\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5541",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating the Thin-film Systems and Coatings",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Development of the thin film and coating technologies (TFCT) made possible the technological revolution in electronics and through it the revolution in IT and communications in the end of the twentieth century. Now, TFCT penetrated in many sectors of human life and industry: biology and medicine; nuclear, fusion, and hydrogen energy; protection against corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement; jet engine; space materials science; and many others. Currently, TFCT along with nanotechnologies is the most promising for the development of almost all industries. The 20 chapters of this book present the achievements of thin-film technology in many areas mentioned above but more than any other in medicine and biology and energy saving and energy efficiency.",isbn:"978-953-51-3004-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3003-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4103-7",doi:"10.5772/63326",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-the-thin-film-systems-and-coatings",numberOfPages:444,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"076a9d5440634eb52d02bd45a8ce7cfd",bookSignature:"Nikolay N. Nikitenkov",publishedDate:"March 8th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5541.jpg",numberOfDownloads:46181,numberOfWosCitations:144,numberOfCrossrefCitations:76,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:161,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:8,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:381,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 19th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 9th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 5th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 4th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"16402",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:"N.",surname:"Nikitenkov",slug:"nikolay-nikitenkov",fullName:"Nikolay Nikitenkov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16402/images/5234_n.jpg",biography:"Nikolay N. Nikitenkov finished his studies at the Moscow State University and there defended his candidate and doctoral dissertations in Physics. \nCurrently, he is a professor at Tomsk Polytechnic University. He lectures in the direction of “Modern Methods of Studying Solid Surfaces and Thin Films.” He is the researcher and expert in the following directions: modern technologies for creating thin-film systems and coatings; physics of metal-hydrogen systems; and modern research methods of the surfaces and thin films. \nHe has published over 150 articles in these areas, including more than 50 in international journals, with high rating.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"955",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"semiconductor-biotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"53336",title:"Molecular Precursor Method for Fabricating p-Type Cu2O and Metallic Cu Thin Films",doi:"10.5772/66476",slug:"molecular-precursor-method-for-fabricating-p-type-cu2o-and-metallic-cu-thin-films",totalDownloads:2374,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Functional thin films are used in various fields of our life. Many different methods are used to fabricate these films including physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical processes. The chemical processes can be used to manufacture thin films in a relatively cheap way, as compared to PVD methods. This chapter summarizes the procedures of the molecular precursor method (MPM), a chemical process, for fabrication of both metal oxide semiconductor Cu2O and metallic Cu thin films by utilizing Cu(II) complexes in coating solutions. The MPM, recently developed and reported by the present authors, represents a facile procedure for thin film fabrication of various metal oxides or phosphates. This method pertinent to the coordination chemistry and materials science including nanoscience and nanotechnology has provided various thin films of high quality. The MPM is based on the design of metal complexes in coating solutions with excellent stability, homogeneity, miscibility, coatability, etc., which are practical advantages. The metal oxides and phosphates are useful as the electron and/or ion conductors, semiconductors, dielectric materials, etc. This chapter will describe the principle and recent achievement, mainly on fabricating the p-type Cu2O and metallic Cu thin films of the MPM.",signatures:"Hiroki Nagai and Mitsunobu Sato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53336",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53336",authors:[{id:"148259",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsunobu",surname:"Sato",slug:"mitsunobu-sato",fullName:"Mitsunobu Sato"},{id:"148920",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroki",surname:"Nagai",slug:"hiroki-nagai",fullName:"Hiroki Nagai"}],corrections:null},{id:"53706",title:"Modification of Oxide Thin Films with Low-Energy Ion Bombardment",doi:"10.5772/66651",slug:"modification-of-oxide-thin-films-with-low-energy-ion-bombardment",totalDownloads:1658,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We review in this chapter the use of low-energy ion bombardment (LEIB) in oxide thin films. In most cases, radiation effects in oxides are ultimately based on the preferential sputtering of the oxygen anions, yielding a chemically reduced oxide. The physics governing the processes in the low ion energy range will be briefly commented here. Also, general uses and applications of LEIB are reviewed here, focusing later in those specific applications on oxide layers. LEIB in oxides has supported, for instance, the fabrication of conductive transparent layers on top of semiconductors or the formation of self-organized morphological surface patterns. Finally, we show a novel application of LEIB when applied on single-crystalline surfaces of some oxides, which is the formation of an epitaxial thin film of the corresponding suboxide. For instance, we show how ion bombardment transform the surface of TiO2(110) into an epitaxial TiO(001) thin film.",signatures:"Oscar Rodríguez de la Fuente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53706",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53706",authors:[{id:"193413",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar Rodriguez",surname:"de la Fuente",slug:"oscar-rodriguez-de-la-fuente",fullName:"Oscar Rodriguez de la Fuente"}],corrections:null},{id:"53135",title:"Conventional and Un-Conventional Lithography for Fabricating Thin Film Functional Devices",doi:"10.5772/66028",slug:"conventional-and-un-conventional-lithography-for-fabricating-thin-film-functional-devices",totalDownloads:2026,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thin film devices are conquering many aspects of today’s life, and continuous shrinking of building block dimensions of these structures enhances their performances and makes them economically attractive. This chapter is an overview of some conventional and unconventional lithography techniques used to fabricate thin film functional structures. Several aspects of pattern transfer were addressed with emphasis on the limits of these lithography techniques. We have thus highlighted the issue of pitch resolution for optical lithography and discussed some aspect of proximity effects for electron beam lithography. Pattern transfer from resist image to the wafer was also discussed. Considered as unconventional, we discussed several aspects linked to thin film fabrication using nanoimprint and nanosphere lithography techniques.",signatures:"Abdelhanin Aassime and Frederic Hamouda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53135",authors:[{id:"192612",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel",surname:"Aassime",slug:"abdel-aassime",fullName:"Abdel Aassime"},{id:"193466",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederic",surname:"Hamouda",slug:"frederic-hamouda",fullName:"Frederic Hamouda"}],corrections:null},{id:"52741",title:"In Situ Engineering and Characterization of Correlated Materials with Integrated OMBE–ARPES",doi:"10.5772/65711",slug:"in-situ-engineering-and-characterization-of-correlated-materials-with-integrated-ombe-arpes",totalDownloads:1699,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oxide molecular beam epitaxy has emerged as an effective technique to fabricate complex oxide thin films and novel superlattices with atomic‐level precision. In this chapter, we first briefly introduce the oxide molecular beam epitaxy technique and then show how to use this technique to achieve high‐quality thin films with good stoichiometry. Moreover, we exhibit that the combination of oxide molecular beam epitaxy and in situ angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy is indeed a versatile toolkit to tailor and characterize properties of novel quantum materials.",signatures:"Dawei Shen, Haifeng Yang and Zhengtai Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52741",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52741",authors:[{id:"192602",title:"Prof.",name:"Dawei",surname:"Shen",slug:"dawei-shen",fullName:"Dawei Shen"},{id:"195396",title:"Mr.",name:"Haifeng",surname:"Yang",slug:"haifeng-yang",fullName:"Haifeng Yang"},{id:"195397",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhengtai",surname:"Liu",slug:"zhengtai-liu",fullName:"Zhengtai Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53122",title:"Anomalous Rashba Effect of Bi Thin Film Studied by Spin-Resolved ARPES",doi:"10.5772/66278",slug:"anomalous-rashba-effect-of-bi-thin-film-studied-by-spin-resolved-arpes",totalDownloads:2120,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Rashba effect is a momentum‐dependent splitting of spin bands in two‐dimensional systems such as surface, interface and heterostructure. The effect is caused by broken space‐inversion symmetry and spin‐orbit coupling and allows to manipulate and generate the spin by the electric fields, that is, without the magnetic field. It means that the devices applied to the Rashba effect have many advantages. Bismuth is known as a promising candidate to investigate the surface Rashba effect, and the spin structure of Bi surface has also been intensively discussed. However, it is unclear to what extent the so far believed simple vortical spin structure is adequate. To understand the surface properties of the Rashba system is particularly important when utilizing the Rashba effect to the spintronic devices, since it is desirable to control the spin polarization when developing new types of devices. In this chapter, we report that the surface spin states of the Bi thin film exhibit unusual characteristics unlike the conventional Rashba splitting by using a spin‐ and angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurement.",signatures:"Akari Takayama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53122",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53122",authors:[{id:"192655",title:"Dr.",name:"Akari",surname:"Takayama",slug:"akari-takayama",fullName:"Akari Takayama"}],corrections:null},{id:"53768",title:"Electrochemical Deposition of P3AT Films Used as a Probe of Optical Properties in Polymeric System",doi:"10.5772/66921",slug:"electrochemical-deposition-of-p3at-films-used-as-a-probe-of-optical-properties-in-polymeric-system",totalDownloads:1479,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Poly(3‐alkylthiophene) (P3ATs) have been extensively used in photovoltaic devices such as a p‐type organic Semiconductors. However, several electronic properties of P3ATs present energy transfer inter- and intra-chains that have direct consequences on the performance of optoelectronic devices. Traditionally electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and chronocoulometry, have been applied to process polymer thin films and unconventional spectroscopy techniques are used to characterize the electronic properties. In the present work, we used an innovative technique called ellipsometry emission to investigate the optical properties of P3AT films. We propose a new approach to study the electrochemical synthesize and unintentional doping processes of polymeric systems. We showed a strong correlation between the electrochemical synthesis and the optical properties controlling the film growth conditions for P3ATs. The results obtained in the present study can be potentially utilized for applications in organic devices, mainly in photovoltaic cells when the film deposition and the optical properties control are relevant.",signatures:"Sankler Soares de Sá, Fernando Costa Basílio, Henrique de Santana,\nAlexandre Marletta and Eralci Moreira Therézio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53768",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53768",authors:[{id:"108424",title:"Dr.",name:"Eralci",surname:"Therézio",slug:"eralci-therezio",fullName:"Eralci Therézio"},{id:"112374",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Marletta",slug:"alexandre-marletta",fullName:"Alexandre Marletta"},{id:"193248",title:"Prof.",name:"Henrique",surname:"De Santana",slug:"henrique-de-santana",fullName:"Henrique De Santana"},{id:"196156",title:"BSc.",name:"Sankler",surname:"Soares De Sá",slug:"sankler-soares-de-sa",fullName:"Sankler Soares De Sá"},{id:"196157",title:"MSc.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Costa Basílio",slug:"fernando-costa-basilio",fullName:"Fernando Costa Basílio"}],corrections:null},{id:"53803",title:"Magnetic Properties of Hausmannite Thin Films",doi:"10.5772/66533",slug:"magnetic-properties-of-hausmannite-thin-films",totalDownloads:1498,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The magnetic properties of hausmannite thin films are investigated in this chapter. The Verdet constant and angle of Faraday rotation are determined. The magnetic anisotropy of Mn3O4 is explained by the measurement of the zero-field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) curves. This experiment is connected with the presentation of the ferromagnetic to superparamagnetic transition of the hausmannite.",signatures:"Petya Petkova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53803",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53803",authors:[{id:"192115",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petya",surname:"Petkova",slug:"petya-petkova",fullName:"Petya Petkova"}],corrections:null},{id:"52684",title:"Advance Deposition Techniques for Thin Film and Coating",doi:"10.5772/65702",slug:"advance-deposition-techniques-for-thin-film-and-coating",totalDownloads:7649,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:59,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Thin films have a great impact on the modern era of technology. Thin films are considered as backbone for advanced applications in the various fields such as optical devices, environmental applications, telecommunications devices, energy storage devices, and so on . The crucial issue for all applications of thin films depends on their morphology and the stability. The morphology of the thin films strongly hinges on deposition techniques. Thin films can be deposited by the physical and chemical routes. In this chapter, we discuss some advance techniques and principles of thin-film depositions. The vacuum thermal evaporation technique, electron beam evaporation, pulsed-layer deposition, direct current/radio frequency magnetron sputtering, and chemical route deposition systems will be discussed in detail.",signatures:"Asim Jilani, Mohamed Shaaban Abdel-wahab and Ahmed Hosny\nHammad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52684",authors:[{id:"192377",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",surname:"Jilani",slug:"asim-jilani",fullName:"Asim Jilani"},{id:"192972",title:"Dr.",name:"M.Sh",surname:"Abdel-Wahab",slug:"m.sh-abdel-wahab",fullName:"M.Sh Abdel-Wahab"},{id:"192973",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Hammad",slug:"ahmed-hammad",fullName:"Ahmed Hammad"}],corrections:null},{id:"53870",title:"Vanadium Oxide Thin Films Obtained by Thermal Annealing of Layers Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering at Room Temperature",doi:"10.5772/67054",slug:"vanadium-oxide-thin-films-obtained-by-thermal-annealing-of-layers-deposited-by-rf-magnetron-sputteri",totalDownloads:2472,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes a new deposition method proposed to achieve Vanadium Oxide VOx/V2O5 thin films with high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), intended to be used as functional material in IR microsensors (bolometers). The main aim of the work is to attain a deposition method compatible with the lift-off microstructuring technique in order to avoid the use of a reactive-ion etching (RIE) process step to selectively remove the VOx/V2O5 deposited layer in the course of the definition of the bolometer geometry, preventing the harmful effects linked to the spatial variability and the lack of selectivity of the RIE process. The proposed technique makes use of a two-stage process to produce the well-controlled VOx or V2O5 thin films by applying a suitable thermal annealing to a previously deposited layer, which was obtained before at room temperature by RF magnetron sputtering and patterned by lift-off. A set of measurements has been carried out with thin films attained in order to check the quality and properties of the materials achieved with this method. The results reached with V2O5 pure phase films are consistent with a charge transport model based on the small polarons hopping derived from Mott’s model under the Schnakenberg form.",signatures:"Hernan M. R. Giannetta, Carlos Calaza, Liliana Fraigi and Luis\nFonseca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53870",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53870",authors:[{id:"193225",title:"Dr.",name:"Hernan",surname:"Giannetta",slug:"hernan-giannetta",fullName:"Hernan Giannetta"},{id:"193473",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Calaza",slug:"carlos-calaza",fullName:"Carlos Calaza"},{id:"200592",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Fraigi",slug:"liliana-fraigi",fullName:"Liliana Fraigi"},{id:"200593",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Fonseca",slug:"luis-fonseca",fullName:"Luis Fonseca"}],corrections:null},{id:"52908",title:"Smart Thermoresponsive Surfaces Based on pNIPAm Coatings and Laser Method for Biological Applications",doi:"10.5772/66280",slug:"smart-thermoresponsive-surfaces-based-on-pnipam-coatings-and-laser-method-for-biological-application",totalDownloads:1866,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Various applications within last decades such as bacterially resistant surfaces, soft robotics, drug delivery systems, sensors and tissue engineering are poised to feature the importance of the ability to control bio-interfacial interactions. An enhanced attention is dedicated to designing smart stimuli-responsive interfaces for DNA, drug delivery, protein and cell based applications. Within this context, the thermoresponsive materials, especially poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) have been intensively used in tissue engineering applications for a controlled detachment of proteins and cells with a minimum of invasive effect on protein and cell structural conformation. The properties of smart bio-interfaces can be controlled by its composition and polymer architecture. Therefore, appropriate methods for obtaining controlled coatings are necessary. Laser methods were successfully used in the last decades for obtaining controlled organic and inorganic coatings for various types of applications, from electronics to tissue engineering. Among these, Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique bring us a step forward to other laser methods by avoiding damage and photochemical decomposition of materials. In this chapter we describe materials and approaches used for design of smart bio-interfaces aimed at controlling protein and cells behavior in vitro, focusing MAPLE method for tuning coatings characteristics in relation with biological response.",signatures:"Laurentiu Rusen, Valentina Dinca, Cosmin Mustaciosu, Madalina\nIcriverzi, Livia Elena Sima, Anca Bonciu, Simona Brajnicov, Natalia\nMihailescu, Nicoleta Dumitrescu, Alexandru I. Popovici, Anca\nRoseanu and Maria Dinescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52908",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52908",authors:[{id:"32241",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Dinescu",slug:"maria-dinescu",fullName:"Maria Dinescu"},{id:"176781",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",surname:"Dinca",slug:"valentina-dinca",fullName:"Valentina Dinca"},{id:"176783",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurentiu",surname:"Rusen",slug:"laurentiu-rusen",fullName:"Laurentiu Rusen"},{id:"177680",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Anca",surname:"Bonciu",slug:"anca-bonciu",fullName:"Anca Bonciu"},{id:"193439",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Madalina",surname:"Icriverzi",slug:"madalina-icriverzi",fullName:"Madalina Icriverzi"},{id:"193441",title:"Dr.",name:"Livia Elena",surname:"Sima",slug:"livia-elena-sima",fullName:"Livia Elena Sima"},{id:"193442",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simona",surname:"Brajnicov",slug:"simona-brajnicov",fullName:"Simona Brajnicov"},{id:"193443",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nicoleta",surname:"Dumitrescu",slug:"nicoleta-dumitrescu",fullName:"Nicoleta Dumitrescu"},{id:"193444",title:"Dr.",name:"Cosmin",surname:"Mustaciosu",slug:"cosmin-mustaciosu",fullName:"Cosmin Mustaciosu"},{id:"193445",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",surname:"Roseanu",slug:"anca-roseanu",fullName:"Anca Roseanu"},{id:"196184",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Serban",slug:"natalia-serban",fullName:"Natalia Serban"},{id:"198275",title:"Ms.",name:"A.I.",surname:"Popovici",slug:"a.i.-popovici",fullName:"A.I. Popovici"}],corrections:null},{id:"53460",title:"Controlled Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA) as New Method to Control the Specific Surface in Hydroxyapatite Thin Coatings",doi:"10.5772/66468",slug:"controlled-rate-thermal-analysis-crta-as-new-method-to-control-the-specific-surface-in-hydroxyapatit",totalDownloads:1472,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The control of the texture in synthetic hydroxyapatite ceramics had limited their application in the field of the materials for bone implantation, even more when it is used as a filling in cements and other formulations in orthopedic surgery. The present article shows preliminary results demonstrating the effectiveness of a modification of the controlled rate thermal analysis (CRTA), developed by J. Rouquerol, used for the preparation of ceramic materials with controlled textural characteristics, during the formation of ceramic powders of synthetic hydroxyapatite at low temperatures. The thermal treatments of the hydroxyapatite were carried out in a device connected to a computer, to control temperature and pressure system, keeping the decomposition speed constant. Results, reported when preparing ceramic powders of hydroxyapatite at 300 and 850°C under controlled pressure, using synthetic hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P molar ratio equal to 1.64, were checked using IR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction, showed that the formed phase corresponds to that of crystalline hydroxyapatite, even at 300°C of maximum temperature. Values of specific surface (BET) between 17 and 66 m2/g, with pore size in the range of 50–300 Å in both cases are obtained by N2 absorption isotherms, when analyzing the isotherms of nitrogen absorption.",signatures:"E. Peón, A. El hadad, F.R. García‐Galván, A. Jiménez‐Morales and J.C.\nGalván",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53460",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53460",authors:[{id:"177750",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonia",surname:"Jiménez-Morales",slug:"antonia-jimenez-morales",fullName:"Antonia Jiménez-Morales"},{id:"177751",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",surname:"Galván",slug:"juan-carlos-galvan",fullName:"Juan Carlos Galván"},{id:"199040",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Peon",slug:"eduardo-peon",fullName:"Eduardo Peon"},{id:"199041",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",surname:"El-Hadad",slug:"amir-el-hadad",fullName:"Amir El-Hadad"},{id:"199042",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Federico R.",surname:"García-Galván",slug:"federico-r.-garcia-galvan",fullName:"Federico R. García-Galván"}],corrections:null},{id:"53225",title:"Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputter Deposition as a Tool for Surface Modification of Medical Implants",doi:"10.5772/66396",slug:"radio-frequency-magnetron-sputter-deposition-as-a-tool-for-surface-modification-of-medical-implants",totalDownloads:2270,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:28,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The resent advances in radio frequency (RF)‐magnetron sputtering of hydroxyapatite films are reviewed and challenges posed. The principles underlying RF‐magnetron sputtering used to prepare calcium phosphate‐based, mainly hydroxyapatite coatings, are discussed in this chapter. The fundamental characteristic of the RF‐magnetron sputtering is an energy input into the growing film. In order to tailor the film properties, one has to adjust the energy input into the substrate depending on the desired film properties. The effect of different deposition control parameters, such as deposition time, substrate temperature, and substrate biasing on the hydroxyapatite (HA) film properties is discussed.",signatures:"Roman Surmenev, Alina Vladescu, Maria Surmeneva, Anna Ivanova,\nMariana Braic, Irina Grubova and Cosmin Mihai Cotrut",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53225",authors:[{id:"193921",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",surname:"Vladescu",slug:"alina-vladescu",fullName:"Alina Vladescu"},{id:"193922",title:"Prof.",name:"Roman",surname:"Surmenev",slug:"roman-surmenev",fullName:"Roman Surmenev"},{id:"193923",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Surmeneva",slug:"maria-surmeneva",fullName:"Maria Surmeneva"},{id:"193948",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Braic",slug:"mariana-braic",fullName:"Mariana Braic"},{id:"194047",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",surname:"Ivanova",slug:"anna-ivanova",fullName:"Anna Ivanova"},{id:"194048",title:"BSc.",name:"Irina",surname:"Grubova",slug:"irina-grubova",fullName:"Irina Grubova"},{id:"196398",title:"Prof.",name:"Cosmin Mihai",surname:"Cotrut",slug:"cosmin-mihai-cotrut",fullName:"Cosmin Mihai Cotrut"}],corrections:null},{id:"53818",title:"Thin Films for Immobilization of Complexes with Optical Properties",doi:"10.5772/66512",slug:"thin-films-for-immobilization-of-complexes-with-optical-properties",totalDownloads:1744,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thin film deposition techniques, such as dip coating, spin coating, and spray pyrolysis, are applied for the production of SiO2-, poly-(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)-, and SiO2-/polyester-based “hybrid” matrices. The factors influencing the film properties are briefly discussed. The morphology of the films presented is studied by different microscopy techniques such as atomic force microscopy, electron (scanning and transmission) microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The composites based on SiO2-, PMMA-, and SiO2/polyster “hybrid” matrices possess the optical properties of the immobilized complexes of Ru(II) and Eu(III) with different organic ligands. The preparation of the PMMA matrix by the monomer methylmethacrylate polymerization (instead of using of PMMA solution) caused partial destruction of the less stable complexes and thereby a decrease in the fluorescence intensity.",signatures:"Joana Zaharieva and Maria Milanova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53818",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53818",authors:[{id:"193357",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Joana",surname:"Zaharieva",slug:"joana-zaharieva",fullName:"Joana Zaharieva"},{id:"193376",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Milanova",slug:"maria-milanova",fullName:"Maria Milanova"}],corrections:null},{id:"53903",title:"Silicon Oxycarbide Thin films and Nanostructures: Synthesis, Properties and Applications",doi:"10.5772/66992",slug:"silicon-oxycarbide-thin-films-and-nanostructures-synthesis-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:2662,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Silicon oxycarbide (SiCxOy) has been extensively investigated due to its wide use in the Si semiconductor industry in applications that include low-k dielectrics, passivation layers, and etch-stop layers. Furthermore, SiCxOy research has been exploring its prospective use in numerous other technological usages, such as lighting, energy, and biological applications. The latter include white light-emitting materials, hydrogen storage materials, gas sensors, anode materials for lithium batteries, and biomedical devices. SiCxOy materials can intensively luminescence in a broad emission spectral range that spans the ultraviolet, the visible, and even the near-infrared spectrum, when doped with erbium. Herein, we present pertinent results on the material behaviors from chemically synthesized SiCxOy thin films and nanowires. Moreover, their light-emitting properties and underlying mechanisms for light emission are explored in conjunction with data from their thin film counterparts, which are also employed as baseline comparison metric. We further highlight major challenges and promises of such materials.",signatures:"Spyros Gallis, Vasileios Nikas and Alain E. Kaloyeros",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53903",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53903",authors:[{id:"193036",title:"Dr.",name:"Spyros",surname:"Gallis",slug:"spyros-gallis",fullName:"Spyros Gallis"},{id:"200997",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasileios",surname:"Nikas",slug:"vasileios-nikas",fullName:"Vasileios Nikas"},{id:"200998",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain E.",surname:"Kaloyeros",slug:"alain-e.-kaloyeros",fullName:"Alain E. Kaloyeros"}],corrections:null},{id:"52724",title:"Growth and Characteristics of High-quality InN by Plasma- Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy",doi:"10.5772/65812",slug:"growth-and-characteristics-of-high-quality-inn-by-plasma-assisted-molecular-beam-epitaxy",totalDownloads:1771,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The high-quality InN epifilms and InN microdisks have been grown with InGaN buffer layers at low temperatures by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence. The characteristics of the InN epifilms and InN microdisks were studied, and the role of InGaN buffer was evaluated.",signatures:"Chen-Chi Yang, Ikai Lo, Cheng-Hung Shih, Chia-Hsuan Hu,\nYing‑Chieh Wang, Yu‑Chiao Lin, Cheng-Da Tsai, Hui‑Chun Huang,\nMitch M. C. Chou, Cheng‑Chang Yu and Der-Jun Jang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52724",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52724",authors:[{id:"193098",title:"Prof.",name:"Ikai",surname:"Lo",slug:"ikai-lo",fullName:"Ikai Lo"},{id:"195317",title:"Mr.",name:"Chen-Chi",surname:"Yang",slug:"chen-chi-yang",fullName:"Chen-Chi Yang"},{id:"195318",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng-Hung",surname:"Shih",slug:"cheng-hung-shih",fullName:"Cheng-Hung Shih"},{id:"195319",title:"Prof.",name:"Der-Jun",surname:"Jang",slug:"der-jun-jang",fullName:"Der-Jun Jang"},{id:"195320",title:"Mr.",name:"Cheng-Chang",surname:"Yu",slug:"cheng-chang-yu",fullName:"Cheng-Chang Yu"},{id:"195321",title:"Dr.",name:"Chia-Hsuan",surname:"Hu",slug:"chia-hsuan-hu",fullName:"Chia-Hsuan Hu"},{id:"195322",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying-Chieh",surname:"Wang",slug:"ying-chieh-wang",fullName:"Ying-Chieh Wang"},{id:"195323",title:"Mr.",name:"Yu-Chiao",surname:"Lin",slug:"yu-chiao-lin",fullName:"Yu-Chiao Lin"},{id:"195324",title:"Mr.",name:"Cheng-Da",surname:"Tsai",slug:"cheng-da-tsai",fullName:"Cheng-Da Tsai"},{id:"195325",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui-Chun",surname:"Huang",slug:"hui-chun-huang",fullName:"Hui-Chun Huang"},{id:"195326",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitch M. C.",surname:"Chou",slug:"mitch-m.-c.-chou",fullName:"Mitch M. C. Chou"}],corrections:null},{id:"52951",title:"Chemical Solution Deposition Technique of Thin-Film Ceramic Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells",doi:"10.5772/66125",slug:"chemical-solution-deposition-technique-of-thin-film-ceramic-electrolytes-for-solid-oxide-fuel-cells",totalDownloads:2419,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chemical solution deposition (CSD) technique is recently gaining momentum for the fabrication of electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its cost-effectiveness, high yield, and simplicity of the process requirements. The advanced vacuum deposition techniques such as sputtering, atomic layer deposition (ALD), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are lacking in scalability and cost-effectiveness. CSD technique includes a variety of approaches such as sol-gel process, chelate process, and metallo-organic decomposition. The present chapter discusses briefly about the evolution of CSD method and its subsequent entry to the field of SOFCs, various solution methods associated with different chemical compositions, film deposition techniques, chemical reactions, heat treatment strategies, nucleation and growth kinetics, associated defects, etc. Examples are cited to bring out the history dating back to the discovery of amorphous zirconia film through the successful fabrication of the crystalline fluorite-type films such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), scandia-doped ceria (SDC), and crystalline perovskite-type films such as yttria-doped barium zirconate (BZY) and yttria-doped barium cerate (BCY), to name a few.",signatures:"Mridula Biswas and Pei-Chen Su",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52951",authors:[{id:"193015",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei-Chen",surname:"Su",slug:"pei-chen-su",fullName:"Pei-Chen Su"},{id:"193328",title:"Dr.",name:"Mridula",surname:"Biswas",slug:"mridula-biswas",fullName:"Mridula Biswas"}],corrections:null},{id:"54102",title:"Modern Technologies for Creating Nanostructures in Thin‐Film Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/66968",slug:"modern-technologies-for-creating-nanostructures-in-thin-film-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1491,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most photovoltaic devices (solar cells) sold in the market today are based on silicon wafers, so‐called first‐generation technology. There is an argument whether the market at present is on the verge of switching to a “second generation” of thin‐film solar cell technology. Thin‐film photovoltaic device technology relies on light management to enhance light absorption in thin absorber layers. The use of the ZnO nanorods in the thin‐film solar cells is an effective way to decrease the reflection. The variation of the geometrical parameters of the ZnO nanorods, such as the diameter, the height and the density, can lead to an optimum, which results in the maximal absorption in the absorber.",signatures:"Yang Tang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54102",authors:[{id:"193011",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",surname:"Tang",slug:"yang-tang",fullName:"Yang Tang"}],corrections:null},{id:"53150",title:"Close‐Spaced Sublimation (CSS): A Low‐Cost, High‐Yield Deposition System for Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Thin Film Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/66040",slug:"close-spaced-sublimation-css-a-low-cost-high-yield-deposition-system-for-cadmium-telluride-cdte-thin",totalDownloads:2221,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Semiconductors are the key materials in many of our modern day devices, such as sensors, integrated circuits, energy harvesting devices, optoelectronics and so on. However, apart from two known elemental semiconductors that are silicon and germanium, we have been using many of the synthesized ones since the microelectronic revolution known as invention of transistor. Numerous compound semiconductors since then have been synthesized, grown, deposited or simply fabricated by numerous processes in the scientific community. To avoid associated chemical disposals or keep safe from toxic or combustible gas usages in any semiconductor fabrication facilities, many researchers choose physical vapor deposition as the simplest method. One of such processes is called Close-Spaced Sublimation (CSS), which is a kind of thermal evaporation by nature. This chapter would give a comprehensive outline on CSS as one of the most advantageous semiconductor deposition processes for many compound semiconductors having relatively low evaporation temperature. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is one of the examples utilized for solar cell absorber materials since the early 1980s using CSS technique. Therefore, growth of CdTe thin films by CSS and its utilization in thin film solar cells will be discussed to comprehend the ultimate benefits of the close-spaced sublimation (CSS) process.",signatures:"Nowshad Amin and Kazi Sajedur Rahman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53150",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53150",authors:[{id:"192623",title:"Dr.",name:"Nowshad",surname:"Amin",slug:"nowshad-amin",fullName:"Nowshad Amin"},{id:"192872",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazi Sajedur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"kazi-sajedur-rahman",fullName:"Kazi Sajedur Rahman"}],corrections:null},{id:"54196",title:"Effects of CdCl2 Treatment on Physical Properties of CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cell",doi:"10.5772/67191",slug:"effects-of-cdcl2-treatment-on-physical-properties-of-cdte-cds-thin-film-solar-cell",totalDownloads:2129,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We report CdTe, CdS, and ITO thin films on glass substrates for solar cell fabrication by closed space sublimation and chemical bath deposition. CdTe and CdS thin films were sublimated to chemical treatment at 25°C in a saturated CdCl2 solution (1.04 g/100 ml methanol) and heat treated at 400°C for 30 minutes. Indium tin oxide and tellurium films were analyzed by spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscopy. It has been observed that solar cell performance can be improved by depositing a CdCl2 layer on the CdTe/CdS layers. The optical, structural, and morphological changes of CdTe and CdS surfaces on CdTe/CdS/ITO/glass solar cells due to CdCl2 solution treatment followed by annealing for 400°C were studied. Optical analysis showed about 15% decrease in transmittance after CdCl2 heat treatment in case of CdTe thin film, whereas CdS thin film demonstrated an increase of about 10–15% transmittance after CdCl2 heat treatment. Similarly, a decrease in band gap values was found for both CdTe and CdS thin films after CdCl2 heat treatment. XRD and SEM results of CdCl2 heat‐treated CdTe and CdS samples showed recrystallization, reorientation, and progressive increase in grain size. The grain sizes of CdTe and CdS samples demonstrated an increase of about 0.2 µm.",signatures:"Nazar Abbas Shah, Zamran Rabeel, Murrawat Abbas and Waqar Adil\nSyed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54196",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54196",authors:[{id:"179171",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazar",surname:"Shah",slug:"nazar-shah",fullName:"Nazar Shah"},{id:"203285",title:"Dr.",name:"Zamran",surname:"Rabeel",slug:"zamran-rabeel",fullName:"Zamran Rabeel"},{id:"203286",title:"Dr.",name:"Murrawat",surname:"Abbas",slug:"murrawat-abbas",fullName:"Murrawat Abbas"}],corrections:null},{id:"53792",title:"Silver-Based Low-Emissivity Coating Technology for Energy- Saving Window Applications",doi:"10.5772/67085",slug:"silver-based-low-emissivity-coating-technology-for-energy-saving-window-applications",totalDownloads:3168,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Low-emissivity (low-E) technology is a unique and cost-effective solution to save energy in buildings for different climates. Its development combines advances in materials science, vacuum deposition, and optical design. In this chapter, we will review the fundamentals of energy saving window coatings, the history of its application, and the materials used. The current low-E coating technologies are overviewed, especially silver-based low-E technologies, which comprise more than 90% of the overall low-E market today. Further, the advanced understanding of generating high-quality silver thin films is discussed, which is at the heart of silver-based low-E product technology development. How the silver thin film electrical, optical, and emissivity properties are influenced by their microstructure, thickness, and by the materials on neighboring layers will be discussed from a theoretical and an experimental perspective.",signatures:"Guowen Ding and César Clavero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53792",authors:[{id:"195240",title:"Dr.",name:"Guowen",surname:"Ding",slug:"guowen-ding",fullName:"Guowen Ding"},{id:"197064",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Clavero",slug:"cesar-clavero",fullName:"Cesar Clavero"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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De Souza, Claudine Badue, Felipe Pedroni, Stiven Schwanz Dias, Hallysson Oliveira and Soterio Ferreira de Souza",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10200",type:"chapter",title:"Illumination Processing in Face Recognition",slug:"illumination-processing-in-face-recognition",totalDownloads:5001,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Yongping Li, Chao Wang and Xinyu Ao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10201",type:"chapter",title:"From Gabor Magnitude to Gabor Phase Features: Tackling the Problem of Face Recognition under Severe Illumination Changes",slug:"from-gabor-magnitude-to-gabor-phase-features-tackling-the-problem-of-face-recognition-under-severe-i",totalDownloads:4420,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Vitomir Struc and Nikola Pavesic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10197",type:"chapter",title:"Robust Face Alignment for Illumination and Pose Invariant Face Recognition",slug:"robust-face-alignment-for-illumination-and-pose-invariant-face-recognition",totalDownloads:2828,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fatih Kahraman, Binnur Kurt and Muhittin Gokmen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10212",type:"chapter",title:"Surface representations for 3D face recognition",slug:"surface-representations-for-3d-face-recognition",totalDownloads:3890,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Thomas Fabry, Dirk Smeets and Dirk Vandermeulen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10215",type:"chapter",title:"An Integrative Approach to Face and Expression Recognition from 3D Scans",slug:"an-integrative-approach-to-face-and-expression-recognition-from-3d-scans",totalDownloads:1981,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chao Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10205",type:"chapter",title:"Template Protection For 3D Face Recognition",slug:"template-protection-for-3d-face-recognition",totalDownloads:3086,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xuebing Zhou, Arjan Kuijper and Christoph Busch",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10209",type:"chapter",title:"Geodesic Distances and Hidden Markov Models for the 3D Face Recognition",slug:"geodesic-distances-and-hidden-markov-models-for-the-3d-face-recognition",totalDownloads:2376,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Giuseppe Mastronardi, Lucia Cariello, Domenico Daleno and Marcello Castellano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"10198",type:"chapter",title:"Understanding Correlation Techniques for Face Recognition: From Basics to Applications",slug:"understanding-correlation-techniques-for-face-recognition-from-basics-to-applications",totalDownloads:4440,totalCrossrefCites:18,signatures:"A. Alfalou and C. 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From a morphological point of view, porous media is composed of a persistent solid matrix and an interconnected void space that can be occupied by fluid phases. In several porous systems, the void space is initially filled by liquid water. To maintain the product quality, prolong the storage time as well as reduce the logistics cost, the liquid water is needed to be removed by using various drying techniques. During the drying process, the complex morphology of the media and its influences on the capillary flow, liquid – vapor phase change under thermal effects are faced. These processes are complex by themselves [1, 2]. Additionally, it should be noted that the industrial dryers consume approximately 12% of the total energy used in manufacturing processes [3]. For several industrial sectors (i.e. tissue, food, and agriculture) the energy consumption ratio of drying may reach 33%. As a complicated, important, and high energy consumption process, the dryer designing, and operation should not be done by trial and error. A better fundamental understanding of this drying process at the pore- and continuous scales (i.e. understanding the influence of porous structure on the drying behavior, drying time determination, and energy consumption prediction) may help to design better products and processes.
The drying process of porous media may be considered at different scales. At different scales, the approaches used to describe the transport processes may be quite different [4]. For instance, in a drying plant, thousands or millions of drying products can be dried simultaneously and the state of the drying agent evolves over time and space. Thus, the intra-sample distribution of process parameters should be lumped to avoid the extremely expensive computational cost. As a result, the lumped model is the suitable model that should be implemented in drying plant simulation. Coming to the sample drying process, the internal transport process is taken into account. The heat, mass, and momentum conservation equations are developed based on the first physics principles. In a control volume, the process properties are assumed to be homogenous and isotropic and the impact of micro-heterogeneity on the transport process is omitted. The macro-scale models often result in a system of partial differential equations. Both globe and local drying behavior of the sample can be well predicted by using the continuous models if the size of the domain is large enough. For a thin layer of the porous medium, where micro-heterogeneity plays a role, the continuous models are not valid. Due to the interaction between the solid skeleton and the fluid phases, the transport equations should be derived for individual pores. Since the transport phenomena are directly investigated at the pore-scale, the impact of changes at the pore or microstructure such as wettability, pore shape, pore size distribution, and pore structure on drying behavior has been effectively interpreted by pore-scale models [5, 6]. One should notes that these models are not standing individually. The results of pore scale model can be upscaled to generate the effective parameters of macro scale models which can be reduced to the lumped models. An example multiscale modeling approach for wood particle drying process is presented in Figure 1.
Multiscale modeling approach for porous particle drying process.
In this chapter, a review of the recent advanced model in a selection of drying phenomena involved in porous media is illustrated. We discussed the state-of-the-art numerical methods as complementary ways to get more insight. The future challenges and the hint at solutions to accommodate for them are also given.
In 1950s, a new modeling approach to describe the transport process in the porous medium was proposed by Fatt. In his model, the void space of the porous media was modeled by a network of cylindrical tubes. In individual tubes, the mass transfer equation has been written and the discrete mass conservation equations are written for each pore node. This model has been named as pore network model. Afterward, several pore-scale models, such as the direct numerical approach, the volume of fluid approach, and method, have been presented in literature based on the idea of pore network model. Since the transport phenomena are considered directly at the pore-scale, the better fundamental understanding on the interaction between solid structure and fluid flow can be provided. As discussed in Section 1, the mentioned interaction can be upscaled to determine the macroscopic transport coefficients of the continuous models such as the relative permeabilities of the liquid–gas mixture, the liquid diffusivity.
In this section, we focus on the non – isothermal drying pore network models and their application in estimating the macroscopic transport coefficients.
Based on the invasion percolation algorithm, several non-isothermal pore network models were developed to simulate the hot air drying process [2, 7, 8, 9]. These models accounted capillary, gravity effects, viscous effects, and the transport of vapor by diffusion in the gas phase under the thermal effect. Recently, the pore network model has been applied to describe the non-isothermal mixture vapor - liquid water transport during the superheated steam drying process [10]. The features of this pore network model is the fully treatment of condensed liquid by introducing the newly formulated liquid invasion rules in a two-dimensional domain. In this chapter, this two-dimensional pore network model is extended to three-dimensional model in this work to simulate the transport processes inside a capillary porous medium undergoing superheated steam drying with two different heating modes: (i) the convective heating at the top surface (convective- heating mode) and (ii) the simultaneous convective and conductive heating at the top and bottom surfaces (contact-heating mode) (c.f. Figure 2).
Two different heating modes used in the pore network simulations.
Due to the absence of diffusion in the gas phase, the water vapor is transported by convective mechanism only and the Hagen-Poiseuille law is applied to calculate the vapor mass flow rate between two adjacent pores [10].
where the vapor mass flow rate in the cylindrical throat connecting pores i and j is denoted by
Due to the non-uniform pore size distribution, the liquid within the network is transported under capillary action. Thus, the large pores/throats are preferentially emptied or filled to maintain the lowest liquid pressure according to Eq. 4. As a result, the liquid phase disintegrates into several liquid clusters. Since the liquid mass balance must be satisfied in the entire network as well as for each liquid cluster, the morphological information of liquid cluster is required. The Hoshen–Kopelman algorithm is applied for labeling the liquid clusters.
To fully model the phase transition including both evaporation and condensation, in addition the emptying and refilling events, the liquid invasion represented in Figure 3 is introduced in the present model. The time steps for the emptying and refilling events of meniscus pores or throats are computed by
The 2D sketch of liquid invasion rules: Liquid invasion from single liquid throat to its neighboring pore (a), liquid invasion from fully filled liquid throat in a liquid cluster to its neighboring empty pore (b), liquid redistribution from fully filled pore in a liquid cluster to its neighboring empty throat (c).
The time step for the first two liquid invasion events is calculated by
The pore/throat saturations after the capillary re-equilibration event are computed by
The thermal energy supplied to a control volume (c.f. Figure 4) lead to a change of the enthalpy in the control volume: the control volume temperature increases, and the phase transition occurs. Based on a fully implicit scheme, the energy balance equation written for the control volume around pore i in time step Δt is discretized as
Heat balance at a vapor pore. The arrows indicate the direction of the heat flux towards each face of the control volume.
The convective heat transfer boundary condition presented in Eq. 8 is applied for both heating modes. At the bottom of the network, perfect thermal insulation (Eq. 9) is imposed for the convective heating mode, whereas uniform constant temperature (Eq. 10) is set for the contact-heating mode.
The simulations are carried out for a 10 × 10 × 10 pore network with throat radius distribution 100 ± 10 μm, pore radius distribution 250 ± 10 μm and uniform distance between two adjacent pores L = 1000 μm. Because of the high computational demand required for a full simulation of drying, only one realization of network was considered here. The solid skeleton of the network is made of typical glass with thermal conductivity λs = 1 W/mK. The steam velocity at the network surface is 5 m/s. For the contact-heating mode, a uniform temperature boundary condition Tbottom = 105°C is imposed at the network bottom (c.f. Eq. 10), whereas the impermeable heat transfer boundary condition is set for the convective heating mode (c.f. Eq. 9). To depict the influence of heating mode on drying characteristics, the evolution of drying rate and of the local network saturation over network saturation obtained for these two heating modes are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
Impact of heating mode on the local saturation evolution over network saturation.
Impact of heating mode on the drying kinetic curve.
Since a large amount of thermal energy was supplied to the network with the contact-heating mode, the drying rate remains high and drying time is thus short compared to the network with the convective-heating mode. Also, since the surface temperature of the network with the contact-heating mode reaches boiling temperature fast, the surface condensation period is short and thus the amount of condensed liquid at the network surface is less, compared to the convective-heating mode. Moreover, it can be seen that the semi-constant drying rate period obtained from the network with the contact-heating mode is long compared to the convective heating model. This tendency can be explained by the temperature dependency of the surface tension; a lower surface tension obtained at high temperature leads to a lower capillary pressure and a higher liquid pressure at the liquid–vapor-solid interface. The pores/throats near the bottom of the network with the contact-heating mode are preferentially emptied. As a result, the vapor fingers appear markedly, and the bottom of the network is dried completely when the middle and top zones are still partly wet. The impact of vapor fingering on the phase distribution is shown in Figure 5. More number of liquid clusters is obtained with the contact-heating mode compared to the convective-heating mode. On the other hand, the network with the convective-heating mode is dried evenly from the top to the bottom zone. Since the top and middle zones remain saturated for long time, an extended quasi-constant drying rate period is obtained for the network with the contact-heating mode (c.f. Figure 6).
As mentioned in the previous section, the heat and mass transfer inside the porous domain can be simulated by using pore network models. However, since the pore network model considers the non-isothermal fluid flow in the pore individually, the number of the discrete equations of the model increases with the size of the domain. Thus, the pore network model cannot be used to simulate the macroscale drying process of porous media which is consists of billions of pores. To describe the drying process of macroscopic porous material, the continuous models developed based on the macroscopic effective transport parameters should be used. These effective parameters are often correlated from a serial of experimental data. To provide a fundamental understanding of the link between the transport coefficient and the fluid transport mechanisms, the transport coefficients are revisited by using the pore network simulation results. For example, the influence of network saturation on the non-local equilibrium effect, the effective moisture transport is investigated in the works of Kharaghani et al. [11, 12, 13] for the isothermal drying process. The incorporation of these effective parameters in the highly non-isothermal drying process is still an open issue. In the future, the impact of non-isothermal pore scale fluid transport on the effective parameter should be taken into account.
In continuum-scale models, the porous media is assumed isotropic and homogeneous. Both solid structure and fluid properties are averaged in a representative elementary volume (REV) based on the volume averaging technique. The size of REV should not large enough to avoid the fluctuations of the morphological properties due to micro heterogeneity [14, 15]. The energy and mass conservation equations are derived based on the first physical principles using effective parameters.
In diffusion model, the mixture of liquid water and vapor water flow is considered as single phase named moisture and the gradient of moisture content is solely driving force of moisture transport. Since the water diffusion flow leads to the evolution of water concentration in the control volume, the mass conservation of water is derived as
In Eq. 11, the apparent density of the dry porous medium where the void volume is taken into account is computed as
In Eq. 12,
To perform the diffusional model simulation, the effective thermal conductivity and effective moisture diffusivity needed to be known. Several methods such as fitch method, laser flash, hot-disk method and hot-wire method, can be used to measure the effective thermal conductivity directly whereas measurement of effective moisture diffusivity is rather more complex. Generally, the effective diffusivity of wetted porous materials often decreases during the water dehydration process since the liquid water is strongly captured in the small pores under a higher capillary action compared to large pores [16, 17]. Recently, Khan et al. [18] reported that the moisture diffusivity for isotropic porous materials, therein food products, can be described as a function of moisture content as
where
where
The evolution of drying history during optimization process for Dref determination (a) and experimental and numerical mean moisture content evolutions over time (b).
The validated diffusion model of wood drying is implemented in a CFD model is used to investigate the drying behavior of a pilot dryer. The sketch of dryer (L = 1000 mm, D = 3000 mm, and H = 500 mm) where 30 plates of wood (L = 900 mm, D = 200 mm, and H = 25 mm) is presented in Figure 8. The air with a temperature of 140°C and moisture content of 7 g ram vapor/kg dry air flows into the dryer with a velocity of 0.1 m/s. The initial moisture and temperature of wood are 0.61 kg water/kg dried solid and 20°C. The 2D velocity profile of drying agent is presented in Figure 8 and the evolution of moisture content of plate number (1), (2), (3), and (4) are plotted together with the mean moisture content of all plates in Figure 9. The results indicate a noticeable moisture content maldistribution of wood plates which should be remedied by wood plate disturbing during the drying process.
Pilot dryer model and velocity profile inside the dryer.
Moisture content evolution over time of wood.
In the 1970s, the simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transfer for non-isothermal drying process is proposed by Whitaker based on the volume averaging technique. In this model, all pore-level mechanisms for heat and mass transfer are considered. The liquid flow due to capillary forces, vapor and gas flow due to convection and diffusion are taken into account in this model. Using the volume averaging technique, the properties of fluid and solid phases such as velocity, density, pressure are averaged in REV. Afterward, the macroscopic differential equations were defined in terms of average field quantities. The detail descriptions of Whitaker’s model can be found in Vu et al. [20, 21]. In this section, the mass and energy conservation equations are briefly recalled.
Mass conservation equation of liquid water
Mass conservation equation of water vapor
Mass conservation of water in both vapor and liquid phases (sum of Eqs. 15 and 16)
Mass conservation of air in the gas phase
Energy conservation equation
In these equations,
where
The Whitaker model’s is suitable for the porous media made by impermeable solid phase. This model is applied to describe the drying process of wood material [23]. A good agreement between experimental and numerical data, shown in Figure 10, indicates the validity of the model.
The distribution of moisture content (a), temperature (b), vapor pressure (c) over drying time for wood particle drying at 120 °C and the comparison between experimental and numerical mean moisture content obtained with different drying temperature (d).
For porous media structured by permeable solid, the liquid water is not only transported in the void space, but it also diffuses in the solid phase. In these hygroscopic porous materials, the liquid water is available in the form of both bound and free water:
where
For the superheated steam drying process of rice seed, the bound water diffusivity can be calculated as
The internal structure of rice seed obtained by μ-CT and the comparison between the experimental observations and numerical results are presented in Figure 11. It indicates the validity of the proposed model.
The morphology of rice seed (a) and the numerical temperature and moisture content evolution over time obtained from diffusion simulations (b).
Beside the porous material made by permeable solid phase, we consider the drying process of cellular plant product (i.e. fruits and vegetables) which is comprised of several types of cells such as parenchyma, collenchyma, and solute-conducting cells shown in Figure 12 [25, 26]. In these materials, the water is mainly accumulated in the cell space. For several cellular product; i.e. eggplant, cucumber; the amount of intracellular water make up more than 95% of total water [27]. During the drying process, both intracellular and extracellular water is removed. The extracellular water is transported to the medium surface due to both capillary flow and internal evaporation. The changing of extracellular water content leads to the different of water potential between the cell space and intercellular void space which is the driving force of the intracellular water transport across the cell membrane as shown in Figure 12. A advance heat and mass transfer model for superheated steam drying process of cellular porous material was developed in Le et al. [28]. The conservation equations of extracellular and intracellular water are recalled as
Pictorial representation of extracelluar liquid water (in blue) and intracellular liquid water (in green) removal (reprinted from [
In Eqs. 24–26,
After rearranging of Eqs. 24 and 25, the overall mass conservation equation for the water in the intercellular void space can be written as
We assumed that the water diffusion across the cell membrane is the mechanism of cell water removal, the mass conservation equation for intracellular water inside the cell-matrix reads
where
Using the local thermal equilibrium assumption, the heat balance equation of the control volume reads [26, 28].
In conservation equation system, the diffusive water fluxes through the cell membrane, i.e.
The water potential
This model has been used to describe the superheated steam drying process of potato. As can be seen in Figure 13, the experimental observations can be reflected fairly by numerical results. It implies the predictive potential of the proposed model. Furthermore, the extracellular moisture is removed very soon when the dry process commences. The drying process is mainly driven by the dehydration of intracellular water by the diffusion mechanism. Although the Whitaker’s continuum approach is effectively used to predict the drying behavior, the parameters of the continuum model is seemingly difficult to be measured. Thus, in the future, with the help of pore-scale model, these effective parameters should be theoretically extracted from the pore level simulations.
Simulated and experimental evolution of the normalized total, intracellular and extracellular moisture content over time for potato drying in superheated steam environment at 180°C (replotted from [
In this chapter, some recent advance models on heat and mass transfer during non-isothermal drying process of porous media have been reviewed. It indicates that the drying process at pore-scale and macro-scale has been thoroughly investigated. However, a system study on the bridges between the pore-, macro- and plant scales shall be carried out. For example, several effective macroscopic parameters such as the capillary pressure curve or the relative permeabilities may be obtained from a post-processing of the Monte-Carlo simulation results of pore-scale modeling. The moisture diffusivity under the thermal effect also should be revisted and compared with the insothermal drying process. This upscaling statergy can help on both the product and system design, operation, and optimization.
This work is funded by the VIETNAMESE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING (MOET) under research project B2021-BKA-12.
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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It was used to overcome liver, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems and for treatment of some types of infectious disease. Particularly, good results were achieved in the case of application of this product for therapy of infected, difficult to heal wounds. The high health-promoting properties of honey have been recently confirmed in many research investigations. The antimicrobial activity of this product is highly complex. Generation of hydrogen peroxide, bee defensin-1, high osmolarity and low value of pH seems to be crucial for its antimicrobial potential. Considering honey as a therapeutic, antimicrobial agent special attention deserves Manuka honey. Its high antimicrobial activity is caused by high concentration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal. Some authors also suggest that other phytochemicals, especially phenolic compounds, are important antibacterial ingredients of honey. The results of many in vitro but also in vivo studies confirm high antimicrobial potential of honey against some important human and veterinary pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. We do not have doubts that honey, but also other bee products, especially propolis, is promising antimicrobial agents and possibilities of their application in clinical medicine deserve consideration.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Piotr Szweda",authors:[{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"}]},{id:"54195",doi:"10.5772/67262",title:"Microorganisms in Honey",slug:"microorganisms-in-honey",totalDownloads:3960,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Honey is a product with low water activity because of the great amount of sugars (fructose and glucose), and also it has antimicrobial compounds derived from flowers or because of its transformation process in the beehive. Despite all the honey microorganism barriers, some species of microorganisms are able to survive and may cause damage to honeybees or consumers. Techniques of pathogenic microorganism identification by DNA using PCR are recommended and required for sanitary and customs control. It is important to know the diversity of contaminating microorganisms in honey, especially due to disseminate pathogenic microorganisms in the international traded marketing. In contrast, beneficial microorganisms such as yeasts can remain latently in this product waiting for the moment in which the environment is suitable for their development. Among the beneficial bacteria found in honeybee products, we can mention some lactic acid bacteria that act as prebiotics when ingested. The microorganisms in the digestive tract of honeybees are important for their health. Thus, we present the knowledge of microbiota associated with honey from honeybees and stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) and the techniques available for the detection of microorganisms in honey.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Mayara Salgado Silva, Yavor Rabadzhiev, Monique Renon Eller, Ilia\nIliev, Iskra Ivanova and Weyder Cristiano Santana",authors:[{id:"192986",title:"Dr.",name:"Weyder Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Santana",slug:"weyder-cristiano-santana",fullName:"Weyder Cristiano Santana"},{id:"197594",title:"MSc.",name:"Mayara",middleName:null,surname:"Salgado-Silva",slug:"mayara-salgado-silva",fullName:"Mayara Salgado-Silva"},{id:"197595",title:"Dr.",name:"Yavor",middleName:null,surname:"Rabadzhiev",slug:"yavor-rabadzhiev",fullName:"Yavor Rabadzhiev"},{id:"197596",title:"Prof.",name:"Monique",middleName:null,surname:"Eller",slug:"monique-eller",fullName:"Monique Eller"},{id:"197597",title:"Prof.",name:"Iskra",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanova",slug:"iskra-ivanova",fullName:"Iskra Ivanova"},{id:"197598",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilia",middleName:null,surname:"Iliev",slug:"ilia-iliev",fullName:"Ilia Iliev"}]},{id:"53469",doi:"10.5772/66839",title:"Techniques for the Evaluation of Physicochemical Quality and Bioactive Compounds in Honey",slug:"techniques-for-the-evaluation-of-physicochemical-quality-and-bioactive-compounds-in-honey",totalDownloads:3850,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Honey is a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar, especially glucose and fructose, and minor amounts of dextrin, enzymes, waxes, volatile oils, organic acids, ethers, albuminoidal gum substances and minerals. Commercially available honey samples vary in quality according to various factors such as climate diversity, type of flora of the surrounding region, geographical characteristics, processing, floral supply period, and packaging and storage conditions, which can compromise the standardization and quality of the final product. The different techniques that will be presented in this chapter to assess the quality of honey are tests required by identification standards and national and international quality control or are important quality tools that can be used in the evaluation of the conditions for obtaining and processing of the honey, fraud identification and changes to and/or adulteration of the honey, ensuring the physical and chemical composition of the project and guaranteeing quality standards, directly impacting the shelf life and use and presentation of the product.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Maria Josiane Sereia, Paulo Henrique Março, Marcia Regina Geraldo\nPerdoncini, Rejane Stubs Parpinelli, Erica Gomes de Lima and\nFernando Antônio Anjo",authors:[{id:"192188",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Sereia",slug:"maria-sereia",fullName:"Maria Sereia"}]},{id:"53417",doi:"10.5772/66590",title:"Production and Trade of Honey in Selected European Countries: Serbia, Romania and Italy",slug:"production-and-trade-of-honey-in-selected-european-countries-serbia-romania-and-italy",totalDownloads:2182,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The beekeeping sector is very complex, because of not onlythe diversity of bee products obtained but also the environmental services through pollination. Even if its direct impact on domestic economy and trade varies across countries, at micro-level, beekeeping creates well-being for communities, providing health products for population and decent revenues for farmers. It also supports the sustainability of rural livelihoods. In this context, the research subject is the analysis of production and trade of honey in three European Union Countries—Romania, Italy and Serbia—with a goal to consider the dynamic of supply and trade of honey and deduce potential opportunities for producers. The goal of the study is to draw implication from the results obtained, suggesting the concrete measures to improve the existing situation. Trade data are examined to get a picture of honey sector trends. An entire set of trade indicators related to honey were computed over the period 2006–2015 and are presented in the chapter: value, amount, growth rate and geographic structure of export and import in the world and in selected countries for which the level of comparative advantages of exported honey was also measured using the Balassa index.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Cristina Bianca Pocol, Svetlana Ignjatijević and Daniele Cavicchioli",authors:[{id:"190657",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Ignjatijević",slug:"svetlana-ignjatijevic",fullName:"Svetlana Ignjatijević"},{id:"192970",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cristina Bianca",middleName:null,surname:"Pocol",slug:"cristina-bianca-pocol",fullName:"Cristina Bianca Pocol"},{id:"192971",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Cavicchioli",slug:"daniele-cavicchioli",fullName:"Daniele Cavicchioli"}]},{id:"53775",doi:"10.5772/67020",title:"Honey as a Functional Food",slug:"honey-as-a-functional-food",totalDownloads:2192,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The most well‐known functional properties of honey are its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The bioactive components of honey are affected by the flora from which it is produced and by geographical variations. Phenolic compounds promote, among other activities, high antioxidant action, being capable of minimizing intracellular oxidative damage associated with cellular aging, apoptosis and neurodegenerative diseases. A living cell system would provide a better platform for determining antioxidant activity, since the bioactive honey compounds can act modulating antioxidant defense gene expression. Indeed, phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars are among the substances responsible for honey antioxidant activity. Most of phenolic compounds also exert antimicrobial activity against a number of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of honey is also due to the action of enzymes. In addition, honey was found to contain lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which itself produce a myriad of active compounds that remain in variable amounts in mature honey. In addition, these antioxidant compounds might play a key role as prebiotic, protecting and stimulating growth of probiotic bacteria. Oligosaccharides present in honey are well‐known prebiotic substances stimulating growth, activity and protecting probiotic bacteria during passage through the gastrointestinal tract and during storage of the products. This chapter describes the main bioactive components of honey, especially with respect to the phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity and assay methods.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Rosa Helena Luchese, Edlene Ribeiro Prudêncio and André\nFioravante Guerra",authors:[{id:"191671",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Luchese",slug:"rosa-luchese",fullName:"Rosa Luchese"},{id:"192130",title:"MSc.",name:"Edlene",middleName:null,surname:"Prudêncio",slug:"edlene-prudencio",fullName:"Edlene Prudêncio"},{id:"192133",title:"MSc.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra",slug:"andre-guerra",fullName:"André Guerra"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54003",title:"Antimicrobial Activity of Honey",slug:"antimicrobial-activity-of-honey",totalDownloads:4356,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Honey has had a valued place in traditional medicine for centuries. It was used to overcome liver, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems and for treatment of some types of infectious disease. Particularly, good results were achieved in the case of application of this product for therapy of infected, difficult to heal wounds. The high health-promoting properties of honey have been recently confirmed in many research investigations. The antimicrobial activity of this product is highly complex. Generation of hydrogen peroxide, bee defensin-1, high osmolarity and low value of pH seems to be crucial for its antimicrobial potential. Considering honey as a therapeutic, antimicrobial agent special attention deserves Manuka honey. Its high antimicrobial activity is caused by high concentration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal. Some authors also suggest that other phytochemicals, especially phenolic compounds, are important antibacterial ingredients of honey. The results of many in vitro but also in vivo studies confirm high antimicrobial potential of honey against some important human and veterinary pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. We do not have doubts that honey, but also other bee products, especially propolis, is promising antimicrobial agents and possibilities of their application in clinical medicine deserve consideration.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Piotr Szweda",authors:[{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"}]},{id:"53469",title:"Techniques for the Evaluation of Physicochemical Quality and Bioactive Compounds in Honey",slug:"techniques-for-the-evaluation-of-physicochemical-quality-and-bioactive-compounds-in-honey",totalDownloads:3850,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Honey is a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar, especially glucose and fructose, and minor amounts of dextrin, enzymes, waxes, volatile oils, organic acids, ethers, albuminoidal gum substances and minerals. Commercially available honey samples vary in quality according to various factors such as climate diversity, type of flora of the surrounding region, geographical characteristics, processing, floral supply period, and packaging and storage conditions, which can compromise the standardization and quality of the final product. The different techniques that will be presented in this chapter to assess the quality of honey are tests required by identification standards and national and international quality control or are important quality tools that can be used in the evaluation of the conditions for obtaining and processing of the honey, fraud identification and changes to and/or adulteration of the honey, ensuring the physical and chemical composition of the project and guaranteeing quality standards, directly impacting the shelf life and use and presentation of the product.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Maria Josiane Sereia, Paulo Henrique Março, Marcia Regina Geraldo\nPerdoncini, Rejane Stubs Parpinelli, Erica Gomes de Lima and\nFernando Antônio Anjo",authors:[{id:"192188",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Sereia",slug:"maria-sereia",fullName:"Maria Sereia"}]},{id:"53175",title:"Analytical Procedures for Determining Heavy Metal Contents in Honey: A Bioindicator of Environmental Pollution",slug:"analytical-procedures-for-determining-heavy-metal-contents-in-honey-a-bioindicator-of-environmental-",totalDownloads:3699,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Metals are pollutant residues detectable in honey and in fact account for most of the inorganic pollutants found in this food product. Metal pollutants can be accumulated through the food chain and, at levels exceeding safe thresholds, can be toxic to humans and even damage physiological functions. During the honey-making process, bees can transport pollutants to the beehive following contact with polluted botanic species or from drinking contaminated water. Detecting very low concentrations is a persisting challenge to accurately measure these elements in honey. Additionally, since honey is a complex organic matrix, treatments are needed prior to applying any classical chemical methods for metal determination, such as inductively coupled plasma and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Therefore, optimal results are dependent on adequate sample conditioning prior to heavy metal content analyses. Chemical pretreatments include calcination processes and/or acid digestion. Regarding execution, the last steps of any metal detection methodology are the primary determinants of result quality, where any loss of mass is reflected by unreliable values.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Enrique Mejías and Tatiana Garrido",authors:[{id:"191583",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Mejias",slug:"enrique-mejias",fullName:"Enrique Mejias"},{id:"193079",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"tatiana-garrido",fullName:"Tatiana Garrido"}]},{id:"53895",title:"Rheological Properties of Honey in a Liquid and Crystallized State",slug:"rheological-properties-of-honey-in-a-liquid-and-crystallized-state",totalDownloads:2360,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The rheological properties of honey are discussed separately for liquid and crystallized honey. The research methods used in both cases are characterized. The basic mathematical models are shown, which describe the viscosity of honey in its liquid form depending on temperature and water content. In the case of crystallized honey, the rheological properties were linked to morphological features and crystalline phase content. Results of characteristic experiments are presented, obtained during the shearing of crystallized suspension, that is, crystallized honey. Among other items, the dependency of equilibrium stress on shear rate, apparent viscosity on crystalline phase content, hysteresis loops as evidence that honey in its crystallized form is a rheologically unstable fluid. Results of measurements under forced oscillation conditions are included and compared with results of rotational measurements. It was shown that the research method influences the obtained results of rheological studies.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Sławomir Bakier",authors:[{id:"192064",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sławomir",middleName:null,surname:"Bakier",slug:"slawomir-bakier",fullName:"Sławomir Bakier"}]},{id:"53417",title:"Production and Trade of Honey in Selected European Countries: Serbia, Romania and Italy",slug:"production-and-trade-of-honey-in-selected-european-countries-serbia-romania-and-italy",totalDownloads:2182,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The beekeeping sector is very complex, because of not onlythe diversity of bee products obtained but also the environmental services through pollination. Even if its direct impact on domestic economy and trade varies across countries, at micro-level, beekeeping creates well-being for communities, providing health products for population and decent revenues for farmers. It also supports the sustainability of rural livelihoods. In this context, the research subject is the analysis of production and trade of honey in three European Union Countries—Romania, Italy and Serbia—with a goal to consider the dynamic of supply and trade of honey and deduce potential opportunities for producers. The goal of the study is to draw implication from the results obtained, suggesting the concrete measures to improve the existing situation. Trade data are examined to get a picture of honey sector trends. An entire set of trade indicators related to honey were computed over the period 2006–2015 and are presented in the chapter: value, amount, growth rate and geographic structure of export and import in the world and in selected countries for which the level of comparative advantages of exported honey was also measured using the Balassa index.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Cristina Bianca Pocol, Svetlana Ignjatijević and Daniele Cavicchioli",authors:[{id:"190657",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Ignjatijević",slug:"svetlana-ignjatijevic",fullName:"Svetlana Ignjatijević"},{id:"192970",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cristina Bianca",middleName:null,surname:"Pocol",slug:"cristina-bianca-pocol",fullName:"Cristina Bianca Pocol"},{id:"192971",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Cavicchioli",slug:"daniele-cavicchioli",fullName:"Daniele Cavicchioli"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"346",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. 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He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. 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She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. 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Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. 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