\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7727",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering presents the most up-to-date research on biobased technologies. It is designed to help scientists and researchers deepen their knowledge in this critical knowledge field. This solid resource brings together multidisciplinary research, development, and innovation for a wide study of Biotechnology and Bioengineering.",isbn:"978-1-78984-040-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-039-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-661-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77540",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",numberOfPages:188,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1e6603fadccf154db3bc2b7a1e473121",bookSignature:"Eduardo Jacob -Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7727.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11872,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:41,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:71,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 1st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 30th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 18th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 19th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171980/images/system/171980.jfif",biography:"Prof. Dr. Eduardo Jacob-Lopes is currently an associate professor at the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. He has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. He has coordinated and is coordinating more than fifty research projects and/or technological developments financed by public funding agencies and private initiatives. He has published more than 600 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 60 book chapters, 120 original research papers, 400 research communications in national and international conferences, and 13 patents. He is a member of the editorial board of ten journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. His research interests include bioprocess engineering and sustainable engineering with an emphasis on microalgal biotechnology.",institutionString:"Federal University of Santa Maria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"916",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"biomaterials-biotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"67058",title:"Introductory Chapter: Biotechnology and Bioengineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86380",slug:"introductory-chapter-biotechnology-and-bioengineering",totalDownloads:755,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rosangela Rodrigues Dias, Leila Queiroz Zepka and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67058",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67058",authors:[{id:"171980",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes"},{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka"}],corrections:null},{id:"65252",title:"Steps and Tools for PCR-Based Technique Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83671",slug:"steps-and-tools-for-pcr-based-technique-design",totalDownloads:1433,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The identity and clonal differences within bacterial populations have been broadly explored through PCR-based techniques. Thus, bacterial identification and elucidation of DNA fingerprinting have provided insights regarding their phenotypic and genotypic variations. Indeed, some diversity of rates may reflect changes among subpopulations that have their own ecological dynamic and individual traits on coexisting genotypes. Therefore, identification of polymorphic regions from nucleic acid sequences is based on the identification of both conserved and variable regions. Advantages of PCR-based methods are high sensitivity, specificity, speed, cost-effectiveness, and the opportunity for simultaneous detection of many microbial agents or variants. Fingerprint information might allow the tracking of certain outbreaks globally in several reference databases containing valuable genotyping information. In this chapter, we will review applications from Web resources and computational tools online for the designing of PCR-based methods to identify bacterial species. We will also focus on lab applications and key conditions for technique standardization.",signatures:"Nelson Enrique Arenas and Luz Mary Salazar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65252",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65252",authors:[{id:"31738",title:"MSc",name:"Nelson",surname:"Arenas Suarez",slug:"nelson-arenas-suarez",fullName:"Nelson Arenas Suarez"},{id:"288527",title:"Prof.",name:"Luz Mary",surname:"Salazar",slug:"luz-mary-salazar",fullName:"Luz Mary Salazar"}],corrections:null},{id:"66893",title:"Developments and Perspectives in Bryophyte Biotechnology in Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81692",slug:"developments-and-perspectives-in-bryophyte-biotechnology-in-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:818,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The work described here covers an examination of new bioproducts based on sub-Saharan bryophytes. The work includes in vitro testing of extracts from moss and liverworts against plant pathogenic microbes causing food decay and field crop losses. Additionally, we have shown specific antimicrobial activities of Marchantia debilis and moss against Erwinia spp and Pseudomonas spp. The extracts were also tested against aflatoxin-producing fungi isolated from food crops such as maize and peanuts. The efficacy of the extracts on clinical dermatological fungal isolates like Dermatophilus congolensis has not been reported. This led to the production of an antifungal solution of bryophyte extracts, which was tested in vivo on animals with skin diseases caused by Dermatophilosis. Around 99.5% of the animals were treated. The antifungal solution for treatments has been labeled Bryosol, while the disinfectants solution is labeled Bryo-disinfectants and the crop-fungicide is labeled Bryo-fungicides. A mini field pilot trial with Bryo-fungicide showed that crops infected with pathogenic fungi were treated. The results provide the first attempt to demonstrate the use of bioproducts for organic treatment of agricultural crops and diseases in animals based on sub-Saharan bryophytes.",signatures:"Kenneth Yongabi Anchang and Henrik Toft Simonsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66893",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66893",authors:[{id:"88490",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Yongabi",surname:"Anchang",slug:"kenneth-yongabi-anchang",fullName:"Kenneth Yongabi Anchang"},{id:"301370",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrik",surname:"Toft Simonsen",slug:"henrik-toft-simonsen",fullName:"Henrik Toft Simonsen"}],corrections:null},{id:"65351",title:"Hypotoxic Fluorescent Nanoparticles Delivery by Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Multiple Organisms: From Prokaryotes to Mammalians Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83818",slug:"hypotoxic-fluorescent-nanoparticles-delivery-by-cell-penetrating-peptides-in-multiple-organisms-from",totalDownloads:759,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanotechnology is the study of materials in the nanoscale. By its nature, nanotechnology is interdisciplinary. Nanotechnology has made a significant stride in recent two decades in various industries. Numerous nanomaterials are devised for biomedical applications which include intracellular tracking and labeling, gene detection and hybridization, tumor or tissue targeting, pharmaceutical therapies, pathogenic inhibiting, and medical instrument coating for disinfections. High photostability and quantum yield of fluorescent nanoparticles are ideal for long-term monitoring of molecular events in living organisms. Here, we discuss delivery of three fluorescent nanoparticles in A549 cells, rotifers, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and archaea. As these nanoparticles cannot enter cells, arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) were used to enhance their internalization at the cellular or organismal level. The 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT) assay and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay demonstrated that CPP complexed fluorescent nanoparticles did not produce lethal effect in all organisms tested. The discussion of these nanomaterials in this chapter intends to broaden our understanding of their biocompatibility in organisms of various hierarchical levels.",signatures:"Betty Revon Liu, Yue-Wern Huang and Han-Jung Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65351",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65351",authors:[{id:"271109",title:"Prof.",name:"Betty Revon",surname:"Liu",slug:"betty-revon-liu",fullName:"Betty Revon Liu"},{id:"271114",title:"Prof.",name:"Yue-Wern",surname:"Huang",slug:"yue-wern-huang",fullName:"Yue-Wern Huang"},{id:"271115",title:"Prof.",name:"Han-Jung",surname:"Lee",slug:"han-jung-lee",fullName:"Han-Jung Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"64588",title:"rhBMP-2-Coated Acellular Dermal Graft for Chronic Rotator Cuff Healing: Translational Tendon Repair Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82282",slug:"rhbmp-2-coated-acellular-dermal-graft-for-chronic-rotator-cuff-healing-translational-tendon-repair-r",totalDownloads:773,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A rotator cuff tear is a common shoulder injury in sports medicine. However, a rotator cuff repair still has the high failure rate (57%) in large torn (>8 cm2) rotator cuff cases. One of the main reasons is failing at suture-tendon cause of continuous tensional and torsional stresses even after surgery, and thus, an ideal biologic augmentation to overcome large tears is an essential challenge. The ECM graft, the biological material can be useful for augment repair of large torn rotator cuff. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2), which belongs to transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is well known as an osteoinductive growth factor. It plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. rhBMP-2 also facilitates chemotaxis in the host tissue. In this study, rhBMP-2-coated acellular dermal graft, which is isolated from human cadaveric donor, was transplanted in the rabbit with the chronic rotator cuff injury. The radiologic image, histomorphometric, histologic image analyses, and tensile test were performed to evaluate the effectiveness. The results showed the enhancement of increased host cell infiltration, new bone formation, and tensile mechanical property. The rhBMP-2-coated acellular dermal graft will be promising for chronic rotator cuff healing.",signatures:"Kwang-Il Lee, Ju-Woong Jang and Kwang-Won Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64588",authors:[{id:"272038",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kwang-Il",surname:"Lee",slug:"kwang-il-lee",fullName:"Kwang-Il Lee"},{id:"272041",title:"Prof.",name:"Kwang-Won",surname:"Lee",slug:"kwang-won-lee",fullName:"Kwang-Won Lee"},{id:"285976",title:"Dr.",name:"Ju-Woong",surname:"Jang",slug:"ju-woong-jang",fullName:"Ju-Woong Jang"}],corrections:null},{id:"66868",title:"Structural Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Resorbable Fiber-Based Tissue Engineering Scaffolds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84643",slug:"structural-design-fabrication-and-evaluation-of-resorbable-fiber-based-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:1139,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The use of tissue engineering to regenerate viable tissue relies on selecting the appropriate cell line, developing a resorbable scaffold and optimizing the culture conditions including the use of biomolecular cues and sometimes mechanical stimulation. This review of the literature focuses on the required scaffold properties, including the polymer material, the structural design, the total porosity, pore size distribution, mechanical performance, physical integrity in multiphase structures as well as surface morphology, rate of resorption and biocompatibility. The chapter will explain the unique advantages of using textile technologies for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication, and will delineate the differences in design, fabrication and performance of woven, warp and weft knitted, braided, nonwoven and electrospun scaffolds. In addition, it will explain how different types of tissues can be regenerated by each textile technology for a particular clinical application. The use of different synthetic and natural resorbable polymer fibers will be discussed, as well as the need for specialized finishing techniques such as heat setting, cross linking, coating and impregnation, depending on the tissue engineering application.",signatures:"Martin W. King, Jiyang Chen, Monica Deshpande, Ting He, Harshini Ramakrishna, Yu Xie, Fan Zhang and Fan Zhao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66868",authors:[{id:"237132",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",surname:"W. King",slug:"martin-w.-king",fullName:"Martin W. King"},{id:"278816",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu (Sherry)",surname:"Xie",slug:"yu-(sherry)-xie",fullName:"Yu (Sherry) Xie"},{id:"278817",title:"MSc.",name:"Harshini",surname:"Ramakrishna",slug:"harshini-ramakrishna",fullName:"Harshini Ramakrishna"},{id:"278818",title:"MSc.",name:"Jiyang",surname:"Chen",slug:"jiyang-chen",fullName:"Jiyang Chen"},{id:"278832",title:"MSc.",name:"Fan",surname:"Zhao",slug:"fan-zhao",fullName:"Fan Zhao"},{id:"281334",title:"Ms.",name:"Monica",surname:"Deshpande",slug:"monica-deshpande",fullName:"Monica Deshpande"},{id:"281336",title:"Dr.",name:"Ting",surname:"He",slug:"ting-he",fullName:"Ting He"},{id:"281338",title:"MSc.",name:"Fan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"fan-zhang",fullName:"Fan Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"66188",title:"Microbioreactors and Perfusion Bioreactors for Microbial and Mammalian Cell Culture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83825",slug:"microbioreactors-and-perfusion-bioreactors-for-microbial-and-mammalian-cell-culture",totalDownloads:1226,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Screening for novel producer strains and enhanced therapeutic production at reduced cost has been the focus of most of the biopharmaceutical industries. The obligation to carry out prolonged intensive pilot scale experiments gave birth to micro-scale bioreactor systems. Screening large number of microorganisms using shake flasks and benchtop bioreactors is tedious and consumes resources. Microbioreactors that mimic benchtop bioreactors are capable not only of high throughput screening of producer strains, but also aid in optimizing the growth kinetics and expression of proteins. Modern technology has enabled the collection of precise online data for variables such as optical density (OD), pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and adjusting in mixing inside microreactors. Microbioreactors have become an irreplaceable tool for biochemical engineers and biotechnologists to perform a large number of experiments simultaneously. Another aspect that is vital to any industry is the product yield and subsequent downstream processing. Perfusion bioreactors are one of the upcoming advances in bioreactor systems that have the potential to revolutionize biologics production. This chapter intends to take a review of different aspects of microbioreactors and perfusion bioreactors including their potential in high throughput pilot studies and microbial and mammalian cell cultivation technologies.",signatures:"Selvan Ravindran, Pooja Singh, Sanjay Nene, Vinay Rale, Nutan Mhetras and Anuradha Vaidya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66188",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66188",authors:[{id:"215780",title:"Dr.",name:"Selvan",surname:"Ravindran",slug:"selvan-ravindran",fullName:"Selvan Ravindran"},{id:"277144",title:"Ms.",name:"Pooja",surname:"Singh",slug:"pooja-singh",fullName:"Pooja Singh"},{id:"277145",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanjay",surname:"Nene",slug:"sanjay-nene",fullName:"Sanjay Nene"},{id:"277155",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuton",surname:"Mhetras",slug:"nuton-mhetras",fullName:"Nuton Mhetras"},{id:"277164",title:"Prof.",name:"Vinay",surname:"Rale",slug:"vinay-rale",fullName:"Vinay Rale"},{id:"287666",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuradha",surname:"Vaidya",slug:"anuradha-vaidya",fullName:"Anuradha Vaidya"}],corrections:null},{id:"65691",title:"Integration of Membranes and Bioreactors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84513",slug:"integration-of-membranes-and-bioreactors",totalDownloads:801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Combined application of bioreactors and membrane separations are considered as membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Examples for the application of MBRs are given in this chapter both for large scale (wastewater treatments) and in other areas in smaller scale. Wastewater treatments are the majority of the large-scale applications, where biological degradation is coupled with membrane filtration (microfiltration and ultrafiltration). Other types of MBRs include integration of biotransformations and bioconversions by microorganisms and enzymes with membrane separation processes, not only with filtration but also with pervaporation, electrodialysis, and gas separation. These MBRs provide significant advantages compared to the conventional batch bioprocesses. In this chapter, several examples are presented for both applications.",signatures:"Katalin Belafi-Bako and Peter Bakonyi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65691",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65691",authors:[{id:"91525",title:"Prof.",name:"Katalin",surname:"Bélafi-Bakó",slug:"katalin-belafi-bako",fullName:"Katalin Bélafi-Bakó"},{id:"291756",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Bakonyi",slug:"peter-bakonyi",fullName:"Peter Bakonyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"65140",title:"Microbial Bioremediation and Different Bioreactors Designs Applied",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83661",slug:"microbial-bioremediation-and-different-bioreactors-designs-applied",totalDownloads:1896,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Microbial remediation of pollutants involves the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants either completely to water and carbon dioxide (for organic pollutants) or into less toxic forms. In the case of nonbiodegradable inorganic compounds, bioremediation takes the form of bioaccumulation or conversion of one toxic species to a less toxic form for example Cr(VI) is converted to less toxic (III). Bioremediation is considered an environmentally friendly way for pollution clean-up. Microbial clean up can be applied in situ (in place of contamination) or ex situ (off the site of contamination). In situ remediation in the natural environment is deemed slow and often times difficult to control and optimize the different parameters affecting the bioremediation. To this end, use of engineered bioreactors is preferred. Engineered bioreactors providing for optimum conditions for microbial growth and biodegradation have been developed for use in bioremediation processes to achieve the different desired remediation goals. Bioreactors in use range in mode of operation from batch, continuous, and fed batch bioreactors and are designed to optimize microbial processes in relationship to contaminated media and nature of pollutant. Designed bioreactors for bioremediation range from packed, stirred tanks, airlift, slurry phase, and partitioning phase reactors amongst others.",signatures:"Memory Tekere",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65140",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65140",authors:[{id:"231753",title:"Prof.",name:"Memory",surname:"Tekere",slug:"memory-tekere",fullName:"Memory Tekere"}],corrections:null},{id:"65123",title:"Phytoremediation of Effluents Contaminated with Heavy Metals by Floating Aquatic Macrophytes Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83645",slug:"phytoremediation-of-effluents-contaminated-with-heavy-metals-by-floating-aquatic-macrophytes-species",totalDownloads:1115,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The progress of urbanization and technologies led to the rise of anthropogenic activities, which consequently have high production of pollutants, affecting ecosystems, including aquatic biomes. One of the contaminating forms that cause environmental impact is heavy metals, which are produced in large quantities by inappropriate disposal of batteries, residential, industrial, agricultural and mining waste. Such components generate bioaccumulative effects, classifying them as dangerous elements that must be removed from environment. However, in species such as plants, this bioaccumulative effect can be exploited, aiming a biotechnological and bioengineering application to remove metals, called phytoremediation, employing floating aquatic macrophytes, which have high potential due to their properties retaining contaminants. Results obtained were conclusive for adaptation of Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia auriculata as better phytoremediation agents, respectively, while Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes fit better in biomonitoring, which have resistance to certain concentrations of metal when related to Cd, Hg, Zn, Ni and Pb.",signatures:"Cleide Barbieri de Souza and Gabriel Rodrigues Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65123",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65123",authors:[{id:"281924",title:"Dr.",name:"Cleide",surname:"Barbieri De Souza",slug:"cleide-barbieri-de-souza",fullName:"Cleide Barbieri De Souza"},{id:"287704",title:"Mr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Rodrigues Silva",slug:"gabriel-rodrigues-silva",fullName:"Gabriel Rodrigues Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"65973",title:"Performance of Anoxic-Oxic Sequencing Batch Reactor for Nitrification and Aerobic Denitrification",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84775",slug:"performance-of-anoxic-oxic-sequencing-batch-reactor-for-nitrification-and-aerobic-denitrification",totalDownloads:1161,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The biological nitrogen removal (BNR) involves two processes: nitrification and denitrification. Denitrification occurs almost exclusively under facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions; however, aerobic denitrification can occur in aerated reactors. In this chapter, the feasibility of achieving nitrogen removal using a lab-scale biological sequencing batch reactor (SBR) exposed to anoxic/oxic (AN/OX) phases is described in order to attain aerobic denitrification. The SBR was fed with acetate and ammonium sulfate. Nitrite generation was controlled in order to avoid the N2O production by nitrifier denitrification. Experiments under four different operating conditions were carried out: low and high aeration, each one with low and high organic loads. For all the tested conditions, a complete COD removal was achieved. The highest inorganic N removal close to 80% was obtained at pH = 7.5, high organic load (880 mg COD/(L day)) and high aeration given by 12 h cycle, AN/OX ratio = 0.5:1.0, and dissolved oxygen concentration higher than 4.0 mg O2/L. Nitrification followed by high-rate aerobic denitrification took place during the aerobic phase. Denitrification took place mainly from the intracellular reserves of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) during the aerobic phase. The proposed AN/OX system constitutes a simple and potentially eco-friendly process for biological nitrogen removal, providing N2 as the end product and decreasing the formation of N2O, a powerful greenhouse gas.",signatures:"Juan C. Alzate Marin, Alejandro H. Caravelli and Noemí E. 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\r\n\tAmerican Psychiatric Association defines eating disorders as behavioral conditions characterized by severe and persistent disturbance in eating behaviors and associated distressing thoughts and emotions. They can be very serious conditions affecting physical, psychological, and social function. Types of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and others.
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The researcher focused on the neuropsychology of eating disorders and psychometrics. He is an Academician of the Royal Academies of Medicine in Seville and Valladolid (Spain) and an editorial board member for several International Journals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Neuroscientist versed in brain health. Concerned about the healthy growth of the adolescent brain and the prevention of eating disorders. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"54265",title:"Effects of Environment and Socioeconomics on Salmonella Infections",doi:"10.5772/67501",slug:"effects-of-environment-and-socioeconomics-on-salmonella-infections",body:'\nContaminated eggs and poultry meat are common source of human salmonellosis. Wide range of domestic and wild animals, such as poultry and swine, can act as reservoirs for
Emergence or resurgence of numerous infectious diseases is strongly influenced by environmental factors, such as climate or land use change [4]. Climate, weather, topology, hydrology and other geographical characteristics of the crop-growing site may influence the magnitude and frequency of transfer of pathogenic microorganisms from environmental sources [5].
Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important predictor of diseases. SES is frequently measured based on individual and community-level education, income, wealth, employment and family background when compared with other individuals or groups. Low SES is generally associated with greater morbidity and mortality of diseases [6]. Socioeconomic and demographic indicators can be used to predict the individuals and communities that are at an increased risk of acquiring infections. Generally, low socioeconomic status is an important predictor of several poor health outcomes including chronic diseases, mental illnesses and mortality.
\nIn our previous study [7], we examined the extent of
Results of the study showed mostly positive correlation between low socioeconomic variables and increased rates of
Results of this study also revealed
Underreporting of enteric infections is a critical issue in disease surveillance systems. Generally, patients with severe symptoms tend to visit the doctor and are subsequently notified to health authorities. As of 2011, almost 23% of Mississippi populations are living under poverty with average per-capita income of $32,000, although rural per-capita income lagged at $29,550, according to the USDA Economic Research Service. There are 96 hospitals in Mississippi, 163 Rural Health Clinics, and 21 Federally Qualified Health Canters that provide services at 170 sites in the state. An average of 19% of Mississippi residents lacks health insurance [12, 13].
\nThe west-central region of Mississippi showed higher rates of
Geographical variations in poverty rates were also observed in different districts of the state (Figure 2). In the Delta region of Mississippi, the poverty rate was 44.2%. The lowest
Geographical variations in
The northern region of the state including northeast, northwest, Tombigbee and Delta district had the highest rates of unemployment. An average of 42% increase in unemployment rate was observed in the region in 2011. Primary care provider rate was the lowest in the northwest and east-central regions of Mississippi. An average of 17% decrease in primary care provider rates was observed in these regions. On the other hand, highest rates of primary care providers were found in west-central and southeast regions of the state, with 2% increase from 2010 to 2011.
\nOur results are different from reported individual level epidemiologic studies that had found higher levels of foodborne infections among low education and low-income groups. Studies suggested that high socioeconomic status (HSES) groups may be overrepresented in incidence statistics. It is possible that lower socioeconomic status (LSES) groups tend not to have health insurance or do not seek medical care when needed due to financial constraints. Access to health care may be an important influence on rates of reported bacterial infections. In an economy without universal health care coverage, tendency to seek care for GI infection has been associated with having health insurance [17, 18]. However, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is expected to expand insurance coverage to millions of people in the USA. As a result, rates of reported cases of diseases and infections are expected to increase. In future projects, we will try to understand the impact of Affordable Care Act of 2010 on diseases reporting, especially among minority and LSES groups.
\nIt is quite possible that various SES groups have different exposures because of dietary differences, or differences in food safety behaviours [8]. Behavioural studies have revealed that high SES groups are more likely to eat undercooked foods, such as raw oysters and rare beef [9, 12]; while low SES groups are less likely to have adequately cool refrigerators [4].
\nOther studies had similarly utilised GIS to examine the relationships between area-based socioeconomic measures and incidence of salmonellosis [18, 19]. The results showed higher incidences of salmonellosis in groups with high education compared to the less educated groups suggesting the role of education in health-seeking behaviour and the predisposition for
Neural network modelling was shown to be a useful tool in this study to predict the correlation between socioeconomic factors and
In the USA, Mississippi ranked 50th among all the states for health care, according to the Commonwealth Fund, a non-profit foundation working to advance performance of the health care system. For the past 3 years, obese populations were accounted for more than 30% of Mississippi\'s residents and 22.8 % of the state’s children. On top of obesity, Mississippi had the highest rates in the nation for high blood pressure, diabetes and adult inactivity [24].
\nSocial and economic conditions underpin poverty and can directly or indirectly affect health status and health outcomes. Major epidemics emerge and chronic conditions cluster persist wherever poverty is widespread [5].
Diseases associated with climate change are estimated to comprise 4.6% of all environmental risks and hazards. Climate change, in the year 2000, contributed to about 2.4% of all diarrhoea outbreaks in the world, 6% of malaria outbreaks in certain developing countries and 7% of the episodes of dengue fever in some industrial countries. In total, the estimates showed that climate change related mortalities were 0.3%, whereas the related burden of disease was 0.4% [29].
\nGlobal average temperature, from 1906 to 2005, has warmed by 0.74°C; and since 1961, sea level has risen on average by 2 mm per year. On the other hand, Arctic sea ice has declined by 7.4% per decade while snow cover and glaciers have diminished in both hemispheres [4]. The climate change rate is faster now than in any other period during the last 1000 years. According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, average global temperatures will increase between 1.8 and 4.0°C in next 90 years along with sea level rise of 18–59 cm [30, 31].
\nChanges in expected weather patterns can lead to the transfer of microbial contaminants to leafy vegetables and herbs. Dry periods can cause dust storms that settle dust particles on leafy vegetables. The rate of microbial growth was shown to increase with rise in temperature. It influences the population of insects and pests found in and around farms that transfer human pathogens to leafy vegetables as well. Relative humidity has been shown to have an effect on survival of human pathogens [32]. Climate change scenarios predict a change distribution of infectious diseases with warming temperature and changes in outbreaks associated with weather extremes, such as flooding and droughts.
\nSeveral infectious agents, vector organisms, non-human reservoir species, and rate of pathogen replication are sensitive to climatic conditions. Both
The southern states, including Mississippi’s climate, has been fluctuating with extreme patterns. The average temperatures in Mississippi have varied significantly over the past century, with an average of 1°F increase, since the late 1960s. Extreme rainfall events, primarily thunderstorms, have increased as well. While rainfall totals have changed little, seasonal trends are apparent, summers have become slightly drier and winters slightly wetter [33]. On an average, 29 tornadoes are reported annually in Mississippi; the highest number was in 2008 with 109 tornadoes. In addition, during the past decade, Mississippi had experienced multiple hits by hurricanes including the devastating Katrina in 2005 [33].
\nGlobal warming and the climate change have contributed to the spread of several foodborne pathogens [5, 30]. In our previous research, we determined the extent of
Analysis of variance was performed to determine the seasonal change in
Our results indicated an increase in temperature is positively correlated with
Seasonal trend in
The positive relationship between temperature and
Correlation between
The US-southern states climate is generally warm and wet, with mild and humid winters. The average annual temperatures in the region have increased by about 2°F since 1970, and the average annual temperatures in the region are projected to increase by 4 to 9°F by 2080 [41]. Climate change and extreme events may increase the spread of foodborne diseases in this region, particularly in the disadvantaged states, such as Mississippi.
\nIncreased growth
Studies showed that an increase in the ambient temperature correlated positively with an increase in human
There is consistent evidence that gastrointestinal infection with bacterial pathogens is positively correlated with ambient temperature, as warmer temperatures enable rapid replications of pathogens.
Rates of
Higher ambient temperatures are main concerns on farm and during food processing and should be considered as an early warning for increased numbers of foodborne infections with 4–6-week lag time. Heightened surveillance during such times may act as a mitigation and enhance the preventive measures. Proper hygiene during slaughter, processing, wholesale and retail sale should be carefully implemented and monitored for further safeguards. More importantly, active consumer education through mass media and other sources regarding the potential danger of consuming contaminated food with
In our previous study [35], no correlation between monthly average precipitation rate and
A study by Jiang
Climatic changes impact the emergence or re-emergence of infectious disease agents. There are some general principles of pathogen emergence, which are associated with changes in ecology and agriculture, technology and industry, globalization, human behaviour and demographics, epidemiological surveillance and microbial adaptation [52, 53]. It is important to recognise that pathogen emergence usually occurs as a consequence of a combination of two or more specific factors [54].
Multiple regression analysis were carried out to test the relationship between
Neural network models for temperature effects on
Over the last few years, artificial neural networks, as nonlinear modelling techniques, had been proposed for use in predictive microbiology [55–61]. In our study, two neural network models, General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model and Polynomial Net model, were used to predict the effects of temperature on
Monthly data for temperature and
Neural network models for
Advanced NNs were selected and the simulated data files were imported. The network was built by defining input variables as poverty, uninsured, unemployment and primary care providers’ rates, while
A GIS incorporates hardware, software and data for capturing, managing, analysing and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.
\nStudy area for GIS map: Mississippi (32.9906° N, 89.5261° W) is located in the southern USA. It is bordered by TN on the north, Gulf of Mexico on the south, AL on the east and Arkansas and LA on the west. It covers a total area of 47,689 square miles. GIS allows for the integration and analysis of geographic data, such as coordinates and area perimeters, and tabular data (i.e., attributes of geographic data points). Data are imported into mapping software in layers, where each layer represents a different visual component of the map. Shape files are layers which provide visual output of coordinates and area perimeters on the map.
\nMississippi counties’ data were grouped by public health districts. Background map was obtained from ESRI ArcGIS online resources. Maps’ layers for
Human foodborne illnesses are significant public health concerns. Socioeconomic status and climate changes contribute to the increased rates of
Modelling approaches, such as neural network were shown to be a useful tool to model and predict outbreaks. Neural network models accounting for non-linearity may predict better association than regression models. Geographical information system mapping was also shown to be a very useful instrument to map and visualise the areas and districts of highest
Regression and neural network models were used to determine the correlation between increase in temperature and increase in
The reported research work is funded by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number G12MD007581. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent in any form or shape the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Inheritance has always played a central part in the quest for elucidating the origin of nature, life and mankind. Beyond the epic mythical assumptions, it also has been obvious for millennia that the evolutionary transfer of information plays a key role during the manipulation of inheritance by mating and breeding. Already in antique times many a "theory" was devoted to the apparent, as well as especially to the obvious fact that nature seemed to be composed of small, similar, and consistent subcomponents—so called atoms. With the description of the tissue of plants (including its substructures of vesicles and bubbles) by Robert Hooke or in the case of the cell nucleus by Anton van Leeuwenhook, in the 17th century new momentum entered the field. Nevertheless, it took until 1830 when Robert Brown defined the cell nucleus as such and until 1939 when Theodor Schwann established the cell as the fundamental unit of all plant and animal tissues while linking to the assumed fundamental design principle of life as well as nature in general. Despite fast growing microscopic resolutions there were huge challenges: not only staining and visualization methods were lacking, but also huge preparatory issues were faced especially concerning the "notorious" hard to stain cell nucleus. With the development of the natural sciences many a discovery was made culminating in the structural description of the DNA double helix [1] and the discovery of the nucleosome [2, 3, 4] at the atomic level, full genome sequences and finally histone modifications defining epigenetic landscapes. It also became obvious that the structure and function of genomes co-evolved as an inseparable system allowing the physical storage, replication, and expression of genetic information [5, 6, 7].
\nHowever, the immense size and structural complexity of genomes spanning many orders of magnitude has always imposed huge experimental challenges. Thus, the higher-order architecture has been and still is widely discussed with many interesting details yet to be described. Already how nucleosomes are spaced, positioned, remodelled, and whether and how nucleosome chains fold into fibres at physiological salt concentrations have been matters of continuing debate: e.g. Finch and Klug [8] proposed a relatively regular solenoid and
The higher-order chromatin architecture has been a matter of even greater debate: Pioneering light microscopy studies by Rabl [28] and Boveri [29] hinted towards a hierarchical self-similar, territorial organization. Electron microscopy suggested a more random interphase organization as in the models of Comings [30, 31] or Vogel and Schroeder [32]. In the radial-loop-scaffold model of Paulson and Laemmli [33] ~60 kbp-sized chromatin loops attached to a nuclear matrix/scaffold explained the condensation degree of metaphase chromosomes. According to Pienta and Coffey [34], these loops persisted in interphase and formed stacked rosettes in metaphase. Micro-irradiation studies by C. Cremer and T. Cremer [35, 36] and fluorescence
To further distinguish between the different architecture proposals, proximity crosslinking techniques (developed and used already in the last century) were further developed into a family of interaction capture techniques such as 3C [56, 57], 3C-qPCR [58], 4C [59], 3C-seq/4C-seq [60], 5C [61], and Hi-C [62]. They once more confirmed the existence of looping and subchromosomal domains, now inconsistenly referred to as topologically associated domains (TAD; [63]) with a somewhat higher localization accuracy when compared to FISH. These approaches also led to a number of - although by the underlying (raw) data basically unsupported - conjectures (Imam et al., in preparation), e.g. the fractal globule model [62], the loop array architecture of mitotic chromosomes [64], and the highly dynamic loop formation based on single-cell experiments [65] or in a genome wide assay [66]. In contrast, with the introduction of targeted chromatin capture
Heuristically, it is very instructive how the central part of the 3D genome architecture and dynamics could now be determined by us in detail, and how out of this process immediately an also evolutionary consistent model (Figure 1) arises in agreement with the entire history and heuristics of the field. This has been achieved by a highly integrated systems approach linking holistically: i) a novel high-quality selective high-throughput high-resolution chromosome interaction capture (T2C) technique [25, 26, 67, 68, 69] (elucidating the structure with unprecedented resolution of some base pairs), ii) a novel
Overview on the size and time scaling of genome organization: The scaling and the levels of organization range over 9, 12, and 14 orders of magnitude! Initially base pairs are formed composing the DNA double helix (image see [
To finally determine and structurally sequence with highest resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, interaction frequency range, and statistical significance the 3D genome architecture we developed targeted chromatin capture (T2C) - a chromatin interaction technique though with far-better quality specifically addressing the needs for genome architectural "sequencing" [25, 2667, 68, 69]. Briefly: i) after chromatin crosslinking, ii) cell permeabilization for intra-nuclear enzymatic DNA restriction, iii) the extracted and largely diluted cross-linked DNA is re-ligated primarily within the crosslinked complexes. After iv) de-crosslinking, purification, and final shortening to <500 bp of the chimeric DNA ligates, v) a purified region-specific DNA interaction fragment library is selected by using DNA capture arrays, before finally vi) high-throughput sequencing, mapping to the reference genome, interaction partner determination and visual/quantitative analysis is conducted (Figure 2). Notably, we use only uniquely mapped sequences without applying any other corrections bearing information loss due to the very nature of T2C. This specific setup is not only far superior due to its improvement of 3 to 4 orders of magnitude compared to other interaction approaches (see Introduction), but also allows nearly unlimited opportunities e.g. such as multiplexing for complex research and diagnostics.
\nSimulated chromosome models [
Most importantly, however, T2C allows reaching fundamental resolution limits where "genomic" statistical mechanics and uncertainty principles apply [26]: With fragment length and thus resolutions of a couple of base pairs, a high interaction frequency range, and high signal-to-noise ratio, not only molecular resolution is reached and thus the fundamental limits of cross-linking techniques, but also the mechanism of observation is now on the same scale as the observables (in analogy to classic and quantum mechanics). Actually due to the stochastics following the bias of the system behaviour, the observables, the observation, and thus the measured values are constrained by what we call “genomic” statistical mechanics with corresponding uncertainty principles. This originates from the individual complexity of each highly resolved interaction with a unique but coupled individual probabilistic fragment setting in each cell at a given time. Hence, the actual conditions and components can be determined only partially with high accuracy while with low accuracy otherwise and are eventually even entirely destroyed by the measurement. Thus, the central limit theorem applies with an overlap of system inherent and real noise stochastics, and hence in the end only probabilistic analyses and statements can be drawn as hitherto is well known from classical mechanics, and more so from quantum (mesoscopic) systems. Consequently, population based or multiple single-cell experiments have to be interpreted and understood in a “genome” statistical mechanics manner with uncertainty principles due to the inseparability of factors/parameters also seen there. Thus, in practical terms, valid results are obtained when the statistical limit is reached, i.e. when scaling up the experiment does not narrow down the distribution any further and does not lead to fundamental (overall) changes anymore in observables. Nevertheless, if the statistical limit is reached and if the quality parameters like resolution, frequency range, and signal-to-noise ratio are sound, conclusions could be drawn as in the many cases of classic mechanics, and more so of quantum (mesoscopic) systems.
\nConsequently, due to this sensitivity of T2C, we [26] were able to determine finally the missing parts of the 3D architecture on scales where a "genomic" statistical mechanics applies with stable reproducibility as one can already see visually in colour coded interaction maps (Figure 2): Not only are rare interactions stably detected within an unprecedented frequency range spanning 5-6 orders of magnitude, but also the maps are reproducibly mostly empty (<10% of possible signals are taken). Both interactions and non-interactions show clearly dedicated interaction patterns on all spatial scales within and between domains, including their re-emergence as attenuated repetition on other scales since obviously genomes are scale-bridging systems [22, 23]—all of which can be immediately identified as structural features - briefly (Figure 2):
On the largest genomic and thus spatial scale, subchromosomal domains are visible as square-like interaction domains (often unfortunately called TADs; [63]) featuring in general a higher average uniform interaction degree compared to interactions between domains, with a sharp drop at the edge of domains, as well as a clear linker region between the domains that connects them. The borders of the domains can be determined down to the single fragment level and thus a very high resolution (see below). The interaction of domains with each other and a closer inspection of the interactions in the vicinity of the linker interacting often more frequently compared to other domain parts are mainly due to the breaking of spatial isotropy.
At intermediate scales within the subchromosomal domains, the interaction pattern shows clearly distinct gaps and a quantifiable grid-like arrangement of interactions, which also continues outside and “crosses” with the linear pattern originating from sequentially subsequent domain(s). These interactions on scales of tens of kilo base pairs are doubt-free originating from stable chromatin loops, forming a stable loop aggregate/rosette like architecture, due to several consecutive loops coinciding.
On the smallest scale, a dense and high interaction frequency pattern is observed in the region from 3 to 10 kbp (i.e. < ~5-15, and ~50 nucleosomes, respectively) along the diagonal. It varies independently of the local fragment size with distinct interactions and non-interacting “gaps”. This suggests, that there are defined stable interactions on the nucleosome scale forming an irregular yet locally defined and compacted structure, i.e. a quasi-fibre with average properties (e.g. an average linear mass density).
A detailed quantification [26, 27] of several regions leads to a quasi-fibre compaction of 5 ± 1 nucleosomes per 11 nm, with an average chromatin quasi-fibre persistence length of ~80 to 120 nm, loops and linkers of ~30 to 100 kbp, forming multi-loop aggregates/rosettes with typically 300 kbp to 1.5 Mbp subchromosomal domain sizes. Different cell types, species, or functional conditions showed only a relatively small variation of this theme [26, 27].
\nAll this is consistent with a variety of previous observations and predictions such as compacted fibre structures described throughout the literature (see e.g. [16, 17]), the internal structure of subchromosomal domains [7, 21, 22, 24, 38, 39, 40, 43, 49, 50] agreeing on all structural levels with the absolute nucleosome concentration distributions [18, 19], the dynamic and functional properties such as the architectural stability and movement of chromosomes [7, 22, 54, 71, 72], chromatin dynamics [73], as well as the diffusion of molecules inside nuclei (e.g. [22, 54, 72]), and recent genome wide
To investigate the 3D genome architecture and dynamics also by an orthogonal genome wide and
To better understand the 3D genome organisation suggested e.g. by the above results, to evaluate hypotheses, and to plan future experiments, we were the first who have - since 1996 - developed polymer models with pre-set conditions for
Determination of the 3D architecture in the IGF/H19 11p 15.5-15.4 region by T2C interaction mapping and computer simulations: Interaction matrices (logarithmic and colour coded scale; left & right) in HB2 and HEK293T TEV cells [
Insight into the spatial and dynamic/diffusional properties and morphology of the 3D organization of entire nuclei: The detailed view from the outside into a simulation for an MLS model with 126 kbp loops and linkers [
Simulations (Figure 2) of the Random-Walk/Giant-Loop model in which large individual loops (0.5–5.0 Mbp) are connected by a linker resembling a flexible backbone, as well as the Multi-Loop Subcompartment (MLS) model with rosette-like aggregates (0.5–2 Mbp) with smaller loops (60–250 kbp) connected by linkers (60–250 kbp), have already predicted that only an MLS model, i.e. a compacted quasi-fibre forming stable loops and stable loop aggregates/rosettes connected by a linker, can properly explain the formation of chromosome arms and territories [22], the spatial distances measured both using fluorescence
With the unprecedented quality of both the interaction mapping by T2C and the FCS dynamic measurements (see above) the introduction of simulation and analytical models complex enough to approximate the 3D genome organization adequately showed even more clearly that only a quasi-fibre, stable loop, stable loop aggregate/rosette-like architecture is compatible with the measurements: In essence the simulations and analytical models describe even the slightest details of the T2C and FCS measurements correctly including many at first sight paradoxical results as e.g. i) that high numbers of especially small loops in a rosette result due the high density in steric exclusion and thus stretched loops eventually even “shielding” inner-rosette parts, ii) that inter-domain interactions are influenced by the connecting linker, loop size and numbers, and how non-equilibrium effects would appear, as well as iii) the isotropy breaking of consecutive subchromosomal domains as seen in the interactions at the border of domains and the domain-domain interactions. On a more general level the simulations support also the large and at first sight remarkable emptiness of interaction matrices and its link to the existence of a dedicated chromatin quasi-fibre. Additionally, the simulations hint to a relatively low crosslink probability, radius, and frequency in experiments comparing the clearly visible fine-structure (such as the (anti-)parallel neighbouring of the chromatin quasi-fibre at loop bases [26]. Also both the simulation and analytical approach describe in detail every aspect of the experimentally found multi-scaling behaviour with a fine-structure not only of the architecture and dynamics, but also of the DNA sequence (see below) to a degree of detail even we are still astonished about. The stability of the architecture with respect to the intrinsic chromatin fibre dynamics can also be illustrated by e.g. the decondensation from a mitotic chromosome into interphase (Movie 1 [26]) or just in a normal interphase state (Movie 2 [26]). This also shows that any 3D architecture would dissolve within seconds if it would not be stabilised. Consequently, both theoretic approaches came with old and new data consistently to the same conclusion whatever orthogonal high-quality method is used and thus are a theoretical framework for the understanding, test, and engineering of genomes.
\nSince what is near in physical space should also be near (i.e. in terms of similarity) in DNA sequence space and this presumably genome-wide [22, 23, 24, 55], and because evolutionary surviving mutations of all sorts will be biased by the genome architecture itself and vice versa, the correlation and thus scaling behaviour of the DNA sequence [22, 23, 24, 26, 55] and its connection to the 3D genome architecture scaling - either from T2C interaction mapping [26] or from simulations [21, 22, 23] - allows for comprehensive investigation of genome organization in a unified scale-bridging manner from a few to the mega base pair level. Using to this end, the perhaps simplest correlation analysis possible (to avoid information loss or biases), we calculated the mean square deviation of the base pair composition (purines/pyrimidines) within windows of different sizes and calculating the function
The above described holistic combination of several new orthogonal approaches [26, 27] including the heuristics of the field leads interestingly undoubtedly to a consistent picture of genome architecture, dynamics, and in general organization, by establishing that nucleosomes compact into a quasi-fibre folded into stable loops, forming stable multi-loop aggregates/rosettes connected by linkers creating chromosome arms and entire chromosomes. Nevertheless, the heuristics of the field immediately questions whether i) we really now have an evolutionary consistent picture of genome organization, ii) whether this is the unavoidable outcome of Darwinian natural selection and Lamarkian self-referenced manipulation (what we introduce here), and iii) finally whether we can understand now genome organization in its systems context within cells, organs, and the entire organism? This in essence already relates back to the fundamental question of how life emerged from the primordial soup [5, 6, 22]; see details in following sections) but in the context discussed here can be addressed by first reflecting on the existing major functions of genomes, thus setting the stage: i) genomes need to stably store genetic information, ii) the information needs to be differentially read out to give rise to and regulate the molecular machinery, and iii) genomes need to replicate and mutate to spread and evolve:
Obviously the by far most important function is to stably store over long periods of time genetic information though with enough flexibility including mutations - or in short: without proper storage neither information retrieval, nor replication, nor evolutionary development exist. This involves obviously being resistant against physical/chemical and/or in- or external mechanical destruction. Whereas, the first act mainly as from the bottom up involving one or a group of chemical bonds in proximity by direct interactions in the molecular soup, the latter depends on the large-scale structure of the basic molecular components and thus acts indirectly top-down on chemical bonds, i.e. that in- or external global stress is transferred and eventually accumulated via the global structure down to molecular levels while leading to mechanical failure. Both this physico-chemical and structural conformation-based destruction paradigms, influence genome architecture on all its levels under evolutionary pressure. They can be formulated such that a) mechanical failure rates are minimized regarding very long time spans, and b) in- or external mechanical failure rates reach an optimum due to the right balance between internal stability increasing with scale (for sensible ranges) and external stress decreasing the stability with increasing scale. From the well known average DNA breaking length of ~300–500 bp after already relatively severe sonication, this translates right away to the nucleosome and chromatin quasi-fibre level assuming that internal nucleosomal attachment increases the stability and elongating it by a factor 146 bp to 200 bp (repeat length), i.e. the average breakage length of an uncompacted chromatin fibre is 44 kbp or in the extreme 100 kbp balancing the quasi-fibre internal stability increase by further compaction counteracted by the bigger mechanical susceptibility due to local compaction clusters. Thus, the found loops size of 30-100 kbp as well as its chromatin quasi-fibre persistence length of 80-120 nm is just what one would theoretically expect as the evolutionary outcome. The same holds for the formation of stable multi-loop aggregates/rosettes where the major player is internal stability, which is a function of quasi-fibre compaction, loops sizes, and loop numbers [51, 52], giving rise to the natural found size distribution between ~0.3-1.5 Mbp [21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 40, 41, 42]. Also on the entire chromosome level again in- and external stability criteria have reached an optimum during evolution concerning the number of subchromosomal domains as well as their total size and number within a genome which again would just fit what one would theoretically expect: subchromosomal domain linkers are in the ballpark of loop sizes, the number of subchromosomal domains is <200-300 which just is the optimum size where mechanical stress does not too much destruct mitotic chromosomes under normal conditions. Consequently, the stability criteria are clearly satisfied while obviously still allowing enough flexibility by variation of this theme within the relatively broad boundary limits and various levels compensating individual stretching of limits (e.g. bigger loops might be stabilised by higher quasi-fibre compaction). Beyond, destruction of a complete structural element (e.g. nucleosome, loop) in relation to the characteristic scale seems never really to exceed 1-5% - an important criterion for overall system resilience.
Access to and obstruction of genetic information, i.e. genetic information retrieval in a regulated fashion is, of course, next to pure storage the major task for a genome, although without a stable information storage retrieval gets arbitrarily complicated whether replication takes place or not. Since the information is readout with similar means as the storage itself, i.e. in a molecular way in contrast e.g. to an optical readout, this relies in principle on two major conditions: a) the physical space for the regulation of the 3D architecture needed that a readout takes place, and b) accessibility/obstruction to the genetic information for the readout-machinery as well as post-processing and transport of the transcribed information. For the first the DNA, nucleosomes, chromatin quasi-fibre, loops and loop aggregates/rosettes, need to have the space to be modified and get rearranged, i.e. that a volume several times bigger than the actual structure exists for ease of change. This involves, naturally a certain compaction, since a homogenous soup would not allow this. Since the regulation and readout is done by molecular mechanisms, it is also obvious that a low spatial occupancy allows moderately obstructed diffusional access of both the regulation and readout machinery only for DNA with a certain compaction degree. For such a scenario the volume occupancy of the architecture in aqueous solution should be well (!) below the limit of ~50% (model depending) as known from percolation studies [74], i.e. in terms of the performance expected for genomes, volume occupancy should be <10% since both the genomic architecture as well as the machinery should be able to access it for regulation by modification as well as readout. For chromatin, experimental values are between 2.5% to ~8% with a homogenous mesh spacing ranging from 115 to 65 nm ([22] and literature cited therein). Together with other factors and molecules in the cell nucleus like proteins and RNA, which all have a similar density, the volume occupancy is still <25%. These percolation assumptions hold, of course, also for the dynamics of the structure itself as pointed out above. At first sight this seems to be a dense system but the architecture is moving constantly by Brownian motion like in a spaghetti soup with additional floating components [18, 19, 20, 22, 27, 53, 54]. For chemical reactions this is well known for diffusion limited aggregation processes [75] as well as for percolating systems [75]. Due to the described consistent multi-layered 3D organizations showing also a multi-scaling of its volume occupancy as well as the space in-between this creates now even more and especially a scale dependent accessibility and obstruction to enhance the theoretic predictions of homogeneous though compacted systems with percolating space. Thus, under such conditions the necessary machinery for transcription as well as transcript transport is based mainly on moderately obstructed diffusion and despite of its high overall concentrations acts as an adequate multi-scale space [22, 53]. Consequently, similar to diffusion limited (catalytic) processes modification of the intrinsic architecture and dynamics of the entire genome organization is used for locally or globally fine-tuning of processes and thus functional regulation. Concerning, the stability of the 3D architecture only a quasi-fibre with stable loop aggregates/rosettes allows in terms of stability and flexibility local containment of large-scale interactions during the initiation of transcription e.g. by enhancer promoter interactions. For knot-free replication of the genome these (spatial) arguments also apply: whereas accessibility allows access of the machinery and space for the duplication, spatial obstruction protects the structural integrity. Interestingly, none of the described alternative architectures and dynamics hypothesis (see Introduction) agree to even a sufficient degree with these fundamental necessities to guaranty genome function.
Replication and extinction of genetic information is the most crucial intervention into genome organization, since in contrast to the readout and regulation of genetic information by transcription, the entire structure and dynamics are affected by copying every single component of the organization. Here, an exact copy within a constrained space not only sequence wise, but also of its 3D architecture and dynamics as well as its disentanglement are the crucial parameters while still allowing structural stability/flexibility and even the access/obstruction of genetic information. From protein folding it is well known, that already during the amino-acid chain synthesis in the ribosome folding takes place, leading to a different 3D folding compared to the relaxation of finished and stretched out amino-acid chains. Obviously, also chromosome replication is such an adiabatic process (also chromosomes never fold from scratch, i.e.
In summary, the above proves even further and especially in a holistic combination with the presented new orthogonal approaches [26, 27] and including the heuristics of the field, that indeed the described 3D genome organization - DNA forming nucleosomes compacted into a quasi-fibre folded into stable loops, forming stable multi-loop aggregates/rosettes connected by linkers creating chromosome arms and entire chromosomes (Figure 1) - presents without doubt a consistent scale bridging systems statistical mechanics genomics fulfilling the functional conditions necessary for storage, transcription, and replication. Additionally, the actual values found for the various parameters involved are just found in those "regions" one would expect as the unavoidable outcome of Darwinian natural selection and Lamarkian self-referenced manipulation (see below).
\nThe heuristics leading to the here described consistent 3D genome organization has also resulted in another fundamental breakthrough besides merely clarifying the missing gap(s): the emergence of a multilistic systems statistical mechanics with uncertainty principles by reaching the fundamental resolution limits (see Section 2.1 above; [26]. Hence, this allows directly not only i) to extend the atomic theory based on ancient Greek philosophy and the notion of Theodor Schwann of cells being the fundamental atomic unit of tissues to the mesoscopic scale of genome architecture/dynamics, but also ii) to analyse and to describe how from the collective behaviour of these elements a holistic meta level, i.e. a phenotype, emerges. Thus, by reaching fundamental resolution limits now the statistical and uncertainty properties of each architectural/dynamic level can be determined both by experimental measurements as well as theoretical descriptions. Hence, from each of these "atomistic" basic units/elements their collective behaviour can be derived by a statistical mechanics on each individual level as wells as a complex interwoven scale-bridging, i.e. a hierarchic back referencing networked systems statistical mechanics - which obviously exists - can now be established in detail. This exceeds and is much more complex than establishing the statistical mechanics at the turn of the 20th century where from the individual components e.g. gas molecules a statistical mechanics established the collective properties of the entire system, e.g. the entire gas, because genome organization is not only a simple dualistic system of e.g. two levels but a complex multilistic network system with back references: In detail this means determining experimentally the behaviour of a genome structural/dynamic level precisely with its entire statistics and then doing the same on the level emerging from the underlying level. In principle this is what we have started already by setting up an experimental and theoretic framework over the past 20 years to elucidate genome organization [7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 49, 50], although only now with the complete description of the general 3D genome architecture/dynamics it is possible to fill the existing lack of knowledge in detail, determine the values for parameters with high precision, and in constant cycles of refinement adjust the description to an ever higher degree of approximation. Thus, the difference to the development of statistical mechanics in classical and later quantum physics at the turn to the 20th century is that in biology many and also much higher levels still are determined by and also act back even on the very first level to a much higher degree. This also immediately unites the at first sight contradicting theoretic descriptions of living systems of Ilia Prigogine [75], stating that living systems are far away from thermodynamic equilibrium, with those proposed by Georgi Gladyshev [76] stating that hierarchic substance stability is locally in thermodynamic equilibrium. Actually, these descriptions are even extended due to the multilistic statistical systems mechanics, i.e. manifold recursive hierarchically back-referencing, which are until now not described but e.g. envisioned in efforts to extend quantum mechanics to higher order complexities [77]. Consequently, a genomic multilistic statistical systems mechanics allows not only to describe and test basic properties of life, but also to answer perhaps the most fundamental questions of life as e.g. whether life time-wise can be extended beyond the currently obvious or thought of limits by manipulated engineering in one of its most central parts - the genome - a quest of epic dimensions appearing already at least between the lines in "What Is Life ?" by Erwin Schrödinger [78].
\nThe most important implication from the findings described above is most likely the multilistic entanglement between genotype and phenotype being the natural outcome of Darwinian natural selection and Lamarkian self-referenced manipulation in a genome ecology framework, which is connected directly to the origin of genomes and life itself: While entropy grows like an inexorable river, local disturbances lead to ever more ordered self-organizing and self-sustaining resistors, more complex structures, and finally life. In the 1970s Manfred Eigen [5, 6] showed how from the primordial soup autocatalytic chemical reaction-networks emerged and how they form ever more complex cooperatively organized networks and systems of so called hypercycles. With environmental separation by the emergence of units as cells and specialization of subunits, then genomes have developed as specialized keepers of the blueprint needed to maintain, regulate, and develop this syntropic machinery. Since genetic information is physically stored in molecular structures with dedicated architecture and dynamics, it is thus also obvious that the material carrier for the storage, usage, and replication of genetic information co-evolved inseparably. Yet another inevitable consequence of our results leading to the consistent statistical systems genome mechanic framework is indeed our proof [26, 27] that architecture, dynamics, and DNA sequence are co-evolutionary unseparably entangled (in a quantum mechanical sense): All architecture/dynamics levels have not only left a footprint on the DNA sequence level but beyond also all levels have left a footprint on all other levels with an astonishing degree of detail (see Section 2.4). Consequently, the co-evolution of all levels has also co-evolved not only to a higher degree than previously thought, but also indeed as an entire system where all levels are (equally ?) determinant (Figure 5).
\nGenome ecology emerging from the system mechanics of genomes in relation to the genotype-phenotype entanglement and its embedding in- and environment: Genomes are interwoven holistic multi-scale hierarchic systems entities in which all organizational levels are also manifest, i.e. fingerprinting, on all other levels. Thus, immediately each level is a phenotype of its underlying genotype immediately conditioning back on it recursively. Thus, both genotype and phenotype are entangled inseparably in a (due to the involvement and entanglement of all levels) multilistic manner. In consequence this not only unites Darwinian and Lamarckian evolutionary paradigms, but also embeds and relates genomes with their in- and environment, and thus giving rise to a general genome ecology.
In evolutionary terminology the genotype (i.e. the double helix) creates a phenotype (the nucleosome) and this phenotype recursively conditions the genotype (i.e. again the double helix). The nucleosome is also a genotype conditioning the quasi-fibre phenotype, recursively conditioning the nucleosome and DNA, etc. Since this is happening with all levels simultaneously this inseparable dualism extends in the present genome organisation to a multilism, shaping evolutionary development in hierarchical terms from bottom to top by Darwinian natural selection as well as from top to bottom by Lamarkian self-referenced manipulation. Thus, our finding that indeed all genome architecture/dynamic levels are tightly entangled with each other also immediately resolves the falsely assumed paradoxes between Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution by uniting them at least on the genome level. This is remarkable not only in historic terms considering the even politically and religiously extremely hot debates/fights about "man evolving from apes" as well as the "intentionally planed long neck of giraffes", but also heuristically, since the in principle relatively simple final completion of the 3D genome architecture/dynamics at the limit of the resolution leads not only to a consistent 3D genome organization and statistical systems genome mechanics, but beyond reveals in one go some and perhaps the most important fundamentals of life (Figure 5).
\nBeyond, this strong entanglement over several orders of magnitude (Figures 1, 2) within the genome, the described genotype-phenotype-entanglement can be driven conceptually even further considering the influence of both the a) hierarchically constituting elements giving rise to the system, i.e. chemical molecular base, atomic, and subatomic units, which will be called here i(!)nvironment, and b) the hierarchical higher levels, i.e. tissues, organs, animal etc., which are the environment. Although this may seem far fetched, but influences from both "directions" are well known (see e.g. Section 3), although due to their complexity this is often hard to track down in a reductionistic manner, thus hence their degree of influence is just emerging. In this respect the found entanglements bridging so many multi-scale levels and orders of magnitude in space and time, are on the one hand already astonishing in terms of the obviously wrong assumption that such influences would die-off very fast, while on the other hand this has general implications for all hierarchic systems showing that complex inter-, cross-, and even multi-cross-level influences are much more frequent and far reaching. Actually, the here shown multilistic genotype-phenotype entanglement shows a highly interwoven, networked, and recursive structure: instead of more or less separate hierarchic layers where only first or at the most secondary neighbour layers are connected, there are also influential connections to more distant layers at least locally if not in every part of the layer space. Thus, the genotype-phenotype entanglement embedded within an i(!)n- and environment actually results in a genome ecology in direct analogy to e.g. human ecology, autopoieses of social systems, or just any kind of systems theoretic entity [77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82].
\nNature has created ever more complex forms of life by creating structural and dynamical islands of systems with specialized organelles such as genomes being responsible for storage, access, and replication of the information for their persistence and development. Despite the epic quest to determine the details and origin of inheritance, only recently we were finally able to fill the debated gaps of the central part of genome architecture and dynamics - despite the pioneering works of the last 170 years - by establishing that nucleosomes compact into a quasi-fibre which is folded into stable loops, forming stable multi-loop aggregates/rosettes connected by linkers creating chromosome arms and entire chromosomes [26, 27]. Although the heuristics of the field leads already to a sound basis, this could only be achieved - as we summarized here - by a highly integrated systems approach linking holistically i) a by far superior selective chromosome interaction (T2C) technique, ii) a novel
For supporting and influencing this long lasting work of T.A.K thanks go to: M. Wachsmuth, T. Weidemann, K. Fejes-Toth, M. Göker, R. Lohner, M. Stör, E. Spiess, K. Rippe, W. Waldeck, C. Cremer, T. Cremer, K. Erenpreisa, A. Ollins, D. Ollins, K. Sullivan, C. C. Murre, J. Skok, A. M. A. Imam, F. G. Grosveld, K. Egger, O. Zimina, and last but not least L. A. Knoch, as well as the German and International Societies for Human Ecology. T2C was invented by T.A.K. and F. G. Grosveld, with many thanks to M. Lesnussa, N. Kepper, A. Abuseiris, P. Kolovos, Jessica Zuin, R. W. W. Brouwer, H. J. G. van de Werken, W. F. J. van IJken, and Kerstin S. Wendt. This work was also part of the EpiGenSys consortium setup and coordinated by T.A.K., funded by ERASysBio+/FP7 and the national funding organizations (the Dutch Ministry for Science and Education, the Netherlands Science Organization, the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, and the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)). Further support came from the BMBF under grants # 01 KW 9602/2 (Heidelberg 3D Human Genome Study Group, German Human Genome Project), #01AK803A (German MediGRID), #01IG07015G (Services@MediGRID), as well as the Erasmus Medical Centre and the Hogeschool Rotterdam. The High-Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS; grant HumNuc), the Supercomputing Center Karlsruhe (SCC; grant ChromDyn), and the Computing Facility of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) are thanked for access to their CRAY T3E and IBM SP2s in the initial part of this work. Thanks also go to all those institutions, universities, and companies providing us computational grid resources: the German D-Grid, the European Grid Initiative EGEE, as well as the Erasmus Computing Grid the Almere Grid, and all the unnamed computing grids there is access through via these. Very special thanks go also to all the world-wide distributed and unnamed donors of desktop computer power of our world-wide Correlizer@home BOINC grid!
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\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. 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Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68944",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7678,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]},{id:"59227",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73385",title:"Differentiating Normal Cognitive Aging from Cognitive Impairment No Dementia: A Focus on Constructive and Visuospatial Abilities",slug:"differentiating-normal-cognitive-aging-from-cognitive-impairment-no-dementia-a-focus-on-constructive",totalDownloads:1329,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Constructive and visuospatial abilities in normal and in pathological aging (cognitive impairment, no dementia, CIND) are investigated. The sample includes 188 participants over 60 years of age, divided in 2 groups: healthy subjects (MMSE ≥28), without cognitive complaints, and individuals with CIND (MMSE between 24 and 27 and subjective cognitive complains). Drawing of cube and drawing of house, Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Block design are used to test the hypothesis that short visuoconstructive and visuospatial tests can distinguish normal from pathological cognitive aging in its very early stages. Results proved the discriminative sensitivity of BVRT general assessment criteria and of omissions and distortions in CIND. The diagnostic sensitivity of a modification of Moore and Wike [1984] scoring system for house and cube drawing tasks was confirmed as well. Drawing of cube and house could be used for quick screening of CIND in subjects over 60. Principal component analysis with oblimin rotation was performed to explore the different dimensions in the visuospatial and visuoconstructive abilities in old age. A four-factor structure was established, all four factors explaining 71% of the variance.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva",authors:[{id:"75907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Radka Ivanova",middleName:null,surname:"Massaldjieva",slug:"radka-ivanova-massaldjieva",fullName:"Radka Ivanova Massaldjieva"}]},{id:"59658",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74748",title:"Ageing Better in the Netherlands",slug:"ageing-better-in-the-netherlands",totalDownloads:1175,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme was an initiative organized by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) between 2008 and 2016. The aim of the programme was to collect knowledge about frail elderly, to assess their needs and to provide person-centred and integrated care better suited to their needs. The budget of EUR 88 million was provided by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. Putting the needs of elderly people at the heart of the programme and ensuring their active participation were key to the programme’s success. The programme outcomes included the establishment of eight geriatric networks around the medical universities with 650 organisations and the completion of 218 projects. These projects, involving 43,000 elderly people and 8500 central caregivers, resulted in the completion of 45 PhD theses and the publication of more than 400 articles and the development of 300 practice toolkits, one database and a website, www.beteroud.nl. The Dutch National Care for the Elderly Programme has since developed into a movement and continues under the consortium Ageing Better, made up of eight organisations. Through the use of ambassadors, Ageing Better promotes the message that ageing is not a disease but a new phase of life.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Betty Meyboom-de Jong, Klaske Wynia and Anjo Geluk-Bleumink",authors:[{id:"224997",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Betty",middleName:null,surname:"Meyboom-De Jong",slug:"betty-meyboom-de-jong",fullName:"Betty Meyboom-De Jong"},{id:"232900",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaske",middleName:null,surname:"Wynia",slug:"klaske-wynia",fullName:"Klaske Wynia"},{id:"232901",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anjo",middleName:null,surname:"Geluk-Bleumink",slug:"anjo-geluk-bleumink",fullName:"Anjo Geluk-Bleumink"}]},{id:"57952",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71904",title:"Neurocognitive Implications of Tangential Speech in Patients with Focal Brain Damage",slug:"neurocognitive-implications-of-tangential-speech-in-patients-with-focal-brain-damage",totalDownloads:1574,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"There are no studies on the neurocognitive implications of tangential speech (TS). This research aims to take a step forward in the study of narrative processing, by evaluating TS in a sample that helps to detect this deficit when it is neurogenic and recently manifested. The relationship between TS, secondary to focal brain injury, and neuropsychological and neuroanatomical variables was explored. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered to 175 volunteers: 95 alert inpatients, without aphasia, without psychiatric history and without TS history, and 80 healthy participants, without TS. Results: TS (prevalence 16%) was independent of type or site of injury. An adverse effect of TS on global neuropsychological performance was observed. This effect was significantly related to attentional errors along with prolonged processing times but not to correct responses. Reliability and validity indices for the present TS screening scale were provided. Conclusion: Present results support the hypothesis that this neurogenic inability to spontaneously find, organize and communicate verbal information, beyond single words, depends on extended brain networks involving processes such as sustained attention, complex-syntax comprehension, the (implicit) interpretation and spontaneous recall of a narrative, and emotional and behavioral alterations. Early TS detection is advisable for prevention and treatment at any age.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Nora Silvana Vigliecca",authors:[{id:"202008",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",middleName:"Silvana",surname:"Vigliecca",slug:"nora-vigliecca",fullName:"Nora Vigliecca"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6884,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"55388",title:"Beauty, Body Image, and the Media",slug:"beauty-body-image-and-the-media",totalDownloads:7678,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter analyses the role of the mass media in people’s perceptions of beauty. We summarize the research literature on the mass media, both traditional media and online social media, and how they appear to interact with psychological factors to impact appearance concerns and body image disturbances. There is a strong support for the idea that traditional forms of media (e.g. magazines and music videos) affect perceptions of beauty and appearance concerns by leading women to internalize a very slender body type as ideal or beautiful. Rather than simply being passive recipients of unrealistic beauty ideals communicated to them via the media, a great number of individuals actually seek out idealized images in the media. Finally, we review what is known about the role of social media in impacting society’s perception of beauty and notions of idealized physical forms. Social media are more interactive than traditional media and the effects of self‐presentation strategies on perceptions of beauty have just begun to be studied. This is an emerging area of research that is of high relevance to researchers and clinicians interested in body image and appearance concerns.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Jennifer S. Mills, Amy Shannon and Jacqueline Hogue",authors:[{id:"202110",title:"Dr.",name:"Jennifer S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mills",slug:"jennifer-s.-mills",fullName:"Jennifer S. Mills"}]},{id:"56505",title:"Aesthetics of the Naked Human Body: From Pornography (Sexualised Lust Object) to Iconography (Aesthetics of Human Nobility and Wisdom) in an Anthropology of Physical Beauty",slug:"aesthetics-of-the-naked-human-body-from-pornography-sexualised-lust-object-to-iconography-aesthetics",totalDownloads:2081,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In many religious circles and philosophies of life, the human body is excluded from the realm of spirituality and meaning. Due to a dualistic approach, nudity is viewed as merely a physical and corporeal category. In social media, there is the real danger that the naked human body is exploited for commercial gain. Advertisements often leave the impression that the body, very specifically the genitals, is designed merely for physical desire and corporeal chemistry. They become easily objects for lust, excluded from the beauty of graceful existence and noble courage. It is argued that the naked human body is not designed for pornographic exploitation and promiscuous sensuality but for compassionate intimacy and nurturing care in order to instil a humane dimension in human and sexual encounters. In this regard, antiquity and the Michelangelesque perspective can contribute to a paradigm shift from abusive exploitation to the beauty of vulnerable sensitivity. In order to foster an integrative approach to theory formation in anthropology, the methodology of stereometric thinking is proposed.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Daniel J Louw",authors:[{id:"200645",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Johannes",surname:"Louw",slug:"daniel-louw",fullName:"Daniel Louw"}]},{id:"56059",title:"A Plastic Surgeon’s Perspective on Stereotyping and the Perception of Beauty",slug:"a-plastic-surgeon-s-perspective-on-stereotyping-and-the-perception-of-beauty",totalDownloads:1890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In the world of plastic surgery, misconceptions may lead to irrational requests or outcomes not appreciated by patients. Those who manage aesthetics should always listen and recognize the variability of cultural identities, desires, attitudes, anxieties and uncertainties of the patient. Emerging from a diversity of cultures and its transforming trends, the scope of cosmetic surgery and its practice reflect not only the individual’s personality, but also the culture as a whole. When counseling an individual, one has to recognize that even in groups of seemingly identical social or cultural standards; there are subtle differences in expectations. To illustrate the potential for inaccuracy of ethnic profiling in the field of plastic surgery authors quote their own work on Asian subjects and facial beauty and resort to experience of others. To reaffirm their opinion and to exemplify how sometimes “fine” differences in the perception of beauty exist, an original study that evaluates the preferences among selected groups of Latina women in respect to buttock aesthetics has been included. This dissertation will focus on how cultural factors influence beauty perception; strengthen the fact that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and how variable differences exist even between small subgroups.",book:{id:"5925",slug:"perception-of-beauty",title:"Perception of Beauty",fullTitle:"Perception of Beauty"},signatures:"Johanna D’Agostino and Marek Dobke",authors:[{id:"17590",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek K.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobke",slug:"marek-k.-dobke",fullName:"Marek K. Dobke"},{id:"201244",title:"Dr.",name:"Johanna",middleName:null,surname:"D'Agostino",slug:"johanna-d'agostino",fullName:"Johanna D'Agostino"}]},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The development of therapeutic strategies aimed at the aging process of cells has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to the involvement of this process in the development of many chronic and age-related diseases. Interestingly, preclinical studies have shown the success of a number of anti-aging approaches in the treatment of a range of chronic diseases. These approaches are directed against aging processes such as oxidative stress, telomerase shortening, inflammation, and deficient autophagy. Many strategies has been shown to be effective in delaying aging, including antiaging strategies based on establishing healthy lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions aimed at disrupting senescent cells and senescent-associated secretory phenotype. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting were reported to activate autophagy and reduce inflammation. In turn, immune-based strategies, senolytic agents, and senomorphics mediate their effects either by eliminating senescent cells through inducing apoptosis or by disrupting pathways by which senescent cells mediate their detrimental effects. In addition, given the association of the decline in the regenerative potential of stem cells with aging, many experimental and clinical studies indicate the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation in preventing or slowing the progress of age-related diseases by enhancing the repairing mechanisms and the secretion of many growth factors and cytokines.",book:{id:"10935",slug:null,title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",fullTitle:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence"},signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"235",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",abstract:"The word senescence is derived from the Latin word “senex” (meaning old). In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing. Senescence is a natural universal phenomenon affecting all living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, and plants). It is the process of growing old (aging). The underlying mechanisms of senescence and aging at the cellular level are not fully understood. Senescence is a multifactorial process that can be induced by several stimuli including cellular stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation. The most popular theory to explain aging is the free radical theory. Senescence plays a role in the development of several age-related chronic diseases in humans (e.g., ischemic heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer). Lifespan is a biological characteristic of every species. The lifespan of living organisms ranges from few hours (with mayfly) to potential eternity (with jellyfish and hydra). The maximum theoretical lifespan in humans is around 120 years. The lifespan in humans is influenced by multiple factors including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, environmental, metabolic, and endocrine factors. There are several ways to potentially extend the lifespan of humans and eventually surpass the maximum theoretical lifespan of 120 years. The tools that can be proposed include lifestyle, reduction of several life-threatening diseases and disabilities, hormonal replacement, antioxidants, autophagy inducers, senolytic drugs, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati"},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",abstract:"The increasing trend of life-expectancy is becoming a significant demographic, societal and economic challenge. Currently, global number of people above sixty years of age is 900 million, while United Nations expect this number to rise to over 1.4 billion in 2030 and over 2.5 billion by 2050. Concordant to this trend, numerous physiological changes are associated with aging and brain-related ones are associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. The main goal of this chapter is to identify the most important neuropsychiatric diseases to assess in older patients to help to promote health and prevent diseases and complications associated with chronic illness, as these changes are progressive and require important psychological and setting-related social adjustments. Findings identify several health-aspects highly present in elderly: stroke, white matter lesions, dementia rise with age, changes in levels of neurotransmitters and hormones, depression as well as the bereavement following loss of the loved one, and the most common neurodegenerative disease—Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s. In conclusion, studying the aging process should include all developmental, circumstantial, and individual aspects of aging. This offers opportunities to improve the health of elderly by using a wide range of skills and knowledge. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate what can be done do to improve the aging process and health of elderly in the future.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Jelena Milić"},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:104,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101585",abstract:"The development of therapeutic strategies aimed at the aging process of cells has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to the involvement of this process in the development of many chronic and age-related diseases. Interestingly, preclinical studies have shown the success of a number of anti-aging approaches in the treatment of a range of chronic diseases. These approaches are directed against aging processes such as oxidative stress, telomerase shortening, inflammation, and deficient autophagy. Many strategies has been shown to be effective in delaying aging, including antiaging strategies based on establishing healthy lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions aimed at disrupting senescent cells and senescent-associated secretory phenotype. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting were reported to activate autophagy and reduce inflammation. In turn, immune-based strategies, senolytic agents, and senomorphics mediate their effects either by eliminating senescent cells through inducing apoptosis or by disrupting pathways by which senescent cells mediate their detrimental effects. In addition, given the association of the decline in the regenerative potential of stem cells with aging, many experimental and clinical studies indicate the effectiveness of stem cell transplantation in preventing or slowing the progress of age-related diseases by enhancing the repairing mechanisms and the secretion of many growth factors and cytokines.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi"},{id:"79828",title:"Cellular Senescence in Bone",slug:"cellular-senescence-in-bone",totalDownloads:110,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101803",abstract:"Senescence is an irreversible cell-cycle arrest process induced by environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. An accumulation of senescent cells in bone results in age-related disorders, and one of the common problems is osteoporosis. Deciphering the basic mechanisms contributing to the chronic ailments of aging may uncover new avenues for targeted treatment. This review focuses on the mechanisms and the most relevant research advancements in skeletal cellular senescence. To identify new options for the treatment or prevention of age-related chronic diseases, researchers have targeted hallmarks of aging, including telomere attrition, genomic instability, cellular senescence, and epigenetic alterations. First, this chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of bone tissue, the causes of skeletal involution, and the role of cellular senescence in bone and bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Next, this review will discuss the utilization of pharmacological interventions in aging tissues and, more specifically, highlight the role of senescent cells to identify the most effective and safe strategies.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Danielle Wang and Haitao Wang"},{id:"79668",title:"Identification of RNA Species That Bind to the hnRNP A1 in Normal and Senescent Human Fibroblasts",slug:"identification-of-rna-species-that-bind-to-the-hnrnp-a1-in-normal-and-senescent-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:74,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101525",abstract:"hnRNP A1 is a member of the hnRNPs (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins) family of proteins that play a central role in regulating genes responsible for cell proliferation, DNA repair, apoptosis, and telomere biogenesis. Previous studies have shown that hnRNPA1 had reduced protein levels and increased cytoplasmic accumulation in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. The consequence of reduced protein expression and altered cellular localization may account for the alterations in gene expression observed during senescence. There is limited information for gene targets of hnRNP A1 as well as its in vivo function. In these studies, we performed RNA co-immunoprecipitation experiments using hnRNP A1 as the target protein to identify potential mRNA species in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Using this approach, we identified the human double minute 2 (HDM2) mRNA as a binding target for hnRNP A1 in young and senescent human diploid fibroblasts cells. It was also observed that alterations of hnRNP A1 expression modulate HDM2 mRNA levels in young IMR-90 cells. We also demonstrated that the levels of HDM2 mRNA increased with the downregulation of hnRNP A1 and decrease with the overexpression of hnRNP A1. Although we did not observe a significant decrease in HDM2 protein level, a concomitant increase in p53 protein level was detected with the overexpression of hnRNP A1. Our studies also show that hnRNP A1 directly interacts with HDM2 mRNA at a region corresponding to its 3′ UTR (untranslated region of a gene). The results from this study demonstrate that hnRNP A1 has a novel role in participating in the regulation of HDM2 gene expression.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Heriberto Moran, Shanaz A. Ghandhi, Naoko Shimada and Karen Hubbard"},{id:"79295",title:"Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence",slug:"genetic-and-epigenetic-influences-on-cutaneous-cellular-senescence",totalDownloads:123,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101152",abstract:"Skin is the largest human organ system, and its protective function is critical to survival. The epithelial, dermal, and subcutaneous compartments are heterogeneous mixtures of cell types, yet they all display age-related skin dysfunction through the accumulation of an altered phenotypic cellular state called senescence. Cellular senescence is triggered by complex and dynamic genetic and epigenetic processes. A senescence steady state is achieved in different cell types under various and overlapping conditions of chronological age, toxic injury, oxidative stress, replicative exhaustion, DNA damage, metabolic dysfunction, and chromosomal structural changes. These inputs lead to outputs of cell-cycle withdrawal and the appearance of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, both of which accumulate as tissue pathology observed clinically in aged skin. This review details the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors that converge on normal cutaneous cellular processes to create the senescent state, thereby dictating the response of the skin to the forces of both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. From this work, it is clear that no single biomarker or process leads to senescence, but that it is a convergence of factors resulting in an overt aging phenotype.",book:{id:"10935",title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg"},signatures:"Tapash Jay Sarkar, Maiko Hermsmeier, Jessica L. Ross and G. Scott Herron"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:6},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/37868",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"37868"},fullPath:"/profiles/37868",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()