\r\n\tThe Japanese were revolutionizing quality improvement. As a result, Japan adopted a "total quality" approach to its strategies. In the United States, Total Quality Management (TQM) encompasses not only statistics but also approaches that encompass the entire organization. There were several subsequent quality-management initiatives. \r\n\tIn 1986, Motorola developed Six Sigma to improve its business processes by minimizing defects. A philosophy that views all work as a process, which can be identified, measured, analyzed, improved, and controlled. Generally, "Six Sigma quality" is an indicator that a process is well controlled.
\r\n
\r\n\tLean manufacturing (1988), also known as just-in-time manufacturing, derives from Toyota's 1930 operating model "The Toyota Way." Lean describes a set of management practices that reduce waste and increase productivity. \r\n\tThe ISO 9000 series of quality-control standards appeared in 1987. ISO 9001 integrates a process-oriented approach into enterprise management based on the plan-do-check-act method. The quality movement has matured as we enter the 21st century. ISO 9000 was revised in 2000 to emphasize customer satisfaction. The fifth edition of ISO 9001, published in 2015, emphasizes risk-based thinking to improve the application of the process approach. In addition to the manufacturing sector, quality has moved into service, healthcare, education, and government. For example, through standards such as ISO/IEC 17025 for testing and calibration laboratories and ISO 15189 for medical laboratories. \r\n\tMore recently, it has been recognized that the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0, best defines the present industry model. As its part, "Quality 4.0" refers to the future of quality and organizational excellence.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe book will aim to introduce a comprehensive overview of the up-to-date models used in quality management systems by experts in the field.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-729-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-728-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-730-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"7c2744454ba90e8d6cf507e167cc3779",bookSignature:"Dr. Paulo Pereira and Dr. Sandra Xavier",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11527.jpg",keywords:"Leadership, Customer Focus, Improvement, Process Approach, Planning, CAPA, Audit, Management Review, Evaluation, Lean Sigma, DMAIC, DMADV",numberOfDownloads:8,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 24th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 7th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 26th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 25th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Pereira received his Ph.D. from the Catholic University of Portugal. He has over 20 years of experience as a consultant and auditor of quality management systems, and over 16 years of experience as a quality manager. He has been recruited as a quality and laboratory expert for seminars and professional laboratory meetings throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. Currently, he is the head of the R&D Department at the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation; a CLSI and EURACHEM fellow.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Xavier received her Ph.D. from the University of Lisbon, Portugal. She has extensive experience in teaching and managing quality systems, and is a member of several Scientific Commissions and editorial boards.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178637/images/system/178637.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Pereira received his Ph.D. in Biotechnology from the Catholic University of Portugal. He has been recruited as a quality and laboratory expert for seminars and professional laboratory meetings throughout Europe, Africa, and South America. He has more than twenty-five years of experience working in medical laboratories, having held key scientific leadership roles: 15+ years as a senior researcher; 10+ years as a consultant for a metrology laboratory based on ISO/IEC 17025 specifications and related standards; 20+ years as a consultant and auditor of quality management systems based on ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 17025, and ISO 15189 standards; 16+ years as the quality manager in the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation, including more than 6 years in national coordination; and 6+ years as a professor of Quality Assurance. Currently, he is the head of the R&D Department at the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation, Lisbon, Portugal. Dr. Pereira is the author of several peer-reviewed scientific articles and indexed books and chapters. He is an editor for several books. He serves as a member of several editorial boards. He is a member of the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute and Eurachem. Dr. Pereira is an expert on in vitro diagnostic medical devices at the European Commission / European Medicines Agency.",institutionString:"Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"264942",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Xavier",slug:"sandra-xavier",fullName:"Sandra Xavier",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZ6mQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T09:32:37.jpg",biography:"Dr. Xavier received her Ph.D. in Nursing from the University of Lisbon, Portugal. 26+ years professional experience in nursing 15+ years of teaching in a university 4+ years of professional practice as the Head of Nursing 9+ years as a researcher in the different Nursing Research Units , Since 2018 as research in Nursing Research Unit of South and Island (NURSE'IN - UIESA), Portugal. Dr. Xavier is the author of several books’ chapter and scientific articles in indexed journals. She serves as a reviewer of scientific and technical articles in indexed journals. She is also a recognized speaker at various national and international meetings. She is a member of juries for the attribution of academic degrees. She is a member of several Scientific Commissions of various meetings.",institutionString:"School of Nursing of Lisbon",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"82553",title:"Mediation Impact of Supplier Quality on Association between Top Management Commitment and Resource Utilization in Indian Automotive Sector",slug:"mediation-impact-of-supplier-quality-on-association-between-top-management-commitment-and-resource-u",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82764",title:"Impact of Corporate Investment on Business Performance: The Case of Slovenian Firms for the Period 2000–2017",slug:"impact-of-corporate-investment-on-business-performance-the-case-of-slovenian-firms-for-the-period-20",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453622",firstName:"Tea",lastName:"Jurcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"tea@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7710",title:"Quality Management and Quality Control",subtitle:"New Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"226e5d555cafed8a4d1b410959863661",slug:"quality-management-and-quality-control-new-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Paulo Pereira and Sandra Xavier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178637",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"paulo-pereira",fullName:"Paulo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"47738",title:"Earthquakes and Dams",doi:"10.5772/59372",slug:"earthquakes-and-dams",body:'
1. Introduction
Earthquake is defined as a sudden and rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth’s surface and it creates seismic waves, which can result in damages and failures on man-made structures constructed on the crust of earth [18]. Dams and large reservoirs constructed on the area with high seismicity, pose a high-risk potential for downstream life and property. It is clear that active faults, which are located close to dam sites, can induce to damaging deformation of the embankment as based on instability of the dam and strength loss of foundation materials. Scientists have realized so many researches for explaining the behavior of earth structures under seismic forces.
Earthquake effects on dams mainly depend on dam types. [28] stated that safety concerns for embankment dams subjected to earthquakes involve either the loss of stability due to a loss of strength of the embankment and foundation materials or excessive deformations such as slumping, settlement, cracking and planer or rotational slope failures. According to [9], safety requirements for concrete dams subjected to dynamic loadings should involve evaluation of the overall stability of the structure, such as verifying its ability to resist induced lateral forces and moments and preventing excessive cracking of the concrete.
Earthquakes can result in damages or failures for dam structures, while dams with large reservoirs can induce to earthquakes. Case studies about the seismic performance of dams under large earthquakes are available in the literature. [31] state that earthquake safety of dams is an important phenomenon in dam engineering and requires more comprehensive seismic studies for understanding the seismic behavior of dams subjected to severe earthquakes. It is a well-known phenomenon that earthquakes can result damages and failures for dams and their appurtenant structures. There is another fact that dams with large reservoirs also trigger earthquake.
Ground shaking from earthquakes can collapse dams. There are some important cases, which subjected to damages and failures after earthquake. Lower San Fernando Dam in USA is first example failed as a result of liquefaction phenomenon under the earthquake loading conditions. In case of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China many dams and reservoirs had been subjected to strong ground shaking. So many dams and hydropower plants were damaged. During the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, 245 dams had been affected and rehabilitated or strengthened after the earthquake. Also, in the case of the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, damages were observed about 400 dams and the 18 m high embankment dam failed and 8 people lost their live.
Large reservoirs can trigger earthquake. According to recent surveys, Reservoir Triggering Seismicity (RTS) has been observed at over 100 locations worldwide [4, 19, 20]. The largest and most damaging earthquake triggered by a man-made reservoir may be the 7.9-magnitude Sichuan earthquake in May 12, 2008. One of the most serious cases was in 1967 in Koyna, India. The magnitude of this earthquake was 6.3. Also significant effects have been observed Hsingfengkiang dam in China, Kariba dam in Zimbabwe and Kremasta dam in Greece. The effect of reservoir loading on the existing stress field has been investigated by several studies [1, 5, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. The field studies indicates that the main factors acting reservoir seismicity are in-situ stress conditions, availability of fractures and faults, geology of the regional area, dimensions of the reservoir and the nature of reservoir level fluctuations.
The paper gives an overview on the dams, which are under the effects of strong ground motions. It investigates the effects of earthquake on dams, also effects of dam on earthquake occurrence. Some cases are given to explain both phenomena and clarify the total risk of large dam structures when considered earthquake effects. The subjects presented in the paper were addressed by the international committees and recent surveys. It mentions main requirements for large dams on view of earthquake engineering to find rational design solutions. The purpose of this paper is to sketch the state of the art in dam engineering, as based on lessons learnt from seismic events.
2. Effects of earthquake on dams
[8] states that damages to dams and their appurtenant facilities may result from (1) direct fault movement across the dam foundation or (2) from ground motion induced at the dam site by an earthquake located at some distance from the dam. The second one is commonly seen, however first one results to more serious problems for dams and their appurtenant structures. A good example to damages resulted by ground shaking vibrations in dams is Sefid buttress dam, which was damaged near crest due to ground shaking the 1990 Manjil earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 in Iran. In this dam, damages have been observed near crest due to ground vibration. For fault movements in dam site, the Shih-Kang weir can be considered as good case study. In this dam, two openings were failed due to large movements of Chelungpu fault during the magnitude of 7.3 in Chi-Chi earthquake of September 1999 in Tawian. After severe damages observed on this dam, dam engineers more seriously considered active or seismogenic faults on dam sites. Because dams located on active faults pose significant risk for total stability of project and public safety.
Liquefaction is defined as a phenomena in which the strength and stiffness of a saturated soil is reduced earthquake shaking. It generally means the state change from solid to liquid. Lower San Fernando Dam in USA is first known dam failed as a result of liquefaction phenomenon under the earthquake loading conditions. During the 1972 San Fernando Earthquake, Lower San Fernando Dam failed a result of liquefaction phenomena [12, 17, 24]. Its embankment with the structures on crest slid into the reservoir. In other words, approximately 3.0 million cubic meter of dam embankment was displaced into the reservoir. The 1994 Northridge earthquake, some ground movement with minor cracking seems to have occurred at the sites of Los Angeles Dam, which was constructed to replace the San Fernando Reservoir. There was significant differential settlement of the ground of about 5 cm in the northern section, and 20 cm in the southwestern section of the site [24].
During the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, 245 dams had been affected and rehabilitated or strengthened after the earthquake [34]. Due to Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004, Japan, several embankment dams and some off-stream impounding facilities for power generation and irrigation system suffered damages such as cracks on dam bodies [10].
In case of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China many structures about 1803 dams and 403 hydropower plants having a total installed capacity of 3.3 GW were damaged due to strong ground shaking. Most of dams were small earth dams with exception of four large dams having a height greater than 100 m. According to Chinese officials the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, which is a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate, the rupture lasted 120 sec, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 km/s toward northeast. The rupture length and focus depth is about 300 km and 10 km, respectively. The maximum displacement was recorded as 9.0 m [6]. As a result of this earthquakes so many elements of dam such as dam body, spillways, powerhouses, penstocks, switchyards, hydro-mechanical and electro-mechanical equipments, temporary structures were damaged, other disasters such as rockfalls, landslides and landslide dams were observed. No dams were failed during this earthquake, although there were so many damaged dams. [8] states that dams must be designed to withstand strong earthquakes, which can seriously result multiple hazards.
In the case of the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, damages were observed about 400 dams and the 18 m high embankment dam failed and 8 people lost their live [34].
The dams, which are located on shear zones, have high risk potential when they are subjected to strong ground motion. There are some examples in India for structures located at the northern India. One of the Namada Valley dam, which is built at the triple junction of the fault zones, tectonically and geologically a disturbed area. Terhi dam in India has also similar position under dynamic loading conditions. Researchers states that Terhi dam might release energy along the fault segment between Nepal and Tibet and also trigger an earthquake which has a magnitude close to or greater than 8.0.
In Turkey, there is a sheared zone which is close the triple junction of the famous strike slip faults in east of Turkey. [28] stated that Surgu dam, which damaged on the Dogansehir earthquake with Ms of 5.8 in 1986, Polat dam and Cat dam have the PGA values of 0.256g, 0.170g and 0.211g, respectively. The geology of dam sites are very complicated and frequently jointed, fractured and faulted. The author points out the fact that these dams are under the influence of local near-source zone and have high-risk potential for earthquake conditions. The author’s thought was absolutely confirmed by damage on the Dogansehir earthquake with Ms of 5.8 on Surgu dam.
In general, strong ground shaking can result in the instability of the embankment and loss of strength at the foundations [2, 9, 16, 17]. Most of dam engineers have thought that embankment dams are suitable types when well compacted according to the specification, However, it is not an acceptable thought that embankment dams can be induced to damages and failures even if well compacted, while they are under near source effect.
There is no one major problem in seismic safety of embankment dams. Whereas near source effect seems the most serious problem for embankment dams. [28] reveals the fact that active faults, which are very close to the foundation of dams, have the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structure. Especially Concrete Faced Rockfill Dams (CFRD’s) have high risk potential when considered near source effect (earthquake epicenter to dam axis is less than 10 km). This phenomenon is dealed with the fact that the transferred energy by rockfill is not absorbed by concrete face during earthquake. Wieland (2010) state that until the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 no large concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) was subjected to strong ground shaking. He questioned that faced concrete of CFRD’s can have a behavior as the river embankment which was subjected the 21 September 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan [32 and 33]. Figure 1 shows buckling of river embankment lining after the earthquake.
3. Effects of dams on seismicity of the region
Large reservoirs can trigger earthquake. This phenomenon is defined as Reservoir-induced Seismicity that is mainly depended to excessive water pressure created in the micro-cracks and fissures in the foundation units under and near the reservoir. Water within the rock masses under huge hydrostatic pressure acts to lubricate faults, which are already under tectonic strain, however are prevented from slipping by friction of rock planes. It is clearly known that it mainly depends on nature of structural geology and lithology of surrounding rocks. However, it is very difficult to accurately predict when and where reservoir induced earthquake will occur. ICOLD recommends that Reservoir Triggered Seismicity (RTS) should be considered for reservoirs having a depth more than 100 m. USCOLD has reported that Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) should be taken into account for reservoirs deeper than 80-100m.
Figure 1.
Buckling of river embankment lining after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake [32]
It is clear that number of seismic events increases near reservoir areas of large dams after impounding sequence. The earthquake seismicity was firstly observed in 1929 for Marathon dam having 60 m height, Greece. Increase in seismicity was also seen in 1935 after the impounding of Hoover dam, which is a concrete arch dam with a height of 220 m. Up to now, RTS has been observed on over 100 dams in the world. The earthquake intensity has increased after impounding of Keban Dam, which is the second largest dam of Turkey with a storage capacity of 31000 hm3.and 207 m height from foundation [30]. Recently scientists believe the fact that the over one percent of reservoirs resulted to earthquake which can damage or fail the main structure. It is not a negligible value that this mechanism should be considered by engineers in design stage.
Damages due to RTS have been in two dams: (1) Koyna dam, which is gravity dam having 103 m height in India. It was subjected to an earthquake with magnitude of 6.3 in 1967. (2) Hsinfengkiang dam, which a buttress dam having a height of 105 m in China. It was subjected to earthquake with magnitude of 6.1 in 1962. Researchers state that earthquakes were caused in their reservoirs by RTS. The substantial longitudial cracks were developed near crest for both dams. Both dams are still in operation after strengthened.
The reservoir capacity is an important factor in triggering earthquakes as well as reservoir depth. Phenomenon about Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) mainly conforms for the reservoir filling periods. It can also be seen for a reservoir after a certain time lag [5].
There are some important cases that strong earthquakes may affect a large area. Recent surveys indicate that there are at least 100 cases of earthquakes, which were triggered by reservoirs. The most serious case may be the 7.9-magnitude Sichuan earthquake in May 12, 2008, which killed an estimated 90,000 people. This earthquake has been related to the construction of the Zipingpu Dam, which is a 156 m high concrete faced rockfill dam with a reservoir of 1 120 hm3. [7] classified two types of earthquakes associated with reservoirs while explaining the complicated mechanisms of RTS after the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China: (1) The small magnitude earthquakes, which occur immediately after reservoir impounding or following sudden reservoir water level fluctuations are mainly related to stress adjustments in the foundation rock, collapse of karst caves and mining pits and mass movements, (2) Earthquakes, which are caused by seismicgenic faults passing through or adjacent to the reservoir area, are referred to as RTS. [7] states that the initial stress state must already be close to failure so that a minor change in strength properties in a fault plane caused by water in the reservoir could trigger seismic events and the magnitude of RTS events may gradually increase until the main shock occurs. Authors have explained the mechanism of Wenchuan earthquake by the earthquake of tectonic nature.
4. A case study on the reservoir triggered seismicity for an existing dam
Turkey is one of the most seismically active regions in the world. There are so many dams, which are under the effect of near-source zones in Turkey. There are some examples of embankment dam in Turkey, which were damaged during the earthquakes occurred in past. There is no any concrete dam, which was damaged as a result of earthquake in Turkey [25, 26].
Ataturk dam, which is a 169 m height zoned rockfill dam on the Euphrates River in Turkey with an 84 000 hm3 of water reservoir, poses high risk about triggering phenomena by reservoir. It has the largest reservoir of Turkey with 48 700 hm3 (Figure 2). Its crest length is 1 670 m and base width is approximately 900 m. It is located 35 km north of the Birecik dam reservoir and 120 km south of Karakaya dam body.
Its main embankment construction was started in 1985 and completed in 1990. The reservoir level has maximally reached to 537 m up to now. Its level fluctuates from 526 to 535 m as based on climate change and energy demand. It was designed a multi-purpose structure for irrigating lands, producing electricity and providing flood control. It generates electricity of 8100 GWh per year with an installed capacity of 2400 MW.
Figure 2.
A general view from Ataturk dam
It is a rockfill dam with central core. There is a transition section of sand, gravel and small sized crushed rock between the core and rockfill materials. It has also a coarse grained soil zone obtained from river deposits and a random zone, which is composed of laminated limestone. The upstream and downstream shells are composed of large-sized crushed rocks. The alluvium on river bed, which is composed of sand, gravel, clay and silt mixtures, was removed before beginning the construction of the main embankment. The basement of Ataturk dam is formed by karstic limestone, regarded as problematic rock for dam foundation. An intensive grouting program was applied to prevent water leakage from the reservoir [28].
Author has completed a study from seismic hazard analysis to 2-D finite element analysis to assess its static and dynamic stability for Ataturk dam [31]. For the seismic hazard analyses of the dam site, first all possible seismic sources were identified as based on the new seismic zonation map of Turkey by means of a software, which was developed at the Earthquake Research Center in Eskisehir Osmangazi University [29]. As a result of detailed evaluation, the dam site and vicinity were separated into four seismic zones. Figure 3 shows these zones including faults and earthquakes occurred in the basin along last 100 years.
At the first design stage, it was considered only Eastern Anatolian Fault System (DAF) for seismic hazard analysis. As a result of this study, the value of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was low for MDE. Recent study conducted by author indicates that the PGA value is considerable level and Bozova fault has a significant potential for reservoir triggering seismicity for Ataturk dam. It was located 3.0 m far away from the dam body and has a parallel position to the dam crest. This fault can produce an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 to 7.0. The seismic hazard analysis was performed for the dam by means of two separate methods. The deterministic seismic hazard analysis shows that the PGA value ranges from 0.284 to 0.536. These PGA values are high. Because the fault is very close to the dam site. The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis indicate that peak ground acceleration (PGA) changes within a wide range (0.057g and 0.203g) for OBE. For MDE and SEE, the PGA value averages to 0.197g and 0.408, respectively [31].
The seismic hazard analyses performed throughout this study indicates that Ataturk dam is one of the most critical dams within the basin. As based on the author’s recent studies, Total Risk Factor (TRF) value is 146.5 and it is identified as risk class of III. It means that it has high risk potential for downstream life and structures. [31] states that the 25-years old rockfill dam also has some problems in static condition and it cannot meet current seismic design standards. The earthquake intensity in dam site and reservoir area has been increased after reservoir impounding or following sudden reservoir water level fluctuations. The Bozova fault, which is very close to dam body, can be a source of earthquake triggered by the reservoir of Ataturk dam. Also, Terbela dam with a reservoir of 13 690 hm3 in Pakistan can be classified as high risk dam when considered this phenomena.
Figure 3.
Location of dam site on seismo-tectonic map and earthquakes
5. Main design principles for dams located on active seismic area
The seismic activity of dam sites is generally analyzed by two methods: (1) The deterministic seismic hazard analysis and (2) The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. The deterministic seismic hazard analysis is a very simple procedure and gives rational solutions for large dams. Due to the unavailability of strong motion records, various attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the peak ground acceleration (PGA) acting on dam sites. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis considers uncertainties in size, location and recurrence rate of earthquakes. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis provides a framework in which uncertainties can be identified and combined in a rational manner to provide a more complete picture of the seismic hazard [11].
The computer program used for seismic analysis should be available for the probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic hazard. The seismic sources should be identified and the recurrence interval of earthquakes should be estimated. As a result of an extensive survey and a search of available literature [28, 29, 31]. Several sources have been identified to help analyzing the seismic hazard of dams in Turkey and surrounding countries. The earthquakes that occurred within the last 100 years should be used for estimating seismic parameters. Seismic zones and earthquakes within the area having a radius of 100 km around the dam site should be considered.
For beginning to a seismic hazard analysis, primary factors such as regional geological setting, seismic history and local geological setting should be studied, and then earthquake definitions should be executed. Figure 4 summarizes the methods of analysis for a dam site and dam body. After selection of earthquakes, static, pseudo-static and dynamic analyses should be performed and liquefaction phenomenon and near source effect should be evaluated. In Turkey, a design engineer should conform to diagram given in Figure 4.
Earthquake definitions are given below:
The Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) was defined by means of the probabilistic methods. It is known as the earthquake that produces the ground motions at the site that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project [3]. It will be appropriate to choose a minimum return period of 145 years. It means a 50 percent probability of not being exceeded in 100 years.
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE), which is the largest earthquake magnitude that could occur along a recognized fault or within a particular seismo-tectonic province, was obtained for each zone and the most critical framework for the dam site was selected as Controlling Maximum Credible Earthquake (CMCE). The Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE) was then defined. It generally represents the ground motion with 475 years of return period [28]. It means a 10 percent probability of not being exceeded in 50 years.
According to [3], MDE is normally characterized by a level of motion equal to that expected at the dam site from the occurrence of deterministically evaluated MCE and Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) should be used for critical structures located in very active seismic area. Most of large dams in Turkey were analyzed by using these definitions [28].
Terminology used for seismic analysis of dams varies between countries. In the last publication of [8], new earthquake definitions have been made. In this bulletin the Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) is newly defined as the level of shaking for which damage can be accepted but for which there should be no uncontrolled release of water from the reservoir. In Turkey, it is defined as a level of ground motion having 2 percent probability of not being exceeded in 50 years. [8] states that SEE may be chosen to have a lower return period depending on the consequences of dam failure.
Figure 4.
Methods of analysis for a dam located on active seismic area in Turkey
6. Conclusions
The total risk for dam structures mainly depends on the seismic hazard rating of dam site and the risk rating of the completed structure. This paper gives an overview on the effects of earthquake on dams and effects of dam on earthquake occurrence, and points out the necessity of special design and construction measures for the dams, which are under the effects of strong ground motions. It is clear that the main requirement in earthquake-resistant design for dams is to protect public safety, downstream life and property. Therefore, some important factors listed below should be taken into account in design stage:
Large dams must be designed with a capability of resisting severe earthquake motion or fault movement at the dam site without uncontrolled release of water stored in reservoir.
For large dams located on non active seismic area, Reservoir Triggering Seismicity (RTS) can be more critical. Therefore, RTS should be defined sensitively as based on local geologic units and tectonic structures by means a detail seismic hazard analysis.
Damages to dams and their appurtenant facilities may be resulted from (1) direct fault movement across the dam foundation or (2) ground motion induced at the dam site by an earthquake located at some distance from the dam. The second one is commonly seen, however first one results to more serious problems for dams and their appurtenant structures.
Active faults pose the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structure when they are located very close to dam site. There are some examples of dams, which were damaged during the earthquakes that occurred in the past. Especially Concrete Faced Rockfill Dams (CFRD’s) have high risk potential when considered near source effect with strong ground motion. This phenomenon is dealed with the fact that the transferred energy by rockfill is not absorbed by concrete face during earthquake. Near source effect should be considered with more attention for large dams in design stage.
For the dams, which are under near source effect, embankment type with clay core seems more appropriate type because of being self-repairing properties of clay material when this type is technically and economically feasible for the selected dam site.
Acknowledgments
The author expresses his gratitude to the authorities of State Hydraulics Works for providing some technical data during completion of this study.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/47738.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/47738.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47738",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47738",totalDownloads:3261,totalViews:823,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:1,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:53,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"April 24th 2014",dateReviewed:"October 7th 2014",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 20th 2015",dateFinished:"October 27th 2014",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/47738",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/47738",book:{id:"4488",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures"},signatures:"Hasan Tosun",authors:[{id:"79083",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",email:"hasantosun26@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS3PNQA0/Profile_Picture_1637671691509",institution:{name:"Eskişehir Osmangazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Effects of earthquake on dams",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Effects of dams on seismicity of the region",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. A case study on the reservoir triggered seismicity for an existing dam",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Main design principles for dams located on active seismic area",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'BellM. LNurA1978Strength changes due to reservoir-induced pore pressure and stresses and application to Lake Oroville. J. Geophys. Res. 8344694483Bell, M.L., Nur, A., 1978, Strength changes due to reservoir-induced pore pressure and stresses and application to Lake Oroville. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4469– 4483.'},{id:"B2",body:'CastroGPoulosS. JLeathersF1985Re-examination of slide of Lower San Fernando Dam. ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111. J. Geophys. Res. 8344694483Castro, G., Poulos, S.J., Leathers, F., 1985, Re-examination of slide of Lower San Fernando Dam. ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4469– 4483.'},{id:"B3",body:'FEMA2005Federal guidelines for dam safety-Earthquake analyses and Design of dams. Federal Emergeney Management Agency.FEMA, 2005, Federal guidelines for dam safety-Earthquake analyses and Design of dams. Federal Emergeney Management Agency.'},{id:"B4",body:'GuptaH. K1992Reservoir-Induced Earthquakes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 364 pp.Gupta, H.K., 1992, Reservoir-Induced Earthquakes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 364 pp.'},{id:"B5",body:'GuptaH. K2002A review of recent studies of triggered earthquakes by artificial water reservoirs with special emphasis on earthquakes in Koyna, India. Earth-Science Reviews 582002279310Gupta, H.K., 2002, A review of recent studies of triggered earthquakes by artificial water reservoirs with special emphasis on earthquakes in Koyna, India. Earth-Science Reviews 58 (2002) 279–310'},{id:"B6",body:'HouqunC2008Consideration of Dam Safety after Wenchuan Earthquake in China. The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.Houqun, C., 2008, Consideration of Dam Safety after Wenchuan Earthquake in China. The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.'},{id:"B7",body:'HouqunCZepingXand MingL2010The relationship between large reservoirs and seismicity. International Water Power and Dam Construction, January, 2932Houqun, C., Zeping, X. and Ming., L, 2010, The relationship between large reservoirs and seismicity. International Water Power and Dam Construction, January, 29-32.'},{id:"B8",body:'ICOLD2010Selecting seismic parameters for large dams. Guidelines, Revision of Bulletin 72, Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design, International Commission on large Dams, Paris,ICOLD, 2010, Selecting seismic parameters for large dams. Guidelines, Revision of Bulletin 72, Committee on Seismic Aspects of Dam Design, International Commission on large Dams, Paris,'},{id:"B9",body:'JansenR. BEd.), 1988Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction and Rehabilitation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 884 pp.Jansen, R.B.,(Ed.), 1988, Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction and Rehabilitation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 884 pp.'},{id:"B10",body:'JSDE2004Preliminary Report of JSDE Investigation Team on the Niigata-Ken Cheetsu Earthquake. November.JSDE, 2004, Preliminary Report of JSDE Investigation Team on the Niigata-Ken Cheetsu Earthquake. November.'},{id:"B11",body:'KramerS. L1996Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 653 pp.Kramer, S.L., 1996, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 653 pp.'},{id:"B12",body:'PoulosS. J1988Liquefaction and related phenomena in Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction and Rehabilitation (edited by Robert B. Jansen). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 884 pp.Poulos, S.J. 1988, Liquefaction and related phenomena in Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction and Rehabilitation (edited by Robert B. Jansen). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 884 pp.'},{id:"B13",body:'RajendranKHarishC. M2000Mechanism of triggered seismicity at Koyna: an assessment based on relocated earthquake during 19831993Curr. Sci. 79 (3), 358- 363.Rajendran, K., Harish, C.M., 2000, Mechanism of triggered seismicity at Koyna: an assessment based on relocated earthquake during 1983– 1993. Curr. Sci. 79 (3), 358– 363.'},{id:"B14",body:'RajendranKAnd Talwani, 1992The role of elastic, undrained and drained responses in triggering earthquakes at Monticello Reservoir, South Carolina. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 82, 1867-1888.Rajendran, K. And Talwani, P., 1992, The role of elastic, undrained and drained responses in triggering earthquakes at Monticello Reservoir, South Carolina. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 82, 1867–1888.'},{id:"B15",body:'RoeloffsE. A1988Fault stability changes induced beneath a reservoir with cyclic variations in water level. J. Geophys. Res. 93 (B3), 2107- 2124.Roeloffs, E.A., 1988, Fault stability changes induced beneath a reservoir with cyclic variations in water level. J. Geophys. Res. 93 (B3), 2107– 2124.'},{id:"B16",body:'SeedH. BLeeK. Land IdrissI. M1969Analysis of Sheffield Dam failure. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 95 (SM6), 1453-1490 (November).Seed, H.B., Lee, K.L. and Idriss, I.M., 1969, Analysis of Sheffield Dam failure. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE 95 (SM6), 1453–1490 (November).'},{id:"B17",body:'SeedH. BLeeK. LIdrissI. Mand MakdisiF. I1975The slides in the San Fernando Dams during the earthquake of February 9, 1971. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE 101(GT7), 651-688.Seed, H.B., Lee, K.L., Idriss, I.M. and Makdisi, F.I., 1975, The slides in the San Fernando Dams during the earthquake of February 9, 1971. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE 101(GT7), 651–688.'},{id:"B18",body:'ScawthornC2002Earthquake- A historical perspective in Earthquake Engineering Handbook (edited by Charles Scawthorn and Wai-Fah Chen).Scawthorn, C. 2002. Earthquake- A historical perspective in Earthquake Engineering Handbook (edited by Charles Scawthorn and Wai-Fah Chen).'},{id:"B19",body:'SimpsonD. W1976Seismicity changes associated with reservoir loading. Eng. Geol. 10123150Simpson, D.W., 1976, Seismicity changes associated with reservoir loading. Eng. Geol. 10, 123– 150.'},{id:"B20",body:'SimpsonD. W1986Triggered earthquakes. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci. 142142Simpson, D.W., 1986, Triggered earthquakes. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci. 14, 21– 42.'},{id:"B21",body:'SimpsonD. WLeithW. Sand ScholzC. H1988Two types of reservoir-induced seismicity. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 78 (6), 2025-2040.Simpson, D.W., Leith, W.S. and Scholz, C.H., 1988, Two types of reservoir-induced seismicity. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 78 (6), 2025–2040.'},{id:"B22",body:'SnowD. T1982Hydrology of induced seismicity and tectonism: case histories of Kariba and Koyna. Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 189317360Snow, D.T., 1982, Hydrology of induced seismicity and tectonism: case histories of Kariba and Koyna. Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 189, 317–360.'},{id:"B23",body:'TalwaniP1997On the Nature of Reservoir-induced Seismicity. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1501997473492Talwani, P., 1997, On the Nature of Reservoir-induced Seismicity. Pure Appl. Geophys. 150 (1997) 473–492.'},{id:"B24",body:'TosunH2002Earthquake-Resistant Design for Embankment Dams. Publication of General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Ankara. 208 pp. (in Turkish).Tosun, H., 2002, Earthquake-Resistant Design for Embankment Dams. Publication of General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Ankara. 208 pp. (in Turkish).'},{id:"B25",body:'TosunHSavasH2005Seismic hazard analyses of concrete dams in Turkey. CDA Annual Conference on 100 years of Dam Experience-Balancing Tradition and Innovation, Calgary.Tosun, H., Savaş, H., 2005. Seismic hazard analyses of concrete dams in Turkey. CDA Annual Conference on 100 years of Dam Experience—Balancing Tradition and Innovation, Calgary.'},{id:"B26",body:'TosunHSeyrekE2005Seismic hazard analyses and risk classification of large embankment dams in Turkey. Dam Safety 2005Annual Conference of ASDSO, Orlando.Tosun, H., Seyrek, E., 2005. Seismic hazard analyses and risk classification of large embankment dams in Turkey. Dam Safety 2005-Annual Conference of ASDSO, Orlando.'},{id:"B27",body:'TosunHand SeyrekE2012Selection of the appropriate methodology for earthquake safety assessment of dam structure, Advance in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering-Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments.Tosun, H. and Seyrek, E. 2012. Selection of the appropriate methodology for earthquake safety assessment of dam structure, Advance in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering-Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments.'},{id:"B28",body:'TosunHZorluerİOrhanASeyrekESavasHand TürközM2007aSeismic hazard and total risk analyses for large dams in Euphrates Basin, Turkey. Engineering Geology, 89155170Tosun, H., Zorluer, İ., Orhan, A., Seyrek, E., Savaş, H. and Türköz, M. 2007a. Seismic hazard and total risk analyses for large dams in Euphrates Basin, Turkey. Engineering Geology, 89, 155-170.'},{id:"B29",body:'TosunHTürkozMand SavasH2007bRiver basin risk analysis. Int. Water Power and Dam Construction, May issue.Tosun, H., Türkoz, M. and Savas, H. 2007b, River basin risk analysis. Int. Water Power and Dam Construction, May issue.'},{id:"B30",body:'TosunH2011Earthquake safety evaluation of Keban dam, Turkey. CDA Annual Conference, Fredericton, Canada.Tosun, H., 2011, Earthquake safety evaluation of Keban dam, Turkey. CDA Annual Conference, Fredericton, Canada.'},{id:"B31",body:'TosunH2012Re-Analysis of Ataturk Dam under Ground Shaking By Finite Element Models. CDA Annual Conference, Saskatoon, CanadaTosun, H., 2012, Re-Analysis of Ataturk Dam under Ground Shaking By Finite Element Models. CDA Annual Conference, Saskatoon, Canada'},{id:"B32",body:'WielandM2007The seismic performance of concrete face rockfill dams under strong ground Shaking. International Water Power and Dam Construction, April, 1820Wieland, M., 2007, The seismic performance of concrete face rockfill dams under strong ground Shaking. International Water Power and Dam Construction, April, 18-20.'},{id:"B33",body:'WielandM2013Seismic design of major components. International Water Power and Dam Construction, February, 1619Wieland, M., 2013, Seismic design of major components. International Water Power and Dam Construction, February, 16-19.'},{id:"B34",body:'WielandM2014Seismic hazard and seismic design and safety aspects of large dam projects. Second European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, Aug. 2529Wieland, M., 2014, Seismic hazard and seismic design and safety aspects of large dam projects. Second European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, Aug. 25-29, 2014.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Hasan Tosun",address:"htosun@ogu.edu.tr",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"4488",type:"book",title:"Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:"From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures",fullTitle:"Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures",publishedDate:"May 20th 2015",bookSignature:"Abbas Moustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4488.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2039-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6377-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:43,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"778"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"47538",type:"chapter",title:"An Updated Seismic Source Model for Egypt",slug:"an-updated-seismic-source-model-for-egypt",totalDownloads:3414,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"R. Sawires, J.A. Peláez, R.E. Fat-Helbary, H.A. Ibrahim and M.T. García\nHernández",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77194",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:"A.",surname:"Peláez",fullName:"José Peláez",slug:"jose-pelaez"},{id:"171273",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashad",middleName:null,surname:"Sawires",fullName:"Rashad Sawires",slug:"rashad-sawires"},{id:"171274",title:"Dr.",name:"María Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"García Hernández",fullName:"María Teresa García Hernández",slug:"maria-teresa-garcia-hernandez"},{id:"171275",title:"Dr.",name:"Raafat El-Shafey",middleName:null,surname:"Fat-Helbary",fullName:"Raafat El-Shafey Fat-Helbary",slug:"raafat-el-shafey-fat-helbary"},{id:"171276",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamza Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",fullName:"Hamza Ahmed Ibrahim",slug:"hamza-ahmed-ibrahim"}]},{id:"47843",type:"chapter",title:"Dynamical Features of the Seismicity in Mexico by Means of the Visual Recurrence Analysis",slug:"dynamical-features-of-the-seismicity-in-mexico-by-means-of-the-visual-recurrence-analysis",totalDownloads:1074,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alejandro Ramírez-Rojas, Lucía R. Moreno-Torres, Ricardo T. Páez-\nHernández and Israel Reyes-Ramírez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"96912",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo Teodoro",middleName:null,surname:"Paez Hernandez",fullName:"Ricardo Teodoro Paez Hernandez",slug:"ricardo-teodoro-paez-hernandez"},{id:"161413",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Ramírez-Rojas",fullName:"Alejandro Ramírez-Rojas",slug:"alejandro-ramirez-rojas"},{id:"171407",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucía Rebeca",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno-Torres",fullName:"Lucía Rebeca Moreno-Torres",slug:"lucia-rebeca-moreno-torres"},{id:"171408",title:"Dr.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes-Ramírez",fullName:"Israel Reyes-Ramírez",slug:"israel-reyes-ramirez"}]},{id:"47740",type:"chapter",title:"Assessment of Seismic Hazard of a Territory",slug:"assessment-of-seismic-hazard-of-a-territory",totalDownloads:1406,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"V.B. Zaalishvili",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"142300",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:"Boris",surname:"Zaalishvili",fullName:"Vladislav Zaalishvili",slug:"vladislav-zaalishvili"}]},{id:"47973",type:"chapter",title:"Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and Higuchi's Windowing Method Applied to an Analysis of Southern California Seismicity",slug:"detrended-fluctuation-analysis-and-higuchi-s-windowing-method-applied-to-an-analysis-of-southern-cal",totalDownloads:1062,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"A. Muñoz-Diosdado",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171255",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Diosdado",fullName:"Alejandro Muñoz-Diosdado",slug:"alejandro-munoz-diosdado"}]},{id:"47888",type:"chapter",title:"A Simulation and Evaluation System Oriented to the Emergency Response Effectiveness of the Abrupt Earthquake Disaster",slug:"a-simulation-and-evaluation-system-oriented-to-the-emergency-response-effectiveness-of-the-abrupt-ea",totalDownloads:1264,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yan-Yan Huang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171101",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanyan",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Yanyan Huang",slug:"yanyan-huang"}]},{id:"47767",type:"chapter",title:"Rotational Components of the Seismic Fields Caused by Local Events",slug:"rotational-components-of-the-seismic-fields-caused-by-local-events",totalDownloads:1443,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Anna Kurzych, Krzysztof P. Teisseyre, Zbigniew Krajewski and\nLeszek R. Jaroszewicz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"72725",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek",middleName:"R.",surname:"Jaroszewicz",fullName:"Leszek Jaroszewicz",slug:"leszek-jaroszewicz"},{id:"80977",title:"Dr.",name:"Zbigniew",middleName:null,surname:"Krajewski",fullName:"Zbigniew Krajewski",slug:"zbigniew-krajewski"},{id:"80980",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Teisseyre",fullName:"Krzysztof Teisseyre",slug:"krzysztof-teisseyre"},{id:"171376",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Kurzych",fullName:"Anna Kurzych",slug:"anna-kurzych"}]},{id:"47738",type:"chapter",title:"Earthquakes and Dams",slug:"earthquakes-and-dams",totalDownloads:3261,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Hasan Tosun",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79083",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun"}]},{id:"47765",type:"chapter",title:"Stability and Run-out Analysis of Earthquake-induced Landslides",slug:"stability-and-run-out-analysis-of-earthquake-induced-landslides",totalDownloads:2377,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Yingbin Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"149520",title:"Dr.",name:"Yingbin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Yingbin Zhang",slug:"yingbin-zhang"}]},{id:"47881",type:"chapter",title:"Simplified Multi-Block Constitutive Model Predicting the Seismic Displacement of Saturated Sands along Slip Surfaces with Strain Softening",slug:"simplified-multi-block-constitutive-model-predicting-the-seismic-displacement-of-saturated-sands-alo",totalDownloads:1163,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Constantine A. Stamatopoulos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171228",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantine",middleName:null,surname:"Stamatopoulos",fullName:"Constantine Stamatopoulos",slug:"constantine-stamatopoulos"}]},{id:"47730",type:"chapter",title:"Detection of Accelerating Transient of Aseismic Rock Strain using Precursory Decline in Groundwater Radon",slug:"detection-of-accelerating-transient-of-aseismic-rock-strain-using-precursory-decline-in-groundwater-",totalDownloads:1069,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ming-Ching T. Kuo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69565",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming-Ching T.",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",fullName:"Ming-Ching T. Kuo",slug:"ming-ching-t.-kuo"}]},{id:"47961",type:"chapter",title:"Seismic Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Structures Including Soil-Structure Interaction Effects",slug:"seismic-reliability-based-design-optimization-of-reinforced-concrete-structures-including-soil-struc",totalDownloads:1338,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Mohsen Khatibinia, Sadjad Gharehbaghi and Abbas Moustafa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa"},{id:"173876",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadjad",middleName:null,surname:"Gharehbaghi",fullName:"Sadjad Gharehbaghi",slug:"sadjad-gharehbaghi"}]},{id:"47989",type:"chapter",title:"Initial Shapes of Cable-Stayed Bridges during Construction by Cantilever Methods – Numerical Simulation and Validation of the Kao Ping Hsi Bridge",slug:"initial-shapes-of-cable-stayed-bridges-during-construction-by-cantilever-methods-numerical-simulatio",totalDownloads:1853,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ming-Yi Liu and Pao-Hsii Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"143958",title:"Prof.",name:"Ming-Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Ming-Yi Liu",slug:"ming-yi-liu"},{id:"145836",title:"Prof.",name:"Pao-Hsii",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Pao-Hsii Wang",slug:"pao-hsii-wang"}]},{id:"47710",type:"chapter",title:"A Study on the Dynamic Dimensionless Behaviours of Underground Pipes Due to Blast Loads Using Finite Element Method",slug:"a-study-on-the-dynamic-dimensionless-behaviours-of-underground-pipes-due-to-blast-loads-using-finite",totalDownloads:1362,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Akinola Johnson Olarewaju",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76513",title:"Dr.",name:"Akinola",middleName:"Johnson",surname:"Olarewaju (Engr.) PhD",fullName:"Akinola Olarewaju (Engr.) PhD",slug:"akinola-olarewaju-(engr.)-phd"}]},{id:"47689",type:"chapter",title:"Effect Evaluation of Radiative Heat Transfer and Horizontal Wind on Fire Whirlwind",slug:"effect-evaluation-of-radiative-heat-transfer-and-horizontal-wind-on-fire-whirlwind",totalDownloads:1193,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Seigo Sakai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"72521",title:"Dr.",name:"Seigo",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",fullName:"Seigo Sakai",slug:"seigo-sakai"}]},{id:"47972",type:"chapter",title:"Acute Psychiatric Trauma Intervention — The January 2010 Haiti Earthquake",slug:"acute-psychiatric-trauma-intervention-the-january-2010-haiti-earthquake",totalDownloads:967,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kent Ravenscroft",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"171231",title:"Dr.",name:"Kent",middleName:null,surname:"Ravenscroft",fullName:"Kent Ravenscroft",slug:"kent-ravenscroft"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2049",title:"Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:"Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f1b08a4349661bb1992a5d543926f1ed",slug:"advances-in-geotechnical-earthquake-engineering-soil-liquefaction-and-seismic-safety-of-dams-and-monuments",bookSignature:"Abbas Moustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28211",title:"Lessons Learned from Recent Earthquakes – Geoscience and Geotechnical Perspectives",slug:"lessons-learned-from-recent-earthquakes-a-geoscience-and-geotechnical-perspective",signatures:"Robert C. Lo and Yumei Wang",authors:[{id:"73125",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Lo",fullName:"Robert Lo",slug:"robert-lo"},{id:"94374",title:"Ms.",name:"Yumei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yumei Wang",slug:"yumei-wang"}]},{id:"28212",title:"Lateral In-Situ Stress Measurements to Diagnose Liquefaction",slug:"lateral-in-situ-stress-measurements-to-diagnose-liquefaction",signatures:"Richard L. Handy",authors:[{id:"69525",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Handy",fullName:"Richard Handy",slug:"richard-handy"}]},{id:"28213",title:"Review on Liquefaction Hazard Assessment",slug:"liquefaction-hazard-assessment-",signatures:"Neelima Satyam",authors:[{id:"69611",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelima",middleName:null,surname:"Satyam",fullName:"Neelima Satyam",slug:"neelima-satyam"}]},{id:"28214",title:"Liquefaction Remediation",slug:"liquefaction-remediation",signatures:"Sarfraz Ali",authors:[{id:"75790",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarfraz",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Sarfraz Ali",slug:"sarfraz-ali"}]},{id:"28215",title:"Simplified Analyses of Dynamic Pile Response Subjected to Soil Liquefaction and Lateral Spread Effects",slug:"simplified-analyses-of-dynamic-pile-response-subjected-to-soil-liquefaction-and-lateral-spread-effec",signatures:"Lin Bor-Shiun",authors:[{id:"69233",title:"Dr.",name:"Bor-Shiun",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Bor-Shiun Lin",slug:"bor-shiun-lin"}]},{id:"28216",title:"Non-Linear Numerical Analysis of Earthquake- Induced Deformation of Earth-Fill Dams",slug:"non-linear-numerical-analysis-of-earthquake-induced-deformation-and-liquefaction-of-earth-dams",signatures:"Babak Ebrahimian",authors:[{id:"69641",title:"Dr.",name:"Babak",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimian",fullName:"Babak Ebrahimian",slug:"babak-ebrahimian"}]},{id:"28217",title:"Selection of the Appropriate Methodology for Earthquake Safety Assessment of Dam Structures",slug:"selection-of-the-appropriate-methodology-for-earthquake-safety-assessment-of-dam-structures-",signatures:"Hasan Tosun and Evren Seyrek",authors:[{id:"79083",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun"},{id:"127153",title:"Dr.",name:"Evren",middleName:null,surname:"Seyrek",fullName:"Evren Seyrek",slug:"evren-seyrek"}]},{id:"28218",title:"Earthquake Response Analysis and Evaluation for Earth-Rock Dams",slug:"earthquake-response-analysis-and-safety-evaluation-for-earth-rock-dams",signatures:"Zhenzhong Shen, Lei Gan, Juan Cui and Liqun Xu",authors:[{id:"76451",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Shen",slug:"shen"}]},{id:"28219",title:"Recent Landslide Damming Events and Their Hazard Mitigation Strategies",slug:"recent-landslide-damming-events-and-their-hazard-mitigation-strategies",signatures:"Ahsan Sattar and Kazuo Konagai",authors:[{id:"72541",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahsan",middleName:null,surname:"Sattar",fullName:"Ahsan Sattar",slug:"ahsan-sattar"},{id:"121222",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Konagai",fullName:"Kazuo Konagai",slug:"kazuo-konagai"}]},{id:"28220",title:"Rate-Dependent Nonlinear Seismic Response Analysis of Concrete Arch Dam",slug:"rate-dependent-nonlinear-seismic-response-analysis-of-arch-dam",signatures:"Xiao Shiyun",authors:[{id:"76607",title:"Prof.",name:"Shiyun",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Shiyun Xiao",slug:"shiyun-xiao"}]},{id:"28221",title:"Seismic Potential Improvement of Road Embankment",slug:"seismic-potential-improvement-of-road-embankment",signatures:"Ken-ichi Tokida",authors:[{id:"75069",title:"Prof.",name:"Ken-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Tokida",fullName:"Ken-Ichi Tokida",slug:"ken-ichi-tokida"}]},{id:"28222",title:"Seismic Response Analysis and Protection of Underground Monumental Structures – The Catacombs of Kom EL-Shoqafa, Alexandria, Egypt",slug:"seismic-response-analysis-and-protection-of-underground-monumental-structures-the-catacombs-of-kom-e",signatures:"Sayed Hemeda",authors:[{id:"73254",title:"Prof.",name:"Sayed",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Hemeda",fullName:"Sayed Hemeda",slug:"sayed-hemeda"}]},{id:"28223",title:"Seismic Protection of Monolithic Objects of Art Using a Constrained Oscillating Base",slug:"seismic-protection-of-monolithic-objects-of-art-using-a-constrained-oscillating-base-",signatures:"Alessandro Contento and Angelo Di Egidio",authors:[{id:"75362",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Contento",fullName:"Alessandro Contento",slug:"alessandro-contento"},{id:"80378",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Di Egidio",fullName:"Angelo Di Egidio",slug:"angelo-di-egidio"}]},{id:"28224",title:"Application of a Highly Reduced One- Dimensional Spring-Dashpot System to Inelastic SSI Systems Subjected to Earthquake Ground Motions",slug:"application-of-a-highly-reduced-one-dimensional-spring-dashpot-system-to-inelastic-ssi-systems-subje",signatures:"Masato Saitoh",authors:[{id:"73792",title:"Prof.",name:"Masato",middleName:null,surname:"Saitoh",fullName:"Masato Saitoh",slug:"masato-saitoh"}]},{id:"28225",title:"Numerical Prediction of Fire Whirlwind Outbreak and Scale Effect of Whirlwind Behavior",slug:"numerical-prediction-of-fire-whirlwind-outbreak-and-scale-effect-of-whirlwind-behavior",signatures:"Seigo Sakai",authors:[{id:"72521",title:"Dr.",name:"Seigo",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",fullName:"Seigo Sakai",slug:"seigo-sakai"}]},{id:"28226",title:"The Vibration of a Layered Rotating Planet and Bryan’s Effect",slug:"-the-vibration-of-a-layered-rotating-planet-and-bryan-s-effect",signatures:"Michael Y. Shatalov, Stephan V. Joubert and Charlotta E. Coetzee",authors:[{id:"8202",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Shatalov",fullName:"Michael Shatalov",slug:"michael-shatalov"},{id:"61174",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephan",middleName:"Victor",surname:"Joubert",fullName:"Stephan Joubert",slug:"stephan-joubert"},{id:"121301",title:"Dr.",name:"Charlotta",middleName:null,surname:"Coetzee",fullName:"Charlotta Coetzee",slug:"charlotta-coetzee"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2049",title:"Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:"Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f1b08a4349661bb1992a5d543926f1ed",slug:"advances-in-geotechnical-earthquake-engineering-soil-liquefaction-and-seismic-safety-of-dams-and-monuments",bookSignature:"Abbas Moustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4488",title:"Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:"From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f327b43d71ec51fe3da36433c7174d0f",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures",bookSignature:"Abbas Moustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6564",title:"Earthquakes",subtitle:"Forecast, Prognosis and Earthquake Resistant Construction",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfe07735f73c9267f1d69a5c916c7135",slug:"earthquakes-forecast-prognosis-and-earthquake-resistant-construction",bookSignature:"Valentina Svalova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62677",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",surname:"Svalova",slug:"valentina-svalova",fullName:"Valentina Svalova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7660",title:"Earthquakes",subtitle:"Impact, Community Vulnerability and Resilience",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4fa1f8e49ddf54c3caf69aa6100d2af8",slug:"earthquakes-impact-community-vulnerability-and-resilience",bookSignature:"Jaime Santos-Reyes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188978",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Santos-Reyes",slug:"jaime-santos-reyes",fullName:"Jaime Santos-Reyes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2049",title:"Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:"Soil Liquefaction and Seismic Safety of Dams and Monuments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f1b08a4349661bb1992a5d543926f1ed",slug:"advances-in-geotechnical-earthquake-engineering-soil-liquefaction-and-seismic-safety-of-dams-and-monuments",bookSignature:"Abbas Moustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4488",title:"Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:"From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f327b43d71ec51fe3da36433c7174d0f",slug:"earthquake-engineering-from-engineering-seismology-to-optimal-seismic-design-of-engineering-structures",bookSignature:"Abbas Moustafa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78700",title:"Landslide Mitigation through Biocementation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100271",slug:"landslide-mitigation-through-biocementation",body:'
1. Introduction
Landslide and slope failures are very dangerous and caused a lot of damages to the people all over the world every year. Environmentally friendly approach to improve the soil condition is necessary for the sustainable global environment. The traditional methods to protect the land against the geo-disasters such as landslide and liquefaction are mainly mechanical or chemical approach to soil and are not environment friendly. Nature has provided a significant biologically based solution to some of the challenges that vex geotechnical infrastructure systems. Recent studies on applications of bio-mediated soil improvement methods have proved the viability of the approach for effective performance and environmental sustainability. The potential outcomes of these studies have shown greater promise of exploring a wider application of the technique in geotechnical engineering. The great promise of the use of biological treatments has been demonstrated in many applications, such as improving the shear strength and decreasing the permeability of soils [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] improvement in strength and durability of concrete and morter, remediation of cracks in buildings [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]; improvement in engineering properties of soil and cementation of sand column [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. However, the uniformity of biocementation inside the soil is not well-known yet.
The objective of this research is to look at the difference of mechanism of biocementation between the Toyoura sand and silica sand no. 4 through scanning electron microscope and x-ray CT analysis.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Microbial preparations
There are several ideas of ground improvement method utilizing microbial metabolism, among which the calcium carbonate method has been vigorously researched in Japan and abroad recently due to the applicability to the real ground and the formation of solid matter derived from microorganisms. (ATCC 11859) used in this study as a source of microorganism [16, 18]. The characteristic of this microorganism is that it has the function of decomposing urea called urease enzyme. In addition, it is known that this microorganism has pressure, temperature, salt tolerance and alkali resistance, and it has a relatively strong resistance under various ground environments. The chemical reaction at that time is shown below. Cementation action between particles is caused by calcium carbonate precipitated between the soil particles, of the applied ground.
2.2 Sand used in the experiment
Two types of sands were used in the experiment to compare the effects of the size of the particles on biocementation. Toyoura sand and silica sand no. 4 were used for biocementation. The grain size analysis of those sands is shown in Figure 1. The particle size of silica sand is larger than Toyoura sand.
Figure 1.
Grain size analysis of Toyoura sand and silica sand used in the experiment.
2.3 Direct simple shear test
The shear strength properties measured by using direct simple shear test apparatus. The sample dimension used was 60 mm x 22.6 mm. The samples have been sheared by above mentioned apparatus under three normal loads magnitudes, namely10, 30 and 50 kN/m2. The samples under the same load magnitude have been sheared at least three times. The constant velocity of magnitude 0.2 mm/min was applied. The test is finished when the shear strain reaches 26% (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Direct simple shear test apparatus.
2.4 SEM and EDS analysis
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was carried out by using JSM-7600F and consequently analyzed the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to observe the surface of the bio-cemented soil particles and the mineral amount in different samples.
2.5 Micro-focus X-ray CT system
X-ray CT scan was carried out of the treated samples after 1 week of treatment for both Toyoura sand and silica sand to observe the location of the calcite generation.
3. Results and discussion
Figure 3 illustrates that the result if the X-ray CT scan of the 1 week bio-treated sand samples. It was observed that in silica sand the amount of CaCO3 was more than that of Toyoura sand. The shape of the sand particles has influence to generate the amount of calcite [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Another thing was observed that the amount of calcite was more in the lower portion than the upper portion of the samples. The bacteria and the nutrient was applied from the surface of the sample and this has made the influence to precipitate the calcite at the lower portion more as liquid flows through the pore spaces.
Figure 3.
X-ray CT analysis (left photo Toyoura sand and right photo silica sand).
Figure 4 shows that the scanning electron microscopic view of the biotreated sand after 1 week of treatment. It was observed that the shape of the crystal is different in Toyoura and Silica sand. This type of shape of crystal might be give some influence on the strength of the biotreated sand.
Figure 4.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the Toyoura (left) and silica (right)sand.
Figure 5 displays the EDS analysis of the biotreated soil samples. Rhombohedral crystal (calcite) was present on the surface of the particle and Ca element was extracted from the element mapping, and the tendency that calcium carbonate is widely distributed on the surface of the particle of silica sand than Toyoura sand.
Figure 5.
EDS analysis of Toyoura (left) and silica (right) sand.
Figure 6 shows the relationship between Pca and depth of Toyoura sand and silica sand. As shown in Figure 1, the particle size was larger than Toyoura sand, and it was considered that calcium carbonate covered and enlarged around the particle. Rhombohedral crystal (calcite) was present on the surface of the particle and Ca element was extracted from the element mapping, and the tendency that calcium carbonate is widely distributed on the surface of the particle of silica sand than Toyoura sand. An aggregate of rhombohedral crystals with a grain diameter of rhombohedral crystal (calcite) of 10 μm to 50 μm was observed. A spherical crystal (vaterite) different from rhombohedral crystal was observed in Toyoura sand. In silica sand, existence of spherical crystal (vaterite) could not be confirmed. In addition, it was considered that the transition from vaterite to calcite was proceeding in silica sand. As the Toyoura sand and the silica sand, the shape of the particle is different they also influenced the shape of crystals.
Figure 6.
Relation between calcium production and depth.
From Figure 6 it was confirmed that silica sand Ca (calcium) element increased as compared with Toyoura sand under the same treatment condition. Since the particle size of silica is larger than Toyoura sand, calcium carbonate covers the particle surface particles, and the amount of Ca (calcium) element is higher than Toyoura sand. It was considered that it increased shear test by calcium carbonate method.
Figures 7 and 8 show the relation among the shear stress and shear strain and volumetric strain by direct simple shear test of Toyoura sand and silica sand, respectively. It shows the stress–strain relation of Toyoura sand the stress–strain relation of Toyoura sand cemented 1 Week by bio-treatment. It was observed that the shear stress value increased by 1.3 to 2.0 times in the case of no addition of microorganisms of silica sand and Toyoura sand and addition of microorganisms with 1 Week. An increase in shear stress was confirmed and from the point of comparison the shear stress of Toyoura sand was higher than the silica sand.
Figure 7.
Relation between shear stress and shear strain and volumetric strain of Toyoura sand without (left) and after 1 week of treatment.
Figure 8.
Relation between shear stress and shear strain and volumetric strain of silica sand without (left) and after 1 week of treatment.
Figure 9 shows the relationship between the shear strength and the normal stress determined from Figures 7 and 8. Table 1 shows the cohesion force c (kN / m2) and internal friction angle φ (°) under each condition. From Figure 9, it was confirmed that the silica sand has increased cohesion force c (kN/m2) and internal friction angle φ (°) because precipitation of calcium carbonate on the particle surface increases the frictional force of the particle surface and the increase in density due to calcium carbonate particles. From the tendency that calcium is widely distributed, it was considered that shear stress and cohesion could be increased [23, 24, 25, 26]. In the Toyoura sand, the shear stress increased, but the cohesion was decreased. In the Toyoura sand, precipitation of calcium carbonate on the particle surface was partially precipitated, and the calcium carbonate played the role of fine grain. After the test, Pca (%) was measured, and the calcium carbonate precipitation ratio to the sand mass was 1.8 to 2.4% The results are shown in Table 2. In the solidification period 1 Week by the calcium carbonate method, an average of 2% calcium carbonate precipitation could be confirmed. The slope stabilization has been also carried out by using the native bacteria and found that the soil strength has been increased significantly to protect the landslide.
Figure 9.
Relation between shear stress and normal stress.
Silica No 4 Sand
Toyoura Sand
Silica No 4 1 Week
Toyoura 1 Week
ϕ (°)
35.9
30.9
57.2
57.4
c (kN/m2)
12.38
12.19
15.07
6.56
Table 1.
Cohesion and degree of internal friction of Toyoura and silica sand without and 1 week of treatment.
Stress
Pca (%)
Silica No 4 1 Week
Toyoura 1 Week
10 (kN/m2)
2.13
1.99
30 (kN/m2)
2.06
1.84
50(kN/m2)
2.37
2.04
Table 2.
Amount of calcite generation after 1 week.
4. Conclusions
It was observed through the X-ray CT and SEM-EDS analysis that the effect of particle size on bio-cementation was great. The amount of calcite generation is more in silica sand than in the Toyoura sand. In addition, it was confirmed that calcium carbonate precipitated was more in the lower part than in the upper part by infiltrating the bacteria and nutrient from the surface. It was evaluated that the precipitation distribution of calcium carbonate inside the specimen could be confirmed by X-ray CT. It was confirmed that from 10 μm to 50 μm calcite of rhombohedral crystal and vaterite of spherical crystal could be confirmed in the crystalline state of calcium carbonate in Toyoura and silica sand, respectively. It was seen the increase of 1.3 to 2.0 times of shear stress after 1 week of biotreated by using Bacilius Pasturii. In the cementation period of 1 week an average of 2% calcium carbonate precipitation could be confirmed.
Acknowledgments
The author acknowledged the financial help to conduct this research from the Soil Science Foundation.
\n',keywords:"Biocementation, landslide, Microbial induced calcite precipitation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78700.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78700.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78700",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78700",totalDownloads:159,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 6th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 3rd 2021",datePrePublished:"November 15th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"September 21st 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Landslide and other geo-disasters are causing a great damage to people and the resources all over the world. An environment friendly countermeasure of landslide disasters is necessary. Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a bio-cementation process that can improve the geotechnical properties of granular soils through the precipitation of calcium carbonate (calcite) at soil particle contacts. This MICP can be an environment friendly solution for the biocementation of soil. In this study, an evaluation of biocemented soil has been carried out through direct shear test and direct simple shear test. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) tests were conducted to analysis the calcite precipitation inside the biotreated soil by bacteria by using Toyoura sand and silica sand no. 4. It was observed that the amount of calcite generated in silica sand was larger than Toyoura sand. The particle shape influences the result of calcite precipitation and consequent strength of the bio-cemented sand. The amount of strength which was obtained by direct shear test and direct simple shear test indicated the granular soil became bio-stabilized within 7 days of application of nutrients from the surface. However, the amount of generated calcite was not uniformed in different layers while applying the nutrients and bacterial from the surface which was revealed by X-ray CT scan test.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78700",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78700",signatures:"Azizul Moqsud",book:{id:"10950",type:"book",title:"Landslides",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Landslides",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yuanzhi Zhang and Dr. Qiuming Cheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10950.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-024-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-023-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-025-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"7199",title:"Dr.",name:"Md.Azizul",middleName:null,surname:"Moqsud",fullName:"Md.Azizul Moqsud",slug:"md.azizul-moqsud",email:"moqsud@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Yamaguchi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Materials and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Microbial preparations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Sand used in the experiment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Direct simple shear test",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 SEM and EDS analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Micro-focus X-ray CT system",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"3. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Gowthaman, S., Mitsuyama, S., Nakashima, K., Komatsu, M., Kawasaki, S. Biogeotechnical approach for slope soil stabilization using locally isolated bacteria and inexpensive low-grade chemicals: A feasibility study on Hokkaido expressway soil, Japan. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 59, 2019, pp. 484-499.'},{id:"B2",body:'DeJong, J.T., Mortensen, B.M., Martinez, B.C., Nelson, D.C., Biomediated soil improvement. Ecol. Eng. Vol. 36, 2010, pp. 197-210.'},{id:"B3",body:'Moqsud, M.A., Soga, K., Hyodo, M., Nakata, Y. Evaluation of bio-cemented sand for landslide disaster prevention. International symposium on bio geotechnology. September 12-13, Atlanta, USA. 2018.'},{id:"B4",body:'Bao, R., Li, J., Chen, L. Effect of microbial induced calcite precipitation on surface erosion and scour of granular soils proof of concept. Journal of transportation research board, Vol. 2657, 2017,pp. 10-18.'},{id:"B5",body:'Stocks-Fisher, S., Galinat, J. K. , Bang, S. S. Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3. Soil Biology and Biochemistry Vol. 31(11),199, pp. 1563-1571.'},{id:"B6",body:'DeJong, J., Fritzges, M. & Nüsslein, K. Microbial induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Vol.132 (11), 2006, pp. 1381-1392.'},{id:"B7",body:'Gomez, M.G., Anderson, C.M., Graddy, C.M.R., DeJong, J.T., Nelson, D.C., Ginn, T.R. Large scale comparison of bioaugmentation and biostimulation approaches for biocementation of sands. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, Vol.143, 2017, 4016124.'},{id:"B8",body:'Jiang, N.J., Soga, K. The applicability of microbially induced calcite precipitation for internal erosion control in gravel-sand mixtures. Geotechnique, Vol. 67, 2017, pp. 42-55.'},{id:"B9",body:'Moqsud, M.A. Bioremediation of polluted soil due to tsunami by using recycled waste glass Scientific reports. 11 (14272), 2021'},{id:"B10",body:'Imran, M.A., Kimura, S., Nakashima, K., Evelpidou, N., Kawasaki, S. Feasibility study of native ureolytic bacteria for biocementation towards coastal erosion protection by MICP method. Applied science, Vol. 9, 2019, pp. 4462-4475.'},{id:"B11",body:'Jonkers, H.M. Toward bio-based geo and civil engineering for a sustainable society. Procedia Engineering. Vol.171, 2017, pp. 168-175.'},{id:"B12",body:'Gomez, M.G., Graddy, C., DeJong, J. and Nelson, D. Biogeochemical changes during bio-cementation mediated by stimulated and augmented Ureolytic Microorganisms. Scientific Reports. Vol. 9, 2019, 11517.'},{id:"B13",body:'Cui, M.J., Zheng, J.J., Zhang, R.J., Lai, H.J., Zhang, J. Influence of cementation level on the strength behavior of bio-cemented sand. Acta Geotech. Vol. 12, 2017, pp. 971-986.'},{id:"B14",body:'Montoya, B.M., De Jong, J.T. Stress-strain behavior of sands cemented by microbially induced calcite precipitation. J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. Vol. 141.2015'},{id:"B15",body:'Cheng, L., Cord-Ruwisch, R., Shahin, M.A. Cementation of sand soil by microbially induced calcite precipitation at various degrees of saturation. Can. Geotech. J. Vol. 50,2013, pp. 81-90.'},{id:"B16",body:'Bareither, C.A., Edil, T.B., Benson, C.H., Mickelson, D.M. Geological and physical factors affecting the friction angle of compacted sands. J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. Vol. 134, 2008, pp. 1476– 1489.'},{id:"B17",body:'Canakci, H., Hamed, M., Celik, F., Sidik, W., Eviz, F. Friction characteristics of organic soil with construction materials. Soils Found. Vol. 56,2016, pp. 965-972.'},{id:"B18",body:'DeJong, J.T., Fritzges, M.B., Nu¨sslein, K. Microbially induced cementation to control sand response to undrained shear. J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. Vol. 132, 2006, pp. 1381-1392.'},{id:"B19",body:'DeJong, J.T., Mortensen, B.M., Martinez, B.C., Nelson, D.C. Biomediated soil improvement. Ecol. Eng. 36, 2010, pp. 197-210.'},{id:"B20",body:'Dhami, N.K., Reddy, M.S., Mukherjee, A. Significant indicators for biomineralization in sand of varying grain sizes. Constr. Build. Mater. 104, 2016, pp. 198-207.'},{id:"B21",body:'Farukh, M.A., Yamada, T.J. Synoptic climatology of winter daily temperature extremes in Sapporo, northern Japan. Int. J. Climatol. 38, 2018, pp. 2230-2238.'},{id:"B22",body:'Feng, K., Montoya, B.M.,. Quantifying level of microbial-induced cementation for cyclically loaded sand. J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. Vol. 143, 2017, 06017005.'},{id:"B23",body:'Feng, K., Montoya, B.M. Influence of confinement and cementation level on the behavior of microbial-induced calcite precipitated sands under monotonic drained loading. J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. Vol. 142, 2016, 04015057.'},{id:"B24",body:'Soon, N.W., Lee, L.M., Khun, T.C., Ling, H.S., Factors affecting improvement in engineering properties of residual soil through microbial- induced calcite precipitation. J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. Vol. 140, 2014, 04014006.'},{id:"B25",body:'Van Paassen, L.A., Ghose, R., van der Linden, T.J.M., van der Star, W.R. L., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. Quantifying biomediated ground improvement by ureolysis: large-scale biogrout experiment. J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 136, 2010, 1721-1728.'},{id:"B26",body:'Moqsud, M.A. Slope Soil stabilization through biocementation by native bacteria in chugoku region, Japan. International Journal of Geomate. Vol 21 (81): 36-42.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Azizul Moqsud",address:"azizul@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp",affiliation:'
Yamaguchi University, Ube City, Japan
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10950",type:"book",title:"Landslides",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Landslides",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yuanzhi Zhang and Dr. Qiuming Cheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10950.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-024-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-023-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-025-9",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"37995",title:"Ms.",name:"Morio",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuzaki",email:"matsu@affrc.go.jp",fullName:"Morio Matsuzaki",slug:"morio-matsuzaki",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"22606",title:"Farming System and Management",slug:"farming-system-and-management",abstract:null,signatures:"Morio Matsuzaki",authors:[{id:"37995",title:"Ms.",name:"Morio",surname:"Matsuzaki",fullName:"Morio Matsuzaki",slug:"morio-matsuzaki",email:"matsu@affrc.go.jp"}],book:{id:"494",title:"Recent Trends for Enhancing the Diversity and Quality of Soybean Products",slug:"recent-trends-for-enhancing-the-diversity-and-quality-of-soybean-products",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"29367",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiyong",surname:"Park",slug:"jiyong-park",fullName:"Jiyong Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yonsei University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"29368",title:"Prof.",name:"Nada",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"nada-nikolic",fullName:"Nada Nikolic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"30137",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernandes",surname:"Alencar",slug:"ernandes-alencar",fullName:"Ernandes Alencar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"32917",title:"Dr.",name:"Yves",surname:"Bertheau",slug:"yves-bertheau",fullName:"Yves Bertheau",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"33019",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Davison",slug:"john-davison",fullName:"John Davison",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"36103",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Borba",slug:"juliana-borba",fullName:"Juliana Borba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"45451",title:"Dr.",name:"Lêda",surname:"Faroni",slug:"leda-faroni",fullName:"Lêda Faroni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Viçosa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"46022",title:"Prof.",name:"Kashif",surname:"Ghafoor",slug:"kashif-ghafoor",fullName:"Kashif Ghafoor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"80903",title:"Prof.",name:"Miodrag",surname:"Lazic",slug:"miodrag-lazic",fullName:"Miodrag Lazic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"82227",title:"Prof.",name:"Fahad Y.I.",surname:"Al-Juhaimi",slug:"fahad-y.i.-al-juhaimi",fullName:"Fahad Y.I. Al-Juhaimi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"521"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:69},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"766",title:"Hydraulic Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-hydraulic-engineering",parent:{id:"117",title:"Energy Engineering",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:105,numberOfWosCitations:323,numberOfCrossrefCitations:517,numberOfDimensionsCitations:929,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"766",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3204",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d35273a0441f1b94bb6076f87a865769",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",bookSignature:"Andrew P. Bunger, John McLennan and Rob Jeffrey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3204.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"153589",title:"Dr.",name:"Rob",middleName:null,surname:"Jeffrey",slug:"rob-jeffrey",fullName:"Rob Jeffrey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"2",chapterContentType:"conference paper",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44353",doi:"10.5772/56192",title:"Fracturing Fluids",slug:"fracturing-fluids",totalDownloads:8642,totalCrossrefCites:48,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:null,book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Carl Montgomery",authors:[{id:"167745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carl",middleName:"T.",surname:"Montgomery",slug:"carl-montgomery",fullName:"Carl Montgomery"}]},{id:"44691",doi:"10.5772/56444",title:"Microseismic Monitoring Developments in Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation",slug:"microseismic-monitoring-developments-in-hydraulic-fracture-stimulation",totalDownloads:5334,totalCrossrefCites:60,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:"The last decade has seen a significantly increased interest in microseismic monitoring by the hydrocarbon industry due to the recent surge in unconventional resources such as shale-gas and heavy-oil plays. Both hydraulic fracturing and steam injection create changes in local pore pressures and in situ stresses and thereby brittle failure in intact rock plus additional slip/shearing in naturally fractured rock. Local rock failure or slip yields an acoustic emission, which is also known as a microseismic event. The microseismic cloud represents thus a volumetric map of the extent of induced fracture shearing, opening and closing. Microseismic monitoring can provide pertinent information on in situ reservoir deformation due to fluid stimulation, thus ultimately facilitating reservoir drainage. This paper reviews some of the current key questions and research in microseismicity, ranging from acquisition, processing to interpretation.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Mirko van der Baan, David Eaton and Maurice Dusseault",authors:[{id:"167515",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Baan",slug:"mirko-van-der-baan",fullName:"Mirko Van Der Baan"}]},{id:"44686",doi:"10.5772/56406",title:"Effect of Flow Rate and Viscosity on Complex Fracture Development in UFM Model",slug:"effect-of-flow-rate-and-viscosity-on-complex-fracture-development-in-ufm-model",totalDownloads:4269,totalCrossrefCites:32,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"A recently developed unconventional fracture model (UFM*) is able to simulate complex fracture networks propagation in a formation with pre-existing natural fractures. Multiple fracture branches can propagate at the same time and crisscross each other. The behaviour of a hydraulic fracture when it intersects a natural fracture, whether being arrested, crossing, creating an offset, or dilating the natural fracture, plays a key role in predicting the resulting fracture footprint, microseismicity, and improving production evaluation. It is therefore critical to properly model the fracture interaction in a complex fracture model such as UFM.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Olga Kresse, Xiaowei Weng, Dimitry Chuprakov, Romain Prioul and Charles Cohen",authors:[{id:"165658",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Kresse",slug:"olga-kresse",fullName:"Olga Kresse"}]},{id:"44660",doi:"10.5772/56422",title:"Fracturing Fluid Components",slug:"fracturing-fluid-components",totalDownloads:7425,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"The materials and chemistry used to manufacture hydraulic fracture fluids are often confusing and difficult for the practicing hydraulic fracturing engineer to understand and optimize. Many times the failure of a particular fracturing treatment is blamed on the fluid because that is a major unknown from the design engineer's viewpoint. Many of the components and processes used to manufacture the fluid are held proprietary by the service company which adds to the confusion and misunderstanding. This paper makes an attempt to describe the components used in fracturing fluids at a level that the practicing frac engineer can understand and use. The paper is intended as a companion paper to the Fracturing Fluids design paper which describes how to use the fluids and viscosity generated by the fluids to design a fracturing treatment.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Carl Montgomery",authors:[{id:"167745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carl",middleName:"T.",surname:"Montgomery",slug:"carl-montgomery",fullName:"Carl Montgomery"}]},{id:"44208",doi:"10.5772/56404",title:"The Role of Natural Fractures in Shale Gas Production",slug:"the-role-of-natural-fractures-in-shale-gas-production",totalDownloads:4951,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Ian Walton and John McLennan",authors:[{id:"165786",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Mclennan",slug:"john-mclennan",fullName:"John Mclennan"},{id:"167377",title:"Dr.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Walton",slug:"ian-walton",fullName:"Ian Walton"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44660",title:"Fracturing Fluid Components",slug:"fracturing-fluid-components",totalDownloads:7434,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"The materials and chemistry used to manufacture hydraulic fracture fluids are often confusing and difficult for the practicing hydraulic fracturing engineer to understand and optimize. Many times the failure of a particular fracturing treatment is blamed on the fluid because that is a major unknown from the design engineer's viewpoint. Many of the components and processes used to manufacture the fluid are held proprietary by the service company which adds to the confusion and misunderstanding. This paper makes an attempt to describe the components used in fracturing fluids at a level that the practicing frac engineer can understand and use. The paper is intended as a companion paper to the Fracturing Fluids design paper which describes how to use the fluids and viscosity generated by the fluids to design a fracturing treatment.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Carl Montgomery",authors:[{id:"167745",title:"Dr.",name:"Carl",middleName:"T.",surname:"Montgomery",slug:"carl-montgomery",fullName:"Carl Montgomery"}]},{id:"44691",title:"Microseismic Monitoring Developments in Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation",slug:"microseismic-monitoring-developments-in-hydraulic-fracture-stimulation",totalDownloads:5341,totalCrossrefCites:60,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:"The last decade has seen a significantly increased interest in microseismic monitoring by the hydrocarbon industry due to the recent surge in unconventional resources such as shale-gas and heavy-oil plays. Both hydraulic fracturing and steam injection create changes in local pore pressures and in situ stresses and thereby brittle failure in intact rock plus additional slip/shearing in naturally fractured rock. Local rock failure or slip yields an acoustic emission, which is also known as a microseismic event. The microseismic cloud represents thus a volumetric map of the extent of induced fracture shearing, opening and closing. Microseismic monitoring can provide pertinent information on in situ reservoir deformation due to fluid stimulation, thus ultimately facilitating reservoir drainage. This paper reviews some of the current key questions and research in microseismicity, ranging from acquisition, processing to interpretation.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Mirko van der Baan, David Eaton and Maurice Dusseault",authors:[{id:"167515",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Van Der Baan",slug:"mirko-van-der-baan",fullName:"Mirko Van Der Baan"}]},{id:"44746",title:"An ABAQUS Implementation of the XFEM for Hydraulic Fracture Problems",slug:"an-abaqus-implementation-of-the-xfem-for-hydraulic-fracture-problems",totalDownloads:4999,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"A new finite element has been implemented in ABAQUS to incorporate the extended finite element method (XFEM) for the solution of hydraulic fracture problems. The proposed element includes the desired aspects of the XFEM so as to model crack propagation without explicit remeshing. In addition, the fluid pressure degrees of freedom have been defined on the element to describe the fluid flow within the crack and its contribution to the crack deformation. Thus the fluid flow and resulting crack propagation are fully coupled in a natural way and are solved simultaneously. Verification of the element has been made by comparing the finite element results with the analytical solutions available in the literature.",book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Zuorong Chen",authors:[{id:"166734",title:"Dr.",name:"Zuorong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"zuorong-chen",fullName:"Zuorong Chen"}]},{id:"44711",title:"Fractures and Fracturing - Hydraulic fracturing in Jointed Rock",slug:"fractures-and-fracturing-hydraulic-fracturing-in-jointed-rock",totalDownloads:5681,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"Charles Fairhurst",authors:[{id:"166474",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Fairhurst",slug:"charles-fairhurst",fullName:"Charles Fairhurst"}]},{id:"44661",title:"Quantitative Evaluation of Completion Techniques on Influencing Shale Fracture ‘Complexity’",slug:"quantitative-evaluation-of-completion-techniques-on-influencing-shale-fracture-complexity-",totalDownloads:3824,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3204",slug:"effective-and-sustainable-hydraulic-fracturing",title:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing",fullTitle:"Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing"},signatures:"N. Nagel, F. Zhang, M. Sanchez-Nagel and B. Lee",authors:[{id:"167406",title:"Dr.",name:"Neal",middleName:null,surname:"Nagel",slug:"neal-nagel",fullName:"Neal Nagel"},{id:"167425",title:"Dr.",name:"Fengshou",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"fengshou-zhang",fullName:"Fengshou Zhang"},{id:"167426",title:"Dr.",name:"Marisela",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Nagel",slug:"marisela-sanchez-nagel",fullName:"Marisela Sanchez-Nagel"},{id:"167427",title:"Dr.",name:"Byungtark",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"byungtark-lee",fullName:"Byungtark Lee"},{id:"168410",title:"Dr.",name:"Xavier",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"xavier-garcia",fullName:"Xavier Garcia"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"766",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:47,paginationItems:[{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"82608",title:"Early Management of Dental Trauma in the Era of COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105992",signatures:"Khairul Bariah Chi Adam, Haszelini Hassan, Pram Kumar Subramaniam, Izzati Nabilah Ismail, Nor Adilah Harun and Naziyah Shaban Mustafa",slug:"early-management-of-dental-trauma-in-the-era-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82767",title:"Teeth Avulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105846",signatures:"Manal Abdalla Eltahir, Randa Fath Elrahman Ibrahim and Hanan Alharbi",slug:"teeth-avulsion",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82991",title:"Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105835",signatures:"Sabine Schäfer-Somi",slug:"diseases-of-the-canine-prostate-gland",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82956",title:"Potential Substitutes of Antibiotics for Swine and Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106081",signatures:"Ho Trung Thong, Le Nu Anh Thu and Ho Viet Duc",slug:"potential-substitutes-of-antibiotics-for-swine-and-poultry-production",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82905",title:"A Review of Application Strategies and Efficacy of Probiotics in Pet Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105829",signatures:"Heather Acuff and Charles G. Aldrich",slug:"a-review-of-application-strategies-and-efficacy-of-probiotics-in-pet-food",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"82773",title:"Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor: An Infectious Neoplasia in Dogs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106150",signatures:"Chanokchon Setthawongsin, Somporn Techangamsuwan and Anudep Rungsipipat",slug:"canine-transmissible-venereal-tumor-an-infectious-neoplasia-in-dogs",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82797",title:"Anatomical Guide to the Paranasal Sinuses of Domestic Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106157",signatures:"Mohamed A.M. Alsafy, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland",slug:"anatomical-guide-to-the-paranasal-sinuses-of-domestic-animals",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:17,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9883",title:"Biosensors",subtitle:"Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9883.jpg",slug:"biosensors-current-and-novel-strategies-for-biosensing",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez and Ana Leticia Iglesias",hash:"028f3e5dbf9c32590183ac4b4f0a2825",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Biosensors - Current and Novel Strategies for Biosensing",editors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:9}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:3}],authors:{paginationCount:30,paginationItems:[{id:"425474",title:"Mr.",name:"Jasper",middleName:"Okoro Godwin",surname:"Okoro Godwin Elechi",slug:"jasper-okoro-godwin-elechi",fullName:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/425474/images/19990_n.jpg",biography:"Mr. Elechi is an innovative and passionate food professional and educator who can collaborate across boundaries with an integrated aspiration of innovation to provide good, sustainable, and healthy food solutions that promote human health and conserve planetary health. He has a special interest in innovative food product development, nutrition, indigenous food products, biotechnology, bioeconmy, sustainable global food systems transformation, food safety Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials. He has carried out independent research and publications in these areas. He possesses comprehensive knowledge and technical know-how on nutritional formulation and production of healthy and sustainable foods from locally available underutilized Cereal-Legume crops for combating food security and malnutrition in developing communities.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",middleName:null,surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"437647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"fernando-teixeira",fullName:"Fernando Teixeira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"423338",title:"Dr.",name:"Harjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"harjeet-singh",fullName:"Harjeet Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chitkara University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"443635",title:"Dr.",name:"Suruchi",middleName:null,surname:"Jindal",slug:"suruchi-jindal",fullName:"Suruchi Jindal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Punjab Agricultural University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"426265",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inonge",middleName:null,surname:"Chibua",slug:"inonge-chibua",fullName:"Inonge Chibua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426266",title:"Ms.",name:"Mesha",middleName:null,surname:"Mbisana",slug:"mesha-mbisana",fullName:"Mesha Mbisana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426264",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Raditloko",slug:"samuel-raditloko",fullName:"Samuel Raditloko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mags",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"mags-adams",fullName:"Mags Adams",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"441182",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"neil-wilson",fullName:"Neil Wilson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"425171",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Zerbian",slug:"tanya-zerbian",fullName:"Tanya Zerbian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"424714",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Stedefeldt",slug:"elke-stedefeldt",fullName:"Elke Stedefeldt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"425244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayane",middleName:"Stephanie Gomes",surname:"Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",slug:"rayane-stephanie-gomes-de-freitas",fullName:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424688",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"de Steenhuijsen Piters",slug:"bart-de-steenhuijsen-piters",fullName:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429404",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Termeer",slug:"emma-termeer",fullName:"Emma Termeer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429407",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Brouwer",slug:"herman-brouwer",fullName:"Herman Brouwer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429406",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Fonteijn",slug:"hubert-fonteijn",fullName:"Hubert Fonteijn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"427504",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriengsak",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonwongsak",slug:"kriengsak-chareonwongsak",fullName:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423333",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Sood",slug:"shivani-sood",fullName:"Shivani Sood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452297",title:"Mr.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Smah Adamu",slug:"cornelius-smah-adamu",fullName:"Cornelius Smah Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452296",title:"Mr.",name:"Ikechukwu",middleName:null,surname:"U. Nwiyi",slug:"ikechukwu-u.-nwiyi",fullName:"Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423395",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adane",middleName:null,surname:"Atara Debessa",slug:"adane-atara-debessa",fullName:"Adane Atara Debessa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426267",title:"Mr.",name:"Banyaladzi",middleName:null,surname:"Paphane",slug:"banyaladzi-paphane",fullName:"Banyaladzi Paphane",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483388",title:"Dr.",name:"Berhanu",middleName:null,surname:"Denu",slug:"berhanu-denu",fullName:"Berhanu Denu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483387",title:"Dr.",name:"Degefa",middleName:null,surname:"Tolossa",slug:"degefa-tolossa",fullName:"Degefa Tolossa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426059",title:"Dr.",name:"Dikabo",middleName:null,surname:"Mogopodi",slug:"dikabo-mogopodi",fullName:"Dikabo Mogopodi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"422909",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Shumba",slug:"dorcas-stella-shumba",fullName:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429405",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Bakker",slug:"deborah-bakker",fullName:"Deborah Bakker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"86",type:"subseries",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic Shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen Leaders, Worldwide Environmental Issues and Clean Technology, Uncertainty and Political Risks, Radical Adjacency, Emergence of New Business Ecosystem Type, Emergence of Different Leader and Leader Values Types, Universal Connector, Elastic Enterprise, Business Platform, Supply Chain Complexity",scope:"
\r\n\tThe Business and Management series topic focuses on the most pressing issues confronting organizations today and in the future. Businesses are trying to figure out how to lead in a time of global uncertainty. In emerging markets, issues such as ill-defined or unstable policies, as well as corrupt practices, can be hugely problematic. Changes in governments can result in new policy, regulations, and interest rates, all of which can be detrimental to foreign businesses and investments. A growing trend towards economic nationalism also makes the current global political landscape potentially hostile towards international businesses.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe demographic shifts are creating interesting challenges. People are living longer, resulting to an aging demographic. We have a large population of older workers and retirees who are living longer lives, combined with a declining birthrate in most parts of the world. Businesses of all types are looking at how technology is affecting their operations. Several questions arise, such as: How is technology changing what we do? How is it transforming us internally, how is it influencing our clients and our business strategy? It is about leveraging technology to improve efficiency, connect with customers more effectively, and drive innovation. The majority of innovative companies are technology-driven businesses. Realizing digital transformation is today’s top issue and will remain so for the next five years. Improving organizational agility, expanding portfolios of products and services, creating, and maintaining a culture of innovation, and developing next -generation leaders were also identified as top challenges in terms of both current and future issues.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe most sustained profitable growth occurs when a company expands its core business into an adjacent space. This has significant implications for management because innovation in business ecosystems differs from traditional, vertically integrated firms. Every organization in the ecosystem must be aware of the bigger picture. Innovation in ecosystems necessitates collaborative action to invent and appraise, efficient, cross-organizational knowledge flows, modular architectures, and good stewardship of legacy systems. It is built on multiple, interconnected platforms. Environmental factors have already had a significant impact in the West and will continue to have an impact globally. Businesses must take into account the environmental impact of their daily operations. The advantage of this market is that it is expected to grow more rapidly than the overall economy. Another significant challenge is preparing the next generation of leaders to elevate this to the number one priority within the next five years. There can be no culture of innovation unless there is diverse leadership or development of the next generation of leaders; and these diverse, next-generation leaders are the ones who will truly understand the digital strategies that will drive digital transformation.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X"},editorialBoard:[{id:"114318",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Rodeiro",slug:"david-rodeiro",fullName:"David Rodeiro",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2a8QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-22T08:29:52.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"114073",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",middleName:null,surname:"Freiling",slug:"jorg-freiling",fullName:"Jörg Freiling",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2UPQA0/Profile_Picture_1642580983875",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bremen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"202681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Duh",slug:"mojca-duh",fullName:"Mojca Duh",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD2dQAG/Profile_Picture_1644907300283",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"103802",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Zizlavsky",slug:"ondrej-zizlavsky",fullName:"Ondrej Zizlavsky",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQJQA0/Profile_Picture_1643100292225",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"robert-m.x.-wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190913/images/system/190913.jpg",institutionString:"Central Queensland University",institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/37995",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"37995"},fullPath:"/profiles/37995",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()