List of the term of monosyllables [8].
\r\n\tAbout 25 percent of all foods produced globally are lost due to microbial growth. L. monocytogenes is a microorganism ubiquitously present in the environment and affects animals and humans. L. monocytogenes can enter a factory and is able to survive in biofilms in the food processing environment. The use of adequate sanitation procedures is a prerequisite in risk prevention. Moreover, effective control measures for L. monocytogenes are very important to food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tThe safety and shelf life maximizing of food products to meet the demand of retailers and consumers is a challenge and a concern of food operators.
\r\n\r\n\tTo obtain food systems more sustainable, several developments are ongoing to ensure safe food products with an extended shelf life and a reduction of food loss and waste. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is also a great issue that must be taken into consideration.
\r\n\r\n\tThe implementation of natural antimicrobials, using food cultures, ferments, or bacteriophages, is one approach to control L. monocytogenes in food products that meet the consumer preference for clean label solutions.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art about Listeria monocytogenes in terms of occurrence in humans, animals, and food-producing plants. Its control by more natural agents allows for more sustainable food systems and points future directions to transform challenges into opportunities.
The word apoptosis has its etymological origin in the Greek
The activation of apoptosis requires the assembly of an intricate web of intracellular signaling pathways that occurs in three phases: initiation or activation, execution, and cellular demolition that are triggered in three different ways: the extrinsic pathway, the intrinsic pathway (subdivided in mitochondrial-induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis) and the caspase-independent pathway [5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
This pathway is activated through extracellular stress signals that are detected and amplified by transmembrane receptors called death receptors [10, 11, 12]. Some of these receptors include the Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor (TNFR), Fas receptor (CD95), DR3/WSL, and Apo-2L (TRAIL-R1/DR4, TRAIL-R2/DR) [13, 14], which are characterized for the presence of intracellular domains called death domains (DD), which include the TNFR or TRADD and Fas or FADD death domains [15]. Once receptors become engaged with their respective ligands, activating proteins such as RIPK1, FADD, c-FLIP, c-IPAs, and ubiquitin ligase E3 are recruited [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21], and in consequence, a supramolecular complex is formed by the activating protein-receptor domain that is recognized as a Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC), which activates procaspase 8, the precursor of caspase 8 [16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. In some cases, the extrinsic pathway can be triggered without a ligand as is the case of DCC and UNC5B receptors where, in the absence of a ligand, DCC interacts with cytoplasmic adapting protein DRAL to assemble an activation platform for caspase 9 [23]. In a similar manner, the UNC5B receptor, in the absence of netrins, recruits a molecular complex composed of PP2A and Death Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPK1) [24]. In both cases, caspase 8 is activated to initiate cell death via apoptosis.
The mitochondrial intrinsic pathway can be initiated by different intracellular stimuli such as irreversible genotoxic damage, increase in the cytoplasmic calcium (Ca+) concentration, oxidative stress, among others [15]. In this pathway, a family of proteins called Bcl-2, characterized for having from 1 to 4 conserved domains that share homology with Bcl-2 or BH [6], has a leading role. This family is composed of proapoptotic proteins that, according to the BH domains that possess, are divided into Bax and “BH3 only” subfamilies. The members of the Bax subfamily are Bak, Bax, Bok, and Mtd and possess three BH domains (BH1-BH3), while the “BH3 only” subfamily, as denoted by its name, possesses a single BH3 domain and is composed of Bid, Bad, Bim, Bik, Blk, Hrk, NOXA or PUMA. On the other hand, the antiapoptotic proteins family present four BH domains (BH1-BH4) and is composed of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bcl-W, Bfl-1, and Mcl-1 [6]. The BH1 and BH2 domains are structurally similar to the diphtheric toxin [25, 26]. The antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and prevent the release of cytochrome c, while the proapoptotic proteins Bad, Bid, Bax, and Bim are located in the cytosol and under certain stimuli are translocated to the mitochondria, where they induce the release of cytochrome c [25, 26]. Additionally, caspase 8 may take part in the intrinsic pathway through Bid proteolysis, turning it into tBid, which also translocates to the mitochondria and activates Bcl-2, Bax, and Bak [27]. Once Bax and Bak have been translocated to the mitochondrial membrane, a molecular complex referred to as PTPC is activated and induces the Mitochondrial Transition Permeability (MTP) phenomenon [28, 29]. These events culminate in the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane or MOMP, which is the rate-limiting step in apoptosis that conducts to an energetic and metabolic damage and the cell faces irreversible apoptotic cell death. The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrion permits its association with the Apoptosis Activation Factor (Apaf-1) thus forming a structure to which procaspase 9 is incorporated, originating a molecular complex referred to as the apoptosome. As procaspase 9 is activated, it recruits executor caspases 3 and 7, which causes a proteolytic effect inducing cell death [27]. As mentioned earlier, the intrinsic pathway can also be activated via endoplasmic reticulum stress whose main stimulus is the misfolding of proteins and their subsequent accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once misfolded proteins reach a critical concentration, they activate ER membrane sensors [30].
The induction of apoptosis conducts hopelessly to the activation of caspases; nevertheless, the damage to the mitochondria can, in some cases, provoke the release of some molecules with proapoptotic capacities such as HTRA2, AIF and ENDOG that have the ability to induce apoptosis without the intervention of caspases. HTRA2 has the ability to attack proteolytically the cytoskeleton, while AIF and ENDOG can enzymatically attack DNA [31].
Caspases (
Once apoptosis is triggered through one of the different pathways just explained, the activation of caspase 9 unchains a cascade of executioner caspases [6, 15], whose proteolytic action is directed to multiple substrates that finally culminate in the demolition of the cell. One central substrate targeted by caspases is ROCK1, an actin cytoskeleton activity regulator that upon activation loses its C-terminal end, subsequent phosphorylation, and thus activation of the myosin for is subsequently phosphorylated, and thus activates the myosin light chain, which generates actin contraction that in turn triggers several phenomena such as phosphatidylserine translocation, cellular rounding and retraction, as well as vesicle formation or blebbing and loss of intercellular unions due to the proteolytical attack of desmosomes or other forms of cell to cell junctions. It also affects nuclear membrane integrity and provokes further fragmentation of DNA and degradation of proteins associated with transcription and translation [6, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Other targets attacked by caspases are, for example, the caspase-activated DNase (CAD), whose activation culminates in DNA degradation at internucleosomal sites [49] or Golgi reassembly and stacking proteins (GRASP)that participate in Golgi apparatus conformation, cistern formation and connections leading to Golgi fragmentation and disintegration [6, 50]. Continuing with the demolition events, the mitochondrial proteins Bax and Bak are activated due to BH3 action, which in turn generate pores in the mitochondrial membranes and release of their contents. Also, the p75 subunit of the electron transport chain complex 1 is proteolytically degraded [6, 50]. One of the final acts of apoptosis is the release of chemotactic cytokines and other molecules, as well as the formation of union sites for phagocytic cells indispensable for the elimination of cellular remains by phagocytes for these cells [6, 51].
For apoptosis to be carried out an orchestrated array of signal transduction pathways needs to be put into action among which mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play a leading role. These mitogen-activated protein kinases, as denoted by their name, are activated not only by mitogens but also by other physical and chemical stimuli, such as growth factors, UV radiation, genotoxic agents, oxidative stress, inflammatory signals, and cytokines. Once activated, MAPK go through three secuencial phosphorylation steps [52], carried out by three groups of enzymes: (1) MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK or MAP3K), for example ASK1; MAPK kinase (MAPKK), for example MEK 1 through 7; MAPK such as ERK 1/2, JNK, and p38. MAPKs belong to the serine-/threonine-type kinases [53, 54] and possess tyrosine (Tyr) and threonine (Thr) conserved double phosphorylation domains [52]. They are further divided in three subfamilies according to the amino acid present in both phosphorylation sites (Thr-XXX-Tyr) [53, 54, 55]:
The p38-MAPK subfamily features glycine between the two phosphorylation sites (Thr-Gly-Tyr) and is activated through stress signals, growth, and differentiation factors. This subfamily is composed of the p38-MAPKα, p38-MAPKβ, p38-MAPKγ, and p38-MAPKδ isoforms that share a 12-amino acid activation loop and differ in affinity for the activating protein, tissue expression, and downstream effect. The p38α isoform, commonly referred to as p38, as well as the p38β isoform are ubiquitous being present in almost every tissue, while p38γ and p38δ isoforms have a more restricted localization. When p38 is activated, it initiates the three rounds of phosphorylation that culminate in the phosphorylation of p38 specifically at Thr180 and Tyr182 sites. This phosphorylation process produces conformational changes that lead to the enzyme binding with ATP and the acceptor substrate of the phosphate [56]. This subfamily participates in the regulation of certain growth factors, kinases and phosphatases, as well as in the regulation of ATF-2, MEF2, MAPKAPK, CDC25 or MSK1/2 and their activation triggers cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, among others [57, 58].
The JNK subfamily features proline between the two phosphorylation sites (Thr-Pro-Tyr) and is composed by the JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 isoforms. These proteins are also known as stress-associated MAPKs or SAPKS (stress-activated protein kinases) and participate in cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis [59, 60] as a response to diverse stress signals, such as UV or gamma radiation, protein synthesis inhibitors (anisomycin), hyperosmolarity, toxins, ischemic damage, thermal shock, antineoplastic drugs, peroxides, and inflammatory cytokines, among others [59]. Stress signals initiate the three cycles of phosphorylation with the activation of MAP3K, ASK1 and ASK2, among others, which in turn activate MEK4 and MEK7 through phosphorylation of two specific serine and threonine residues. Finally, MEK4 and MEK7, also known as MKK4 (SEK1/JNKK1) or MKK7 (SEK2/JNKK2) phosphorylate JNK in threonine-proline-tyrosine (Thr-Pro-Tyr) specific residues [59, 61, 62]. Interestingly, the biological roles of JNK isoforms are similar [63], although they are physically different and also differ in tissue localization. JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed in all tissues, while JNK3 isoform is found predominantly in nervous tissue, and to a lesser extent in the heart and sperm [64, 65, 66]. Although JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 can all induce apoptosis, there is evidence suggesting that each protein induces apoptosis through a different pathway. It has been demonstrated that all of them associate with p53, a nuclear transcription factor that activates proapoptotic gene expression, such as BAX or PUMA, but interestingly their expression varies with respect to p53. In the case of JNK1, its expression is inversely proportional to p53, contrary to JNK2 expression, which is directly proportional to p53. Both JNK2 and JNK3 can phosphorylate p53, while JNK1 can only modify it post-transcriptionally [67, 68].
The ERK subfamily features glutamic acid between the two phosphorylation sites (Thr-Glu-Tyr) and is composed of ERK1, also known as MAPK3, and ERK2, also known as MAPK1 or p42MAPK [62, 69]. These kinases are activated by growth factors, hormones, and neurotransmitters through binding to different G-protein coupled receptors, tyrosine-kinase receptors, and ion channels. Then, signal transduction continues with an adaptor protein that transmits the signal to a MAP3K of which several have been described for ERK such as Raf-1B-Raf, A-Raf, and TPL2 [62]. Following the described phosphorylation pattern (MAPKKK → MAPKK → MAPK), the stimulus activates MAPKKK (i.e., Raf-1), which in turn phosphorylates MEK1 and MEK2 (both MAPKK) and these finally phosphorylate and activate ERK1 and ERK2 [62].
One of the upmost actions of MAPK is the activation of transcription factors, which regulate the expression of genes that lead to crucial molecular events in the cell regarding growth, proliferation, inflammatory cytokine production, and apoptotic cell death [56]. In relation to apoptosis, a key participant is JNK that plays its role through two different mechanisms. The first one is related to nuclear events in which JNK is translocated to the nucleus and activates c-Jun and other transcription factors that promote proapoptotic gene expression, through p53/73 or c-Jun/AP1-dependent mechanisms [70, 71]. The second mechanism relates to JNK activation and translocation to the mitochondria, where it promotes the phosphorylation of protein 14–3-3, a protein that normally inhibits Bax by being bound to it. As protein 14–3-3 is phosphorylated, Bax is released and translocates to the interior of the mitochondria where it oligomerizes and forms pores in the mitochondrial membrane with the subsequent release of cytochrome c and apoptosis induction through the intrinsic pathway. Apart from these two mechanisms, JNK can also phosphorylate “BH3-only” family members, whose antiapoptotic effect inhibits Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and is also involved in the posttranslational modifications of Bid and Bim, both of which induce Bad and Bax activity [70, 71]. Another MAPK deeply involved in apoptosis is p38, which in many times is simultaneously activated with JNK [72]. p38 exerts its central role in apoptosis through the activation of proapoptotic proteins, mainly BimEL, BAD, and Bax [73, 74, 75, 76, 77] and simultaneously induces the inhibition of ERK and Akt antiapoptotic pathways [76, 77]. Also, p38 and JNK participate in TLR signaling pathways. These key participants of the innate immune response function as regulatory sensors of both apoptosis signaling through the induction of MAPK p38 and JNK [78, 79] and survival signals through PI3K and some Bcl-2 family members [80, 81, 82].
As previously mentioned, MAPK p38 and JNK play an important role in apoptosis induction. On the other hand, PI3K activation promotes cellular survival. PI3K is a heterodimer formed by a p85 regulatory subunit and a p110 catalytic subunit responsible for phosphate transfer. The signaling pathway initiated by this kinase is activated by different stimuli, with growth factors standing out among them. Once a ligand binds to the tyrosine specific tyrosine-kinase receptor, an IRS adaptor protein is activated, which in turn activates the regulatory PI3K subunit and generates a conformational change that allows the binding of the catalytic subunit and thus the assembly of the active molecule that catalyzes the conversion of PIP2 into PIP3[83, 84]. PIP3 interacts with the pleckstrine homology (PH) domain, located in the N-terminal region of the serine/threonine kinase Akt or PKB, with the final result of the kinase being recruited to the plasma membrane [85, 86, 87]. Furthermore, PDK1 phosphorylates Akt/PKB producing a conformational change that facilitates a second phosphorylation by the rictor-mTOR1 complex [88]. Finally, the PI3K/Akt pathway leads to diverse effects associated with cellular proliferation and survival [89, 90]. Specifically, it produces the inactivation of many proapoptotic signals, such as BAD, procaspase-9, and FKHR (Forkhead) transcription factors [21, 91]. It also promotes the activation of CREB, NF-κB, and HIF-1α transcription factors, which in turn activate the expression of antiapoptotic genes [92, 93, 94].
Apoptosis constitutes a very important defense mechanism against intracellular microorganisms [95], whom in order to survive inside cells need to inhibit the induction of apoptosis. It has been demonstrated that diverse intracellular pathogens including virus [96], bacteria [97], and protozoan parasites [98] have developed mechanisms to persist within host cells without inducing apoptosis.
As it has been just mentioned,
Continuing with the role of
Recently, the receptor of programmed death 1 (PD-1) has been associated with the effect of inhibition of apoptosis in cells infected with
During the induction of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced; on the other hand, an overproduction of (ROS) induces apoptosis. The analysis of the effect of
Chagas’ disease affects nearly 8 million people in Latin America [125] and is caused by the intracellular parasite
The development of a specific immune response against
As just mentioned, it has been demonstrated that there is intense apoptosis of T lymphocytes during the course of
Apart from invading the heart,
The activation of the NF-κB transcription factor has been pointed as a pivotal mechanism used by
Besides the NF-κB-dependent inhibition of apoptosis during infection with
In addition to the inhibition of apoptosis by
Due to the fact that host defense in chronic infections due to
In the mammalian host,
During the blood stage of infection with
Both apoptosis and its inhibition are fundamental biological processes for the homeostasis of an organism. Both processes are present throughout life and are essential for growth, development, and reproduction. Studies on the molecular mechanisms that inhibit apoptosis have been carried out in order to elucidate the specific signaling pathways that take place during apoptosis inhibition. Up to date, various routes implicated in apoptosis activation or inhibition have been rooted out; however, there is still much to be found. Ironically, the same pathways that are involved in homeostasis and health participate in cell death processes that occur during infections and function as a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. In counterpart, microorganisms have developed a wide array of strategies to evade apoptosis of their host cell. Some of these strategies involve the hijacking of signaling pathways that participate in apoptosis. The better understanding and gaining of knowledge on these intracellular circuits and the physiopathology behind them will permit the development of new strategies and drugs to effectively treat the pertaining diseases mentioned in this work.
This work was supported by grant IN225116 from DGAPA-PAPIIT, UNAM to LGK.
In human speech cognition, speech intelligibility integrates short-term memory and cerebral feedback [1]. However, important factors constituting the spatial impressions of sound also include certain related evaluation indicators, such as the listener’s judgment of sound source direction (sense of direction) and distance (sense of proximity), apparent source width (ASW), and lateral envelopment (LEV). As suggested by Ando [2] and Beranek [3], the composition of such spatial impressions mainly depends on fluctuations of the magnitude of the interaural cross-correlation (IACC) and is especially affected by the degree of subjective diffusion of the sound field. However, listeners differ in their needs and perceptions regarding subjective diffusion and ASW.
\nWith regard to neuron-psychology, Sperry [4] discovered the phenomenon of hemispheric disconnect. The cerebral specialization theory distinguishes between “speech functions” and “non-speech functions.” Certain symbols in architectural design belong to non-speech functions. For instance, the range of non-speech functions includes aesthetic perception and the feeling of balance. In particular, many non-speech symbols can be observed in environmental design. Earlier research on audio and cerebral correlations found that such common medical problems as aphasia and disturbances in tone judgment originate in the left cerebral hemisphere. Therefore, this study suggested that cerebral responses to speech and non-speech symbol in the physical environment effectively substitute for the semantic differences (SD) caused by age-related and cultural differences. Cerebral responses to communication stimuli are a direct cross-cultural and cross-age reference indicator, which is similar to the principle behind polygraph tests performed by police to examine physiological responses.
\nThis study suggested that cerebral responses can be used to clearly and consistently examine responses to change in “speech functions” of the physical environment, or speech intelligibility, when designing a sound field. Ando [2] considered “speech functions” to be an important temporal factor and the result of autocorrelation function (ACF) evaluations in the brain. Therefore, the environmental effects of temporal factors were examined in this study based on the influence of speech intelligibility on the correlation between “subjective perceptions” and cerebral responses, which served as the basis for the objective design of an acoustic environment. Akita et al. [5] indicated that when the sensory information received by listeners is analyzed by brainwaves, this does not represent their direct experience of changes in the environment, but rather the interaction between physiology and the environment. This phenomenon is common in daily life. The intensity of cerebral evoked responses is the optimal evaluation tool [6]. Soeta et al. [7] studied the effects of sound source features on subjective psychological responses and cerebral responses measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG) and reported that at different delay times of reflection sounds (Δ
The first reflection delay (Δ
The IACCE3 was changed to change subjective ASW. Changes in the waveforms of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) during listeners’ perceptions of spatial ASW were analyzed.
This study used monosyllabic speech sound articulation and IACCE3 to quantify changes in two subjective experiences, namely, speech intelligibility and ASW. With regard to speech intelligibility, the fifth group of common Chinese monosyllabic speech sounds used in Taiwan [8] (female voice, Table 1) was used. Test results related to this group of monosyllabic sounds are characterized by the largest disparity in error rates because most related sounds belong to “fricative sounds” (i.e., apical vowels, such as “zh,” “ch,” “sh,” “r,” “z,” “ci,” and “si” in Bopomofo system). The amounts of fricative and non- fricative rhymes are balance (eight versus ten, respectively). The sound structure of Mandarin differs from that of other languages. In Mandarin, each character is pronounced as a monosyllable with one of five tones (i.e., types of pitch contour). Each of these tones (0–4), when used with a given monosyllable, causes the monosyllable to convey a meaning distinct from those conveyed when the monosyllable is used with the other four tones. Utterance lengths in the experiment were set to 400–500 ms. Monosyllabic presents were separated by 2.5 s. The experiment was arranged according to the arrangement used in the study by Chen et al. [9].
\nChinese monosyllable | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | \nshy0 | \n7 | \nyu2 | \n13 | \nching3 | \n
2 | \niur1 | \n8 | \nleau3 | \n14 | \ntzuen1 | \n
3 | \nli0 | \n9 | \nshoou3 | \n15 | \ncha2 | \n
4 | \nmeei3 | \n10 | \nian1 | \n16 | \nshuo4 | \n
5 | \ntsae3 | \n11 | \ntsong1 | \n17 | \nhe4 | \n
6 | \nru2 | \n12 | \nguang1 | \n18 | \nchye2 | \n
List of the term of monosyllables [8].
Note: The pronunciation of each syllable depends on the tone (one of five pitch contours) used, which is indicated by a number attached to the end of the syllable. For example, 0 denotes monosyllables pronounced with a soft puff of air.
The experiment was conducted in front of two overlapping loudspeakers in a semi-anechoic room (4 × 3 and 4 m in height) at Chaoyang University of Technology. The loudspeakers (Fostex NF-1A) were located at 1.5 m right front of the center of a listener’s head. The first reflected sound was given off by the upper loudspeaker (
The setup of the instrumental diagram (audio arrangement and EEG recordings).
Item | \nConditions of experiments | \n
---|---|
Δ | \nDelay gap: 0 ms, 35 ms, 100 ms, 150 ms, 200 ms | \n
SPL of individual loudspeakers | \nDirect sound: 60 dB(A); first reflection, Δ | \n
Reverberation times | \n
The setting of the physical parameters in subjective articulation test of monosyllables.
The percentage syllabic articulation of monosyllable functioning initial time delay of a sound field.
The paired-comparison method [11] was used in the psychological quantification test of subjective ASW. The experiment was conducted in the same venue as the first experiment. Three loudspeakers (one for direct sounds and two for reflected sounds) were located at 1.5 m from the center of a listener’s head; the incidence combinations (
IACCE3 (setup values) | \nAmplitude of direct sound (A0) | \nI-1, SPL/dB(A) | \nAmplitude of first reflection (A1) | \n
---|---|---|---|
0.35 | \n1 | \n62.6 | \n0.8 | \n
0.57 | \n1 | \n62.6 | \n0.8 | \n
0.68 | \n1 | \n55.4 | \n0.4 | \n
0.81 | \n1 | \n64.0 | \n0.2 | \n
59.4 | \n0.8 | \n59.4 | \n65 | \n
59.4 | \n0.8 | \n59.4 | \n65 | \n
53.4 | \n0.4 | \n55.4 | \n65 | \n
53.4 | \n0.2 | \n53.4 | \n65 | \n
The parameters of subjective source apparent width (ASW) test arranged by 2 kHz pure tone burst.
Note: I-1, I-2 and I-3 denote the sound intensity of direct sound and 1st and 2nd reflections sound measured at the location of the head top of the participants. a denotes the amplitude of the direct sound, 1st reflective and 2nd reflective sound by A0, A1 and A2.
The scale values of subjective ASW test functioning IACCE3.
After the fast Fourier transform (FFT) was applied to the brainwaves, ACF of CBW calculations were performed for the α-waves (8–13 Hz) and β-waves (13–30 Hz) of the left and right hemispheres. In the earlier study by Chen and Ando [15], 100 Hz α-waves and 500 Hz β-waves were sampled according to the sampling frequency laws and, after A/D conversion (16 bits), input into a computer to calculate the effective duration (
The ACF curve of α-wave (left) and β-wave (right) recorded in relation to the monosyllable “tzuen1” were announcing.
To explore the changes in subjective perceptions of ASW, AEPs of nine participants were induced, recorded and analyzed as in the psychological intelligibility experiment. However, a spatial impression of a sound signal is a short-term memory phenomenon. Therefore, waveforms induced by the brain AEPs are normally used to observe changes in responses to weak brainwave signals (about 10–100 μV in amplitude when measured from the scalp). Clear consistent brain waveforms are usually obtained by applying the signal averaging method [18] to responses that occur within 500 ms after auditory stimulation (Figure 5). In this study, 180 times of averaging process was applied here since the wave form of slow vertex responses (SVR) were clearly obtained. The movements (latency) of waveform peaks and troughs in the wave relative amplitude can reflect the activation of different parts of auditory nerves [19, 20]. As shown in Figure 5, this study changed ASW perceptions by changing the sound arrival orientation and energy while fixed reflection delay and echo times (Δ
The diagram illustrates brain waves in different time domains and their index at the peak or trough by Ichikawa [
With regard to brainwave recording, eight participants (and other nine in the AEPs experiments) sat on comfortable office chairs in the semi-anechoic room at Chaoyang University of Technology and their brainwaves were induced and recorded. The room temperature was maintained at 22 ± 2°C. All subjects were prohibited from drinking any alcohol for a period of 3 days before the brainwave recordings were conducted, and they refrained from smoking for 1 h before both experiments. They were instructed to concentrate on listening to the signals during the presentation. The participating subjects were eight male students (plus another nine male students in the AEPs experiments) aged 22–24 years old with normal hearing ability, as confirmed by an audiometry test and right-handed test (self-administered). The audiometry test detects sensorineural hearing loss (damage to the nerve or cochlea) and conductive hearing loss (damage to the eardrum or the tiny ossicle bones). Pure-tone subjective audiometry, in which air conduction hearing thresholds in decibels (dB) for a frequency range of 250–8000 Hz are plotted on an audiogram for each ear independently, was applied. All of the subjects had to be qualified as normal with a pure-tone audiogram (less than 25 dB) for both ears prior to the brainwave experiments and questionnaires.
\nThis procedure has been applied in many studies, such as those by Chen et al. [9], Ando et al. [19], and Ando et al. [20], among others.
\nElectrodes used to explore brainwaves were positioned at the participants’ T3 and T4 head points according to the international 10–20 system [21]. Electric potentials were examined using eardrops on the left and right sides. Unipolar induction of continuous brainwaves in the left and right hemispheres was performed. The G2 electrode was attached between the eyebrows for eye movement reference. The electrode system was grounded each time the brainwaves were recorded in order to avoid external electric interference. The settings of the simulated sound field were similar to that in the aforementioned psychological experiment [16]. The collected brainwave data was analyzed and processed by NI LabVIEW software. The setup of the instrumental diagram is shown in Figure 1. During the brainwave experiments, the subjects had to be relaxed while paying close attention to the sound stimuli. Brainwaves are extremely sensitive to any incoming stimuli or stress. For the purpose of this study, a relaxed state but one also focused on environmental variations was considered the best condition for the subjects during the brainwave recording process. For the recordings, periods of blinking had to be disregarded. Thus, a monitor was set up in the anechoic chamber to identify these periods, and these sections were later removed from the recordings.
\nMonosyllabic speech sounds had a major effect on both α-waves (
Relationship between τe of ACF, α-wave and Δt1 of sound field.
Relationship between τe of ACF, β-wave and Δt1 of sound field.
Figure 7 shows changes in β-waves. Consistent results were obtained with regard to the influence of the delay time of reflection on the left hemisphere (
The findings related to SVR to evoked potentials of nine participants are shown in Figure 8. With regard to the left hemisphere, SVR relative amplitude were consistently and inversely related to quantified psychological scale values (
Relationship between potential, SVR and ASW of sound field.
Latency changes in the left and right hemispheres indicated the presence of a significant difference between ASW (0.03) and ASW (0.45) only at N2 in the left hemisphere (
Relationship between latency, SVR and ASW of sound field.
The arrangements and results of the aforementioned brainwave experiments indicated that when simple physical changes in a sound field and complex psychological feedbacks affect cerebral brainwave reactions, the correspondence of the cerebral specialization theory with the results becomes very complicated. In general, in this study, the left hemisphere tended to be activated in both temporal and spatial aspects based on the sound field. When the participants’ brainwaves were recorded during the judgment task, the brain activation in the right hemisphere tended to reflect the discriminated object more closely. When CBW were observed during research on speech intelligibility, the left hemisphere showed clear reactions to the first reflection delay time of sound field (Figure 7). However, the degree of speech intelligibility is a reflection of the complex thinking process that occurs in the right hemisphere (cerebral feedback). This phenomenon was supported by the subjective ASW experiment. With regard to changes in spatial factors, the left hemisphere received information about sound field changes when the IACCE3 value changed. ASW changes between (ASW (0.03) and ASW (0.45)), which were more evident in the right hemisphere, affected both right and left hemispheres. They are coherent while the N2 latency of SVR significantly prolonged in both left and right hemispheres under changes of subjective diffuseness in IACCE3 found by Ando et al. [20]. Different sites are activated by brainwaves during focused and ambient use of the brain.
\nCerebral specialization has been reported to be determined by focused conscious decisions. For instance, Floel et al. [23] conducted a spatial—visual focus experiment and used a Doppler ultrasound system and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment to observe the brain reactions of right-handed participants; the researchers found that both spatial recognition and speech functions were activated in the right hemisphere, which corresponded to clinical experiment results.
\nNevertheless, for CBW researches, we conclude that α-waves (8–12 Hz) mainly responds to the emotional reactions; β-waves (13–30 Hz) reacts to the auditory matter drift (Figures 6 and 7). But the left hemisphere leads focus or attention on the varying of situational conditions (Figures 8 and 9), and the right one blends with imaginable feeling and experience. Hemispheric specialization has to pay attention to the conditioned response, conscientious and careful detail to setup each brainwaves’ experiment.
\nI would like to express my thanks to the graduated students, Yong-Shang Chen and Qi-Wen Lin who have, in brainwaves’ experiments, helped me in the course of preparing this study. In particular, I wish to thank Professor Em. Yoichi Ando, who kindly gave me directions on my brain research and data analysis methodology. I am also indebted to the Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan, for their 2 years period (2007 and 2012) of financial support to complete this research. Meanwhile, the application conformed to academic ethics for the conduct of research. Moreover, during the brainwave experiments, the subjects were assured of their safety and told the procedure was non-invasive. Special thanks are due to my many colleagues for their participation in the experiments involving the subjective judgments and the brainwaves’ recordings.
\n\n apparent source width, a sound perception of the subjective diffuseness occurred from beginning to 80 ms of stimulus delay gap between direct and first reflection in a defuse sound field binaural initial (<80 ms) interaural cross-correlation function autocorrelation function effective delay of autocorrelation function (ACF) continuous brainwave, a term to distinguish from an evoked potential (EP) or evoked response within EEG slow vertex response, an evoked potential is a direct result after a specific sensory stimulus in the period of 10–500 ms listener envelopment, a sound perception of the subjective diffuseness occurred after 80 ms of stimulus semantic differences, a method of questionnaire employed the scale of responses caused by a psychological affection example of a monosyllable in Taiwanese’s life speech vertical angles at a median plane, 0° started from the front of head at ear height angles at clockwise horizontal plane, 0° started from the front of head at ear height sound pressure level measured by a sound level meter in a fast time-weighting mode auditory evoked potential percentage syllable articulation
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\n\nIntechOpen works with award winning print-houses and we hold to the fact that all of our printed products are of the highest quality.
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/348916",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"348916"},fullPath:"/profiles/348916",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()