Major potential mechanisms of HBO-induced vascular functional changes in diabetic animal models.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6341",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) currently ranks as the third most common cause of death. As the primary malignancy of the liver is directly related to an underlying liver condition, its incidence and profile are expected to change soon. While effective prevention programs and antiviral therapies for hepatitis B and C will lower the incidence of HCC, emerging socioeconomic issues will deliver new at-risk populations. Moreover, diagnostic techniques and protocols have undergone significant advancements. Reliance on contrast enhanced ultrasound has been re-evaluated, imaging methods being considered as sufficient diagnostic tools. Molecular characterization remains desirable, since chemotherapeutic agents still have limited applicability. In light of recent diagnostic advancements and novel therapeutic solutions, it is our belief that a comprehensive update on recent paradigm shifts and interesting upcoming developments is highly needed.",isbn:"978-1-78984-274-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-273-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-415-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69753",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-advances-in-diagnosis-and-treatment",numberOfPages:200,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0980aba87ca523d4b6224cfa2d44beeb",bookSignature:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere and Ion Rogoveanu",publishedDate:"November 28th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6341.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9133,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 8th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 4th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 1st 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-streba",fullName:"Costin Streba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55546/images/system/55546.jpeg",biography:"Streba Costin Teodor, MD, PhD, MSc, is Associate Professor at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova and a member of the university’s Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. His research focuses on diagnosis and histological image analysis in liver and pancreatic disease. Dr. Teodor specializes in devising medical-oriented diagnostic systems for gastrointestinal malignancies that integrate interpretation and computer-aided quantification of various imaging and clinical data. He has published many studies in various high-impact journals.",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"210049",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristin Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Vere",slug:"cristin-constantin-vere",fullName:"Cristin Constantin Vere",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210049/images/system/210049.jpeg",biography:"Vere Cristin Constantin, MD, PhD, MSc, is Professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova and one of the founding members of the university’s Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. His research interests span from neuroimmune mechanisms of gastrointestinal disease to novel diagnostic techniques in gastroenterology. Pioneering the introduction of wireless videocapsule in Romania, Dr. Constantin established a dynamic team of PhD and full-time scientists specialized in both medical sciences and bioinformatics. His publication record attests to his dedication for innovation in the field of gastroenterology and the complex integrative mechanisms that form the basis for this pathology.",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"210050",title:"Dr.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Rogoveanu",slug:"ion-rogoveanu",fullName:"Ion Rogoveanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210050/images/system/210050.jpeg",biography:"Rogoveanu Ion, MD, PhD, MSc, Professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova and one of the founding members of the Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Craiova. Mentoring a team of dedicated doctors and managing the curricular and scientific activities of the University as Rector, he is currently one of the lead authorities in Ultrasound and Power Doppler US, coordinating postgraduate courses for the past 10 years. His most prestigious recent publications are all in the field of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of HCC and various liver diseases.",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1078",title:"Gastrointestinal Oncology",slug:"gastrointestinal-oncology"}],chapters:[{id:"61816",title:"Introductory Chapter: Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78328",slug:"introductory-chapter-etiology-and-pathogenesis-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:1382,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Costin Teodor Streba, Cristin Constantin Vere, Ion Rogoveanu and\nNicu Dan Florescu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61816",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61816",authors:[{id:"55546",title:"Dr.",name:"Costin",surname:"Streba",slug:"costin-streba",fullName:"Costin Streba"}],corrections:null},{id:"61254",title:"Diagnostic Algorithm of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Classics and Innovations in Radiology and Pathology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76136",slug:"diagnostic-algorithm-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-classics-and-innovations-in-radiology-and-pathology",totalDownloads:1498,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the global cancer statistics, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranges sixth by incidence and second by oncological mortality. The risk factors comprise hepatitis B and C virus infection, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, as well as long-lasting peroral exposure to alcohol or aflatoxins. Liver cirrhosis is the most important single predisposing factor. Ultrasonography once per 6 months is recommended for surveillance in cirrhotic patients. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent the gold standard of non-invasive diagnostics while core biopsy and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC) are indicated for controversial and non-cirrhotic HCC cases. Molecular classification is under development. At present, classics of HCC diagnostics is based on evaluation of risk factors, surveillance in cirrhotic patients, preference for CT or MRI-confirmed non-invasive diagnosis and biopsy proof in equivocal cases. Diffusion-weighted imaging and hepatobiliary phase contrasting represent significant recent developments in MRI. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is recommended by some but not all guidelines. Positron emission tomography is advocated before liver transplantation to detect extrahepatic metastases but has limited role in the initial diagnostic evaluation of liver nodule. Innovations are expected in the field of molecular diagnostics, including IHC panels and novel antigens, e.g. clathrin and bile salt export pump protein, and development of molecular classification.",signatures:"Dzeina Mezale, Ilze Strumfa, Andrejs Vanags, Arturs Kalva, Dainis\nBalodis, Boriss Strumfs, Ilze Fridrihsone, Arnis Abolins and Janis\nGardovskis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61254",authors:[{id:"54021",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilze",surname:"Strumfa",slug:"ilze-strumfa",fullName:"Ilze Strumfa"},{id:"159998",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnis",surname:"Abolins",slug:"arnis-abolins",fullName:"Arnis Abolins"},{id:"160000",title:"Prof.",name:"Janis",surname:"Gardovskis",slug:"janis-gardovskis",fullName:"Janis Gardovskis"},{id:"174929",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrejs",surname:"Vanags",slug:"andrejs-vanags",fullName:"Andrejs Vanags"},{id:"202253",title:"Dr.",name:"Dainis",surname:"Balodis",slug:"dainis-balodis",fullName:"Dainis Balodis"},{id:"202548",title:"Dr.",name:"Dzeina",surname:"Mezale",slug:"dzeina-mezale",fullName:"Dzeina Mezale"},{id:"203012",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilze",surname:"Fridrihsone",slug:"ilze-fridrihsone",fullName:"Ilze Fridrihsone"},{id:"205692",title:"MSc.",name:"Boriss",surname:"Strumfs",slug:"boriss-strumfs",fullName:"Boriss Strumfs"},{id:"215127",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturs",surname:"Kalva",slug:"arturs-kalva",fullName:"Arturs Kalva"}],corrections:null},{id:"62790",title:"Innovative Blood Tests for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Liquid Biopsy and Evaluation of Systemic Inflammatory Reaction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76599",slug:"innovative-blood-tests-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma-liquid-biopsy-and-evaluation-of-systemic-inflamm",totalDownloads:915,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive tumour associated with dismal prognosis. To improve the outcome, early diagnostics is important. At present, classical HCC diagnostics is based on evaluation of risk factors, surveillance in cirrhotic patients, preference for non-invasive diagnosis by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy confirmation in controversial cases. However, ambiguous radiological presentation, biopsy-related complications or insufficient representation of the pathology in the tissue core are well-known problems. Panel assessment of microRNAs has diagnostic and prognostic value; thus, in future, microRNA-based liquid biopsy could partially reduce the need for core biopsies. Systemic inflammatory reaction (SIR), characterised mainly by neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and Glasgow prognostic score, may have prognostic value and can be incorporated in criteria for certain treatment approaches, e.g., becoming an adjunct to Milan criteria. Thus, innovations in HCC diagnostics are expected in the field of miRNA-based liquid biopsy for diagnosis/prognosis and SIR for prognosis/selection of treatment.",signatures:"Ilze Strumfa, Dzeina Mezale, Boriss Strumfs, Andrejs Vanags, Arturs\nKalva, Dainis Balodis, Ilze Fridrihsone, Arnis Abolins and Janis\nGardovskis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62790",authors:[{id:"54021",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilze",surname:"Strumfa",slug:"ilze-strumfa",fullName:"Ilze Strumfa"},{id:"159998",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnis",surname:"Abolins",slug:"arnis-abolins",fullName:"Arnis Abolins"},{id:"160000",title:"Prof.",name:"Janis",surname:"Gardovskis",slug:"janis-gardovskis",fullName:"Janis Gardovskis"},{id:"174929",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrejs",surname:"Vanags",slug:"andrejs-vanags",fullName:"Andrejs Vanags"},{id:"202253",title:"Dr.",name:"Dainis",surname:"Balodis",slug:"dainis-balodis",fullName:"Dainis Balodis"},{id:"202548",title:"Dr.",name:"Dzeina",surname:"Mezale",slug:"dzeina-mezale",fullName:"Dzeina Mezale"},{id:"203012",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilze",surname:"Fridrihsone",slug:"ilze-fridrihsone",fullName:"Ilze Fridrihsone"},{id:"205692",title:"MSc.",name:"Boriss",surname:"Strumfs",slug:"boriss-strumfs",fullName:"Boriss Strumfs"},{id:"215127",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturs",surname:"Kalva",slug:"arturs-kalva",fullName:"Arturs Kalva"}],corrections:null},{id:"58268",title:"Cellular Senescence and Their Role in Liver Metabolism in Health and Disease: Overview and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71659",slug:"cellular-senescence-and-their-role-in-liver-metabolism-in-health-and-disease-overview-and-future-dir",totalDownloads:1125,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chronic liver disease has globally risen mainly due to a prevalent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rate and an epidemic of obesity. It is estimated by the year 2030, 2.2 billion people around the world will be overweight and 1.1 billion people will be obese. Diabetes and obesity are the main risk factors for the development of the metabolic syndrome and in the liver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which could progress to non-alcoholic fatty steatohepatitis (NASH) related cirrhosis and liver malignancy. At present there is not effective therapy for NASH besides loss of weight and exercise. Furthermore, optimal management of HCC with curative intent includes resection or liver transplantation. Nevertheless, these therapies are limited because the degree of liver dysfunction or the medical conditions at the time of diagnosis and the scarcity of available liver grafts. The role of cellular lipid management and metabolism in human health and disease is taking a center stage. The present overview articulates the current pathophysiology of fatty liver disease under the aging processes, potential biological markers of liver disease diagnosis and progression and future therapies.",signatures:"Matthew Schade, Jacqueline A Sanabria, Milad Modarresi, Bryan\nGillon, Zach Hunter, Jacqueline Fannin, Amrita Mallick, Henri\nBrunengraber and Juan Sanabria",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58268",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58268",authors:[{id:"219945",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",surname:"Sanabria",slug:"juan-sanabria",fullName:"Juan Sanabria"},{id:"219957",title:"MSc.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Schade",slug:"matthew-schade",fullName:"Matthew Schade"},{id:"219958",title:"BSc.",name:"Jacqueline",surname:"Sanabria",slug:"jacqueline-sanabria",fullName:"Jacqueline Sanabria"},{id:"219959",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Aguilar",slug:"rodrigo-aguilar",fullName:"Rodrigo Aguilar"},{id:"219960",title:"Dr.",name:"Milad",surname:"Modarresi",slug:"milad-modarresi",fullName:"Milad Modarresi"},{id:"219961",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Andryka",slug:"michael-andryka",fullName:"Michael Andryka"},{id:"219962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amrita",surname:"Mallick",slug:"amrita-mallick",fullName:"Amrita Mallick"},{id:"219963",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",surname:"Fannin",slug:"jacqueline-fannin",fullName:"Jacqueline Fannin"}],corrections:null},{id:"58031",title:"The Diagnostic and Prognostic Potential of MicroRNAs for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72276",slug:"the-diagnostic-and-prognostic-potential-of-micrornas-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:1132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (also termed hepatocarcinoma) is the third cancer-related cause of death worldwide. To our knowledge, markers such as α-fetoprotein display poor performance in the early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of hepatocarcinoma. MicroRNAs are an evolutionarily conserved class of small noncoding single-stranded RNA typically consisting of 18–24 nucleotides. They have been reported to act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes via reversely regulating gene expression. Recent evidence has revealed that microRNAs, especially in body fluids such as the blood and urine, display important diagnostic and prognostic potential for hepatocarcinoma. Here, we reviewed currently available data on microRNAs and hepatocarcinoma, with emphasis on the biogenesis and function of microRNAs and their potential diagnostic and prognostic value for hepatocarcinoma. We also discussed the clinical utility perspectives of microRNAs in hepatocarcinoma and possible challenges.",signatures:"Xi-Dai Long, Wei-Zhong Tang, Jun Lu, Xiao-Ying Huang, Jin-Guang\nYao, Tian-Qi Zhang, Xing-Zhizi Wang, Qun-Ying Su, Chun-Ying Luo,\nXue-Ming Wu, Chao Wang, Li-Xia Zeng, Qiang Xia and Yun Ma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58031",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58031",authors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long"},{id:"202469",title:"Dr.",name:"Xue-Min",surname:"Wu",slug:"xue-min-wu",fullName:"Xue-Min Wu"},{id:"202470",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiao-Ying",surname:"Huang",slug:"xiao-ying-huang",fullName:"Xiao-Ying Huang"},{id:"202471",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin-Guang",surname:"Yao",slug:"jin-guang-yao",fullName:"Jin-Guang Yao"},{id:"202472",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",surname:"Wang",slug:"chao-wang",fullName:"Chao Wang"},{id:"202473",title:"Dr.",name:"Chun-Ying",surname:"Luo",slug:"chun-ying-luo",fullName:"Chun-Ying Luo"},{id:"202476",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiang",surname:"Xia",slug:"qiang-xia",fullName:"Qiang Xia"},{id:"204289",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Lu",slug:"jun-lu",fullName:"Jun Lu"},{id:"205376",title:"Dr.",name:"Xing-Zhizi",surname:"Wang",slug:"xing-zhizi-wang",fullName:"Xing-Zhizi Wang"},{id:"205377",title:"Dr.",name:"Tian-Qi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"tian-qi-zhang",fullName:"Tian-Qi Zhang"},{id:"221959",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Zhong",surname:"Tang",slug:"wei-zhong-tang",fullName:"Wei-Zhong Tang"},{id:"221960",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun-Ying",surname:"Su",slug:"qun-ying-su",fullName:"Qun-Ying Su"},{id:"221961",title:"Prof.",name:"Yun",surname:"Ma",slug:"yun-ma",fullName:"Yun Ma"}],corrections:null},{id:"57089",title:"Oncogenic Secretory Clusterin: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71007",slug:"oncogenic-secretory-clusterin-a-promising-therapeutic-target-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Oncogenic secretory clusterin (sCLU) is a stress-induced molecular chaperone that confers proliferative and survival advantages to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, multiple drug resistance, metastasis, and tumor progression. However, the targeted effects and molecular mechanisms of sCLU for malignant tumor are still unknown. This chapter aims to review some progression of oncogenic sCLU as a promising therapeutic target for HCC. An English-language literature search was conducted using bibliographic databases on some valuable articles in focused review questions to analyze the interventions and findings of included studies using a conceptual framework. The positive rate of hepatic sCLU expression in cancerous tissues was significantly higher more than that in their surrounding non-cancerous ones at gene transcription level or at protein level, with increasing according to tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging. Abnormal expression of oncogenic sCLU associated with poor differentiation degree and TNM stage of HCC also has been considered as a valuable diagnostic or independent prognostic biomarker for HCC. Furthermore, silencing sCLU at mRNA level by specific shRNA or inhibition by OGX-011 suppressed the colony formation and proliferation of tumor cells with apoptosis increasing, cell cycle arrested, alterations of cell migration and invasion behaviors, decreasing phosphorylation level of Akt and GSK-3β in vitro, and significantly suppressing the xenograft tumor growth with decreasing expression of β-catenin, p-GSK3β, and cyclinD1 in vivo. The oncogenic sCLU expression was closely associated with tumor progression, and it should be a novel potential molecular-targeted therapy for HCC.",signatures:"Min Yao, Wenjie Zheng, Li Wang, Miao Fang, Dengfu Yao and\nZhizheng Dong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57089",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57089",authors:[{id:"32568",title:"Prof.",name:"Dengfu",surname:"Yao",slug:"dengfu-yao",fullName:"Dengfu Yao"},{id:"125805",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhizhen",surname:"Dong",slug:"zhizhen-dong",fullName:"Zhizhen Dong"},{id:"212132",title:"Prof.",name:"Min",surname:"Yao",slug:"min-yao",fullName:"Min Yao"},{id:"212133",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenjie",surname:"Zheng",slug:"wenjie-zheng",fullName:"Wenjie Zheng"},{id:"212134",title:"Prof.",name:"Li",surname:"Wang",slug:"li-wang",fullName:"Li Wang"},{id:"212136",title:"Dr.",name:"Maio",surname:"Fang",slug:"maio-fang",fullName:"Maio Fang"}],corrections:null},{id:"57982",title:"Minimally Invasive Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanisms of Local Control and Systemic Immunologic Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72275",slug:"minimally-invasive-therapies-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma-mechanisms-of-local-control-and-systemic-i",totalDownloads:990,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Minimally invasive treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are a cornerstone in the management of this challenging disease. For many years, percutaneously guided ablative techniques, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation, and microwave ablation (MWA), have successfully treated many different solid malignancies including HCC. Since the initial implementation of these ablative techniques, there have been many advances in the design, technique, and patient selection as well as investigation into the body’s response to treatment. The mechanisms of thermal-based ablative techniques, advantages and disadvantages of each technique, subsequent immunologic response following ablation, and advances in care that utilize combination therapy to potentiate the immunologic response creating a robust and long-term immunity to HCC are outlined in this chapter.",signatures:"Andrew W. Ritchey, Joshua D. Kuban and Rahul A. Sheth",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57982",authors:[{id:"188220",title:"Dr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Sheth",slug:"rahul-sheth",fullName:"Rahul Sheth"},{id:"188923",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Kuban",slug:"joshua-kuban",fullName:"Joshua Kuban"},{id:"214784",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Ritchey",slug:"andrew-ritchey",fullName:"Andrew Ritchey"}],corrections:null},{id:"58248",title:"Emerging Targeted Therapies for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71480",slug:"emerging-targeted-therapies-for-treatment-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-hcc-",totalDownloads:1078,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has dismal diagnosis due to the presence of underlying cirrhosis, late diagnosis, and limited treatment options. Surgery or liver transplantation is restricted to those with small tumours or well-compensated liver diseases. Despite advances in early screening and diagnosis of HCC, survival of patients has not improved greatly. Furthermore, treatment options for advanced HCC are restricted to best supportive care. Currently, sorafenib is the only drug approved for the treatment of advanced HCC patients as well as for those not suitable for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new agents for treatment. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a complex multistep process that involves deregulation of various signalling pathways. Thus, there is no dominant molecular mechanism in HCC and understanding of these pathways provides an opportunity for development of potential therapeutic agents in an effort to reverse, prevent or delay tumourigenesis. This review will summarise the significance of these pathways in HCC and discuss the therapeutic benefits or drawbacks of the potential target agents against these pathways especially those that have been part of clinical trials.",signatures:"Sarwat Fatima, Nikki Pui-Yue Lee, Hiu Yee Kwan and Zhao Xiang\nBian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58248",authors:[{id:"71966",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikki P.",surname:"Lee",slug:"nikki-p.-lee",fullName:"Nikki P. 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New Insights",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tIncreasing demand for agricultural production for human, animal, and industrial requirements is responsible for the enhancement of agricultural and agro-industrial activities. Each step of such activities produces various types of agricultural waste that include crop residue, on-farm livestock and fisheries waste, forest waste, agro-industrial waste, etc. Currently, handling and managing agricultural waste is a challenging task worldwide, especially in the context of environmental pollution control and sustainable agriculture. Thus, efficient management in terms of reuse, recycling, and reduction of agricultural waste is principally needed not only for the green economy but also for farmers' profitability. This would also contribute to minimizing environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change to meet the 2030 UN-SDGs. Therefore, this book aims to address agricultural waste production and management in the multidimensional aspects of crop residue, biodegradables, biomass, composting and vermiculture, agricultural waste economics, air pollution, environmental safety, waste management, and handling, on-farm waste reuse, and agricultural waste value addition. Authors are encouraged to submit original research, reviews, modeling and simulation, case studies, and recent progress and scenarios in the above-mentioned subject areas.
\r\n\t
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy presents medical and experimental administration of 100% oxygen (O2) at pressures above 1 atm [1, 2]. HBO is widely used for the treatment of various clinical diseases, but numerous studies indicate its benefit in conditions of vascular pathology [2]. The exact mechanisms that are involved in the actions of therapy with HBO2 are largely unknown, although its effects have been documented clinically and in experimental models [2, 3]. Investigations focusing on physiological effects of hyperbaric oxygen on vascular function still do not provide a clear mechanism of its action. They focus on endothelial function and dysfunction, as well as HBO-induced changes in concentrations and actions of physiological mediators of vascular function, such as nitric oxide (NO), acetylcholine, metabolites of arachidonic acids, and others. Some works also suggest that HBO might cause changes in conducted vasomotor responses and in that way influences vascular sensitivity and reactivity to vasodilators and vasoconstrictors [4].
\nEndothelial cells are responsible for vascular tone, supply the thromboresistance, and determine the extent to which the vasculature is permeable to cells and molecules through the synthesis and release of a wide variety of substances [5]. The pathogenetic concept of micro- and macroangiopathy, which are well-known vascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) [6], is based on an endothelial lesion that is a result of parameters specific for diabetes, which damage the endothelium [6]. Although basal tone and myogenic reactivity are intrinsic to vascular smooth muscle, the ambient level of tone is modulated by various vasoconstricting and vasodilating mediators released by the endothelium. It is generally accepted that long-term diabetes is associated with endothelial dysfunction and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation [7, 8]. The main endothelium-dependent vasodilatory mediator is NO, but various metabolites of arachidonic acid such as prostaglandins, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) also contribute to vascular responses to different stimuli [9, 10] and may be essential for vascular response in various physiologic and pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus [11, 12, 13].
\nHyperbaric oxygen therapy affects the function and structure of cerebral resistant arteries, which is impaired in DM and will have beneficiary effect on vascular function by modulating mechanisms of vascular responses to various dilator and constrictor agonists, leading to restored vascular reactivity. It has been demonstrated that hyperglycemia, acute or chronic, may cause several changes in vascular function, including a decrease in endothelium-dependent vasodilation and an increase in contractile response of vascular smooth muscle [14]. Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation has been shown in various vascular beds of different animal models [15]. The mechanisms associated with these observations may include changes in synthesis, release, and degradation of various factors that are produced by endothelium. The most notable characteristic of endothelium dysfunction in DM is the vascular NO reduction. Various multiple mechanisms are involved in this effect, but it seems that increased level of oxidative stress is the first alteration that triggers several others. Furthermore, the vascular smooth muscle sensitivity may be reduced, which certifies the vascular studies in human and animal models of DM that showed reduced sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to NO donors [16].
\nOn the other side, endothelial dysfunction may also be related to the release of vasoconstrictor factors. In vessels of diabetics, there is an increase in endothelium-dependent vasoconstrictor mechanisms, mostly mediated by prostanoids, which play an important role in endothelium dysfunction. TxA2 plays a role in the reduced endothelium response in type 1 DM, but it may also be involved in the enhanced contractile response to vasoconstrictor stimuli [17]. Furthermore, hyperglycemia increases the COX-2 expression, causing enhanced release of vasoconstrictor and prostanoids [18]. Hyperglycemia not only modifies the profile of prostanoids, leading to alteration of vasomotor tone, but also increases the release of arachidonic acid by vascular cells [19].
\nAn increasing number of evidence proposes that HBO induces neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) activity, while the influence on endothelial NOS (eNOS) activity and vascular NO bioavailability remains unclear [20]. Thom et al. reported that NO bioavailability in rat and mouse cerebral cortex was increased during HBO exposure, and cerebral NO production was enlarged much more in knockout mice lacking genes for eNOS than in those lacking genes for nNOS [21]. Studies on conscious rats with inhibition of NOS were used to assess the dynamics of cerebral blood flow during hyperbaric oxygenation and had shown that hyperbaric oxygen changes cerebral blood flow and modulates oxygen neurotoxicity via eNOS and nNOS [22]. eNOS- and nNOS-deficient mice were used to study the contributive roles of the NOS isoforms in mediating changes in cerebral vascular tone in response to hyperoxia, and results demonstrate that under HBO, eNOS-derived NO is responsible for the early vasoconstriction, whereas late HBO-induced vasodilation depends upon both eNOS and nNOS [23].
\nHBO should be viewed as a factor for increased availability of oxygen as an active molecule in changing vascular function. HBO, CYP450 activity alternations, and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism are connected in many different pathways. Besides vascular reactivity changes due to epoxidation reactions, Hjelde et al. showed that anti-inflammatory effect of HBO is mediated by reducing expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and reducing the number of intercellular adhesion molecules and therefore reducing adhesion and infiltration of leucocytes [24].
\nIn various aspects of metabolic diseases, evidence from different studies suggests a role for enzymes involved in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), and their eicosanoid metabolites (epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs)) [25, 26, 27]. EETs have been shown to exert beneficial effects on diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction, enhanced cardio protection, and alleviation of diabetic nephropathy. In contrast, CYP4A proteins were upregulated in the livers of mice with genetically induced and diet-induced diabetes [28].
\nArachidonic acid in endothelial cell can be metabolized in three different pathways: CYP450 enzymes (omega-hydroxylase and epoxygenase), cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, and nonenzymatic degradation of arachidonic acid in the presence of free radicals to isoprostane [29]. Epoxygenase is a cytochrome P450 family of enzymes (primarily CYP2C and CYP2J families), which in the endothelial cell produces 4 epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EETs) isomers (5,6-EET, 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET), of which 14,15-EETs and 11,12-EETs are the most active metabolites [30]. In most cell types and organs, EETs can be present as dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) [31], which are more stable and less bioactive than EETs. DHETs are produced by sEH hydrolysis of EETs [32]. There is no evidence of EET production in a smooth muscle cell. In a smooth muscle cell, cytochrome P450 ω-hydroxylase promotes the production of 20-hydroxy-eicosatrinoic acid (20-HETE), which is a vasoconstrictor. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme existing in two isoformes, COX-1 and COX-2, involved in the synthesis of prostanoid from arachidonic acid (AA). The resulting prostanoids act in contradiction, causing vasodilation (prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, and prostacyclin I2) and vasoconstriction (prostaglandin F2α and thromboxane A2). Hypoxia activates the COX pathway, where mostly prostacyclin, PGI2, is generated. It diffuses into the smooth muscle cell in which it activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase and increases the amount of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP promotes the opening of several types of potassium channels, resulting in hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle membrane with consequent vasodilation [33]. Lipoxygenase is an enzyme that from AA generates 12- and 15-hydroxy eicosatrienoic acids (HETEs) as the major active metabolites in the endothelial cell [29, 34].
\nStreptozocin-induced diabetes in rats (a model for type 1 diabetes mellitus) reduces the levels of protective EETs, and the reduced EET levels lead to exacerbation of stroke [35]. Tsai et al. showed impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of coronary arterioles caused by reduced CYP activity and EET production due to increased glucose-induced superoxide levels in coronary endothelial cells [36]. EETs might constitute a key link between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction [37]. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes could also be related to the release of vasoconstrictor mediators, e.g., increased production of 20-HETE leading to activation of ROS through an NAD(P)H-dependent pathway. Diabetes alters CYP expression and 20-HETE formation, leading to upregulation of CYP4A isoforms and to elevated levels of 20-HETE [37]. Li et al. also suggested contribution of 20-HETE to endothelial dysfunction in diabetes and other insulin-resistant conditions showing the attenuation of diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction by using the 20-HETE inhibitor HET0016 [38]. Insulin-stimulated vasodilation mediated by the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway can be impaired by 20-HETE [39]. Issan et al. associated dysfunction of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenic capacity with increased levels of CYP-derived 20-HETE in diabetic patients with cardiac ischemia [39]. P450 4A metabolite 20-HETE by vascular tissue is directly dependent on the concentration of oxygen within the normal physiological range of blood and tissue PO2 [40]. It is known that various arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, EETs, HETEs) and NO are of utmost importance in the mediation of vascular reactions to vasodilators and vasoconstrictors [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46], including hypoxia and hyperoxia stimuli [46]. In conditions of reduced blood flow, the use of HBO can significantly increase tissue oxygenation. Although all P450 enzymes require molecular oxygen, the majority of them (such as those found in the liver) require only very low PO2 levels for normal activity. Results from our previous study suggest that hyperbaric oxygen increases vascular sensitivity to EETs, instead of significantly increasing EET synthesis [3]. Our studies also show that HBO is a highly effective treatment for stroke even in the presence of long-term untreated diabetes, by inhibition of 20-HETE production [47]. Unfirer et al.’s study showed changes in the dilatation mechanisms in diabetic rats under the influence of hyperbaric oxygenation. It has been shown that hyperbaric oxygenation causes activation of the CYP450 epoxygenase pathway and increased EET production in diabetic animals exposed to HBO [13]. Furthermore, Kibel et al. showed a changed relaxation response to ANG-(1–7) influenced by HBO in healthy and diabetic animals, where they also linked to a changed mechanism and improved relaxation after HBO with CYP450 activation and EET synthesis [3, 11]. HBO was shown to increase relaxation responses to ANG-(1–7) in rat aortic rings of diabetic animals, and this effect was eliminated with the addition of an EET synthesis inhibitor. There was no effect of HBO on ANGII reactivity of these aortic ring preparations nor was there a difference in serum concentrations of ANG-(1–7) [3]. mRNA and protein expression of several CYP isoforms that are involved in EET synthesis were also shown to be upregulated in aortic samples of animals, where DM was caused by streptozocin [3].
\nBoth HBO as a treatment and in vitro hyperbaric oxygenation have been shown to change reactivity of rat thoracic aortic ring preparations to certain compounds [20, 48]. It is well known that changes in oxygen availability are crucial in the control of vascular tone, leading to changes in production of, or vessel sensitivity to, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator metabolites of arachidonic acid and nitric oxide (NO) [40, 49, 50]. The production of EETs is known to be reduced with a decrease in PO2 [42]. EETs have been recognized to induce vasorelaxation and enhance K+ current in smooth muscle cells, in addition to others (including pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and pro-fibrinolytic effects) [51, 52, 53, 54].
\nCYP P450 3A13 was found to be involved in oxygen sensing, mediating ductus arteriosus constriction to oxygen, together with endothelin-1 [55]. Considering this, along with the interaction of arachidonic acid pathways with nitric oxide pathways in oxygen sensitivity [49], regional differences of arachidonic acid metabolite roles, and various conflicting evidence [49], it is clear that role of CYP450 enzymes in oxygen homeostasis is very complex and may be significant factor mediating the responses to HBO.
\nIn the literature, there are a lot of studies on animal models of diabetes mellitus that confirmed impaired mechanisms of vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats demonstrates attenuated vasodilation response to acetylcholine [56, 57]. Experiments on healthy mouse coronary arteries demonstrate that vasodilation to acetylcholine is accomplished 50% by NO and 50% by EDHF. In spontaneously diabetic mouse type II (db/db), that ratio is 81% to production of EDHF [12].
\nUnfirer et al. [13] first investigated mechanisms of vasorelaxation in diabetic animal models after HBO exposure. Thoracic aortal rings from SD rats were used to evaluate vasorelaxation responses to acetylcholine after preconstruction with noradrenalin. With NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-(NOS inhibitor), indomethacin-(COX inhibitor), and N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-(2-propynyloxy)-benzenehexanamide (MS-PPOH)-(CYP 450-epoxygenase inhibitor), they investigated which pathway is involved in enhanced vasorelaxation responses in diabetic and healthy rats after HBO exposure. HBO exposure protocol was performed in therapeutic range [58]. DM duration of 6 weeks did not change vasorelaxation response in diabetic group, and after application of inhibitors, results showed that the NO pathway is dominant in macrocirculation. In the diabetic and healthy groups, after HBO exposure, there was partial inhibition of vasorelaxation after NOS inhibition, which indicates that other pathways were included in vasorelaxation mechanisms. MS-PPOH partially blocked vasorelaxation in both HBO groups, which indicates that HBO changes vasorelaxation mechanisms to alternative pathways—enhanced production or sensitivity to EETs. Indomethacin did not inhibit vasorelaxation in any group, so COX pathway did not have influence. These findings were verified with upregulation of eNOS and COX-1 enzymes in the diabetic HBO group and higher protein expression of CYP450-4A1/A2/A3 in both HBO groups when compared with their respective controls. Also in this study, there was not oxidative stress caused by HBO because thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARSs) were elevated in DM group but were normal in the healthy HBO group. This difference between studies is probably a result of different experimental protocols (intermittent hyperbaric oxygenation—2 hours, 4 days at 2.0 atm abs vs. 90 minutes, 7 days at 2.4 atm abs in Matsunami study [59]).
\nSame authors investigate HBO effect on microcirculation (middle cerebral arteries) in diabetic animal model, 6-week duration of DM. Preliminary results shown impaired vasodilation response in diabetic rats and restored vasodilation after HBO exposure. Using inhibitors such as indomethacin (COX), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (NOS), and clotrimazole (nonselective CYP 450 inhibitor), they notice shift in vasodilation mechanisms from mainly NO pathway toward two other pathways COX/CYP 450 because in both HBO groups, L-NMMA did not blocked vasodilation to acetylcholine. Further investigation is necessary [60].
\nIn normal condition, vasodilation response to hypoxia is made by activating cyclooxygenase (COX) and production of prostacyclin (PGI2) [61]. There is evidence that CYP 450-epoxigenase enzyme in minor part causes vasodilation in healthy vessels [62]. Experiments on middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of 6 weeks diabetic rats that underwent HBO exposure were used to evaluate the effect of HBO in acute hypoxia. They used COX inhibitor indomethacin and selective CYP 450 epoxygenase inhibitor MS-PPOH. COX inhibition partially preserved vasodilation in HBO groups, and eliminated vasodilation in response to hypoxia in the presence of MS-PPOH in both HBO groups suggests that HBO activates CYP450-epoxigenase in MCAs of healthy and DM rats and shifts vasodilation mechanisms in response to acute hypoxia [63].
\nLife on Earth is impossible without oxygen that is in our atmosphere, which consists of 21% oxygen. Paradoxically, oxygen can also potentially be very toxic for organisms that use it. Free radical formation occurs continuously in cells as a consequence of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions [64]. The main compartments of these kinds of reactions in cells are mitochondria. Mediated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, mitochondria are the site of significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [65]. The term “ROS” is generally used to describe reactive molecules containing oxygen. Such molecules have many common and similar characteristics; they also exhibit very different features, resulting in potentially beneficial or even toxic effects [66]. On the other hand, the term reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as highly reactive oxygen-centered chemical species containing one or two unpaired electrons, where an unpaired electron is one that exists in an atomic or molecular orbital alone. The unpaired electron containing chemical species can also be called “free radicals.” Furthermore, the term “ROS” can also be used as a “collective term” to include both radicals and nonradicals, the latter being devoid of unpaired electrons. So, ROS is classified into two categories: (1) oxygen-centered radicals and (2) oxygen-centered nonradicals. Oxygen-centered radicals include superoxide anion (∙O2−), hydroxyl radical (∙OH), alkoxyl radical (RO∙), and peroxyl radical (ROO∙). Oxygen-centered nonradicals are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (O2, high-energy form of oxygen), and hypochlorous acids (HOCl) [67]. Sometimes when ROSs break the upper concentration limit of cellular antioxidant defense system capacity, based on high ROS intracellular concentration or low cellular antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress will show up and manifest with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids damage, leading to carcinogenesis, neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and aging [68]. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS and the peroxidized molecules are neutralized by a powerful antioxidant system involving superoxide dismutases, catalases, glutathione S-transferases, and thioredoxins [69].
\nIn diabetes and hyperglycemia in general, NADPH oxidase represents the principal source of ROS production in different organs [67]. The most acceptable thesis is that oxidative stress, as a main result of HBO, is a major trigger of most of its effects, but the exact mechanisms are not completely clear. It could be confusing to understand different consequences of HBO depending on protocol type that was used. For example, the duration of exposure, the used oxygen pressure, the subject species, and the underlying disease are factors that may play a role in changes of blood pressure levels [70], and changes of specific oxidative parameters depend on lapsed time after exposure or on the number of repeated exposures (analyzing rat lung tissue) [71, 72]. Although increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity and increased thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels are documented, after some hyperbaric protocols, there is no change in aforementioned enzyme concentrations in red blood cells. On the other hand, a significant induction of heat shock protein HSP70 in lymphocytes after even a single HBO2 treatment was noted—this might be due to activation of compensatory mechanisms by HBO2 [70]. After hyperbaric treatment with high oxygen concentration, an increased ROS production is noticed, but paradoxically, HBO induces an antioxidant environment in plasma by increasing the plasma catalase activity. Different studies have documented increases in the total plasma antioxidant capacity determined after a session with HBO [73]. The therapeutic use of HBO can give positive results by activation of ROS resulting in increased perfusion, reduced edema, decreased inflammatory cytokines, increased fibroblast proliferation, increased collagen production, and angiogenesis promotion. Finally, increase of ROS may improve the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity of tissues [74].
\nPathological effects of DM on the vascular wall include enhanced ROS production and endothelial activation leading to inflammation, atherogenesis, and vascular dysfunction, which further results in clinical impairment of the micro- and macrocirculation. Interestingly, positive therapeutic effects of HBO2, such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, have been attributed to the enhanced ROS production induced by the HBO2 treatment [1].
\nNumerous studies on experimental DM animal models revealed ongoing vascular inflammation under diabetic/hyperglycemic conditions, characterized by (a) increased proinflammatory cytokine levels, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); (b) endothelial activation followed by increased expression of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); and (c) increased leukocyte homing to the vessels and tissues induced by excessive secretion of chemokines like monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) [75, 76, 77]. In addition to that, same noxa that lead to inflammation also precipitate development of vascular dysfunction, marked by substantial decrease in NO bioavailability, which is discussed in more detail elsewhere in this chapter [78]. Studies on diabetic (db/db) and control (db/+) mice have shown that DM prolongs the inflammatory response to a bacterial stimulus through cytokine dysregulation, particularly the TNF-α [79]. Similar results were also obtained from experiments using type 1 DM animal model (mice receiving multiple low-dose streptozotocin treatments), suggesting that the observed proinflammatory status of diabetic mice is predominately linked to hyperglycemia rather than pathomechanism involved in the development of a specific type of DM [80]. Additionally, impaired function of macrophages, including reduced efferocytosis and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, has been attributed to the prolonged and ineffective resolution of inflammation in the wounds of diabetic mice, which is a leading complication in diabetic humans [81]. This was further confirmed by intravital microscopy that allowed researchers to real-time follow-up leukocytes in live diabetic and healthy control mice, which was followed by leukocyte isolation and functional tests that all together revealed enhanced recruitment but defective function of leukocytes during the inflammation in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 DM resulting in defective bacterial clearance [82]. Studies have also shown that hyperglycemia changes the intrinsic TCR-induced naïve T activation to increased T cell responsiveness in diabetes [83]. In the kidneys, the observed proinflammatory condition in DM animals has been linked to oxidative stress-induced JNK activation [84]. It has also been shown that diabetic condition facilitates binding of monocytes to vascular smooth muscle cells and their subsequent differentiation through induction of key chemokines in the vasculature, which can lead to enhanced atherogenesis [85]. In addition, endothelial cells (EC) express pattern-recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLR) that have a central role in recognizing pathogens and damage signals and initiating immune responses [86]. It seems that in the vessels of diabetic animals/individuals, increased oxidative stress, free fatty acids, and hyperglycemia are directly involved in the pathogenesis of vascular inflammation via several cellular mechanisms, including TLR-mediated activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and NF-κB pathways resulting in increased expression of the proinflammatory molecules such as IL-6 and TNF-α. In turn, secretion of cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α increases NF-κB activity and production of cellular adhesion molecules by endothelial cells, further aggravating the inflammation [87].
\nSome of the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects of HBO include reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, suppressed development of T helper cells, shrinking of spleen and lymph nodes, decreased responses to antigens, recruitment and differentiation of circulating stem cells, and reduced frequencies of circulating leukocytes [88, 89]. However, these effects were mainly observed in studies exploring experimental animal models of colitis, while in the particular case of DM, data on the effects of HBO on the vascular inflammation are scarce. This is in contrast to our knowledge about the effects of the HBO on the wound-healing mechanisms that have been subjects of intensive investigations for many years, which lead to profound understanding of the clinically observed positive effects of HBO [90].
\nBeneficial effects of HBO on the wound-healing processes include facilitation of the neovascularization through enhanced regional angiogenic stimuli and increased recruitment and differentiation of circulating stem cells from the bone marrow [1]. Under ischemic and hyperglycemic conditions, HBO further promotes wound repair by increasing tissue perfusion and collagen deposition [91]. A study on an experimental wound model revealed increased synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in damaged tissue during HBO2, which is the most specific growth factor for neovascularization [92]. It is controversial that HBO2-induced oxidative stress leads to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 and 2 mediated transcriptions of many genes involved with neovascularization, including stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its counterpart ligand, CXCR4, as well as VEGF [1]. These effects could be especially beneficial for DM individuals whose stem cell mobilization is compromised by impaired NOS activity in the bone marrow [1].
\nIt has been shown that HBO inhibits ischemia reperfusion induced β2-integrin-dependent adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelium by blocking CD18 surface polarization and through S-nitrosation of β2-integrin, with no effect on the cell-surface expression of β2-integrins [93]. Studies on monocyte-macrophages retrieved from healthy humans and animals exposed to HBO in vivo or cells exposed to HBO under in vitro condition revealed lower stimulus-induced proinflammatory cytokine production upon exposure to HBO2 [1, 94].
\nStudies on ApoE KO mice that exhibit accelerated atherosclerosis and related complications showed that HBO2 reduces the circulating levels of antibodies to MDALDL and dampens delayed hypersensitivity response to oxLDL challenge. The same studies demonstrated significant reduction in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, along with marked increase in the constitutive production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in splenocytes stimulated by LPS [95]. This effect was independent of antigen specificity, as indicated by polyclonal activation of T cells.
\nApproximately 25% of all stroke patients have DM and 40% have hyperglycemia, which is associated with worse neurologic outcome as well as higher risk of recurrence of stroke [96, 97]. Diabetic patients, compared to nondiabetics, are known to be more sensitive to cerebral ischemia. Thus, the same duration of ischemia results in more severe neurologic deficits and larger brain infarcts in diabetic patients. Female patients with DM have 4.8-fold higher risk for developing ischemic stroke than the general population (compared to 3.7-fold for men) and more often suffer fatal strokes (standardized mortality ratios of 3.1 for males and 4.4 for females) [98, 99, 100]. The outcome is frequently lethal, regardless of any therapy undertaken, including recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and mechanical thrombectomy. Possible underlying causes are chronic hyperglycemia, which leads to free oxygen radicals and cytokines production and increases ischemic brain cells predisposition to apoptosis [101]. In addition, the intimal artery thickening and arteriolar occlusion occur in diabetes, contributing by impaired vascular function to inadequate tissue perfusion. Moreover, DM is, in some cases, such as treatment of recurrent stroke with thrombolysis, one of the exclusion criteria [102].
\nA total of 90–95% diabetic patients are type 2 DM of noninsulin dependence and 5–10% are type 1 DM of insulin dependence. Type 2 DM patients have asymptomatic period of hyperglycemia for about 4–7 years that leads to most important problems—chronic complications of diabetes, leading to disability and premature death [103]. First diabetic complications are associated with microangiopathy of retina, kidney, and peripheral neuropathy and next with macroangiopathy causing myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, and peripheral artery lesion. Patients with DM have progressive cerebrovascular atherosclerosis and increased cerebral vascular reaction to vascular constrictors, a deregulated reaction to vascular dilators and damaged automatic regulation of brain-blood stream. Damaged endothelium and vascular motor function of small arteries can lead to hypoperfusion of certain areas of the brain in diabetic patients.
\nThe principles of HBO are based on physical laws and mechanisms of oxygen transport in human body. At sea level (1 ATA), almost all hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen, and HBO can increase its saturation only slightly. However, HBO increases the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma from 0.3 to 5.6% at 2.5 ATA, and due to this mechanism, it increases tissue oxygenation even in areas where erythrocytes cannot pass [104]. Due to oxygen pressure gradient, HBO promotes diffusion of oxygen to longer distances in ischemic region. HBO2 raises oxygenation of ischemic penumbra by 20% and improves mitochondrial function [105, 106]. Single or multiple exposures to HBO create environment of intermittent relative hypoxia that can not only prepare tissue for longer hypoxia but also save tissue until other salvation strategies (such as thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, stenting, and endarterectomy) take effect [47, 107]. Not only oxygen in ischemic core and penumbra itself plays a vital role in surviving tissues; HBO also influences on many different pathophysiological mechanisms. HBO improves oxygen delivery to ischemic brain tissue due to the higher arterial blood-brain oxygen gradient.
\nIn animal models, it stabilizes blood-brain barrier (BBB) and therefore reduces brain edema formation. It improves brain microcirculation and brain metabolism, creating sufficient energy and ion homeostasis needed for survival of cells until reperfusion or collateral circulation creation. Some concern was about vasoconstriction of arteries under HBO. This can be applied to normal, but not ischemic vessels, where secondary vasodilatation is salvation mechanism and vasoconstriction does not appear. HBO actually improves microcirculation in ischemic areas [108, 109]. HBO reduces poststroke inflammation by various mechanisms, reduces the number of brain cells undergoing apoptotic pathways and necrotic death, and if applied early, it can reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduce oxidative stress. These combined effects reduce brain edema and modulate cerebral vascular flow resulting in reduced intracranial pressure. Longer effects of HBO include promotion of angiogenesis and neurogenesis in ischemic tissues with positive effect on neurorehabilitation. In numerous animal experimental models, HBO was effective in reducing brain infarction after stroke. However, few human studies were so successful.
\nHBO has been used in humans in many different stroke types (hemorrhagic, ischemic, large and small artery stroke, global ischemia, etc.) using different pressures, protocols of application (single or multiple) and in different poststroke time windows. Due to these inconsistent standards, some studies showed lack of effect and other benefits. Another point of concern is that only the small number of these studies were well-designed randomized controlled trials and that their limitations include the small number of patients, which means that precise conclusions cannot be drawn. Some cautious conclusions could be suggested. HBO is so far the only effective early treatment of air embolism (mostly after surgery). HBO early after stroke improves recovery after stroke, but this effect progressively decreases if treatment is applied later. The most significant results are achieved in first 3 hours after stroke (similar to thrombolysis and other revascularization trials). Time window for HBO is 3–6 hours in acute ischemic stroke. The question of later and repetitive administration of HBO shows some promising results; however, they are still based on a few clinical cases and lack scientific proof and larger number of cases. Multiple repetitive HBO has positive effect on cognitive recovery after stroke and metabolism of temporal lobe. In one clinical trial, HBO combined with antidepressants showed better results than any of these therapies alone. HBO reduces cerebrovascular vasospasm and secondary brain infarctions after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In intracerebral hemorrhage patients, HBO also provided improvement if started early, and the patient is stable [110].
\nWhen one thinks about treating acute stroke in diabetic patients with HBO, a few still unanswered questions arise, mostly due to the paucity of experiments in these settings. There are a few experiments conducted in animal models, but they vary in criteria for its use. In humans, we can rely only on a small number of cases with very diverse inclusion criteria and different results. Therefore, we can only draw some direct and more indirect conclusions about it from experiments on nondiabetic stroke experiments.
\nThere is a question of optimal model of animal stroke in diabetic animals. The most commonly used experimental model of stroke in rats is a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by intra-luminal suture. There are variations of this model in terms of use of permanent or transitory MCA occlusion-induced ischemia. The duration of occlusion varies in models from permanent MCAO to transitory MCAO (t-MCAO) of 180, 120, 105, or 60 minutes [111]. Taking into account the observed differences in clinical presentation of diabetic vs. nondiabetic patients with stroke, there are few issues that variations in experimental approach to stroke study are brought to light. For example, in diabetic rat stroke models, the same duration of MCAO as in nondiabetic rat models is used.
\nThe usual duration of t-MCAO used in non-diabetic rats was 60-120 minute [112]. In diabetic rats the same duration of t-MCAO produced massive stroke with malignant brain edema, devastating neurological deficits (such as inability to move, eat and drink) that become worse over time, leading to unconsciousness and death of animals within the first 24 hours (mostly due to massive edema and a rise in intracranial pressure). If ischemia lasts too long, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) finds lesser than expected reperfusional values. This brain vascular sign could be a marker of point of no return in stroke treatment [111]. Therefore (to develop the adequate diabetic female rat model, using transitory middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO) that would produce treatable stroke conditions in rats with diabetes), one has to significantly shorten the duration of t-MCAO to avoid already-irreversible brain infarct with brain vascular derangement. One study suggests that 30-minute t-MCAO could be a more appropriate stroke model than the usual 60-120 minute t-MCAO models, consistently producing medium-sized stroke, which affects 30–50% of ischemic hemisphere [111] (865443). Similarly, patients with the most severe strokes of the whole MCA territory and high National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) not only are poor candidates for treatment with thrombolysis and mostly die due to brain edema and complications of dysphagia and immobility, but also have higher risk of secondary hemorrhage.
\nIn conclusion, it is questionable to compare results of artery occlusion for rats with and without diabetes, even if the duration of t-MCAO is equal.
\nThe only effective pharmacological therapy of acute ischemic stroke in humans is thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, but DM is sometimes an exclusion criterion in recurrent stroke treatment. The time window for the therapy is narrow, and no other pharmacological agents have demonstrated efficacy in improving outcomes after ischemic stroke [1, 2, 3, 4, 100, 102]. Thus, the searches for alternative approaches are welcomed. HBO [113] improves oxygen delivery and postischemic metabolism, restores ion pump function, and allows time for collateral circulation to develop [107]. In normal tissue, it causes vasoconstriction, but in ischemic brain tissue, it increases microvascular flow and improves oxygen dissolution and transport [109]. Time window for HBO application may be up to 6 hours [108], which is longer than the time window for thrombolytic therapy. HBO raises oxygenation of ischemic penumbra by 20% and improves mitochondrial function [107, 108]. It has anti-inflammatory effect by reducing expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and reduces the number of intercellular adhesion molecules and therefore reduces adhesion and infiltration of leukocytes [24]. However, guidelines do not recommend HBO treatment for acute ischemic stroke due to somewhat inconclusive data [102]. Some data imply that the intervention may be harmful causing middle ear trauma, epileptic seizures, and claustrophobia, while others found no firm evidence that HBO improves clinical outcomes for acute stroke. However, the main disadvantage of these trials used in meta-analysis was delay from stroke onset to initiation of HBO and the need for care delivery in a specialized chamber [114].
\nTo conclude, HBO is currently not recommended for patients with acute ischemic stroke outside of clinical trials (except caused by air embolism).
\nOn the other hand, some preclinical experiments suggest that if administered shortly after the stroke, HBO is highly effective treatment of stroke in diabetic female rats, even in the presence of long-term untreated DM [109]. Experiments that did not show effectiveness of HBO were possibly unsuccessful due to the unrecognizing the vulnerability of neurons. They used prolonged ischemia and applied HBO treatment too late after stroke.
\nThe mechanisms by which HBO exerts its potentially beneficial effects are not completely clear. They cannot be simply explained as a consequence of supplementation of the oxygen deficit in certain conditions where oxygen is lacking, but it was demonstrated that HBO affects signaling cascades in cells and has multiple interacting complex mechanisms that might contribute to functional changes of blood vessels. Interactions of mechanisms affecting endothelial dysfunction, NO synthesis, EETs formation, CYP expression changes, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system changes, and multiple effects on inflammation take place that might be considered as mediating factors for the observed positive (or negative) clinical effects in diabetes mellitus (for instance in chronic diabetic wounds). Studies on vasculature in diabetic animal models can provide us with more information that can help us understand its effects on blood vessel function, and Table 1 summarizes the most relevant mechanisms that have been described in this text regarding functional vascular changes in animal experimental models of diabetes. However, this represents only a part of the complete picture, and further studies are necessary to completely elucidate all the mechanisms involved in the effects of HBO on blood vessels.
\nTarget group of mechanisms or single mechanism | \nEffect | \nReferences | \n
---|---|---|
Endothelial dysfunction | \n↑ NO bioavailability | \n[20, 21, 22, 23] | \n
Arachidonic acid metabolites | \n↑ EETs synthesis, CYP epoxygenase expression, vascular sensitivity to EETs (?) ↓ 20-HETE | \n[2, 3, 11, 13, 47] | \n
Oxidative stress | \n↑ ROS ↑ Antioxidant defense systems (?) | \n[2, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74] | \n
Inflammation | \n↓ Proinflammatory mediators ↑Angiogenic mediators | \n[1, 2, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94] | \n
Renin-angiotensin system | \n↑ Vascular reactivity to ANG-(1–7) | \n[2, 3, 11] | \n
Physical effects | \n↑ Dissolved oxygen in plasma and tissues | \n[104, 105, 106] | \n
Major potential mechanisms of HBO-induced vascular functional changes in diabetic animal models.
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Nowadays the majority of water bodies are with some degree of affectation, in Mexico City one of the main aquatic ecosystems are Xochimilco channels located in the political delegation of the same name, this zone have different appointments including that of Natural and Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 1987 by UNESCO, it was recognized as Protected Natural Area in 1992, also, is considered an ecological conservation area, it is part of the RAMSAR wetlands of global importance, and is cataloged as a GIAHS site [1].
Previously, Lake Xochimilco received water from various rivers and springs, which was mainly used for crop irrigation; besides being the habitat of native and migratory birds [2]; nevertheless, nowadays it is threatened by several problems, mainly by overexploitation of water and contamination by use of agrochemicals [3, 4].
Also, pollutant sources have been observed such as clandestine discharges of sewage from human settlements, and the deposit of solid waste [5]. Since the growth of the urban spot, there have been changes in the productive activities causing diverse problems in the area such as the excessive growth of introduced aquatic vegetation like water lilies. Water control structures have been affected in the area and it has been observed a decrease in the extension of the main and secondary channels. This has caused that in places with little or no movement of water, there is an increase in eutrophication levels and flooding during the rainy season [6].
Due to the above, the aquatic communities have been affected, one of these communities are the microalgae which, by having short life cycles, present changes in its structure and dynamics in short period of time. Also, microalgae have a great importance for Xochimilco channels, despite their small size and being unnoticed by most people, because they provide important environmental services, such as: CO2 capture, oxygen liberation from photosynthesis, natural cleaning of the water of the channels (deseutrophication), in addition to reduce the concentration of heavy metals, which are harmful to the ecosystem [7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
On the other hand, microalgae serve as food for other species present in water bodies, such as copepods, crustaceans, small fish, and some amphibians in juvenile stages, helping to the conservation of biodiversity. Also, can be used as biological indicators to monitor water quality [4].
Considering the above, the aim of this investigation was to know the role of microalgae in the purification of water from a Wastewater Treatment Plant, under field and laboratory conditions.
The lake system of Xochimilco is located south in Mexico City, surrounded by a mountainous area formed by the hills Xochitepec, Cantil and the volcanoes Teoca, Zompole and Teutli [12]. It is in the geographic coordinates 19° 00′ and 19° 20’ North Latitude; 99° 00′ and 99° 16’ West Latitude, with an approximate surface of 2657 ha, at an altitude between 2240 and 2500 m [13, 14, 15].
The climate is sub-humid temperate, with rains in summer and an average annual temperature varying between 8 and 18°C. The average rainfall is of 620 mm/year, the most abundant rains occur between the months of June and September and the minimum from December to February [16].
Among the most important channels are Cuemanco, Canal Nacional, Chalco, del Bordo, Apatlaco, San Sebastián, Apampilco, Texhuilo and Japón. Also, the main lagoons are Tlilac, del Toro, Huetzalin, Apampilco, Texhuilo and the Lake of conservation of flora and fauna of San Gregorio Atlapulco [17].
Sampling was carried out at the dump of water from Cerro de la Estrella wastewater treatment plant, located in the old channel of Cuemanco. The samples of microalgae were collected directly from the outlet of the dump water pipe, just at the drop and at the distances of 10, 20, 40 and 60 m (Figure 1).
Study zone and sampling points map, based on Google earth, 2020.
For microalgae study two types of samples were taken, for the quantitative and qualitative analysis. For the first, samples were taken with the aim of a Van Dorn bottle, placed in 500 mL containers with lugol at 1% solution. For qualitative samples it was used a trawl net with a mesh opening of 54 μm, this samples were placed in amber jars of 30 mL and it was added formalin at 4%. In each sampling point it was recorded the pH, temperature, conductivity, depth, and turbidity. Also, were taken water samples of 100 mL to determine nutrients concentrations of NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, and PO43−in laboratory.
On the other hand, water samples with live organisms were stored for the isolation of three species for use in wastewater purification bioassays from the Cerro de la Estrella treatment plant.
The sample review of microalgae was carried out in Phycology and Phyto-pharmacology laboratory from UAM Xochimilco, using a Zeiss optical microscope model Axiostar. Aliquots of 0.1 mL were taken and reviewed with the scanning technique [18], which consist on locate a starting point and make the revision in the form of “transects”, from each sample the necessary aliquots were revised until no new organism was observed.
For the isolation of microalgae different techniques were used, including capillary pipetting, seeding in agar plates, and reseeding in liquid medium.
The nutrients (NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43−, TP, and TN) were evaluated using a multiparametric photometer HI 83200 [19]. Initial parameters were valuated, which were the different forms of inorganic nitrogen (NO2-, NO3-, and NH4+), phosphate as orthophosphate and heavy metals (Pb, Ni and Cu), using a multiparametric photometer HI 83200 and a spectrophotometer HACH 3900.
Bioassays of removal of nutrients and heavy metals were conducted, for which the isolated microalgae were used in the samples of treated wastewater from the Cerro de la Estrella treatment plant. To bioassays, manual agitation twice a day were given to avoid sedimentation of microalgae and water nutrients.
To provide the necessary amount of light, white light bulbs were used and controlled at intervals of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark with a timer clock.
In order to know the differences in the values of nutriment concentrations and parameters taken
On the other hand, counts were made for 10 days and plotted to know the growth curve of each isolated microalgae.
Regarding bioassays, with the obtained values population growth graphs were made for each microalga; also, it was made a comparison between physicochemical parameters measured in each bioassay. In addition, this data was analyzed to observe the change in nutrient and heavy metal concentrations in each bioassay and evaluated the purification capacity of each microalga.
A total of 88 species belonging to five Divisions were found, being Bacillariophyta the most diverse Division with 35 species, followed by Chlorophyta Division with 27 species, while Euglenophyta, Cyanoprokaryota and Pyrrophyta Divisions had 16, 6, and 4 species respectively (Figure 2).
Percentage of algae species by division found in the “Cerro de la Estrella” treatment plant dump.
The sampling point with the highest number of species was the one located at 20 meters away from the dump, presenting 56 species, while the sampling point with the lowest quantity of species was the one located directly under the dump with only 16 species observed (Figure 3).
Total number of species in the sampling points.
The values of the physicochemical parameters taken in the field and the nutrients of the samples analyzed in the laboratory are shown in Table 1. It is included the coefficient of variation, which showed that physicochemical parameters showed a low proportion of variation in most of them (2–18%), except in depth where it was obtained 37%. On the other hand, the nutrients also showed a low variation ranging from 14 to 20%.
Turbidity (cm) | Depth (cm) | Temperature (°C) | Conductivity (μS/cm) | pH | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | ND | ND | 21.5 | 711 | 8.3 | 14.6 | 7.6 |
Fall | 70 | 70 | 21.7 | 772 | 8 | 11.5 | 9.4 |
10 m | 70 | 150 | 21.6 | 772 | 7.8 | 11.1 | 7.3 |
20 m | 85 | 95 | 21.8 | 775 | 8 | 10.3 | 6.4 |
40 m | 72 | 92 | 22.1 | 784 | 7.9 | 10.4 | 6.9 |
60 m | 50 | 60 | 22.5 | 787 | 7.7 | 11 | 5 |
Standard deviation | 12.52 | 34.90 | 0.37 | 28.07 | 0.21 | 1.60 | 1.50 |
Arithmetic mean | 69.4 | 93.4 | 21.87 | 766.83 | 7.95 | 11.48 | 7.1 |
Variation coefficient | 0.18 | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.20 |
VC expressed in percentage | 18% | 37% | 2% | 4% | 3% | 14% | 20% |
Values of environmental factors (physical and chemical) in the Cerro de la Estrella treatment plant dump and in the different sampling points (at different distances).
The nutriments are shown as total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Variation coefficient (VC) is expressed as the ratio between the standard deviation and the arithmetic mean.
The concentrations of NO2− were found at an interval between 0.621 mg/L obtained at 20 meters and 0.751 mg/L in the sample taken directly under the dump; for NO3− the concentrations interval was between 6.9 mg/L in the sampling point of 20 m, and 14 mg/L registered in the sample taken directly under the dump; moreover, the lowest concentration of NH4+ was found in the sample taken directly under the dump with 0.0129 mg/L and the highest value was obtained in the sample of the spot 20 m with 0.0174 mg/L, observing that the water from the dump, was enriched by mixing with the water of the ecosystem, which is more rich in this compound in the further sampling points. The concentrations of ortho PO43−were between 5.4 and 7.1 mg/L, having the lowest value in the sample from 40 m and the highest in the sample from 10 m (Figure 4).
Regarding the linear correlation analysis, it can be observed that NO2−, NO3− and NH4+ have a higher correlation value compared to the parameters measured in field, this in Ref. to species richness, instead in terms of abundance it is observed that NO2− and NH4+ together with turbidity are those that have a higher correlation, nevertheless, the correlation was lower when comparing it to the one obtained with species richness (Table 2).
Parameter | Species richness correlation | Abundance correlation |
---|---|---|
NO2− | 0.7584 | 0.6497 |
NO3− | 0.8485 | 0.5187 |
NH4+ | 0.9059 | 0.7887 |
PO4−3 | 0.0009 | 0.0704 |
Temperature (°C) | 0.1295 | 0.00001 |
Conductivity (μS/cm) | 0.6184 | 0.3647 |
pH | 0.4663 | 0.0848 |
Turbidity (cm) | 0.6920 | 0.7997 |
Depth (cm) | 0.4803 | 0.4484 |
Linear correlation analysis of the physicochemical parameters on the richness and abundance of the species.
As a result of the isolation methods (capillary pipetting and seeding in agar plates), it was possible to achieve the growth of three species of microalgae, two belonging to the Division Chlorophyta (
For the growth of isolated microalgae, the three strains were seeded in enriched liquid culture medium, based in the Bold Basal formula and cell counting were made for 10 days, having as a result the following:
In the following graph it is shown the growth behavior of microalga
Growth curve of
Regarding
Growth curve of
This microalga presented a heterogeneous growth in time, having its maximum growth point at thirteen days and then decrease (Figure 7).
Growth curve of
As for the growth of microalga
On the other hand, the growth of
Growth curves of the three microalgae in the bioassays.
The concentrations of NO2− in water of bioassay were higher after incubation time, as opposed to expected, however this could be since not being an axenic culture it could present nitrifying bacteria that can oxidate NH4+, increasing the NO2− at the end of incubation (Figure 9).
Nitrites values of each treatment.
In the case of NO3-, it was observed that in treatments with
Nitrates values of each treatment.
Moreover, in NH4+ there was a decrease of this nutriment with the three microalgae from day three to the end of the experiment (Figure 11).
Ammonium values of each treatment.
Regarding phosphate it did not show a continuous decrease in any of the treatments with the three microalgae, so there were ups and downs over the course of the days in all treatments, nevertheless,
Phosphates values of each treatment.
As regards heavy metals, in the case of copper a graph is not included because the values obtained were zero from the beginning of the experiment in the three treatments.
For nickel, it is noted that the quantities of this metal were not completely reduced, instead there were sharp fluctuations in values especially in
Nickel values of each treatment.
In the case of lead treatments, it was observed that the three species of microalgae decreased the quantities of this metal, however, the bioassay with
Lead values of each treatment.
Table 3 shows the removal percentage of each nutrient by the three microalgae in the different bioassays. Negative numbers indicate that there was no nutrient removal, but that its value increased.
Treatment | Day 0 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 9 | Day 12 | Day 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrite | 0 | −34 | −38 | −84 | −166 | −141 | |
0 | −41 | −41 | −50 | −97 | −147 | ||
0 | −34 | −53 | −191 | −269 | −553 | ||
Nitrate | 0 | 28 | 29 | 45 | 49 | 61 | |
0 | 33 | 40 | 55 | 53 | 57 | ||
0 | 58 | 30 | 15 | −46 | −28 | ||
Ammonium | 0 | 99 | 100 | 99.5 | 98 | 98 | |
0 | 98 | 100 | 99 | 95 | 97 | ||
0 | 92 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 95 | ||
Phosphate | 0 | −302 | −12 | 15 | 52 | −157 | |
0 | −286 | 26 | −157 | −144 | 1 | ||
0 | −644 | −212 | 12 | 36 | −538 | ||
Nickel | 0 | 0 | −25 | −13 | 50 | 75 | |
0 | −50 | 38 | 13 | 0 | −113 | ||
0 | 13 | 63 | 38 | 0 | 25 | ||
Lead | 0 | 34 | 45 | 64 | 73 | 79 | |
0 | 37 | 58 | 55 | 61 | 64 | ||
0 | 2 | 45 | 49 | 47 | 48 |
Percentage of removal of each compound with each microalga.
According to obtained results a total of 88 species of microalgae were determined, from which 55 have been previously reported by diverse authors, in different points in the Xochimilco channels and at different seasons. On the other hand, 24 species were new registers for the study zone, which indicates that nowadays there’s no full knowledge of the species present in this place, this can be due to the fact that over time the conditions of the environment are changing, making changes in the microalgae community composition, as well as the introduction of new species, that come from treated water.
Regarding the parameters taken on field, it could be observed that most of them did not vary significantly, only depth had a variance higher than 30%, which decrease according to distance, one of the reasons can be the movement that the waterfall generates on the lake, because the greater the distance the movement of the water is less, which favors a higher deposit of sediments.
Nutriments values were compared with the NOM-001-ECOL-1996 [20], where the maximum permissible limits for basic pollutants in wastewater discharges are established. It was observed that the values of total nitrogen (TN) for use for agricultural irrigation do not exceed the maximum permitted limits (40–60 mg/L), because in the present investigation a maximum value of 14.6 mg/L was obtained. Nevertheless, this value is near the maximum limits permitted for urban public use which is of 15 mg/L.
Regarding to obtained total phosphorus values (TP), the values were in a range of 5 to 9.4 mg/L and they did not exceed the maximum permitted limits for use for agricultural irrigation which are of 20 mg/L daily average and 30 mg/L monthly. However, for urban public use, the obtained values are above the monthly average (5 mg/L) and very close to the permitted daily average which is of 10 mg/L [20].
As for nitrogen, it was observed a higher concentration in the form of Nitratos (NO3−) in the site of the dump (14 mg/L), observing a decrease as the sites were farther away from the waterfall, this can be due to the higher density of microalgae found in those sites, which could be using this nutrient, because NO3− are one of the main forms of nitrogen that absorb microalgae [21].
The above is complemented with the linear correlation analysis because the higher correlation values were obtained in the NO3− and NH4+ on species richness, which points out that the presence of these nutrients is essential for the growth and formation of biomass, as microalgae absorb them directly [22].
After work with isolation techniques, the species
It should be mentioned that the species
Regarding the growth of the three microalgae in the wastewater from the dump, it was observed that none of them presented a normal growth curve [23], in such a way that in the case of
Additionally, it was observed that in some time the cells remained glued to the glass in the flask and despite the care a smaller number of cells was counted. When the flask was vigorously agitated it was not counted the same number of individuals as the days before.
Regarding to comparison of the nutriment evaluation it was observed that
In the case of
On the other hand, in the case of phosphates, the method of using it was more dynamic, which was reflected in increases and decreases during the experiment by the three microalgae, so a removal of this nutriment could not be found. However, it was observed that
About heavy metals, as mentioned above the values of copper were zero, so they were discarded from the subsequent analyses. Meanwhile, the levels of nickel were reduced by
The lead was the metal that presented highest removal by the three microalgae, with 49% by
Of the three microalgae study,
Meanwhile
The algal community was composed by a total of 88 species from the Divisions Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Cyanoprocaryota and Pyrrophyta.
24 new records were found for the study area.
Physicochemical parameters taken on field did not vary significantly over the sampling points.
NO3- and NH4+ are the parameters that had highest relation with species richness.
Valued nutriments in laboratory did not surpass the maximum permissible limits.
The spraying and seeding techniques in agar were the most effective for the isolation of microalgae species.
Regarding nutrients, the three species presented good efficiency in the removal of NH4+.
Regarding heavy metals, the three species were efficient in the removal of lead.
It is recommended for future laboratory experiments, to work with axenic microalgal cultures, even though in natural conditions, microalgae coexist with bacteria.
We would like to express our gratitude to Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana and specially to Maestría en Ecología Aplicada for support to make the present research.
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Shields",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5526.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82613",title:"Dr.",name:"Vonnie D.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shields",slug:"vonnie-d.c.-shields",fullName:"Vonnie D.C. Shields"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"53392",doi:"10.5772/66461",title:"The Sublethal Effects of Insecticides in Insects",slug:"the-sublethal-effects-of-insecticides-in-insects",totalDownloads:3836,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Studies related to the effect of insecticides on insect pests and nontarget organisms, such as natural enemies, are traditionally accessed by the estimative of lethal effects, through mortality data. Due to the limitations of the traditional methods, recent studies in the past three decades are assessing the sublethal effects of insecticides upon several important biological traits of insect pests and natural enemies. Besides mortality, the sublethal dose/concentrations of an insecticide can affect insect biology, physiology, behavior and demographic parameters. In this chapter, many sublethal effects of insecticides were addressed for several chemical groups, such as botanical insecticides, carbamate, diamide, insect growth regulators, neonicotinoid, organochlorides, organophosphates, pyrethroid and others. An accurate assessment of these effects is crucial to acquire knowledge on the overall insecticide efficacy in the management of pest insect populations, as well as on their selectivity toward nontarget organisms.",book:{id:"5526",slug:"biological-control-of-pest-and-vector-insects",title:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects",fullTitle:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects"},signatures:"Solange M. de França, Mariana O. Breda, Douglas R. S. Barbosa,\nAlice M. N. Araujo and Carolina A. Guedes",authors:[{id:"72398",title:"MSc",name:"Solange",middleName:"Maria",surname:"De França",slug:"solange-de-franca",fullName:"Solange De França"},{id:"161232",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Breda",slug:"mariana-breda",fullName:"Mariana Breda"},{id:"193241",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Silva Barbosa",slug:"douglas-rafael-silva-barbosa",fullName:"Douglas Rafael Silva Barbosa"},{id:"193242",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Nascimento Araújo",slug:"alice-maria-nascimento-araujo",fullName:"Alice Maria Nascimento Araújo"},{id:"193243",title:"MSc.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Arruda Guedes",slug:"carolina-arruda-guedes",fullName:"Carolina Arruda Guedes"}]},{id:"53055",doi:"10.5772/66463",title:"Semiochemicals and Their Potential Use in Pest Management",slug:"semiochemicals-and-their-potential-use-in-pest-management",totalDownloads:5146,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"This chapter gives an account on the general concept of insect semiochemicals, their definitions, classification, formulation, utilization in integrated pest management programs, and the shortcomings of their application. The different semiochemically based insect management techniques, such as mass trapping, mating disruption, and attract-and-kill, are highlighted. The chapter also summarizes a case study from 7-year research on semiochemicals of the invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.",book:{id:"5526",slug:"biological-control-of-pest-and-vector-insects",title:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects",fullTitle:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects"},signatures:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie and Jose Romeno Faleiro",authors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu El-Shafie"}]},{id:"58221",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72448",title:"Particulate Nanoinsecticides: A New Concept in Insect Pest Management",slug:"particulate-nanoinsecticides-a-new-concept-in-insect-pest-management",totalDownloads:1646,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Nanostructured alumina (NSA) has insecticidal properties and has been demonstrated to be effective against stored product insect pests in laboratory bioassays. NSA is a nano-engineered material synthesized by oxidation of metals, and resulting particles show fixed electric charges. On the other hand, insects exhibit their own electric charges generated by triboelectrification. We propose that the mechanism of action of NSA involves two steps occurring in sequential order. First, a strong electrical binding between negatively charged NSA particles and positively charged insect. Next, dehydration of the insect occurs due to the strong sorbtive action of the NSA particles that remove the insect cuticular, leading to death by dehydration. As postulated for insecticidal inert powder in generals, particles attach to the insect cuticle surface disrupting water balance, and effectiveness decreases as ambient humidity increases, given that electrostatic bond forces are reduced by electrostatic discharge. The high insecticidal efficacy of NSA is a result of its intrinsic electric charge, small particle size and high sorptive potential due to its large specific surface area. NSA could provide an alternative to conventional synthetic organic insecticides due to its strong insecticidal properties with the advantage that its mechanism of action involves physical and electrostatic phenomena.",book:{id:"6095",slug:"insecticides-agriculture-and-toxicology",title:"Insecticides",fullTitle:"Insecticides - Agriculture and Toxicology"},signatures:"Teodoro Stadler, Micaela Buteler, Susana R. Valdez and Javier G.\nGitto",authors:[{id:"207985",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Teodoro",middleName:null,surname:"Stadler",slug:"teodoro-stadler",fullName:"Teodoro Stadler"},{id:"208044",title:"Dr.",name:"Micaela",middleName:null,surname:"Buteler",slug:"micaela-buteler",fullName:"Micaela Buteler"},{id:"208045",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Javier",middleName:"Gustavo",surname:"Gitto",slug:"javier-gitto",fullName:"Javier Gitto"},{id:"210819",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana Ruth",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez",slug:"susana-ruth-valdez",fullName:"Susana Ruth Valdez"}]},{id:"53702",doi:"10.5772/66946",title:"Transmission of Major Arboviruses in Brazil: The Role of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Vectors",slug:"transmission-of-major-arboviruses-in-brazil-the-role-of-aedes-aegypti-and-aedes-albopictus-vectors",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Arthropod‐borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to a mammalian host by an infected arthropod vector. More than 130 types of arboviruses are known to cause disease in susceptible vertebrate hosts and are responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases in recent decades. The transmission cycle requires three essential components: virus, vector and vertebrate. Understanding the role of the vector in the arboviruses transmission is critical to improve emerging arbovirus disease control strategies. Since 2015, Brazil is faced with the challenge of three co-circulating arboviruses of major public health importance. Dengue virus (DENV) infection has been a public health for 30 years, which has suffered several epidemics caused by all four serotypes. The emergence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil poses new challenges to clinicians and public health authorities. In urban and suburban areas, those arboviruses are transmitted between people by Aedes mosquitoes in the subgenus Stegomyia, especially Ae. aegypti (the main vector) and potentially Ae. albopictus. Factors relating to the environment and the vector‐virus interactions can influence the dynamics of arboviruses transmission. This chapter describes the main biology aspects of the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus that can influence the success of the transmission of main arboviruses in Brazil and provide information to understand the role of those factors in this dynamic relations",book:{id:"5526",slug:"biological-control-of-pest-and-vector-insects",title:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects",fullTitle:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects"},signatures:"Thaís Chouin-Carneiro and Flavia Barreto dos Santos",authors:[{id:"192462",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Flavia",middleName:null,surname:"Dos Santos",slug:"flavia-dos-santos",fullName:"Flavia Dos Santos"},{id:"196670",title:"MSc.",name:"Thais",middleName:null,surname:"Chouin-Carneiro",slug:"thais-chouin-carneiro",fullName:"Thais Chouin-Carneiro"}]},{id:"60115",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74962",title:"Plant Lectins with Insecticidal and Insectistatic Activities",slug:"plant-lectins-with-insecticidal-and-insectistatic-activities",totalDownloads:1284,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Lectins are an important group of proteins which are spread in all kingdoms of life. Their most lighted characteristic is associated to their specific carbohydrate binding, although function has been not even identified. According to their carbohydrate specificity, several biological activities have been assessed, finding that lectins can be used as mitogenic agents, biomarkers, and cytotoxic and insecticide proteins. Lectins have been classified according to several features such as structure, source, and carbohydrate recognition. The Protein Research Group (PRG) has worked on Colombian seeds from the family of Fabaceae and Lamiaceae plants, isolating and characterizing their lectins, and found more than one lectin in some plants, indicating that according to its specificity, different lectins can have different biological activities. In the case of legume domain lectins, they have shown the biggest potential as insecticide or insectistatic agents due to the glycosylation pattern in insect midgut cells. This review attempts to identify the characteristics of plant legume lectin domains that determine their insecticidal and insectistatic activities.",book:{id:"6095",slug:"insecticides-agriculture-and-toxicology",title:"Insecticides",fullTitle:"Insecticides - Agriculture and Toxicology"},signatures:"Edgar Antonio Reyes-Montaño and Nohora Angélica Vega-Castro",authors:[{id:"100016",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes-Montaño",slug:"edgar-antonio-reyes-montano",fullName:"Edgar Antonio Reyes-Montaño"},{id:"207931",title:"Dr.",name:"Nohora Angélica",middleName:null,surname:"Vega-Castro",slug:"nohora-angelica-vega-castro",fullName:"Nohora Angélica Vega-Castro"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53055",title:"Semiochemicals and Their Potential Use in Pest Management",slug:"semiochemicals-and-their-potential-use-in-pest-management",totalDownloads:5146,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"This chapter gives an account on the general concept of insect semiochemicals, their definitions, classification, formulation, utilization in integrated pest management programs, and the shortcomings of their application. The different semiochemically based insect management techniques, such as mass trapping, mating disruption, and attract-and-kill, are highlighted. The chapter also summarizes a case study from 7-year research on semiochemicals of the invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.",book:{id:"5526",slug:"biological-control-of-pest-and-vector-insects",title:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects",fullTitle:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects"},signatures:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie and Jose Romeno Faleiro",authors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu El-Shafie"}]},{id:"53824",title:"The African Chrysops",slug:"the-african-chrysops",totalDownloads:1792,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"African Chrysops are less studied than their European and American counterparts. The bionomics of only Chrysops silacea and Chrysops dimidiata is frequently reported. These two species feed on mammals in general but humans remain their main host. From the resting place in the canopy of the natural and secondary forest, they locate their hosts as they move but smoke of wood is a much better attractant than the movement. Other species live either in the rain forest or in the wooden savannah feeding on mammals and reptiles. Chrysops are biological and mechanical vectors of diseases in human and livestock. They also cause painful bites often resulting in open wounds, which can serve as open door for bacterial infections. In the past, control relied on the use of insecticides and clearing of vegetation around the habitations. Nowadays, recourse to repellents, trappings and destruction of the canopy around houses is recommended. The detailed geographical distribution of African Chrysops is still to be elucidated, as well as any genetic variability within and among species. The aims of the chapter are to provide the reader with the state-of-the-art knowledge on African Chrysops, and to present the gap in knowledge of this genus species.",book:{id:"5526",slug:"biological-control-of-pest-and-vector-insects",title:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects",fullTitle:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects"},signatures:"Marc K. Kouam and Joseph Kamgno",authors:[{id:"193161",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Kouam",slug:"marc-kouam",fullName:"Marc Kouam"},{id:"195562",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Kamgno",slug:"joseph-kamgno",fullName:"Joseph Kamgno"}]},{id:"58195",title:"Role of the Formulation in the Efficacy and Dissipation of Agricultural Insecticides",slug:"role-of-the-formulation-in-the-efficacy-and-dissipation-of-agricultural-insecticides",totalDownloads:2039,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Considering the implications the formulation may have on the effectiveness and residuality of an active ingredient, four trials were conducted comparing two commercial formulations of the diazinon insecticide, two of acetamiprid, two of lambda-cyhalothrin, and, finally, three formulations of imidacloprid. For diazinon and acetamiprid, the comparison parameters used correspond to efficacy against three key pests in apple trees: Cydia pomonella, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, and Pseudococcus viburni; for l-cyhalothrin, efficacy against C. pomonella was compared; and for imidacloprid, differences in control P. viburni were established. In all cases, their persistence was established in terms of initial and final residue levels in samples of fruits, at 1 and 25 days after application (DAA). Different formulations of the same insecticide correspond to a relevant factor in the general behavior that each product presents in field conditions, being able to affect parameters such as its persistence in the fruit and/or initial deposit of the active ingredient. This variation was demonstrated in the comparison performed on acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and diazinon, but it was not so in l-cyhalothrin. Efficacy was affected in all parameters evaluated for each group of insecticides, demonstrating that different formulations can deliver different biological activity in the control of various pests.",book:{id:"6095",slug:"insecticides-agriculture-and-toxicology",title:"Insecticides",fullTitle:"Insecticides - Agriculture and Toxicology"},signatures:"Karina Buzzetti",authors:[{id:"214596",title:"Dr.",name:"Karina",middleName:null,surname:"Buzzetti",slug:"karina-buzzetti",fullName:"Karina Buzzetti"}]},{id:"53883",title:"Major Disease Vectors in Tanzania: Distribution, Control and Challenges",slug:"major-disease-vectors-in-tanzania-distribution-control-and-challenges",totalDownloads:2288,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Disease vectors remain a major public health challenge in spite of efforts done to control across Tanzania. Different disease vectors have been controlled and efforts are on to eradicate them but challenges are still emerging and managed. In spite of all these success, different disease vectors have been observed to have developed resistance to all classes of insecticides used in public health practices in Tanzania.Resistance reports to main different vectors have been coming throughout Tanzania. The resistance of vectors to insecticides has been of different mechanisms depending on species, insecticides and mechanisms of action of the pesticides. Social economic factors and housing style still a major factor for the distribution and foci of vector abundance. The impact of public health intervention has been observed but still disease vector existence is noticed. Careful monitoring of the public health priorities for disease vectors control should be rethought to keep the elimination track live. Different tools such as insecticides use, understanding control measures, vector distribution and human lifestyle can lead to reduced burden caused by disease vectors. This chapter has described mosquitoes, tsetse flies, soft ticks, blackflies, and houseflies in terms of distribution, abundance, control and challenges of eradication in Tanzania.",book:{id:"5526",slug:"biological-control-of-pest-and-vector-insects",title:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects",fullTitle:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects"},signatures:"Eliningaya J. Kweka, Epiphania E. Kimaro, Esther G. Kimaro, Yakob\nP. Nagagi and Imna I. Malele",authors:[{id:"123576",title:"Prof.",name:"Eliningaya",middleName:null,surname:"Kweka",slug:"eliningaya-kweka",fullName:"Eliningaya Kweka"},{id:"196616",title:"Mrs.",name:"Epiphania",middleName:null,surname:"Kimaro",slug:"epiphania-kimaro",fullName:"Epiphania Kimaro"},{id:"196621",title:"Mrs.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Gwae",slug:"esther-gwae",fullName:"Esther Gwae"},{id:"196623",title:"Mr.",name:"Yakobo",middleName:null,surname:"Petro",slug:"yakobo-petro",fullName:"Yakobo Petro"},{id:"196625",title:"Dr.",name:"Imna",middleName:null,surname:"Malele",slug:"imna-malele",fullName:"Imna Malele"}]},{id:"53702",title:"Transmission of Major Arboviruses in Brazil: The Role of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Vectors",slug:"transmission-of-major-arboviruses-in-brazil-the-role-of-aedes-aegypti-and-aedes-albopictus-vectors",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Arthropod‐borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to a mammalian host by an infected arthropod vector. More than 130 types of arboviruses are known to cause disease in susceptible vertebrate hosts and are responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases in recent decades. The transmission cycle requires three essential components: virus, vector and vertebrate. Understanding the role of the vector in the arboviruses transmission is critical to improve emerging arbovirus disease control strategies. Since 2015, Brazil is faced with the challenge of three co-circulating arboviruses of major public health importance. Dengue virus (DENV) infection has been a public health for 30 years, which has suffered several epidemics caused by all four serotypes. The emergence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil poses new challenges to clinicians and public health authorities. In urban and suburban areas, those arboviruses are transmitted between people by Aedes mosquitoes in the subgenus Stegomyia, especially Ae. aegypti (the main vector) and potentially Ae. albopictus. Factors relating to the environment and the vector‐virus interactions can influence the dynamics of arboviruses transmission. This chapter describes the main biology aspects of the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus that can influence the success of the transmission of main arboviruses in Brazil and provide information to understand the role of those factors in this dynamic relations",book:{id:"5526",slug:"biological-control-of-pest-and-vector-insects",title:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects",fullTitle:"Biological Control of Pest and Vector Insects"},signatures:"Thaís Chouin-Carneiro and Flavia Barreto dos Santos",authors:[{id:"192462",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Flavia",middleName:null,surname:"Dos Santos",slug:"flavia-dos-santos",fullName:"Flavia Dos Santos"},{id:"196670",title:"MSc.",name:"Thais",middleName:null,surname:"Chouin-Carneiro",slug:"thais-chouin-carneiro",fullName:"Thais Chouin-Carneiro"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"310",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). 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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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