Gestation-related survival without grade 3/4 intraventricular hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity stage 3 or higher, severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or necrotizing enterocolitis stage 2-3 [3].
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"641",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications",title:"Chemometrics in Practical Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'In the book "Chemometrics in practical applications", various practical applications of chemometric methods in chemistry, biochemistry and chemical technology are presented, and selected chemometric methods are described in tutorial style. The book contains 14 independent chapters and is devoted to filling the gap between textbooks on multivariate data analysis and research journals on chemometrics and chemoinformatics.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0438-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4315-4",doi:"10.5772/1150",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"chemometrics-in-practical-applications",numberOfPages:340,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"f7572edde10624ccd785aa13aa74d9fe",bookSignature:"Kurt Varmuza",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/641.jpg",numberOfDownloads:54719,numberOfWosCitations:93,numberOfCrossrefCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:91,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:10,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:213,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 27th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 29th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"87198",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurt",middleName:null,surname:"Varmuza",slug:"kurt-varmuza",fullName:"Kurt Varmuza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/87198/images/2413_n.jpg",biography:"Kurt Varmuza studied chemistry at the Vienna University of Technology in Austria. As one of the pioneers in chemometrics, his research activities in chemoinformatics and chemometrics involve development and applications of methods for spectra-structure relationships (MS and IR), structure-property relationships (QSPR), and classification of materials in archaeometry and cosmo chemistry. Since 1992 he has been a professor at the Vienna University of Technology, Austria.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Technisches Museum Wien",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"479",title:"Bioorganic Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry-bioorganic-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"33605",title:"Model Population Analysis for Statistical Model Comparison",doi:"10.5772/31561",slug:"model-population-analysis-for-statistical-model-comparison",totalDownloads:3040,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hong-Dong Li, Yi-Zeng Liang and Qing-Song Xu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33605",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33605",authors:[{id:"87726",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongdong",surname:"Li",slug:"hongdong-li",fullName:"Hongdong Li"},{id:"95532",title:"Prof.",name:"Qing-Song",surname:"Xu",slug:"qing-song-xu",fullName:"Qing-Song Xu"},{id:"127578",title:"Prof.",name:"Yizeng",surname:"Liang",slug:"yizeng-liang",fullName:"Yizeng Liang"}],corrections:null},{id:"33606",title:"Critical Aspects of Supervised Pattern Recognition Methods for Interpreting Compositional Data",doi:"10.5772/31470",slug:"critical-aspects-of-supervised-pattern-recognition-for-interpreting-chemical-compositional-data",totalDownloads:3098,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"A. Gustavo González",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33606",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33606",authors:[{id:"87305",title:"Prof.",name:"A. Gustavo",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"a.-gustavo-gonzalez",fullName:"A. Gustavo Gonzalez"}],corrections:null},{id:"33607",title:"Analysis of Chemical Processes, Determination of the Reaction Mechanism and Fitting of Equilibrium and Rate Constants",doi:"10.5772/31896",slug:"analysis-of-chemical-processes-determination-of-the-reaction-mechanism-and-fitting-of-equilibrium-an",totalDownloads:3698,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:24,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marcel Maeder and Peter King",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33607",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33607",authors:[{id:"89226",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",surname:"Maeder",slug:"marcel-maeder",fullName:"Marcel Maeder"},{id:"153800",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"King",slug:"peter-king",fullName:"Peter King"}],corrections:null},{id:"33608",title:"Exploratory Data Analysis with Latent Subspace Models",doi:"10.5772/32149",slug:"exploratory-data-analysis-using-latent-subspace-models",totalDownloads:2532,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"José Camacho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33608",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33608",authors:[{id:"90352",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Camacho",slug:"jose-camacho",fullName:"José Camacho"}],corrections:null},{id:"33609",title:"Experimental Optimization and Response Surfaces",doi:"10.5772/33265",slug:"experimental-optimization-and-response-surfaces",totalDownloads:12369,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Veli-Matti Tapani Taavitsainen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33609",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33609",authors:[{id:"94676",title:"Dr.",name:"Veli-Matti",surname:"Taavitsainen",slug:"veli-matti-taavitsainen",fullName:"Veli-Matti Taavitsainen"}],corrections:null},{id:"33610",title:"Metabolic Biomarker Identification with Few Samples",doi:"10.5772/31799",slug:"biomarker-identification-with-few-samples",totalDownloads:3584,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pietro Franceschi, Urska Vrhovsek, Fulvio Mattivi and Ron Wehrens",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33610",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33610",authors:[{id:"88707",title:"Dr.",name:"Ron",surname:"Wehrens",slug:"ron-wehrens",fullName:"Ron Wehrens"},{id:"88736",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",surname:"Franceschi",slug:"pietro-franceschi",fullName:"Pietro Franceschi"},{id:"88737",title:"Dr.",name:"Fulvio",surname:"Mattivi",slug:"fulvio-mattivi",fullName:"Fulvio Mattivi"},{id:"88738",title:"Dr.",name:"Urska",surname:"Vrhovsek",slug:"urska-vrhovsek",fullName:"Urska Vrhovsek"}],corrections:null},{id:"33611",title:"Kinetic Analyses of Enzyme Reaction Curves with New Integrated Rate Equations and Applications",doi:"10.5772/32042",slug:"kinetic-analyses-of-enzyme-reaction-curves-using-integrated-rate-equations-and-applications",totalDownloads:3765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xiaolan Yang, Gaobo Long, Hua Zhao and Fei Liao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33611",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33611",authors:[{id:"89915",title:"Prof.",name:"Fei",surname:"Liao",slug:"fei-liao",fullName:"Fei Liao"},{id:"119266",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaolan",surname:"Yang",slug:"xiaolan-yang",fullName:"Xiaolan Yang"},{id:"119281",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",surname:"Zhao",slug:"hua-zhao",fullName:"Hua Zhao"},{id:"127484",title:"Mr.",name:"Gaobo",surname:"Long",slug:"gaobo-long",fullName:"Gaobo Long"}],corrections:null},{id:"33612",title:"Chemometric Study on Molecules with Anticancer Properties",doi:"10.5772/33816",slug:"chemometric-study-on-molecules-with-anticancer-properties",totalDownloads:2177,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"João Elias Vidueira Ferreira, Antonio Florêncio de Figueiredo, Jardel Pinto Barbosa and José Ciríaco Pinheiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33612",authors:[{id:"97262",title:"Prof.",name:"João",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"joao-ferreira",fullName:"João Ferreira"},{id:"97269",title:"Dr.",name:"Jardel",surname:"Barbosa",slug:"jardel-barbosa",fullName:"Jardel Barbosa"},{id:"97270",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Figueiredo",slug:"antonio-figueiredo",fullName:"Antonio Figueiredo"},{id:"97271",title:"Dr.",name:"José",surname:"Ciriaco-Pinheiro",slug:"jose-ciriaco-pinheiro",fullName:"José Ciriaco-Pinheiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"33613",title:"Electronic Nose Integrated with Chemometrics for Rapid Identification of Foodborne Pathogen",doi:"10.5772/32099",slug:"electronic-nose-integrated-with-chemometrics-for-rapid-identification-of-foodborne-pathogen",totalDownloads:2538,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yong Xin Yu and Yong Zhao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33613",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33613",authors:[{id:"90168",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",surname:"Zhao",slug:"yong-zhao",fullName:"Yong Zhao"},{id:"136822",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu",surname:"Yong-Xin",slug:"yu-yong-xin",fullName:"Yu Yong-Xin"}],corrections:null},{id:"33614",title:"Chemometrics in Food Technology",doi:"10.5772/34148",slug:"chemometrics-in-food-technology",totalDownloads:3780,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:25,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Riccardo Guidetti, Roberto Beghi and Valentina Giovenzana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33614",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33614",authors:[{id:"98921",title:"Prof.",name:"Riccardo",surname:"Guidetti",slug:"riccardo-guidetti",fullName:"Riccardo Guidetti"},{id:"101841",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Beghi",slug:"roberto-beghi",fullName:"Roberto Beghi"},{id:"127538",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",surname:"Giovenzana",slug:"valentina-giovenzana",fullName:"Valentina Giovenzana"}],corrections:null},{id:"33615",title:"Metabolomics and Chemometrics as Tools for Chemo(bio)diversity Analysis - Maize Landraces and Propolis",doi:"10.5772/32584",slug:"metabolomics-and-chemometrics-as-tools-for-chemo-bio-diversity-analysis-maize-landraces-and-propolis",totalDownloads:3346,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marcelo Maraschin, Shirley Kuhnen, Priscilla M.M. Lemos, Simone Kobe de Oliveira, Diego A. da Silva, Maíra M. Tomazzoli, Ana Carolina V. Souza, Rúbia Mara Pinto, Virgílio G. Uarrota, Ivanir Cella, Antônio G. Ferreira, Amélia R.S. Zeggio, Maria B.R. Veleirinho, Ivone Delgadillo and Flavia A. Vieira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33615",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33615",authors:[{id:"92013",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Maraschin",slug:"marcelo-maraschin",fullName:"Marcelo Maraschin"}],corrections:null},{id:"33616",title:"Using Principal Component Scores and Artificial Neural Networks in Predicting Water Quality Index",doi:"10.5772/32577",slug:"prediction-of-water-quality-index-using-artificial-neural-networks",totalDownloads:3967,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rashid Atta Khan, Sharifuddin M. Zain, Hafizan Juahir, Mohd Kamil Yusoff and Tg Hanidza T.I.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33616",authors:[{id:"91989",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashid",surname:"Khan",slug:"rashid-khan",fullName:"Rashid Khan"},{id:"105043",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafizan",surname:"Juahir",slug:"hafizan-juahir",fullName:"Hafizan Juahir"},{id:"119623",title:"Prof.",name:"Sharifuddin M",surname:"Zain",slug:"sharifuddin-m-zain",fullName:"Sharifuddin M Zain"},{id:"119764",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Kamil",surname:"Yusoff",slug:"mohd-kamil-yusoff",fullName:"Mohd Kamil Yusoff"},{id:"119765",title:"MSc.",name:"Tg Hanidza",surname:"T.I",slug:"tg-hanidza-t.i",fullName:"Tg Hanidza T.I"}],corrections:null},{id:"33617",title:"PARAFAC Analysis for Temperature-Dependent NMR Spectra of Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposite",doi:"10.5772/33030",slug:"parafac-analysis-for-temperature-dependent-nmr-spectra-of-poly-lactic-acid-nanocomposite",totalDownloads:2809,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hideyuki Shinzawa, Masakazu Nishida, Toshiyuki Tanaka, Kenzi Suzuki and Wataru Kanematsu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33617",authors:[{id:"93720",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideyuki",surname:"Shinzawa",slug:"hideyuki-shinzawa",fullName:"Hideyuki Shinzawa"},{id:"93722",title:"Dr.",name:"Masakazu",surname:"Nishida",slug:"masakazu-nishida",fullName:"Masakazu Nishida"},{id:"93723",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanaka",surname:"Toshiyuki",slug:"tanaka-toshiyuki",fullName:"Tanaka Toshiyuki"},{id:"93725",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenzi",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenzi-suzuki",fullName:"Kenzi Suzuki"},{id:"93726",title:"Dr.",name:"Wataru",surname:"Kanametsu",slug:"wataru-kanametsu",fullName:"Wataru Kanametsu"}],corrections:null},{id:"33618",title:"Application of Chemometrics to the Interpretation of Analytical Separations Data",doi:"10.5772/33960",slug:"application-of-chemometrics-to-the-interpretation-of-analytical-separations-data",totalDownloads:4016,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"James J. Harynuk, A. Paulina de la Mata and Nikolai A. Sinkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/33618",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/33618",authors:[{id:"97997",title:"Prof.",name:"James",surname:"Harynuk",slug:"james-harynuk",fullName:"James Harynuk"},{id:"97998",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulina",surname:"De La Mata",slug:"paulina-de-la-mata",fullName:"Paulina De La Mata"},{id:"97999",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikolai",surname:"Sinkov",slug:"nikolai-sinkov",fullName:"Nikolai Sinkov"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8637",title:"Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d61b693f14e24d81342f6c36fc5ba32",slug:"recent-advances-in-analytical-chemistry",bookSignature:"Muharrem Ince and Olcay Kaplan Ince",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Prof.",name:"Muharrem",surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6621",title:"Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Life Sciences Practical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f56a7cec216143862d31daab30431b44",slug:"electrophoresis-life-sciences-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Oana-Maria Boldura and Cornel Baltă",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189429",title:"Prof.",name:"Oana-Maria",surname:"Boldura",slug:"oana-maria-boldura",fullName:"Oana-Maria Boldura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65367",slug:"corrigendum-to-review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",title:"Corrigendum to Review of Liquid-Filled Optical Fibre-Based Temperature Sensing",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65367.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65367",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65367",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65367",chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11636",leadTitle:null,title:"Neuroplasticity - Visual Cortex Reorganization From Neurons to Maps",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe ultimate goal of many fields of neuroscience research is to harness the ability of the mammalian brain to reorganize. The ability to control cortical reorganization in the adult cortex, either by controlling existing adult mechanisms for plasticity or by reactivating mechanisms of developmental plasticity, would be a tremendous advancement in the treatment of cortical damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Consequently, the specifics of the timing and types of reorganization possible in the mammalian visual cortex, in particular, have consistently generated tremendous interest in both the scientific community and the general public. Few sources, however, provide a combined look into the plasticity of the visual cortex in both juvenile and adult mammalian brains.
\r\n\r\n\tWhile it is clear that visual representations in the mammalian cortex can undergo significant reorganization during an early critical period of development, the extent of reorganization possible in the developing visual cortex is still an area of active investigation. This dynamic nature of cortical circuitry is important for learning, as well as for repair following nervous system injury. Similarly, several aspects of the visual cortex are thought to remain plastic into adulthood, allowing cortical sensorimotor maps to be modified continuously by experience. Because studies of the extent of cortical reorganization in the adult mammalian visual cortex have at times produced quite disparate results, many pioneering studies are now attempting to address these controversial measurements.
\r\n\r\n\tThis proposed book topic will examine our current understanding of the interplay of plasticity and stability in the developing and adult mammalian visual systems as well as our progress towards translating these fundamental research findings into updates for clinical practice.
\r\n\t
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficient α-galactosidase A (α-gal A) activity. Fabry nephropathy typically progresses throughout the fifth decade to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis and/or kidney transplantation. Except for ESRD development, a milder phenotype “renal variant” type is characterized with low plasma α-gal A activity. This survey improved the interest for FD screening among ESRD patients. After the description of this “renal variant” of FD, many studies were designed for ESRD patients.
The prevalence of 0.24 – 0.36 % found in Brazil express the importance of Fabry disease investigation among ESRD patients without known cause. Routine screening of male hemodialysis patients would enable earlier identification of other family members who might benefit from specific clinical treatment. The analysis of other epidemiological characteristics of regular FD could be used for the screening and detection of other kindred who might benefit from specific therapy as well as their offspring.
Like most rare diseases, Fabry disease has long been a mystery disease, typically afflicting men of all ages and ethnic groups. With a poorly understood etiology and a disease affecting all major organ systems, little treatment other than symptomatic management has been available until recently. A patient may see many different specialists over a period of 5 to 10 years before an accurate diagnosis takes place.
Beginning in childhood, common symptoms include chronic or intermittent numbness; burning, tingling pain that can occur daily, usually in the fingers and feet; episodic pain that is incapacitating and may be brought on by stress, exercise, or temperature changes; recurring fever with elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate; angiokeratomas that may appear in adolescence and increase as an adult; opacity of the corneal lens; inability to perspire; severe abdominal pain; and an intolerance to temperature (heat or cold) and exercise. The condition then progresses in adulthood to include renal, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and pulmonary complications that may lead to end-stage renal disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, breathing problems and obstructions, and more.
In this review, we intend to explain the major aspects of Fabry disease and comment some points relatives to the characteristic of progressive renal failure in these patients.
Fabry disease is a rare inborn error with a recessive X-linkage inherited pattern (Desnick et al., 2001). The estimated FD incidence is between 1:40,000 and 1:117,000 in general population (Desnick et al., 2003; Rolfs et al., 2005). Previous reports about the prevalence of end stage FD males on dialysis was estimated between 0.22% and 1.2% in several populations (Nakao et al., 2003; Linthorst et al., 2003; Kotamko et al., 2004; Thadhani et al., 2002; Grünfeld et al., 2003; Mehta et al., 2009).
Three similar studies explain the prevalence of FD among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) males in Brazilian population (Delgado et al., 2007; Biagini et al., 2007; Porsch et al., 2008). All studies screened about 30-40% of total patients who were submitted to dialysis treatment in three different Brazilian States: Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Both first and second studies (RJ and PR) observed the same FD prevalence (0.24%) and the third study (RS) observed a comparable value (0.36%). FD prevalence in all studies was small compared with the results obtained by Nakao and colleagues (1.2%) (Nakao et al., 2003) and here it is important to note that many others studies never showed the same prevalence among hemodialysis patients. In fact, even other study in Japanese population found a small prevalence (0.22%) of FD among male dialysis patients (Ichinose et al., 2005). In addition, according to the nationwide screening for FD among dialysis patients performed in Austria (Kotamko et al., 2004), FD prevalence was really low (0.161%). In Latin American others studies also described lower FD prevalence, akin to Peru (0.3%) (Tumialán et al., 2005) and Colombia (0.4%) (Martínez et al., 2005). These results support the idea that true FD prevalence is in average less than 0.5% among ESRD male and the overestimation in some studies may be related to small populations groups and/or a selection bias of the patients screened. Further studies are required in different ethnical groups with greater samples, especially among ESRD males with unknown cause for chronic renal failure.
The enzymatic defect in FD results from the deficient activity of the α-galactosidase A (α-gal A), a lysosomal hydrolase encoded by a gene (
The primary substrate of this enzyme is globotriaosylceramide (galactosylα1 → 4galactosylβ1 → 4glucosylβ1 → 1’ceramide), and the failure of α-gal A activity increase the deposition of glycosphingolipids with terminal α-linked galatocsyl moieties (Desnick et al., 2003). In FD this leads to progressive intracellular accumulation of glycosphingolipids, mainly in the form of globotriaosylceramide (Gb-3), in many cells, particularly in renal epithelial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and neurons of the autonomic nervous system (Desnick et al., 2001). The Figure resume the cleavage events in Gb-3 to Gb-2 transition.
The genetic defect occurs in all cell types, but involvement differs greatly among different organs and cell types. This heterogeneity likely reflects different rates of sphingolipid metabolism. Thus the minimum threshold requirement for α-gal A activity to prevent Gb-3 accumulation varies across cell types due to the type and amount of substrates that are recycled by the different cells (Alroy et al., 2002).
Schematic representation of α-gal A action in Gb-3 to Gb-2 cleavage into lysosomal.
Renal lesions are found in both hemizygous (male) and heterozygous (female) patients. Renal symptoms in the latter are typically milder and delayed by 2 to 3 decades, but there is considerable variability (Gubler et al., 1978). Although the disease primarily affects men, the genetic mechanism responsible allows the defect to be passed on by women. However, as women were presumed to be protected to the effects of the disease, this disorder has not been studied as comprehensively in them. The variability is likely the result of the random nature of X inactivation, resulting in considerable variability in α-gal A activity among carriers and within one carrier individual among various tissues or regions of a single tissue.
Clinical onset of the disease typically occurs during childhood or adolescence with recurrent episodes of severe pain in the extremities, characteristic cutaneous lesions know as angiokeratomas and a distinctive but asymptomatic corneal dystrophy (Clarke et al., 1971). Proteinuria and chronic renal disease occur with increasing age. Severe renal impairment leads to hypertension and uremia. Without dialysis, transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), progressive renal failure is the main cause of death in the 4th decade of life in most hemizygous males with FD. However, a number of variants with residual α-gal A activity with late-onset manifestations primarily limited to the heart or kidney have been described (Desnick et al., 2001; Nakao et al., 1995; Meroni et al., 1997).
The ‘classical phenotype’ includes the pain and paresthesias in extremities, diffused angiokeratoma and hypohidrosis during childhood or adolescence, and also corneal opacities and renal failure (Clarke et al., 1971; Desnick et al., 2004). Fabry nephropathy typically progresses throughout the fifth decade of life to ESRD requiring hemodialysis and/or kidney transplantation. In view of this fact, hemodialysis patients represent an important target group for FD screening (Desnick et al., 2003; Nakao et al., 1995). Death usually occurs due to renal failure, cardiac or cerebrovascular disease. In addition, milder variants with residual α-gal A activity have been described (Desnick et al., 2004; Nakao et al., 1995). The cardiac and renal variants present with either late-onset manifestations primarily limited to the heart or kidney (Desnick et al., 2001; Meroni et al., 1997).
Since the description of the ‘renal variant’ (Nakao et al., 2003), a milder FD phenotype with either late-onset manifestations primarily limited to the kidney, important dialysis screening efforts of ESRD populations have been carried out (Nakao et al., 2003; Linthorst et al., 2003; Torra et al., 2003; Kotamko et al., 2004; Thadhani et al., 2002) and seemed to be worthwhile since kidney failure is an important outcome in FD.
While in an epidemiological point of view FD occurrence is low, on the other hand the FD diagnosis is very important for detection of family members. In view of this fact, dialysis patients represent an important target group for FD screening because they permit to identify FD patients and therefore others carriers among your family members. Each screened confirmed patient could allow early diagnosis of others related subjects, who can get treatment before or in the earlier symptoms manifestations. In these terms, FD screening among ESRD patients consists of an important tool for detection of FD patients and it could be followed by FD screening between family members of the index case. Both pedigree and population screening studies have been described and it can be carried out in subpopulations thought to be at higher risk of disease than the general population (Warnock et al., 2005).
There are some references that the renal Gb-3 content, renal pathology and renal function correlate with residual α-gal A activity in leukocytes (Branton et al., 2002). If renal α-gal A activity correlates with leukocyte α-gal A activity (a reasonable but untested assumption), this suggests that residual enzyme activity in renal parenchymal cells retards progression of renal disease. One case report has suggested that renal α-gal A activity was reduced compared with liver α-gal A activity when each was expressed as a fraction of normal α-gal A activity in that organ; the mechanism for such a finding is unclear (Kano et al., 1974). Similarly, were found that Fabry patients with conservative missense mutations have delayed appearance of renal disease compared with patients with nonconservative missense mutations or others mutations those resulting in deletions, insertions, or premature stop codons (Branton et al., 2002).
According Alroy and colleagues (Alroy et al., 2002) three mechanisms might explain the segmental and global glomerulosclerosis that characterizes Fabry disease: microvascular disease, podoctyte injury, and tubulointerstitial injury. Gubler and colleagues (Gubler et al., 1978) observed that in older Fabry patients, those 25 to 50 year old, the progressive renal pathologic changes in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitium may be related to ischemic change. These changes include glomerulosclerosis, often with wrinkled and partially collapsed glomerular basement membrane, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and vascular thickening. These changes were generally absent or mild in patients under 25 year of age. In particular, these investigators noted that the earliest and most consistent degenerative alteration was arterial “fibrinoid” deposits and suggested that these were due to necrosis of smooth muscle cells fatally overloaded with Gb-3 deposits.
Hypertension is not a common feature of Fabry disease, although it may occur with progressive renal dysfunction (Branton et al., 2002). Therefore, according Gubler and colleagues (Gubler et al., 1978), one mechanism of renal injury in Fabry disease is accumulation of Gb-3 within the arterial vessel wall and subsequent vascular compromise. In this regard, the renal vasculature is similar to the coronary and cerebral vessels, in which large vessel deposition of Gb-3 is associated with premature vascular disease that is responsible for premature death in many patients.
Toxic accumulation of Gb-3 within the podocyte may constitute a second important mechanism of glomerular injury. Podocytes are highly differentiated cells; their foot processes and slit-diaphragms constitute a critical portion of the glomerular filtration barrier that retards the entry large molecules into the urinary space. These cells are post mitotic and fail to undergo proliferation under most pathologic circumstances (an exception being the collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis), which means that they generally are not replaced when they are lost due to lethal injury. Kriz and Lemley (Kriz & Lemlev, 1999) have proposed that when podocytes are lost, the denuded glomerular basement contacts the parietal epithelial cells and forms a synechia. Within the synechia, there is activation and proliferation of cells, especially mesangial cells, the entry of immune cells, including macrophages, and the accumulation extracellular matrix protein. This repair response may be driven in part by the leakage from the circulation into the synechia of macromolecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, via the impaired glomerular filtration barrier. Matrix expansion and subsequent collapse of the capillary loop appears as the focus of solidification. This constitutes the lesion of segmental glomerulosclerosis, which progresses to global glomerulosclerosis.
The Gb-3 also induces podocyte injury, resulting in focal and ultimately global glomerulosclerosis. Deposition of Gb-3 within tubular epithelial cells may lead to focal tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. As this process progresses, the glomeruli upstream of more severely affected tubules may function poorly or not at all. Other glomeruli may undergo hypertrophy to compensate, and hyperfiltration in these glomeruli may trigger a secondary form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Evidence in support of this mechanism would include demonstration of glomerular enlargement, particularly in the early stages of glomerular and tubular injury in Fabry disease.
Alternatively, Eng and colleagues (Eng et al., 2001a) proposed the change in microvascular inclusions in interstitial endothelial cells of kidney, heart, and skin as a primary endpoint in their recent trial of α-gal A replacement. But the importance of this parameter as a potential substitute marker for the progression of renal dysfunction (impaired GFR) and other renal pathology (glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis) is uncertain and needs to be tested in longitudinal studies. Some additional pathologic markers, as mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis were included in another trial of α-gal A replacement (Schiffmann et al., 2000), although these pathologic markers are also untested as appropriate markers for progressive renal functional decline in Fabry disease.
Urinary concentration defects may be the earliest functional manifestation of Fabry renal disease, leading to polyuria and nocturia. However, nephrology referral is more typically initiated by the development of proteinuria. Proteinuria may begin in the teenage years and becomes more frequent when patients reach their 20s and 30s.
In the NIH series (Branton et al., 2002), 33 of 34 patients who had urine protein electrophoresis were found to have glomerular proteinuria, although the proteinuria did not usually reach nephrotic levels. Indeed, 23% of patients progressed to chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) without ever having nephrotic proteinúria and 50% of patients developed CRI by 43 year of age. The full presentation of nephrotic syndrome was not frequent even in those patients who developed nephrotic-range proteinuria. Only 26% of patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria developed hypoalbuminemia, and 21% developed hyperlipidemia. The onset of CRI may begin as early as the second decade of life. The mean age of onset of clinical nephropathy (CRI or proteinuria) has been reported as 27 year (Donati et al., 1987).
End-stage renal disease was the most common cause of death in Fabry patients before the development of dialysis and renal transplantation and ESRD may rarely occur during the teenage years (Branton et al., 2002).
Progression from onset of CRI to ESRD occur in mean of 4 ± 3 yr (range, 1 to 13 yr) and was not affected by patient age at onset of CRI or magnitude of proteinuria (Branton et al., 2002). Besides that, patients with undetectable residual α-gal A activity had higher scores for glomerular pathology (
Fabry patients with proteinuria or CRI should have aggressive treatment of hypertension is present and should probably be treated preferentially with angiotensin antagonist therapy; the latter recommendation is based on theoretical considerations, as definitely proof of efficacy has not been obtained yet.
Two different recombination α-gal A preparations are in use for treating Fabry disease (Schiffmann et al., 2001a; Eng et al., 2001a). One enzyme is produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with classic recombinant technology (agalsidase β, Fabrazyme – Genzyme Corporation), and the other enzyme is produced by cultured human skin fibroblast with an activated promoter of the α-gal A gene (Agalsidase α, Replagal – Shire Human Genetics Therapies). Both recombinant enzymes are quite comparable in properties and differ only alightly in glycan composition (Blom et al., 2003). The two enzyme preparations have independently been examined in clinical investigations and are both registered in Europe for treating Fabry patients. Although both enzyme therapies were found to result in the desired Gb-3 from endothelium, the clinical effects are not robust as anticipated. In some patients, stabilization of renal function and improvenment in cardiac hypertrophy occurs upon therapy, but a considerable number experiences progressive complications (Vedder et al., 2007)
The NIH carried out a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of recombinant α-gal A produced in a human cell line (Replagal; Shire Human Therapies) and administered by biweekly infusion to 26 male Fabry patients for 6 months (Schiffmann et al., 2001a). The primary endpoint of this study was a reduction in neuropathic pain. Significant reductions in the severity of “pain at its worst” and in the use of chronic pain medications were demonstrated. Enzyme replacement therapy was associated with relatively few side effects, chiefly mild transient infusion reactions, which became uncommon when the infusion duration was increased (from 20 to 40 min).
In the same study of Schifmann and colleagues, histologic assessment of renal biopsy samples showed that enzyme therapy was associated with more normal glomeruli (
In another study, Thofhern and colleagues (Thofhern et al., 2009), available 9 patients (7 male, 2 female) during the period between January 1, 2002, and August 1, 2005. They were treated according to protocol, receiving 0.2 mg/kg agalsidase alfa IV every two weeks. Over the course of 36 months of ERT, there was no change in kidney function and 24-hour proteinuria. This suggests that agalsidase alfa may slow or halt the progression of kidney disease when used before extensive kidney damage occurs. No significant side effects were observed with ERT during the course of this study.
Recent results from an open-label extension of enzyme replacement in patients enrolled in the original trial of NIH showed that patients in the initial treatment group continued to have stable or improved renal function measured by inulin and creatinine clearance after 8 months of enzyme therapy. In contrast, patients originally in the placebo group who had shown a decline in renal function demonstrated significantly improved inulin clearance and creatinine clearance after 12 months of enzyme replacement therapy (Schiffmann et al., 2001b). Improved intracardiac conduction as evidenced by significant reduction of QRS complex duration in electrocardiogram (ECG) after 6 months of enzyme treatment was also noted. These new results with enzyme replacement are encouraging and results of continued therapy will be interesting to follow.
Eng and colleagues (Eng et al., 2001b) evaluated the efficacy of recombinant human a-gal A produced in Chinese hamster ovary cell line (Fabrazyme; Genzyme, Boston, MA) in Fabry patients. In an open-label, doseranging study involving 15 patients, these authors found that biweekly infusions given for 10 weeks was associated with reduced kidney Gb-3 content (5 of the 15 patients underwent paired renal biopsies; no statistics given). On glutaraldehyde-fixed, methylene blue–stained kidney biopsy tissue, there was reduced storage material in interstitial capillary endothelial cells and mesangial cells. There was a lesser degree of improvement or no improvement in tubular epithelial cells and glomerular podocytes.
These results obtained by Eng and colleagues were used to design The International Fabry Disease Study, a double blind, randomized placebo controlled trial involving 58 male Fabry patients treated with biweekly intravenous infusions for 20 weeks, with the primary endpoint being clearance of interstitial capillary endothelial cell deposits (Eng et al., 2001a). Complete clearance of interstitial capillary endothelial cell deposits occurred in 20 of 29 of α-gal A–treated patients and 0 of 29 placebo-treated patients (
However, after 11 months of additional open label treatment with agalsidase beta, the renal effects of this ERT were more completely evaluated: clearance of Gb-3 from glomerular endothelial cells, clearance from smooth muscle cells, mesangial cells and cortical interstitial cells, and some clearance from podocytes (Thurberg et al., 2002). These results showing a clear renal benefit with the ERT was followed by an extension for an additional 54 months of treatment with agalsidase beta: complete clearance from endotelial and other cells was maintained and renal function remained stable in all but six patients, in wich progressive disease was associated with significant baseline proteinuria and more glomerular sclerosis (Germain et al., 2007). After that, agalsidase beta (Fabrazyme) was approved for marketing in Europe in 2001, and in the United States in 2003 with the main indication for the reduction in the accumulation of Gb-3 deposits in the capillary endothelium of the kidney. Agalsidase alfa (Replagal) is approved for marketing in Europe and many other countries. Both was recently approved for use in Brazil.
Data from the phase IV trial with agalsidase beta in 82 adults with Fabry disease and renal dysfunction at baseline (creatinine concentration between 1.2 and 3.0 or estimated creatinine clearance less than 80 mL/min), randomly assigned in a two to one treatment to placebo ratio during 35 months, showed a trend to better clinical effect with treatment, although no statistically significant (Banikazemi et al., 2007). Importantly, a secondary analysis found benefits with therapy in those patients with renal function relatively well preserved (clearance ≥ 55mL/min/1.73m2) for those with renal function less than 55mL/min/1.73m2. In addition, an open label treating 58 patients with 1 mg/kg of agalsidase beta for 30 to 36 months demonstrated that baseline proteinuria less than 1 g and glomeruloesclerosis less than 50% showed better evolution and better renal prognostic (Wilcox et al., 2004). All these data suggest that starting therapy before extensive renal damage has been identified might be beneficial for the prevention of progression to renal failure.
In summary, some placebo-controlled clinical trials have shown that 6 months of enzyme replacement therapy with α-gal A is associated with improved glomerular architecture and/or reduced glycolipid deposits in the kidney, and one study also suggested improvement in renal function. These trials have recently been reviewed (Pastores et al., 2002). It makes sense that vascular endothelial cells are especially responsive to intravenously administered enzyme, in that these cells have direct access to the α-gal A present in the circulation. The majority of Gb-3 deposition in the kidney, however, does not appear to be within these cells. Indeed, Schiffmann and colleagues also demonstrated improved glomerular architecture, and results of follow-up studies of renal function are forthcoming (Schiffmann et al., 2001a/b).
All the results of International Study of Fabry Disease with agalsidase beta, including double blind studies, open-label studies and extension studies has shown the best evidence of benefit on the renal function, with low rate of adverse events. Data of these studies demonstrated that 1mg/kg each other week of enzyme replacement are capable of stabilize the renal function mainly when the clearance is relatively well preserved (≥ 55 mL/min/1.73m2), the glomeruli and possibly interstitial tissue is not extensive damaged and the proteinuria is less than 1 g per day.
Additional studies as to whether α-gal A therapy can prevent, slow, halt, or reverse declining renal function in patients with Fabry disease will likely be of 1 year or longer duration, possibly selecting only patients with renal insufficiency for inclusion to maximize the chance of showing a benefit in renal function. Nevertheless, at the present time enzyme replacement therapy holds considerable promise for patients with Fabry disease with and without kidney involvement.
As treatment for Fabry disease is now available the enzyme replacement therapy. This treatment, among other benefits, reduced Gb-3 depositions in renal tissue and could represent a better outcome for FD patients. However, this approach is important if applied before the onset of ESRD when the efficiency of treatment is more evidenced.
This fact also indicates the importance of FD diagnosis before the classical symptoms appear. A better awareness about FD among physicians and scientists should increase the number of patients that will be identified by different specialists and through population and family screening. Subsequently, FD diagnosis should be considered in every patient with unexplained renal disease, especially in patients with painful uncleared episodes, disseminate cutaneous lesions or when cardiac or cerebral complications suggest an underlying mutisystemic disorder.
The results presented here stresses the importance of Fabry disease reports since a single FD diagnosed patient by screening is a potential indicator for finding others Fabry carriers within his family. Because enzyme replacement therapy by recombinant α-gal A has emerged as a promising means to prevent and remove Gb-3 deposition, it is now necessary to make this diagnosis earlier.
In a prior review (2012), literature describing the etiology of fetal brain injury, and its presentation, evolution and management in the neonate was summarized [2]. However, recent advances have considerably increased our knowledge of the nature and prognosis of brain injury, and what can be done to treat and prevent it.
The importance of maternal and fetal health throughout the nine months of intrauterine life remains. But the vulnerability of the fetus to adverse events related to labor and delivery is better understood, and more readily anticipated. Substantial progress has also been made in the care of neonates, our understanding of the pathogenesis of injury, and protective strategies which can help to prevent or mitigate permanent injury. It is now clear that acute brain injury is a continuum; hypoxia and ischemia in particular generate a sequence of physiologic consequences where the acute phase of injury is followed by a period of latency, and then brain cells undergo secondary energy failure where a cascade of disruptive events occurs which leads ultimately to programmed cell death. This understanding is particularly valuable, as it now guides investigation linked to both the diagnosis and prognosis of injury, and provides critical opportunities for novel care strategies.
The birth and care of infants born prematurely remains challenging. The inherent immaturity of their organ systems and complex therapies they require makes them vulnerable physiologically to a spectrum of potentially adverse events; the result is a significant incidence of long-term cognitive and motor deficits. In spite of advances in obstetric and neonatal care lowering the overall prevalence of complications, the incidence of cerebral palsy has not reduced significantly. But it is clear now that a strong relationship exists between gestational age at delivery and the probability of both survival and discharge without major handicap, with every additional week in utero tending to improve the chances of a good outcome [3].
Fetal and neonatal brain injury, and the long-term neurodevelopmental handicap caused, is an extremely important problem, and especially so in premature infants, because of the large absolute number born. Research documents that infants born very prematurely (<32 weeks gestation), and those with an extremely low birth weight (<1000 g), are at increased risk for neurobehavioral impairments (cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness), lower general intelligence, specific cognitive defects, learning disabilities, and behavioral and emotional problems [2, 3]. Modern neonatal care does now enable an increasing number of these infants to survive and escape significant handicaps. Survival of extremely preterm infants (<25 weeks gestation) remains rare, but in Europe and the USA 75-90% of infants who weigh <1500 g at birth now survive, however 5-10% of them develop cerebral palsy subsequently, and many have cognitive, behavioral, attention-related or socialization deficits.
Normal fetal growth is a continuum that must be appreciated in order to fully understand the causes, evolution, and consequences of abnormalities in brain development. Key factors have been reviewed previously [2]. Genetic anomalies are the principal cause of fetal loss, and structural abnormalities are commonly evident at a macroscopic and microscopic level. Advances in genetic screening and analysis have led to genetic studies becoming an integral part of the workup of an increasing number of infants. Genetic counseling is central to prevention in situations where there is a family history of a genetic brain abnormality, birth of a prior infant with an anomaly, or predisposition to a genetic problem due to racial or age-related factors. An autopsy and placental pathology are important after fetal loss.
Embryonic development progresses rapidly after conception, so that a large proportion of the brain’s structure is already formed by the time many women become aware that they are pregnant. By the end of the first trimester (3 months of gestation), all the main structures of the central nervous system are formed and so brain growth alone follows between this time and fetal maturity (40 weeks). Hence the relevance of more people understanding the concepts currently articulated in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) [4] and the importance of:
health at the time of conception (both paternal and maternal);
the detrimental effects on the fetal brain of drugs, alcohol and nicotine;
the beneficial effects of a maternal diet that provides essential nutrients
maternal nutrition and weight gain that avoids fetal stunting or overweight
Impaired fetal growth secondary to poor maternal nutrition or placental insufficiency can be associated with reduced brain development; growth retarded infants are at increased risk of hypoxic stress and hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury due to altered placental blood flow and sub-optimal fetal oxygenation, particularly at the time of delivery. Suboptimal nutrition also poses the risk of hypoglycemic brain injury immediately after birth; the impact of this form of brain injury can now be defined through neuroimaging [5]. At the opposite end of the spectrum, being large for gestational age, post mature, or the product of a multiple pregnancy poses unique challenges, and increases the risk of HI injury [2]. In addition, surviving infants born small or large for gestational age are at increased risk of developing adult-onset chronic diseases (e.g. hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, obesity); the current epidemic of non-communicable diseases has been shown to be linked to early stunting of growth and excessive infant weight gain [4].
Importantly many of the causes of brain damage are now avoidable or amenable to treatment. Neuroimaging protocols help to define both the timing and geographic location of injury, and document the evolution of neuronal changes through defined phases over time [6, 7]. In the acute phase, damage follows decreased cerebral blood flow and reduced oxygen and glucose delivery and resulting ischemia and acidosis. A period of latency follows with transient recovery of energy metabolism. Then an ‘excito-oxidative’ cascade leads to cerebral energy failure and progression to cell death [8, 9, 10]. In this phase, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production affects membrane integrity; intracellular accumulation of sodium and water follows, and brain cell injury is caused by neuronal depolarization, glutamate release, an influx of calcium, and release of toxic nitric oxide free radicals. The ‘therapeutic window’ offered by the ‘latent phase’ now allows interventions to ameliorate the effects of HI injury, and hypothermia initiated within 6 hours of age shows particular promise.
Clinical effects of hypoxia include a disturbance of acid base status. An unrelieved hypoxic event in the fetus causes progressive acidosis which leads to systemic organ dysfunction, including cardiac depression, where compromised contractility and filling reduce cardiac output leading to a reduction in CBF and high risk of brain insult when cerebral hypoxia and ischemia occur. Importantly, cardiac functional impairment can precede depression of fetal heart rate. Hypoxic insults depress brain function, so following intrapartum insults infants are neurologically abnormal at birth, often require resuscitation to initiate breathing, and cardiovascular support can be needed to stimulate heart function and provide adequate blood pressure and circulation. Tone and behavior usually remain abnormal on admission to the nursery; encephalopathy developing in the hours or days after birth is confirmation that a significant HI insult resulting in brain injury has occurred.
Hypoxic ischemic brain injury is estimated to occur in about 3 out of every 1000 births [8]. Diagnostic features include problems with level of consciousness, tone, respiratory drive, and coordination of sucking and swallowing, and seizure activity which is commonly refractory. In the longer term, the consequences of injury vary between death (15-20%) and complete recovery, with the spectrum of permanent brain injury ranging from mild motor and cognitive defects, to cerebral palsy and severe cognitive disabilities. The pattern and consequences of injury depend on the severity and duration of the insult. The neurovascular and anatomical maturity of the brain relative to the gestational age of the fetus is also a primary factor; co-related elements include the adequacy of metabolic reserves available to the fetus to compensate for oxidative stress, the presence or absence of infection, and pre-existing abnormalities in brain growth and development. Different regions of the fetal brain and individual cell lines have gestation specific vulnerability to damage.
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is predominately a condition affecting the preterm infant. The primary causal mechanism is HI injury, with ischemia being the major component. PVL acquired intrapartum is usually associated with abnormal neurological findings at birth, but may manifest as lower limb weakness evident in the first weeks of life. PVL can be aggravated by, or generated as a result of postnatal events. Neurobiologic research has shown that maturational dependent oligodendroglial precursor cells are a major target in PVL, and these are exquisitely vulnerable to damage by free radicals generated during ischemia and reperfusion. PVL is associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in approximately 25% of cases. The pathogenesis of IVH is usually multifactorial, and related to: fluctuating CBF; increased cerebral venous pressure; decreased CBF followed by reperfusion; and disorders of coagulation, platelet function and capillary integrity [11].
The commonest clinical situation where pathogenic factors combine to generate sufficient ischemia to cause PVL is when a sick preterm infant requires mechanical ventilation, and problems occur during ‘uncontrolled’ intubation, with ‘fighting the ventilator,’ or when a pneumothorax (air leak) compresses the lung, which raises intrathoracic pressure and disrupts normal blood return to the heart; in turn, this reduces cardiac output and brain blood flow. Vascular factors are also relevant; blood transfusion or rapid IV volume replacement pose potential risk due to the pressure passive nature of the immature cerebral circulation; systemic variations in blood pressure, sequelae of sepsis, and the cerebral effects of hypocarbia can render an infant symptomatic. Many infants with PVL have a normal neurologic outcome. Those with permanent sequelae exhibit a range of problems with varying degrees of severity; including intellectual and visual deficits, usually superimposed on spastic paresis involving the extremities, where the lower limbs are predominantly affected.
In late prematurity (34 weeks to 36 weeks plus 6 days gestation), the vulnerability of the brain to injury, and the pattern of damage commonly seen are different, due to increased structural and functional maturation; at 34 weeks of gestation the brain has 65% of its term volume compared to 13% at 28 weeks, and a fivefold increase in white matter volume occurs between 35 and 41 weeks of gestation.
Gestation in weeks | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27-31 | 32-34 |
Percentage of survivors | 0% | 11.6% | 30% | 47.5% | 81.3% | 96.8% |
Gestation-related survival without grade 3/4 intraventricular hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity stage 3 or higher, severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or necrotizing enterocolitis stage 2-3 [3].
Ischemia is the principal mechanism underlying brain damage; lesions include white matter infarction, intra-ventricular hemorrhage, hydranencephaly, and porencephaly. In up to 58% of TTTS affected pregnancies combined US evidence is reported of antenatally acquired brain abnormalities and IVH, and periventricular echogenicity assumed to be perinatally acquired [20]. Fetal MRI can identify CNS injury; findings range from ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions in the brain to marked dilation of the cerebral venous sinuses secondary to central venous hypertension.
US can also evaluate flow in the umbilical vein (UV) and ductus venosus (DV). Normally, the UV blood flow velocity waveform has an even non-pulsating pattern, since the pulse waves caused by atrial contractions are not propagated backwards through the narrow ductus venosus. However, if the DV widens, the pulse waves propagate into the UV and result in a pulsating pattern. UV pulsations were first described in fetuses in imminent danger of asphyxia, then in those hydropic due to heart failure. In fetuses exposed to chronic hypoxia, UV pulsations predict poor outcome [21]. The presence of absent or reversed flow in the DV during atrial systole (defined as absent/reversed a-wave) is associated with poor perinatal outcomes because of compromise to mechanisms that normally preferentially supply the fetal brain with well oxygenated blood. The function of the DV is to shunt a portion of the oxygenated blood arriving from the placenta directly to the inferior vena cava, allowing oxygenated blood to bypass the liver. Consequently, DV flow plays a critical role in preferentially supplying oxygen to the fetal brain, in parallel with the other fetal shunts (foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus). And so, US evidence of an absent or reversed a-wave in the DV identifies those fetuses who are at the highest risk of hypoxic brain injury in utero [13, 22, 23].
The expectation of maternal treatment, even for severe TTTS, is for improvement, with probable resolution in utero [24], including regression of fetal cardiovascular pathology and improved myocardial performance. Recovery may take longer in more severely affected pregnancies, but this is not the case in all series. Survival, particularly for the recipient twin, is likely to be compromised if treatment is delayed [25] hence the relevance of US surveillance and early diagnosis [17].
Many cytokines are vasoactive, so in the immature brain, focal variations in brain perfusion could result in local ischemia followed by reperfusion; such perturbations may cause cumulative injury to brain white matter due to the primitive neuro-vascular architecture, immature autoregulatory control mechanisms, and sensitivity of maturational dependent cells to free radical damage. The germinal matrix is also particularly vulnerable to variations in brain blood flow and blood pressure [11]; consequently, it has been hypothesized that periventricular hemorrhage would be more likely to occur in the preterm fetus exposed to FIRS.
The initial literature supported a role for inflammatory mediators in premature labor and delivery; linked maternal infection and pro-inflammatory mediators in the neonatal systemic circulation with increased risk of periventricular leukomalacia and/or spastic diplegia; emphasized the synergistic role of inflammation and hypoxia and ischemia when they occur together; and reported a higher incidence of HI brain damage where fetal exposure to maternal inflammation/infection occurred [2]. This literature also states: “For the premature fetus, once clinical chorioamnionitis occurs, rates of sepsis, pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome and death are all increased by 2-4-fold and long-term neurologic injury is substantially more likely to occur” [29]. Strategies can be used to down-regulate the inflammatory response and treat mothers with signs and symptoms of infection; some antibiotic therapies reduce cytokine production; because of the independent association of elevated maternal temperature with worse fetal outcome, appropriate management to control fever is also cited as a treatment of potential benefit [30, 31].
Recent literature reappraises prior FIRS-related research. Isolated cytokine-mediated injury is not reported in term infants [11], and in the premature newborn, newer studies have found the relationship between chorioamnionitis and brain injury to be attenuated; this difference may result from heterogeneity of the studies, or possibly improved neonatal intensive care [32]. Current literature does conflict on whether or not histopathological chorioamnionitis is linked to an increased risk of white matter injury and intraventricular hemorrhage, or with abnormalities of brain development identifiable via MRI (e.g. variations in cortical thickness). But research continues to emphasize that postnatal complications from infections, particularly when associated with hypotension in the premature newborn, are associated with an increased risk of white matter injury [33, 34].
Population data indicate that blood glucose levels as low as 2.0 mmol/L (or even 1.8 mmol/L at 1 hour of age) are not uncommon in healthy newborns. However, various syndromes and metabolic conditions cause or contribute to hypoglycemia. Importantly, HI injury can disrupt normal metabolic adaptation, as anaerobic glycolysis depletes hepatic glycogen and hyperinsulinism can also occur; there is a correlation between lower serum glucose levels and higher Sarnat stages in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
For at-risk infants, outcome data support raising the intervention threshold from conventional levels. Current screening and management guidelines are that neonates with hypoglycemia persisting beyond the first 72 should be investigated further when levels remain ≤2.8 mmol/L, and ≥ 3.3 mmol/L should be the therapeutic glucose target level in symptomatic/at risk infants. Also, before discharge, those experiencing persistent hypoglycemia should have a 5-6 hour fast, while maintaining blood glucose levels ≥3.3 mmol/L, to ensure safety at home [39].
Differing patterns of damage now help to distinguish hypoglycemic from HI brain injury [5, 40, 41]; the combination on MRI of selective edema in the posterior white matter and pulvinar appears specific even in absence of hypoglycemic laboratory values. In neonates with concurrent hypoglycemia and HIE, injury is synergistic, and the imaging features of both HI injury and hypoglycemia may be detected [5].
As the physiologist Haldane said: “Hypoxia not only stops the machine it wrecks the machinery” [2]. A healthy fetus can respond to, and tolerate, the early effects of hypoxia, and the degree of acidosis that occurs initially in response to the associated retention of carbon dioxide. Acute hypoxia promotes adenosine release, which reduces fetal cerebral oxygen consumption via action on neuronal A1 receptors on the cerebral arteries, and initiates vasodilatation through activation of A2 receptors; release of nitric oxide and opioids and direct effects of hypoxia on the vascular endothelium also contribute [53]. As a result, while fetal vascular resistance can decrease up to 50%, the net effect is to maintain CBF with only minimal reduction in oxygen delivery; but normal or elevated mean arterial blood pressure is critical in parallel, and once hypotension ensues the brain suffers from the resulting ischemia.
With moderate HI stress and evolving acidosis, the fetus also has the physiologic ability to preferentially perfuse the deep structures of the brain that have higher metabolic rates (brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia). However, this compensatory redistribution of blood from the anterior to the posterior circulation results in the brain’s cortical areas being less well perfused, and hence, if ongoing hypoxia remains unrecognized and unrelieved over the course of an hour or more, the end result is damage to cortical white matter, and the watershed areas of the cerebral hemispheres. In contrast to this partial prolonged pattern of injury, situations occur where the HI event is near total in nature and the effect profound. With such insults, acidosis develops relatively abruptly, and little or no compensatory redistribution of blood to the deep brain structures occurs, because there is no time for effective redistribution of CBF to maintain their perfusion. Hence it is the basal ganglia and thalami that are predominantly injured, and damage happens over a much shorter time frame [9, 54, 55, 56]. In the premature, mild to moderate HI injury results in periventricular leukomalacia and germinal matrix bleeds, and in full term neonates parasagittal watershed infarcts are seen [55, 57]; severe injury in both term and preterm infants involves deep gray matter.
Distinction between partial/prolonged and near total/profound/patterns of injury is important from a diagnostic and prognostic standpoint, for understanding potential mechanisms for prevention, and over issues of causation in a medico-legal context. Modern neuroimaging is the definitive way to distinguish between them based on the selective geographic patterns of brain damage caused. Importantly however, mixed patterns of injury are also seen that involve both the cortex and deep structures [55, 57]. The mechanisms involved can be either superimposed insults involving periods of both partial/prolonged and near total/profound injury, or, situations where partial and prolonged injury is severe enough to extend to involve the deep brain nuclei, or vice versa, when a near total, profound event is extensive enough to also involve cortical damage [11, 58].
The time line of near-total HI events can be extrapolated from data obtained in animal studies, where fetal monkeys were exposed to complete (i.e. total) hypoxia and ischemia, generated by ligating the umbilical cord and preventing breathing. These animals could tolerate 10 minutes of HI insult without permanent effects if delivered and resuscitated immediately, but, where the HI event was continued beyond this 10-minute period for an additional 10 minutes, a progressive and cumulative increase in the level of neurological damage was then evident. Where the whole insult extended beyond 20 minutes, the fetal monkeys died, in spite of delivery and immediate resuscitation.
In applying these data to the human fetus, it is recognized that what occurs most often is a near total (profound) interruption of brain blood flow and oxygen delivery, rather than an event where hypoxia and ischemia are absolutely total in nature. Hence the time-line for tolerance of such events, and the period over which brain damage evolves, are accepted as being longer than in the landmark animal studies conducted by Myers [59, 60, 61, 62]. For this reason, it is generally agreed that approximately 15 minutes, and possibly up to 20 minutes, of sudden profound asphyxia can be tolerated by the human fetus prior to brain damage beginning (in contrast to the 10 minutes seen in the animal model). Then, after this ‘grace’ period, damage to the brain begins to occur, and over a further period of 15 to 20 minutes the extent and severity of injury become progressively more profound over time. And beyond this time frame, a human fetus is usually born dead. It is important to recognize that the principal mechanism that causes fetal asphyxial brain injury is cerebral ischemia caused by the severe reduction in CBF that occurs as a result of hypoxic myocardial depression significantly reducing cardiac output (CO). The fetal heart has a fixed stroke volume, which means that CO, and the amount of blood supplied to the brain are a direct function of the rate of contraction; so, for example, with bradycardia where fetal heart rate slows to half normal, this equates to a 50% fall in CO, and a comparable reduction in CBF will result. CO also decreases where tachycardia accompanies hypoxic stress; at high heart rates poor contractility secondary to acidosis is then compounded by incomplete atrial filling in diastole.
The relationships between the geographic pattern of asphyxial brain injury and type of resulting disability have been defined [63], and the predictors of long-term morbidity delineated [64]. Near-total insults of moderate duration and degree which have the basal ganglia and thalamic pattern of damage, predominantly lead to athetoid or dystonic cerebral palsy, with intact or mildly impaired cognitive development. When severe, near-total insults damage the cerebral cortex in addition to the deep brain structures; and severe spastic quadriplegia results, with microcephaly, significant cognitive deficits and cortical visual impairment. The extent of injury is strongly associated with the intensity of resuscitation, the degree of encephalopathy, and severity of seizures [55, 65]. Prolonged partial insults of moderate degree with injury confined to watershed regions cause variable degrees of cognitive deficit and epilepsy, and can be associated with spastic quadriplegia. But, when more severe or prolonged, injury causes extensive cortical brain involvement, or global brain injury; the end result is spastic quadriplegia, severe cognitive impairment, cortical visual impairment, and microcephaly. In addition, symptomatic brainstem involvement can be associated with severe patterns of injury, and lead to non-survival [66].
Hallmarks of neonatal encephalopathy are neurological depression, with altered level of consciousness and often respiratory depression, abnormal muscle tone and power, disturbances of cranial nerve function, and seizures. HI injury is strongly suggested in a neurologically depressed infant by associated acidosis, and further confirmed by concomitant multi-organ injury [58, 65, 68].
Acidosis has two components: respiratory - from retained carbon dioxide, and metabolic - from accumulation of fixed acids (lactic acid and β-hydroxybutyrate). While acidosis present at birth usually resolves in the first hours of life, HIE progresses with further depression of consciousness, abnormalities in tone and movement, and onset of seizures. Infants exhibit a range of behaviors and alterations of conscious level from lethargy and obtundation to irritability and a hyper-alert state. Similarly, disorders of tone range from a marked decrease to hyper-tonicity. Abnormal movements include tremors, jitteriness, mouthing and blinking, and ‘bicycling’ of the legs, through to frank seizures. Other manifestations include apnea, with bradycardia and impaired oxygen saturation, shrill cry, feeding difficulty (due to poor coordination of suck or altered peristalsis, and occasionally brain stem damage), absence of the Moro and/or gag reflexes, and exaggeration of deep tendon reflexes. Decerebrate or decorticate posturing may be seen. Sarnat et al. defined three levels of severity (mild, moderate and severe); these are linked to the probability that HIE will result in permanent neurological consequences [69].
The pathophysiology of HIE is now better understood and treatment with hypothermia has become the foundation of therapy [67]. All affected infants require supportive management that anticipates and limits the adverse effects on the brain of fluctuations in cerebral perfusion, metabolic instability, sepsis, sub-optimal respiration, and any situation that increases oxygen and energy demands. This involves correction of hypotension, attention to glucose, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, maintenance of PaCO2 in the normal range, and treatment of seizures [58, 67]. Neuroimaging (US, CT, MRI) is best done at defined periods after injury [41, 57]; MRI in particular can then define the diagnosis, pattern, severity, timing and prognosis, and help rationalize hypothermia and other interventions, including the withdrawal of support. Several neuroprotective agents that can be combined with hypothermia have entered clinical trials; new biomarkers for HIE are being sought [70]. Affected survivors need follow up to manage their handicaps.
The effects of hypoxia extend beyond the brain [9, 11, 67, 68], associated injury to other organs principally occurs due to compensatory redistribution of blood during partial and prolonged insults, but can follow profound, near total episodes; 60-80% of affected neonates exhibit single or multiple organ injury [68].
The fetus often passes meconium (fetal bowel contents) in utero due to hypoxia; a combination of gut ischemia and reduced sphincter tone secondary to neurological depression is the likely mechanism, hence, the presence of meconium is a marker for probable HI. Following a recent event, meconium seen is usually thick and green; after a remote event, because mixing with amniotic fluid disperses and thins the meconium, the liquor is evenly discolored, and the fetal skin may be stained green.
In the neonate, multiple organs can show varying effects from hypoxia.
Normally, oxygenated blood from the placenta flows through the UV and preferentially supplies the fetal brain and heart via shunts that bypass the liver; repeated uterine contractions during labor exert a significant, but manageable metabolic stress on the fetus. But when labor is precipitous, or contractions are abnormally frequent or prolonged, uterine artery blood flow becomes restricted, and inter-contraction restoration of placental perfusion is delayed as it is dependent on uterine relaxation; in this and similar scenarios maternal to fetal oxygen transfer via the UV can suffer sufficiently for HI injury to occur. Where blood return through the UA is also affected, normal removal of carbon dioxide from the fetus is reduced.
Acidosis occurs as a consequence of cellular hypoxia (inadequate oxygenation), tissue ischemia (inadequate blood flow) and retention of carbon dioxide; the unit of measurement, pH, is on a logarithmic scale, so small differences represent a major change in the degree of acidosis. Bicarbonate naturally buffers acid production; as reserves are depleted, base deficit increases. With resolution of acidosis, PCO2 values are restored first, followed by bicarbonate and pH; base deficit remains abnormal longest. Normal cell metabolism only occurs when pH is held within a narrow range, beyond these limits, cells progressively lose their ability to sustain normal function and maintain their metabolic integrity, and organs begin to fail.
Blood gas data are compared to the reference range of the testing laboratory. Significant, recent HI stress usually manifests with low oxygen, elevated PCO2, low pH, low bicarbonate and high base deficit, with UA values most affected. However, it is most relevant clinically to define pathological acidosis as the threshold at which the incidence of adverse events starts to correlate strongly [83]. Criteria to define an acute intrapartum event as sufficient to cause cerebral palsy include UA pH <7.00 and base deficit of >12; infants with a pH <7.0 who are not vigorous are at high risk of adverse outcome [84], and the threshold for moderate or severe newborn complications is defined as a UA base deficit of >12 [85]. With worsening acidosis progression of adverse sequelae rises sharply; in one reported series, HIE occurred in 12% of infants with cord pH <7.0, in 33% with pH <6.9, and in 80% with pH <6.7; a pH <6.8 equated with the probability of neonatal death [86]. Persisting lactic acidosis is associated with severe encephalopathy [82]. Identifying those at risk is especially important now, since neuroprotection strategies are available.
Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are used to identify anemia and polycythemia where too few or too many red cells are circulating respectively. Both circumstances compromise oxygen delivery; anemia by limiting the amount of oxygen that can be transported, and polycythemia by reducing the ease with which blood flows, which also increases the risk of blood vessel occlusion (thrombosis), and is one of the mechanisms underlying stroke. Also, by following serial measurements from birth, situations can be identified where bleeding occurred while the fetus was in utero. After significant blood loss, the volume of the blood in the circulation is reduced, but the hemoglobin concentration remains the same initially, then, as physiological compensation for the blood lost occurs, fluid is drawn into the circulation to restore blood volume and, as a consequence, hemoglobin concentration and the number of red cells per unit of volume (hematocrit) fall.
Like US and CT, MRI scans are best done at defined intervals after birth (3-5 and 10-14 days of life) for accurate diagnosis, timing and evolution of injury [55, 57]. Pathology identified includes structural developmental abnormalities, edema, hemorrhage, early ischemic damage, localization of the predominant injury to either cortical tissue or deep brain structures, the evolution and end stages of scarring, and, onset and progression of hydrocephalus or microcephaly. Importantly, intrapartum and late antepartum HI damage can be distinguished from congenital structural effects or lesions due to acquired causes that occurred well prior to birth, so MRI scans can identify damage caused to an otherwise normal and pristine brain.
MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and diffusion-weighted MRI have identified the patterns of brain injury that evolve after HI insults. Studies also define the severity of the insult and can indicate the age at which it probably occurred. Injury evolves over days, if not weeks before the final stage with scarring is evident. The anatomical regions of the brain affected define the mechanism of injury. Distinction can be made between an insult that involved a relatively short period of total or near total hypoxia/ischemia (profound hypotension), or one occurring over a more prolonged period where HI was partial in degree (moderate hypotension).
In near total insults, the most metabolically active brain structures are damaged; the lentiform nuclei, especially the posterior putamina, the ventrolateral thalami, the Rolandic cortex and the hippocampi are predominantly injured, while there is little or no involvement of the remainder of the cerebral cortex.
In contrast, in partial and prolonged hypoxia, cortical white matter integrity is compromised, and there is relative preservation of the basal ganglia and thalami. In severe cases the whole cortex may be involved, while with milder injury, the principal areas damaged are the interfaces between the perfusion zones of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries. An excellent schematic derived from a medicolegal database of MR images of term neonates with partial-prolonged HI injury illustrates the geography of the inter-arterial watershed zone [89].
While these are the two distinctive and predominant patterns of HI brain injury seen, in reality, the type, pattern, duration and variability in severity of HI are a continuum, so there is a spectrum of MRI findings, and mixed patterns of damage are seen, with changes of varying degree in both the basal ganglia thalami and cortical regions [55, 57]. Very severe injury from moderate or profound hypotension can also cause global brain involvement, and extend to include the brainstem [66].
MRI detectable changes take time to evolve; the first abnormality seen is diffusion restriction which peaks at about 72 hours [57]; brain edema, identified as T2 hyperintensity, reflects the progression of energy failure that follows brain cell damage, and precedes cell death due to the apoptosis necrosis continuum. Where there is significant involvement of the cortex, abnormal T1 hyperintensity is evident from about 1 week following the HI event; this can persist for several weeks. T1 hyperintensity due to basal ganglia damage is visualized over a similar time frame. The end result of injury is permanent scaring (gliosis), and compensatory enlargement of the ventricles (ventriculomegaly) [7, 55, 57].
Destructive lesions characterized by periventricular hyperintensity, focal defects in the germinal matrix, and areas of abnormal signal intensity occur in developing white matter. In encephalopathic term newborns, non-cystic white matter injury is a distinct and common pattern. A helpful sign in those >37 weeks gestation is loss of normal signal intensity in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Hemorrhage is associated with hypointense areas; signal intensity depends on degree of evolution.
Periventricular leukomalacia can develop during fetal life and in the newborn period. Imaging predominantly identifies PVL in preterm infants, but importantly, lesions also occur in term and late preterm infants (those born between 34 weeks and 0 days and 36 weeks plus 6 days gestation) [90].
Fetal MR imaging is a technique that complements prenatal sonography as it has higher contrast resolution and allows direct visualization of the fetal brain, and hence more readily identifies both cerebral malformations and destructive lesions, including agenesis of the corpus callosum, cerebellar dysplasia, germinal matrix hemorrhage, IVH, multicystic encephalomalacia, periventricular leukomalacia, periventricular nodular heterotopias, porencephaly, and sulcation anomalies. For post-natal studies, diffusion-weighted MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy are the most sensitive modalities for diagnosis in the early hours following injury.
Future advances in MRI hardware and software will likely enable neuroimaging technologies to contribute more by further delineating the site(s), progression and extent of injury; this will aid evaluation of causation and timing, and advance care strategies able to reverse or mitigate the long-term effects of perinatal brain injury.
Prevention of brain damage requires knowledge of the etiologies underlying injury, awareness of the availability of preventive measures, and timely employment of them to address the underlying cause. In addition, situations that may aggravate existing or evolving brain injury need to be anticipated, recognized, and appropriate evidence-based care provided that is capable of improving outcome.
In future, earlier initiation of cooling after resuscitation may prove beneficial; ongoing research aims to identify other neuroprotective approaches that can be used in parallel, and evaluate potentially beneficial therapeutic agents; ways that may help reduce the incidence of IVH during rewarming are also being explored.
Many causes of fetal and neonatal brain injury are now preventable. The consequences of cerebral hypoxia and ischemia remain considerable. Evidence-based care strategies during pregnancy and for premature and sick newborns infants are improving outcome.
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
',metaTitle:"Careers at IntechOpen",metaDescription:"Employee quote to be added",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/careers-at-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
\n\n\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2459},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11702",title:"Eye Diseases - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Therapeutic Options",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"228ecdcbf2ffae4e8cfeedfc7e0fa922",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salvatore Di Lauro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11702.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11910",title:"Frontiers in Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc53a7599a61ed04a0672a7bca81e9c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajendrachari Shashanka, Dr. Kiran Kenchappa Somashekharappa, Dr. Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegouda and Dr. Shamanth Vasanth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11910.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11881",title:"Ventricular Assist Devices - Advances and Applications in Heart Failure",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c5136113dda974a93f03ba12724b31b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Enkhsaikhan Purevjav, Dr. Hugo R. Martinez, Dr. Mohammed Absi, Dr. Jeffrey Allen Towbin and Dr. Umar Boston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11881.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"231585",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Enkhsaikhan",surname:"Purevjav",slug:"enkhsaikhan-purevjav",fullName:"Enkhsaikhan Purevjav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11800",title:"Cyanobacteria - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"645b037b086ec8c36af614326dce9804",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Archana Tiwari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11800.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11922",title:"Watermarking - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:417},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"564",title:"Ubiquitous Computing",slug:"ubiquitous-computing",parent:{id:"90",title:"Computer Science and Engineering",slug:"computer-science-and-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:42,numberOfWosCitations:74,numberOfCrossrefCitations:52,numberOfDimensionsCitations:108,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"564",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"116",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"897d50d8b6fb91d0957ce38776069702",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Matthias Schmidt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/116.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21289",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Schmidt",slug:"matthias-schmidt",fullName:"Matthias Schmidt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"14397",doi:"10.5772/15529",title:"Understanding Virtual Reality Technology: Advances and Applications",slug:"understanding-virtual-reality-technology-advances-and-applications",totalDownloads:3395,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Moses Okechukwu Onyesolu and Felista Udoka Eze",authors:[{id:"21147",title:"Prof.",name:"Moses",middleName:"Okechukwu",surname:"Onyesolu",slug:"moses-onyesolu",fullName:"Moses Onyesolu"},{id:"24832",title:"Mr.",name:"Felista Udoka",middleName:null,surname:"Eze",slug:"felista-udoka-eze",fullName:"Felista Udoka Eze"}]},{id:"14403",doi:"10.5772/15662",title:"Longitudinal Vibration of Isotropic Solid Rods: From Classical to Modern Theories",slug:"longitudinal-vibration-of-isotropic-solid-rods-from-classical-to-modern-theories",totalDownloads:4894,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Michael Shatalov, Julian Marais, Igor Fedotov and Michel Djouosseu Tenkam",authors:[{id:"8202",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Shatalov",slug:"michael-shatalov",fullName:"Michael Shatalov"}]},{id:"14405",doi:"10.5772/16062",title:"Estimation of Space Air Change Rates and CO2 Generation Rates for Mechanically-Ventilated Buildings",slug:"estimation-of-space-air-change-rates-and-co2-generation-rates-for-mechanically-ventilated-buildings",totalDownloads:2783,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Xiaoshu Lu, Tao Lu and Martti Viljanen",authors:[{id:"2657",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoshu",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"xiaoshu-lu",fullName:"Xiaoshu Lu"},{id:"23028",title:"M.Sc",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"tao-lu",fullName:"Tao Lu"},{id:"23029",title:"Prof.",name:"Martti",middleName:null,surname:"Viljanen",slug:"martti-viljanen",fullName:"Martti Viljanen"}]},{id:"14402",doi:"10.5772/15313",title:"Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Pneumatic Systems",slug:"mathematical-modelling-and-simulation-of-pneumatic-systems",totalDownloads:4849,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Djordje Dihovicni and Miroslav Medenica",authors:[{id:"20314",title:"Dr.",name:"Djordje",middleName:null,surname:"Dihovicni",slug:"djordje-dihovicni",fullName:"Djordje Dihovicni"},{id:"20315",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Medenica",slug:"miroslav-medenica",fullName:"Miroslav Medenica"}]},{id:"14406",doi:"10.5772/16025",title:"Decontamination of Solid and Powder Foodstuffs using DIC Technology",slug:"decontamination-of-solid-and-powder-foodstuffs-using-dic-technology",totalDownloads:4050,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Tamara Allaf, Colette Besombes, Ismail Mih, Laurent Lefevre and Karim Allaf",authors:[{id:"22910",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Karim Salim",middleName:null,surname:"Allaf",slug:"abdul-karim-salim-allaf",fullName:"Abdul Karim Salim Allaf"},{id:"22911",title:"Ms.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Allaf",slug:"tamara-allaf",fullName:"Tamara Allaf"},{id:"24143",title:"Ms.",name:"Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Besombes",slug:"colette-besombes",fullName:"Colette Besombes"},{id:"24144",title:"Mr.",name:"Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Mih",slug:"ismail-mih",fullName:"Ismail Mih"},{id:"24145",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",slug:"laurent-lefevre",fullName:"Laurent Lefevre"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"14409",title:"How to Prove Period-Doubling Bifurcations Existence for Systems of any Dimension - Applications in Electronics and Thermal Field",slug:"how-to-prove-period-doubling-bifurcations-existence-for-systems-of-any-dimension-applications-in-ele",totalDownloads:3909,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Céline Gauthier-Quémard",authors:[{id:"19422",title:"Dr.",name:"Céline",middleName:null,surname:"Gauthier-Quémard",slug:"celine-gauthier-quemard",fullName:"Céline Gauthier-Quémard"}]},{id:"14394",title:"Next Generation Self-learning Style in Pervasive Computing Environments",slug:"next-generation-self-learning-style-in-pervasive-computing-environments",totalDownloads:2346,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Kaoru Ota, Mianxiong Dong, Long Zheng, Jun Ma, Li Li, Daqiang Zhang and Minyi Guo",authors:[{id:"18150",title:"Dr.",name:"Mianxiong",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",slug:"mianxiong-dong",fullName:"Mianxiong Dong"}]},{id:"14401",title:"Object Oriented Modeling of Rotating Electrical Machines",slug:"object-oriented-modeling-of-rotating-electrical-machines",totalDownloads:3457,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Christian Kral and Anton Haumer",authors:[{id:"2951",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Kral",slug:"christian-kral",fullName:"Christian Kral"},{id:"22442",title:"Mr.",name:"Anton",middleName:null,surname:"Haumer",slug:"anton-haumer",fullName:"Anton Haumer"}]},{id:"14406",title:"Decontamination of Solid and Powder Foodstuffs using DIC Technology",slug:"decontamination-of-solid-and-powder-foodstuffs-using-dic-technology",totalDownloads:4051,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Tamara Allaf, Colette Besombes, Ismail Mih, Laurent Lefevre and Karim Allaf",authors:[{id:"22910",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Karim Salim",middleName:null,surname:"Allaf",slug:"abdul-karim-salim-allaf",fullName:"Abdul Karim Salim Allaf"},{id:"22911",title:"Ms.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Allaf",slug:"tamara-allaf",fullName:"Tamara Allaf"},{id:"24143",title:"Ms.",name:"Colette",middleName:null,surname:"Besombes",slug:"colette-besombes",fullName:"Colette Besombes"},{id:"24144",title:"Mr.",name:"Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Mih",slug:"ismail-mih",fullName:"Ismail Mih"},{id:"24145",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Lefevre",slug:"laurent-lefevre",fullName:"Laurent Lefevre"}]},{id:"14411",title:"New Approach to a Tourist Navigation System that Promotes Interaction with Environment",slug:"new-approach-to-a-tourist-navigation-system-that-promotes-interaction-with-environment",totalDownloads:1902,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"116",slug:"advances-in-computer-science-and-engineering",title:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering",fullTitle:"Advances in Computer Science and Engineering"},signatures:"Yoshio Nakatani, Ken Tanaka and Kanako Ichikawa",authors:[{id:"21327",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshio",middleName:null,surname:"Nakatani",slug:"yoshio-nakatani",fullName:"Yoshio Nakatani"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"564",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:349,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. Natto",slug:"herbs-and-oral-health",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80441",title:"Periodontitis and Heart Disease: Current Perspectives on the Associative Relationships and Preventive Impact",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102669",signatures:"Alexandra Roman, Andrada Soancă, Bogdan Caloian, Alexandru Bucur, Gabriela Valentina Caracostea, Andreia Paraschiva Preda, Dora Maria Popescu, Iulia Cristina Micu, Petra Șurlin, Andreea Ciurea, Diana Oneț, Mircea Viorel Ciurea, Dragoș Alexandru Țermure and Marius Negucioiu",slug:"periodontitis-and-heart-disease-current-perspectives-on-the-associative-relationships-and-preventive",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79498",title:"Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101067",signatures:"Pinar Kiymet Karataban",slug:"oral-aspects-and-dental-management-of-special-needs-patient",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Pinar",surname:"Karataban"}],book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79699",title:"Metabolomics Distinction of Cigarette Smokers from Non-Smokers Using Non-Stationary Benchtop Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis of Human Saliva",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101414",signatures:"Benita C. Percival, Angela Wann, Sophie Taylor, Mark Edgar, Miles Gibson and Martin Grootveld",slug:"metabolomics-distinction-of-cigarette-smokers-from-non-smokers-using-non-stationary-benchtop-nuclear",totalDownloads:54,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80295",title:"Preventive Methods and Treatments of White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102064",signatures:"Elif Nadide Akay",slug:"preventive-methods-and-treatments-of-white-spot-lesions-in-orthodontics",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79876",title:"Management and Prevention Strategies for Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101495",signatures:"David G. Gillam",slug:"management-and-prevention-strategies-for-treating-dentine-hypersensitivity",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80020",title:"Alternative Denture Base Materials for Allergic Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101956",signatures:"Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu",slug:"alternative-denture-base-materials-for-allergic-patients",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79297",title:"Oral Health and Prevention in Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101043",signatures:"Irma Fabiola Díaz-García, Dinorah Munira Hernández-Santos, Julio Alberto Díaz-Ramos and Neyda Ma. Mendoza-Ruvalcaba",slug:"oral-health-and-prevention-in-older-adults",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79903",title:"Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals against Streptococcus mutans Virulence Targets: A Proteomic Insight into Drug Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101506",signatures:"Diego Romário da Silva, Tahyná Duda Deps, Otavio Akira Souza Sakaguchi, Edja Maria Melo de Brito Costa, Carlus Alberto Oliveira dos Santos, Joanilda Paolla Raimundo e Silva, Bruna Dantas da Silva, Frederico Favaro Ribeiro, Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonça-Júnior and Andréa Cristina Barbosa da Silva",slug:"molecular-docking-of-phytochemicals-against-streptococcus-mutans-virulence-targets-a-proteomic-insig",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79754",title:"Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol as a Treatment for Periodontitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101477",signatures:"Tracey Lynn Harney",slug:"evaluation-of-trans-resveratrol-as-a-treatment-for-periodontitis",totalDownloads:105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79515",title:"White Spot Lesions and Remineralization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101372",signatures:"Monisha Khatri, Shreya Kishore, S. Nagarathinam, Suvetha Siva and Vanita Barai",slug:"white-spot-lesions-and-remineralization",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79371",title:"The Contrasting Effects between Caffeine and Theobromine on Crystallization: How the Non-fluoride Dentifrice Was Developed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101116",signatures:"Tetsuo Nakamoto, Alexander U. Falster and William B. Simmons Jr",slug:"the-contrasting-effects-between-caffeine-and-theobromine-on-crystallization-how-the-non-fluoride-den",totalDownloads:130,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79409",title:"The Dental Implant Maintenance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101187",signatures:"Gayathri Krishnamoorthy, Aparna I. Narayana and Dhanasekar Balakrishnan",slug:"the-dental-implant-maintenance",totalDownloads:105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79387",title:"Ulcerative Lesions of the Oral Cavity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101215",signatures:"Nelli Yildirimyan",slug:"ulcerative-lesions-of-the-oral-cavity",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"79319",title:"Empirical Study on Medical Information and Communication Technology System in Dentistry in Southeast Asia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101080",signatures:"Ichiro Nakajima, Ken-ichiro Ejima, Yoshinori Arai, Kunihito Matsumoto, Kazuya Honda, Hirofumi Aboshi, Marina Hamaguchi, Akao Lyvongsa, Bounnhong Sidaphone, Somphone Phanthavong, Chanthavisao Phanthanalay and Souksavanh Vongsa",slug:"empirical-study-on-medical-information-and-communication-technology-system-in-dentistry-in-southeast",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8176",title:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8176.jpg",slug:"dna-methylation-mechanism",publishedDate:"July 1st 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Mustafa Yıldız",hash:"1de018af20c3e9916b5a9b4fed13a4ff",volumeInSeries:15,fullTitle:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7012",title:"Biochemical Testing",subtitle:"Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7012.jpg",slug:"biochemical-testing-clinical-correlation-and-diagnosis",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala, Gaffar Sarwar Zaman, Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa and Abdah Md Akim",hash:"1aa28a784b136633d827933ad91fe621",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Biochemical Testing - Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis",editors:[{id:"207119",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",middleName:null,surname:"Bobbarala PhD",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala-phd",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala PhD",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/207119/images/system/207119.jpg",institutionString:"Adhya Biosciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"},selectedSubseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/34242",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"34242"},fullPath:"/profiles/34242",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()