Androgen insensitivity disorder
This is a condition characterized by the appearance of physical traits of a woman in a person who is genetically male. This disorder is caused by a deficiency of androgen receptors in target tissues of males, thereby leading to the absence of the desirable actions of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. In this condition, female external genitalia are present but no internal genital tract. Serum testosterone levels are also very high in these individuals [12].
9. Estrogen
Testicular estrogen is formed from testosterone in Sertoli cells and it is also said to be necessary for spermeogenesis. This hormone is essential for modulating libido, erectile function, and spermatogenesis [13].
9.1 Testicular production of estrogens
Over 80% of plasma estradiol and 95% of plasma estrone in adult men is formed by extragonadal and extraadrenal aromatization of circulating testosterone and androstenedione under the control of the enzyme, aromatase. The testes produce the remaining percentage of estradiol and estrone. The Leydig cells produce larger amount of these while a minor quantity is also produced by Sertoli cells aromatizing androgens. The normal plasma estradiol levels in men range from 20 to 50 pg/mL (73–184 pmol/L), while the total production rate is around 50 g/d (184 nmol/d). These values may rise as men become older.
9.2 Mechanism of action of estrogen
Estrogen action is induced through interaction with specific nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), which are ligand-inducible transcription factors that regulate the expression of target genes following hormone binding. There are two types of ERs: estrogen receptor (ER) and the more recently discovered estrogen receptor (ER). These two ER subtypes have distinct ligand specificities and transcriptional activity, and they mediate the classic, direct, ligand-dependent pathway involving estrogen response elements in target gene promoters and protein-protein interactions with several transcription factors. The transcriptional activity of these two ERs differs with ERα exhibiting a lower transcriptional activity due to the presence of different ERβ isoforms. Furthermore, the co-expression of both ERα and ERβ in the same cell results in a complex cross-talk that eventually results in the antagonistic effect of ER on ER-dependent transcription [14].
10. Gonadal proteins
The gonadal proteins are inhibins, activins, and anti-Mullerian hormone/Mullerian-inhibiting substance. In the following session, I will be discussing these protein substances in relation to testicular function.
11. Inhibin
Inhibin is a dimeric glycoprotein secreted by Sertoli cells that suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion from the pituitary. Two bioactive forms of inhibin exist, inhibin A and B. Observational and experimental evidence from several studies suggest that inhibins are gonadal messengers that exert a physiological negative feedback control on FSH release at the pituitary gland. During increased rate of spermatogenesis, there is a simultaneous increase in inhibin secretion to acts on anterior pituitary and inhibits the secretion of FSH, leading to decrease in the pace of spermatogenesis [15]. Inhibin B is the circulating form of inhibin produced primarily in the testis by Sertoli cells. With the changing role of the Sertoli cell in immature and adult testes, there are temporal changes in inhibin expression and secretion. Inhibin B levels in adults are positively correlated with Sertoli cell function, sperm number, and spermatogenic status and negatively correlated with FSH. It is also important to note that a complex interaction between FSH, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and germ cells regulates inhibin B production. Inhibin may also play a role at an autocrine or paracrine level in modulating the actions of activin. Concerning the mechanism of action of inhibin, it is important to note that the receptors, co-receptors and intracellular signaling molecules thus far implicated in the inhibin mechanism of action are all expressed in the testis. Type II activin receptor and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) proteins have been localized in Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cells, whereas the inhibin co-receptors betagly-can and inhibin-binding protein seem to be restricted to Leydig cells. However, the physiological role of paracrine/autocrine inhibin effects within the testis has not been clarified [16].
12. Activin
Like inhibin, activin is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of ligands initially identified based on their abilities [16] to augment the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-mediated release of FSH. The hormone is named “activin” due to its opposing effects on the functionalities of inhibin. This protein also augments erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent hemoglobin production in K562 erythroleukemia cells and enhances the proliferation of erythrocyte precursors from human bone marrow cells. Like inhibin, there are two classes of activin called activin-A and active-B [17].
Activin B from the anterior pituitary has paracrine effects on gonadotropes, enhancing GnRH-induced FSH expression and release while activin-A augments GnRH-induced LH production and is antagonized by testosterone. Activin-A has its highest concentrations in the immediate post-natal period during which it is involved in the developmental regulation of both germ cells and Sertoli cells under the modulation of follistatin [18]. Although activin-A levels are much lower in adult testes, interleukin-1 stimulates its formation in the Sertoli cell while FSH inhibits it. Due to a lack of an appropriate assay, little is known about activin-B synthesis [17].
13. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a 140-kDa dimeric glycoprotein of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis. It induces regression of the Mullerian ducts during the male sex differentiation [19]. The hormone is initially synthesized as pre-prohormone, forming homodimers. The mature hormone is glycosylated and dimerized before being secreted, resulting in a 144-kDa dimer made up of identical disulphide-linked 72-kDa monomer subunits. Each monomer contains an N-terminal domain (pro region) and a C-terminal domain (mature region). The N-terminal domain enhances the activity of the C-terminal domain, which houses the molecule’s bioactivity. Between 5 and 20% of AMH is cleaved during cytoplasmic transit at a particular location between the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of the 72-kDa monomer, resulting in two polypeptides of 58-kDa (pro region) and 12-kDa (mature region). These two components of the molecule are still attached non-covalently. The AMH gene is found on the short arm of chromosome 19 and has been sequenced and isolated in humans [19].
14. Mechanism of action/signal pathway of AMH
As a member of the TGFβ family of growth factors, it employs the same signal transduction mechanism as the other members of the family. These factors communicate via a serine–threonine kinase receptor complex made up of ligand-specific type II receptors and more generic type I receptors known as activin receptor-like protein kinases (ALKs) [20]. The cytoplasmic SMAD proteins are phosphorylated and activated by an active receptor complex, translocate to the nucleus and influence gene expression directly or indirectly. Anti-Mullerian hormone type II receptor (AMHRII) has been identified as being particularly necessary for AMH signaling. Furthermore, the AMH receptor gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 12. However, this gene is only expressed in the testis and neighboring mesenchymal cells to the Müllerian ducts [19].
15. Physiologic roles of AMH in males throughout life
Together with inhibin B and FSH, anti-müllerian hormone is said to be the earliest hormone secreted by the Sertoli cells in males. Therefore, the hormone is an important indicator of Sertoli cell function and it plays a vital role in the development and functions of the male reproductive system [19]. For example, this hormone is necessary for fetal sex differentiation throughout the prenatal period. Before the seventh week of pregnancy, male and female fetuses have separate gonads, bipotential external genitalia, and two pairs of unipotential internal ducts (the Müllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts). In the XY fetus, the expression of the SRY gene, the sex reversal gene on the Y chromosome, causes testicular differentiation [19].
From the eighth week of pregnancy onwards, the developing testes’ somatic cells, Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells release testosterone, Insulin-like factor-3 and AMH necessary for the individual’s normal male differentiation. Although testosterone has been discussed earlier, it is important to state here that it promotes the differentiation of the Wolffian ducts into seminal vesicles, vasa deferentia, and the epididymis during fetal development. Insulin-like factor-3, also produced by Leydig cells, acts as an important signal during the first phase of testicular descent. The regression of the müllerian ducts leading to differentiation of the genitalia into differentiated into the oviducts, uterus, and upper portion of the vaginal canal in the female fetus is due to the action of AMH [21].
The infantile GnRH surge causes a significant increase in gonadotropins (LH and FSH) in the first few weeks of life, followed by an increase in levels of testosterone, AMH and inhibin B. AMH levels remain high throughout the prepubertal period of life and are reduced during puberty as testosterone levels rise. During prepubertal periods, Leydig cells produce low amounts of testosterone and Sertoli cells are still immature, making the process of formation of spermatozoa arrested in a premeiotic stage while AMH remains secreted at a high level till the onset of puberty. Leydig cells in men undergo additional differentiation at the start of puberty following the secretion of GnRH and the consequent “LH surge” [19].
There is also an increase in testosterone biosynthesis, which leads to the maturation of Sertoli cells. Sertoli cell maturation causes germ cells to undergo meiosis, which starts the process of sperm formation. The inhibitory action of testosterone triumphs over FSH stimulation, resulting in a decrease in AMH expression and the consequent decrease in its circulating levels. In adult males, AMH secretion reaches a plateau and remains nearly constant for the rest of a man’s life [19].
16. Control of endocrine functions of the testis
The endocrine functions of the testis are controlled by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus secrets gonadotropin releasing and inhibitory substances that regulate the release of the gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary. Gonadotropins, in turn, regulate the hormone-producing activities of the testis vise vasa [2].
17. Conclusion
The testes (male gonads) secrete the steroid and protein hormones. While the testicular steroid hormones are testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estrogen, the protein hormones are inhibins, activins and anti-Mullerian hormone (Mullerian-inhibiting substance). Collectively, these hormones maintain the health of the testes, ensure proper production of sperm cells, and control the entry of the sperm cells into the female reproductive tract during ejaculation.
Objectives of the chapter
By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
Identify the hormone produced by the testes
Describe the mechanisms of action of testosterone, estrogen, inhibin, activin and anti-Mullerian hormone
State the roles of the various testicular hormones on male reproduction
Define androgen insensitivity disorder
Enumerate the physiological roles of anti-Mullerian hormone in males.
\n',keywords:"testicular functions, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), testosterone, inhibin, activin",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79287.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79287.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79287",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79287",totalDownloads:120,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 29th 2021",dateReviewed:"October 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"November 11th 2021",datePublished:"January 19th 2022",dateFinished:"November 11th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The testes, also known as the male gonads are found in the scrotal sacs. In addition to their spermatogenic functions, they also secrete steroids and protein hormones. The steroid hormones are the androgens, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone as well as estrogen, while the protein hormones are inhibins, activins, and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH). This chapter therefore discusses the role of the testis in the production and functions of the testicular androgens as well as testicular protein hormones.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79287",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79287",signatures:"Emojevwe Victor, Igiehon Osarugue, Oyovwi Mega Obukohwo, Nwangwa Eze Kingsley and Naiho Alexander Obidike",book:{id:"10724",type:"book",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",publishedDate:"January 19th 2022",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10724.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-525-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-524-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-526-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"349696",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"EMOJEVWE",fullName:"Victor EMOJEVWE",slug:"victor-emojevwe",email:"emojevwevictor@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"420885",title:"Ms.",name:"Osarugue",middleName:null,surname:"Igiehon",fullName:"Osarugue Igiehon",slug:"osarugue-igiehon",email:"elliluv98@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The androgens",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Testosterone",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Biosynthesis of testosterone",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Dehydroepiandrosterone pathway",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Progesterone pathway",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"5. Actions of testosterone",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Degradation of testosterone",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"7. Dihydrotestosterone",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"8. Mechanism of action of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"8.1 Androgen insensitivity disorder",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"9. Estrogen",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"9.1 Testicular production of estrogens",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"9.2 Mechanism of action of estrogen",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"10. Gonadal proteins",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"11. Inhibin",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"12. Activin",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"13. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"14. Mechanism of action/signal pathway of AMH",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"15. Physiologic roles of AMH in males throughout life",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"16. Control of endocrine functions of the testis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"17. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"Objectives of the chapter",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology. 25th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2016. pp. 418-422'},{id:"B2",body:'Oyovwi MO, Nwangwa EK, Ben-Azu B, Rotue RA, Edesiri TP, Emojevwe V, et al. Prevention and reversal of chlorpromazine induced testicular dysfunction in rats by synergistic testicle-active flavonoids, taurine and coenzyme-10. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 2021;101:50-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.01.013'},{id:"B3",body:'Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P. Essentials of Medical Physiology. 7th ed. London: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2018. pp. 473-491'},{id:"B4",body:'Ilacqua A, Francomano D, Aversa A. The physiology of the testis. In: Belfiore A, LeRoith D, editors. Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action. Endocrinology. Cham: Springer; 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-44675-2_17'},{id:"B5",body:'Browne P, Place NJ, Vidal JD, Moore IT, Cunha GR, Glickman SE, et al. Endocrine differentiation of fetal ovaries and testes of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta): Timing of androgen-independent versus androgen-driven genital development. Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2006;132(4):649-659. DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01120'},{id:"B6",body:'Kalfa N, Gaspari L, Ollivier M, Philibert P, Bergougnoux A, Paris F, et al. Molecular genetics of hypospadias and cryptorchidism recent developments. Clinical Genetics. 2019;95(1):122-131. DOI: 10.1111/cge.13432'},{id:"B7",body:'Goldenberg L, So A, Fleshner N, Rendon R, Drachenberg D, Elhilali M. The role of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in prostate pathophysiology: Is there an additional advantage to inhibition of type 1 isoenzyme? Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2009;3(3 Suppl 2):S109-S114. DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.1114'},{id:"B8",body:'Padmanabhan V, Cardoso RC. Neuroendocrine, autocrine, and paracrine control of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 2020;500:110632. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110632'},{id:"B9",body:'Di Fiore MM, Boni R, Santillo A, Falvo S, Gallo A, Esposito S, et al. D-aspartic acid in vertebrate reproduction: Animal models and experimental designs‡. Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):445. DOI: 10.3390/biom9090445'},{id:"B10",body:'Prince FP. The human Leydig cell. In: Payne AH, Hardy MP, editors. The Leydig Cell in Health and Disease. Contemporary Endocrinology. Totowa: Humana Press; 2007. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-453-7_5'},{id:"B11",body:'Schiffer L, Barnard L, Baranowski ES, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Arlt W, et al. Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: A comprehensive review. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2019;194:105439. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439'},{id:"B12",body:'Melo KF, Mendonca BB, Billerbeck AE, et al. Clinical, hormonal, behavioral, and genetic characteristics of androgen insensitivity syndrome in a Brazilian cohort: Five novel mutations in the androgen receptor gene. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88(7):3241-3250. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021658'},{id:"B13",body:'Yaşar P, Ayaz G, User SD, Güpür G, Muyan M. Molecular mechanism of estrogen-estrogen receptor signaling. Reproductive Medicine and Biology. 2016;16(1):4-20. DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12006'},{id:"B14",body:'Horstman AM, Dillon EL, Urban RJ, Sheffield-Moore M. The role of androgens and estrogens on healthy aging and longevity. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2012;67(11):1140-1152. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls068'},{id:"B15",body:'O’Connor AE, De Kretser DM. Inhibins in normal male physiology. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2004;22(3):177-185. DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-831893'},{id:"B16",body:'Nandedkar TD. Testicular hormones. In: Kumar A, Sharma M, editors. Basics of Human Andrology. Singapore: Springer; 2017. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3695-8_8\\'},{id:"B17",body:'Bristol-Gould SK, Kreeger PK, Selkirk CG, Kilen SM, Cook RW, Kipp JL, et al. Postnatal regulation of germ cells by activin: The establishment of the initial follicle pool. Developmental Biology. 2006;298(1):132-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.06.025'},{id:"B18",body:'Namwanje M, Brown CW. Activins and inhibins: Roles in development, physiology, and disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2016;8(7):a021881. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021881'},{id:"B19",body:'Zec I, Tislaric-Medenjak D, Megla ZB, Kucak I. Anti-Müllerian hormone: A unique biochemical marker of gonadal development and fertility in humans. Biochemia Medica. 2011;21(3):219-230. DOI: 10.11613/bm.2011.031'},{id:"B20",body:'Hata A, Chen YG. TGF-β signaling from receptors to Smads. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2016;8(9):a022061. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022061'},{id:"B21",body:'Rey RA, Musse M, Venara M, Chemes HE. Ontogeny of the androgen receptor expression in the fetal and postnatal testis: Its relevance on Sertoli cell maturation and the onset of adult spermatogenesis. Microscopy Research and Technique. 2009;72(11):787-795. DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20754'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Emojevwe Victor",address:"vemojevwe@unimed.edu.ng",affiliation:'
Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Nigeria
Department of Physiology, Delta State University, Nigeria
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Naiho Alexander Obidike",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Physiology, Delta State University, Nigeria
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10724",type:"book",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",publishedDate:"January 19th 2022",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10724.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-525-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-524-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-526-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"416131",title:"MSc.",name:"Mohamad Saiful",middleName:null,surname:"Sulaiman",email:"saiful-sulaiman@ucts.edu.my",fullName:"Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman",slug:"mohamad-saiful-sulaiman",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"77099",title:"Processing and Properties of Oil Palm Fronds Composite Boards from Elaeis guineensis",slug:"processing-and-properties-of-oil-palm-fronds-composite-boards-from-em-elaeis-guineensis-em-",abstract:"Oil palm fronds are one of the biomass residues originating from oil palm plantations. It has great potential to be used as an alternative material for the composite boards industry to reduce dependency on wood-based raw materials. The fronds are obtainable all the year round and in big quantity. The oil palm fronds had been processed as compressed oil palm fronds to form such a potential composite board in this topic. A composite board from compressed oil palm fronds was produced by removing the fronds’ leaflets and epidermis. The sample was sliced longitudinally into thin layers and compressed into an identical thickness at about 2 to 3 mm. Pieces of the sample were dry using the air-dried method. They were then mixed with phenol and urea-formaldehyde of resins in the range of 12-15% and compressed again with another layer forming a composite board. Standard outlined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) tested for their physical and strength properties of composite board. Found that the physical and strength aspects’ properties show that the composite board possessed characteristics at par or equivalent. The composite board from compressed oil palm fronds has good prospects to be used as an alternative to wood. Thus, this characteristics can overcome the shortage in materials supply in the wood-based industry.",signatures:"Razak Wahab, Mohd Sukhairi Mat Rasat, Norashikin Mohd Fauzi, Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman, Hashim W. Samsi, Nasihah Mokhtar, Ros Syazmini Mohd Ghani and Muhammad Haziq Razak",authors:[{id:"236995",title:"MSc.",name:"Mohd Sukhairi",surname:"Mat Rasat",fullName:"Mohd Sukhairi Mat Rasat",slug:"mohd-sukhairi-mat-rasat",email:"sukhairi@umk.edu.my"},{id:"237012",title:"Dr.",name:"Razak",surname:"Wahab",fullName:"Razak Wahab",slug:"razak-wahab",email:"drrazakw5181@ucts.edu.my"},{id:"346886",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Abdus Salam",fullName:"Mohammad Abdus Salam",slug:"mohammad-abdus-salam",email:"s_salam1978@yahoo.com"},{id:"348364",title:"MSc.",name:"Muhammad Haziq",surname:"Razak",fullName:"Muhammad Haziq Razak",slug:"muhammad-haziq-razak",email:"ziqzak@gmail.com"},{id:"416130",title:"Dr.",name:"Nur Hafizah",surname:"Ramle",fullName:"Nur Hafizah Ramle",slug:"nur-hafizah-ramle",email:"hafizah.r@umk.edu.my"},{id:"416131",title:"MSc.",name:"Mohamad Saiful",surname:"Sulaiman",fullName:"Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman",slug:"mohamad-saiful-sulaiman",email:"saiful-sulaiman@ucts.edu.my"},{id:"458044",title:"Dr.",name:"Norashikin",surname:"Mohd Fauzi",fullName:"Norashikin Mohd Fauzi",slug:"norashikin-mohd-fauzi",email:"ziqz123ak23524@gmail.com"},{id:"458045",title:"Dr.",name:"Hashim",surname:"W. Samsi",fullName:"Hashim W. Samsi",slug:"hashim-w.-samsi",email:"ziqza1312314k@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",slug:"elaeis-guineensis",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"270041",title:"Prof.",name:"Shamsul Rahman",surname:"Mohamed Kutty",slug:"shamsul-rahman-mohamed-kutty",fullName:"Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"345045",title:"MSc.",name:"Nura Shehu",surname:"Aliyu Yaro",slug:"nura-shehu-aliyu-yaro",fullName:"Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"349977",title:"Mr.",name:"Ahmad Hussaini",surname:"Jagaba",slug:"ahmad-hussaini-jagaba",fullName:"Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"351534",title:"Mr.",name:"Azmatullah",surname:"Noor",slug:"azmatullah-noor",fullName:"Azmatullah Noor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"353634",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Fakhuma Ubaidillah",surname:"Bin Md Hafiz",slug:"mohammad-fakhuma-ubaidillah-bin-md-hafiz",fullName:"Mohammad Fakhuma Ubaidillah Bin Md Hafiz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"353636",title:"Mr.",name:"Ibrahim Mohammed",surname:"Lawal",slug:"ibrahim-mohammed-lawal",fullName:"Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Strathclyde",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"353638",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullahi Haruna",surname:"Birniwa",slug:"abdullahi-haruna-birniwa",fullName:"Abdullahi Haruna Birniwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sule Lamido University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"353639",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdullahi Usman",surname:"Kilaco",slug:"abdullahi-usman-kilaco",fullName:"Abdullahi Usman Kilaco",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hafr Al-Batin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"458039",title:"Dr.",name:"Gasim",surname:"Hayder Ahmed Salih",slug:"gasim-hayder-ahmed-salih",fullName:"Gasim Hayder Ahmed Salih",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"458040",title:"Dr.",name:"Anwar",surname:"Ameen Hezam Saeed",slug:"anwar-ameen-hezam-saeed",fullName:"Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"unsubscribe-successful",title:"Unsubscribe Successful",intro:"
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"72123"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4380},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1293",title:"Mobile Robot",slug:"psychology-neural-network-mobile-robot",parent:{id:"256",title:"Neural Network",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics-neural-network"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1,numberOfWosCitations:125,numberOfCrossrefCitations:107,numberOfDimensionsCitations:261,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1293",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"5787",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5caeb19605b2ebe7260f03131c26a24",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic, Aleksandar Lazinica and Munir Merdan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"15",doi:"10.5772/10672",title:"Neural Networks in Mobile Robot Motion",slug:"neural-network-in-mobile-robot-motion",totalDownloads:3032,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:64,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Danica Janglova",authors:null},{id:"33",doi:"10.5772/4669",title:"Legged Robotic Systems",slug:"legged_robotic_systems",totalDownloads:7012,totalCrossrefCites:40,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Giuseppe Carbone and Marco Ceccarelli",authors:null},{id:"1",doi:"10.5772/4638",title:"Dynamic Modelling and Adaptive Traction Control for Mobile Robots",slug:"dynamic_modelling_and_adaptive_traction_control_for_mobile_robots",totalDownloads:4930,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Abdulgani Albagul, Wahyudi Martono and Riza Muhida",authors:null},{id:"30",doi:"10.5772/4666",title:"A Robotic System for Volcano Exploration",slug:"a_robotic_system_for_volcano_exploration",totalDownloads:5781,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Daniele Caltabiano and Giovanni Muscato",authors:null},{id:"18",doi:"10.5772/4654",title:"Autonomous Navigation of Unmanned Vehicles: A Fuzzy Logic Perspective",slug:"autonomous_navigation_of_unmanned_vehicles__a_fuzzy_logic_perspective",totalDownloads:6322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Nikos C. Tsourveloudis, Lefteris Doitsidis and Kimon P. Valavanis",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"15",title:"Neural Networks in Mobile Robot Motion",slug:"neural-network-in-mobile-robot-motion",totalDownloads:3032,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:64,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Danica Janglova",authors:null},{id:"12",title:"Managing Limited Sensing Resources for Mobile Robots Obstacle Avoidance",slug:"managing_limited_sensing_resources_for_mobile_robots_obstacle_avoidance",totalDownloads:3315,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Juan Carlos Alvarez, Rafael C. Gonzalez, Diego Alvarez and Antonio M. Lopez",authors:null},{id:"2",title:"Rapid Prototyping for Robotics",slug:"rapid_prototyping_for_robotics",totalDownloads:7895,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Imme Ebert-Uphoff, Clement M. Gosselin, David W. Rosen and Thierry Laliberte",authors:null},{id:"33",title:"Legged Robotic Systems",slug:"legged_robotic_systems",totalDownloads:7008,totalCrossrefCites:40,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Giuseppe Carbone and Marco Ceccarelli",authors:null},{id:"30",title:"A Robotic System for Volcano Exploration",slug:"a_robotic_system_for_volcano_exploration",totalDownloads:5777,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"5787",slug:"cutting_edge_robotics",title:"Cutting Edge Robotics",fullTitle:"Cutting Edge Robotics"},signatures:"Daniele Caltabiano and Giovanni Muscato",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1293",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 23rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",signatures:"Mejra Bektašević and Olivera Politeo",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80859",title:"Antioxidant Effect and Medicinal Properties of Allspice Essential Oil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103001",signatures:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila, Julián Cruz-Olivares and César Pérez-Alonso",slug:"antioxidant-effect-and-medicinal-properties-of-allspice-essential-oil",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80777",title:"Starch: A Veritable Natural Polymer for Economic Revolution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102941",signatures:"Obi P. Adigwe, Henry O. Egharevba and Martins O. Emeje",slug:"starch-a-veritable-natural-polymer-for-economic-revolution",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80673",title:"Teucrium ramosissimum Derived-Natural Products and Its Potent Effect in Alleviating the Pathological Kidney Damage in LPS-Induced Mice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102788",signatures:"Fatma Guesmi and Ahmed Landoulsi",slug:"teucrium-ramosissimum-derived-natural-products-and-its-potent-effect-in-alleviating-the-pathological",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80600",title:"Essential Oil as Green Preservative Obtained by Ecofriendly Extraction Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103035",signatures:"Nashwa Fathy Sayed Morsy",slug:"essential-oil-as-green-preservative-obtained-by-ecofriendly-extraction-techniques",totalDownloads:61,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Nashwa",surname:"Morsy"}],book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79875",title:"Comparative Study of the Physiochemical Composition and Techno-Functional Properties of Two Extracted Acorn Starches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101562",signatures:"Youkabed Zarroug, Mouna Boulares, Dorra Sfayhi and Bechir Slimi",slug:"comparative-study-of-the-physiochemical-composition-and-techno-functional-properties-of-two-extracte",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80395",title:"History, Evolution and Future of Starch Industry in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102712",signatures:"Obi Peter Adigwe, Judith Eloyi John and Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"history-evolution-and-future-of-starch-industry-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:52,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80168",title:"Benzimidazole: Pharmacological Profile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102091",signatures:"Mahender Thatikayala, Anil Kumar Garige and Hemalatha Gadegoni",slug:"benzimidazole-pharmacological-profile",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80122",title:"Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102037",signatures:"Ishrat Nazir and Sajad Ahmad Gangoo",slug:"pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-potentials-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80130",title:"Exploring the Versatility of Benzimidazole Scaffolds as Medicinal Agents: A Brief Update",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101942",signatures:"Gopakumar Kavya and Akhil Sivan",slug:"exploring-the-versatility-of-benzimidazole-scaffolds-as-medicinal-agents-a-brief-update",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80018",title:"Potato Starch as Affected by Varieties, Storage Treatments and Conditions of Tubers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101831",signatures:"Saleem Siddiqui, Naseer Ahmed and Neeraj Phogat",slug:"potato-starch-as-affected-by-varieties-storage-treatments-and-conditions-of-tubers",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80023",title:"Binary Interactions and Starch Bioavailability: Critical in Limiting Glycemic Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101833",signatures:"Veda Krishnan, Monika Awana, Debarati Mondal, Piyush Verma, Archana Singh and Shelly Praveen",slug:"binary-interactions-and-starch-bioavailability-critical-in-limiting-glycemic-response",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79964",title:"The Anticancer Profile of Benzimidazolium Salts and their Metal Complexes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101729",signatures:"Imran Ahmad Khan, Noor ul Amin Mohsin, Sana Aslam and Matloob Ahmad",slug:"the-anticancer-profile-of-benzimidazolium-salts-and-their-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79835",title:"Advances of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Bench to Bedside",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101702",signatures:"Kashif Haider and Mohammad Shahar Yar",slug:"advances-of-benzimidazole-derivatives-as-anticancer-agents-bench-to-bedside",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79856",title:"Starch-Based Hybrid Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101697",signatures:"Ashoka Gamage, Thiviya Punniamoorthy and Terrence Madhujith",slug:"starch-based-hybrid-nanomaterials-for-environmental-remediation",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/416131",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"416131"},fullPath:"/profiles/416131",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()