Sample demographic description.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-070-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-069-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-071-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"6504dee75dbbfd7792308293a8f1a27f",bookSignature:"Prof. Moulay Tahar Lamchich",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11520.jpg",keywords:"Optimal Method, Intelligent Technique, Torque Control, Speed Control, Electrical Machine, Hybrid Vehicle, Renewable Energy System, Embedded System, Electrical Vehicle, Electrical Generator, Machine's Noise, Special Machine",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 19th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 17th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 16th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Moulay Tahar Lamchich is a pioneering researcher in the management, supervision, and control of multi-source energy conversion systems and electrical machines. He completed his thesis in electromechanics in September 1991 and received his Ph.D. in July 2001. Dr. Lamchich is currently a Professor at the Faculty of Sciences Semlalia at Marrakech (Morocco). He has published over fifty technical papers in reviews and international conferences. His main activity is based on short-circuit mechanical effects.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",middleName:null,surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/21932/images/system/21932.png",biography:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich is a Professor at the Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University at Marrakech (Morocco). He completed his thesis in electromechanics in September 1991 and received his Ph.D. in July 2001. 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The QoL concept is not new. Happiness and well-being have been discussed by Plato and Aristotle in their writings. QoL has been defined in various ways, from ”general conditions for happiness“ [2] to ”positive life experiences“ [3]. Most researchers consider that social indicators, but also the perception of personal well-being should be considered when measuring QoL and that the objective and subjective indicators are two complementary facets that have to be measured separately [1, 4].
\nQoL is a construct that has been used for a wide range of health problems (drug abuse, mental disorders, oncology, geriatrics, cardiovascular disease, etc.), but lacks a coherent theoretical-derived model or a definition generally accepted [5, 6]. Although there is a general consensus on the main characteristics of the construct [7–9], there are still some issues to be clarified for the development of appropriate QoL measurement instruments: the principles that should guide the measurement process and how should be carried the assessment [10, 11].
\nThe concept of family QoL has been studied systematically only in the recent years. Parents’ experience was considered to be a part of the family life and was initially explored as part of the QoL concept. In the late 1990s, there were initiated two large projects on the families’ QoL, one at Kansas University and the other led by a team of researchers from Australia, Canada, and Israel. The main rationale for these studies was the tendency of governments and other funding sources to assign to the families the care of children and adults with disabilities. This trend was especially important for the families who had a member with intellectual disability that required constant care and supervision. Even though most families are willing to assume this role, many difficulties arise and affect their quality of life [12, 13].
\nThe concept of family QoL emerged as a viable alternative to the use of multiple measurements, which most often caused difficulties in design studies and results reporting because these measurements, developed individually, are rarely suitable to produce a global profile of family status. Given the increasing interest in health status or economic well-being of families and community, these issues were included in the instruments that measure family QoL. Although some researchers have conceptualized and measured some aspects of the family QoL in terms of services available for the child or the family [14], most of them developed a multidimensional construct, with a number of domains representing different areas of the family life, the sum of their ratings indicating the overall family quality of life. That view was shared by many researchers, each of them describing a framework for the domains of the family quality of life. The International Family Quality of Life Project [13, 15, 16] developed an instrument that organizes family QoL in nine domains. Another research team [17] proposed an instrument with six areas. The third research team [18, 19] conceptualized, developed, and tested an instrument that evaluates five domains: family relationships, parenting style, emotional well-being, physical and material wellbeing, and disability support.
\nA way to assess families’ perceptions and needs is to investigate the areas in which they function. One of the problems that arise from using these questionnaires is the difficulty to convince other family members than mothers to answer to them. However, overall satisfaction with the family quality of life can be high, even if there are problems in some areas. Satisfaction varies significantly in each assessed area of the family life. This variation may be associated with the intensity of child\'s behavioral problems or family experience. It is also important to note that family members are different in terms of resilience and coping strategies and that they may report high levels in satisfaction, even if they have many difficulties and need support [20]. The concept of family quality of life is a multidimensional construct, involving a variety of physical, economic, and emotional dimensions, which cannot be properly measured by focusing only on the perspective of the mother. In a systematic review on the conceptualization and assessment of the effects on families who have children with disabilities, among the 20 studies evaluated, 14 used assessments focused on family welfare, family adjustment, and functioning. Among these studies, 55% were focused on the maternal perspective, 35% included both parents, and only one study included the siblings of children with disabilities [21].
\nThe use of variables such as stress and depression to study the effect of disability on families has been criticized because these variables do not take an objective view on the families’ experience and do not consider the possibility that many families experience positive effects and adapt well to raising a child with disabilities [22].
\nStress level was studied in relation to parents’ mental health QoL in several studies [23–25]. Lee et al. found stress to be a significant predictor of mental health QoL, after controlling for five demographic variables (e.g., age, education, income, number of children in family, and severity of child with disability). Stress was negatively correlated with all aspects of QoL including physical, psychological, social, and environmental HRQOL [26].
\nIn another study on parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Johnson et al. evaluated the relationships between parents’ stress, family functioning, and QoL. They found that parents’ stress had a negative impact on mental health outcomes [27]. These results are supported by other studies and confirm the negative impact of stress on psychological outcomes among parents of children with ASD (e.g., depression, anxiety, and adjustment) [28, 29].
\nSmith et al evaluated the depressive symptoms of the mother of children and adolescents with ASD. A third of them had clinically significant depressive symptoms [30]. Wallace et al. suggested that parents’ depression is associated with the intensity of child repetitive behaviors and their anxiety with child social communication problems [31]. Family history of depression or shyness had the greatest influence on children socialization scores. Parents of children with autism were more likely to be hospitalized for a mental disorder than those in the control group, and depression and personality disorders were more common in mothers than fathers [32].
\nSocial support, family functioning, and parents’ coping mechanisms are factors that mediate the quality of life of parents of children with ASD [33]. High social support is associated with low levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. The high degree of cohesion and adaptability of the family was shown to be protective against the potential negative effects of raising a child with ASD.
\nAnother factors found to be associated with parental QoL are child’s symptom severity and behavioral problems [25, 26, 34]. Benson et al. studied the impact of child ASD symptoms severity on parents’ depression, the results suggesting that both child symptoms severity and parental stress predicted depression and that the effect of child symptom severity on parental depression was partially mediated by stress [23].
\nIn a study that investigated the QoL of the main caregiver of children with ASD, the results suggested that the most important predictors for caregiver’ physical health were the intensity of children behavioral problems and social support and for their mental health, the level of child functional impairment, social support, use of maladaptive coping strategies, and perceived difficulty. The impact on mental health was more important than that on physical health, which was only slightly below the norms for general population [35].
\nCoping refers to the cognitive and behavioral effort of an individual to adapt to a stressful situation [36]. Studies in autism reported that the frequent use of emotion-oriented coping is associated with parents’ low quality of life [37]. In contrast to these findings, Lee et al. found no association between coping strategies and QoL [26].
\nFamily emotional environment, including the expression of different types of emotions, help children to develop emotional competence. A chronically poor emotional expression of parents and high levels of negative emotions have significant implications for children emotion regulation skill development (failure in understanding emotions, poor management of stressful emotional situations, and incorrect social use of emotions). Chronic suppression of emotional experiences is associated with higher subjective distress and on a long term with emotional regulation deficits.
\nThere are some data suggesting that parental capacity to assure their children health and adaptability may be affected by their emotional state and well-being. Parental stress can influence parents’ and children’s coping resources and affect their ability to perform [38, 39].
\nA study that investigated the quality of life of 286 children with ASD, compared with the norms for general population and the population with chronic somatic disorders, reported that the children with ASD had lower scores for the psychosocial, emotional, and social functioning, but comparative to the population with chronic somatic disorders for physical and school functioning. QoL did not significantly correlate with the diagnosis of ASD or the intellectual abilities, but was significantly associated with the internalizing/externalizing problems measured by child Behavior checklist (CBCL), with the repetitive behaviors, social responsiveness, and adaptive behaviors. Given the fact that the socialization difficulties that characterize ASD are not specific to chronic somatic disorders, such as asthma or diabetes, it is not surprising that children with ASD had lower scores on the psychosocial functioning domain [39]. Storch et al. found a stronger correlation between the CBCL scores and quality of life for the internalizing problems [40]. This stronger association with the internalizing problems is not necessarily surprising for children with ASD, given that withdrawal is an important clinical feature in ASD and also a significant part of internalization scores measured by CBCL.
\nStudies on QoL of the caregivers of children with ASD reported different results. Allik et al. found the behavioral problems and not the autism severity as predictors for the mental health of mothers of children with ASD. This study included parents of children with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism, which could influence the results related to autism severity, these forms of ASD associating a lower symptoms severity [41].
\nStuart and McGrew reported a protective effect for social support and a negative one for the use of maladaptive coping strategies, on the subjective difficulty reported by the parents of children with autism. The problems in family functioning also contributed to the level of difficulties reported [42]. These results are similar to those described by Altiere and von Kluge, who found a more frequent use of the adaptive coping mechanisms and social support for the parents of children with autism who had better family relationships than for those with family problems or separated [43].
\nFor children with autism, it was demonstrated a strong correlation between their behavioral problems, the autism symptoms severity and parental stress. Osborne and Reed reported that the parental stress levels have a negative influence on the child outcomes after receiving different educational interventions. The negative effects were observed in both cognitive and adaptive behavior acquisitions [44]. The reason why high levels of parental stress have a negative impact on child\'s behavioral problems and are predictive for poor outcomes in therapy has not been elucidated yet. The most plausible explanation is that the parental stress produces changes in the parent\'s ability to adjust and respond to child\'s behavioral problems.
\nThe aim of this study was to assess the mediating role of parents’ irrational beliefs and automatic negative thoughts in the relationship between the children’s emotional/behavioral problems and the parents’ emotional distress. Our goal was also to investigate whether in this population (families of the children with ASD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)), the potential mediators (irrational cognitions, negative automatic thoughts, and coping strategies) relate significantly with the emotional distress reported and to assess the parents irrational cognitions and negative automatic thoughts as mediators in the relationship between the assessment of the overall family quality of life and their emotional distress [1]. Few studies have been reported on this topic, especially, much less in families of the children with ASD or ADHD.
\nThe results from previous studies [45, 46] showed no differences between the two diagnosis categories regarding the parents’ levels of emotional distress and the overall assessment of family QoL, so analyses were performed on all studied clinical sample.
The data were collected from 114 children aged 2–14 years, diagnosed with ASD or ADHD, according to international diagnosis criteria DSM IV-TR and ICD-10 and from their parents (65 children with ASD and 49 children with ADHD).
\nChildren and adolescents included in the study were recruited between January 2011 and November 2011. They were patients in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic from Cluj-Napoca, Romania or included in a therapy program in various specialized centers from Romania (ClujNapoca, Sibiu, Oradea, Arad, and Tg. Jiu). Children diagnosed and treated in this clinic come from all parts of the country and are diverse in terms of socioeconomic status.
\nWe included in the study: boys or girls with ages between 2 and 14 years, with diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to DSM IV-TR international criteria; sign consent of parents to be included in the study. We excluded from the study: the children with a known medical condition (heart or lung and chronic disorders); children who suffered accidents or had major stress or in the last 6 months, which may significantly affect the family quality of life; the children placed in foster care [1].
Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to assess the internalizing/externalizing problems. There are two versions of the instrument, depending on the age of the child: the preschool checklist (CBCL/1½-5) and the school-age version (CBCL/6-18). The CBCL is to be filled in by the parent/caretaker who spends the most time with the child and assesses various problems and child functioning over the past 2 months. It has been one of the most widely used standardized measures for evaluating maladaptive behaviors and emotional problems in children and adolescents. CBCL assesses internalizing (i.e., anxious, depressive, and overcontrolled) and externalizing (i.e., aggressive, hyperactive, noncompliant, and under controlled) behaviors, as well as scores on DSM-IV-related scales (emotional problems, anxiety disorders, ADHD, opposition defiant disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders/somatic problems) [47].
\nTo assess parents’ emotions and emotional regulation strategies, we used the following instruments: profile of affective distress (PAD)—rating scale with 39 items that assesses subjective dimensions of positive and negative emotions (functional and dysfunctional) [47]; white bear suppression inventory (WBSI)—rating scale with 15 items that assesses the use of suppression as a cognitive and emotional coping strategy; self-efficacy scale (SES)—rating scale with 10 items that assesses the perceived self-efficacy; automatic thoughts questionnaire (ATQ)—rating scale with 30 items that measures the negative automatic thoughts frequency; attitudes and beliefs scale—short form (ABSs)—is a global measure of irrationality into adulthood; it has eight items that assess four types of irrational evaluative beliefs (absolutist claims, catastrophic interpretation, low frustration tolerance and negative overall assessment); cognitive-emotional regulation questionnaire (CERQ)—has 36 items and assesses nine cognitive coping strategies that a person uses when experiencing negative events or situations (self-blame; other-blame; rumination; catastrophizing; putting into perspective; positive refocusing; positive reappraisal; acceptance; refocus on planning) [48, 49].
\nFamily quality of life survey (FQOL) was used to assess the family quality of life, instrument designed to assess the quality of life of the families that have one or more members with intellectual or developmental disability. The family quality of life can be approached from different perspectives.
\nThe FQOL has several sections: first section includes the description of the family members; the following nine assess specific areas of family life (health, financial status, family interactions, support from others, and support from services, values influence, career, leisure activities, and integration in community life). Each of these areas has two sections: Section A contains questions of a more general nature and Section B contains questions related to six key concepts for the theoretical construction of the instrument: importance, opportunities, initiative, achievement/current status, stability, and satisfaction. The final section is shorter and is designed to collect the overall impressions regarding the family QoL [50].
\nThe demographics and other data of interest were obtained through a questionnaire containing questions about the patient (age, sex, age at diagnosis, school activities, and treatment) and his family (mother and father’s age, marital status, education level, and occupation).
The study is cross-sectional. Parents and children who agreed to participate to the study received additional information and signed the informed consent. Psychiatric and somatic evaluations were performed for the patients who met the study inclusion and exclusion criteria in order to confirm the diagnosis and detect possible comorbidities. Each child was psychologically evaluated in order to determine the developmental level and symptoms severity. After the clinical interview, the parents/caregivers filled in the CBCL for the assessment of child internalizing/externalizing problems, the emotional assessment rating scales (PAD, WBI, SES, ATQ, ABSs, and CERQ) and the family quality of life questionnaire (FQOL) [1]. Data were supplemented with information from the patients’ charts and other medical documents. For all the children included in the study, we required and obtained the consent to use medical data, ensuring the privacy and subject’s identity protection. The questionnaires were filled in by the mothers for all children included in the study.
Data were collected into a SPSS database (version 17). Analyses were performed to assess the mediating role of parents’ automatic thoughts and irrational beliefs as mediators of the relationship between children’s problems (affective, anxiety, behavioral) and parents’ emotional distress. The same procedure was used to assess the role of parents’ irrational beliefs and automatic thoughts as mediators of the relationship between the global assessment of family QoL and their emotional distress.
\nThe mediation analysis was used following the next steps: first, the mediation criteria were tested according to the following procedure. We tested if the independent variable is a significant predictor of the dependent variable (criterion). In this way, the total effect was identified. Then we tested whether the independent variable is a significant predictor of the mediating variable and if the latter is a significant predictor of the dependent variable. After that, it was tested whether the independent variable predictive value is reduced when it is placed next to the mediating variable in the multiple linear regression equation on the dependent variable. The difference between the total effect and the independent variable predictive value on controlled mediator represents the mediation effect.
\nIts difference from 0 value was tested using the Sobel test, at a probability of the null hypothesis (mediation effect is null)
The study was conducted in compliance with the international ethical standards set out in the Helsinki Declaration of Human Rights updated. We obtain the approval of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca Ethics Committee to conduct the study. All the parents and children included in the study signed the informed consent and received additional information. Data were used ensuring the privacy and subject’s identity protection.
One hundred and fourteen subjects were enrolled in the study, with ages ranging between 2 and 14 years (
ASD ( | ADHD ( | |
---|---|---|
Age mean (SD) | 6.46 (2.17) | 7.61 (3.13) |
Gender (% male) | 58.3 | 41.7 |
Developmental level | ||
Normal | 15 (23.07) | 39 (79.59) |
Developmental delay | 44 (67.69) | 7 (14.28) |
Language delay | 6 (9.23) | 3 (6.12) |
Pharmacological therapy N (%) | 43 (66.2) | 27 (55.1) |
Psychotherapy | 60 (92.3) | 24 (48.97) |
Mothers age mean (SD) | 33.21 (5.58) | 35.46 (6.37) |
Fathers age mean (SD) | 36.79 (5.54) | 37.78 (6.50) |
Marital status | 55 (84.6) | 40 (81.6) |
Level of education | ||
Less than 12th grade | 4 (6.2) | 8 (16.3) |
Bachelor’s degree | 37 (56.9) | 28 (57.1) |
Graduate degree | 24 (36.9) | 13 (26.6) |
58 (89.2) | 38 (77.6) |
Sample demographic description.
Out of the 114 participants in the study, 32 (28.07%) were from rural and 82 (71.93%) from urban environment. In both diagnosis groups, most parents were married, with secondary education and employed [1].
\nThe results of our previous studies on the comparison of satisfaction for the nine areas of family quality of life (QoL) among families of children with ASD and ADHD highlighted the lack of statistically significant differences between the two categories of diagnosis in all the domains assessed by FQOL. We also found no statistically significant differences between the two diagnosis groups regarding parents’ emotional distress, meaning that the diagnostic category does not moderate the intensity and/or direction of the relationship between parental emotional distress and the overall assessment of family QoL, so analyses were performed on the whole clinical sample [45, 46].
Previous analysis on the relationship between the child affective, anxiety, and behavioral problems and the overall assessment of the family QoL revealed no significant relationship for both category of diagnosis, TSA and ADHD.
\nThe parents included in the study showed high emotional distress mean scores compared with the general population norms (
The scores for negative dysfunctional emotions were average to high when compared with the general population norms (
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no statistically significant differences between the three groups (non-clinical, sub-clinical, and clinical) for any aspect of parents’ emotional distress measured in the study: emotional distress total score (
Variable | Lot | Mean ( | Standard deviation (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional distress total score | Nonclinic | 67 | 55.22 | 19.86 |
Subclinic | 25 | 55.92 | 18.82 | |
Clinic | 22 | 59.59 | 20.41 | |
Total | 114 | 56.21 | 19.64 | |
Negative dysfunctional emotion total score | Nonclinic | 67 | 24.80 | 11.31 |
Subclinic | 25 | 24.84 | 10.66 | |
Clinic | 22 | 26.31 | 10.70 | |
Total | 114 | 25.10 | 10.98 | |
Worry/anxiety dysfunctional emotion score | Nonclinic | 67 | 11.44 | 6.54 |
Subclinic | 25 | 11.24 | 4.53 | |
Clinic | 22 | 12.09 | 4.17 | |
Total | 114 | 11.52 | 5.71 | |
Sadness/depression dysfunctional emotion score | Nonclinic | 67 | 13.35 | 5.56 |
Subclinic | 25 | 13.60 | 6.55 | |
Clinic | 22 | 14.22 | 7.26 | |
Total | 114 | 13.57 | 6.09 |
Central tendency and dispersion indicators of parents’ emotional distress in relation with the intensity of children affective problems.
Comparative analysis of the parents’ emotional distress scores in the three groups (nonclinical, subclinical, and clinical), highlighted a lack of statistically significant differences, as follows: emotional distress total score (
Variable | Lot | Mean ( | Standard deviation (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional distress total score | Nonclinic | 58 | 54.68 | 17.75 |
Subclinic | 30 | 57.30 | 20.16 | |
Clinic | 26 | 58.38 | 23.28 | |
Total | 114 | 56.21 | 19.64 | |
Negative dysfunctional emotion total score | Nonclinic | 58 | 24.20 | 10.33 |
Subclinic | 30 | 25.86 | 10.62 | |
Clinic | 26 | 26.23 | 12.90 | |
Total | 114 | 25.10 | 10.98 | |
Worry/anxiety dysfunctional emotion score | Nonclinic | 58 | 11.41 | 6.47 |
Subclinic | 30 | 11.76 | 4.84 | |
Clinic | 26 | 11.50 | 4.98 | |
Total | 114 | 11.52 | 5.71 | |
Sadness/depression dysfunctional emotion score | Nonclinic | 58 | 12.79 | 4.78 |
Subclinic | 30 | 14.10 | 6.05 | |
Clinic | 26 | 14.73 | 8.35 | |
Total | 114 | 13.57 | 6.09 |
Central tendency and dispersion indicators of parents’ emotional distress in relation with the intensity of children anxiety problems.
Comparative analysis of parents’ emotional distress scores in the three groups (nonclinical, subclinical, and clinical) showed a lack of statistically significant differences for the level of emotional distress total score (
Variable | Lot | Mean ( | Standard deviation (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional distress total score | Nonclinic | 61 | 55.80 | 21.05 |
Subclinic | 22 | 53.77 | 16.89 | |
Clinic | 31 | 58.77 | 18.86 | |
Total | 114 | 56.21 | 19.64 | |
Negative dysfunctional emotion total score | Nonclinic | 61 | 25.04 | 12.16 |
Subclinic | 22 | 23.81 | 8.53 | |
Clinic | 31 | 26.12 | 10.23 | |
Total | 114 | 25.10 | 10.98 | |
Worry/anxiety dysfunctional emotion score | Nonclinic | 61 | 11.73 | 6.90 |
Subclinic | 22 | 10.77 | 3.89 | |
Clinic | 31 | 11.64 | 4.07 | |
Total | 114 | 11.52 | 5.71 | |
Sadness/depression dysfunctional emotion score | Nonclinic | 61 | 13.31 | 6.11 |
Subclinic | 22 | 13.04 | 5.07 | |
Clinic | 31 | 14.48 | 6.76 | |
Total | 114 | 13.57 | 6.09 |
Central tendency and dispersion indicators of parents’ emotional distress in relation with the intensity of children behavioral problems.
Assuming that the high levels of parental emotional distress is generated among other factors, by the child developmental disorder, we investigated whether in this population (parents of children diagnosed with ASD or ADHD), the potential mediators (irrational beliefs, negative automatic thoughts, coping strategies) relate statistically significant to the reported emotional distress.
\nParents of children included in the study registered high levels of negative automatic thoughts (
Table 5 shows the correlations of parents’ automatic thoughts, irrational beliefs, perceived self-efficacy, and suppression coping strategy with their emotional distress scores.
Automatic negative thoughts (ATQ) | Irrational beliefs (ABSs) | Self-efficacy (SES) | Suppression coping strategy (WBSI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional distress total score | 0.48tab1 | 0.41tab1 | −0.40tab1 | 0.38tab1 |
Negative dysfunctional emotion total score | 0.49tab1 | 0.39tab1 | −0.37tab1 | 0.36tab1 |
Worry/anxiety dysfunctional emotion score | 0.37tab1 | 0.30tab1 | −0.28tab1 | 0.31tab1 |
Sadness/depression dysfunctional emotion score | 0.53tab1 | 0.43tab1 | −0.41tab1 | 0.36tab1 |
The correlation of parents’ emotional distress scores with their automatic thoughts, irrational beliefs, perceived self-efficacy and use of suppression coping strategy.
Correlation significant at
Both automatic negative thoughts and irrational beliefs correlate positively and statistically significant with all emotional distress scores, the intensity varying from medium to high. The relationship is positive, meaning that when the intensity of the negative automatic thoughts increases, the emotional distress increases also. In terms of explanatory value, negative automatic thoughts explain between 13% (
For the irrational beliefs, the relationship is also positive, meaning that when the level of irrationality increases, the emotional distress increases also. The determination coefficients obtained from the square of the correlation coefficients indicate that irrationality explains between 9% (
The perceived self-efficacy correlated with all emotional distress scores with values between −0.28 and −0.41. The negative relationship means that, if the self-efficacy reported by parents is higher, the emotional distress will be lower. In terms of explanatory value, the perceived self-efficacy explains between 7.8% (
The suppression coping strategy measured by WBSI correlated with all emotional distress scores with values between
Regarding the cognitive coping strategies used, the scores reported by the parents showed above average use for catastrophizing (
As seen in Table 6, the reported emotional distress correlated statistically significant with the strategies: self-blame (
CERQ coping strategy | Emotional distress total score | Negative dysfunctional emotion total score | Worry/anxiety dysfunctional emotion score | Sadness/depression dysfunctional emotion score |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-blame | 0.32tab2 | 0.32tab2 | 0.30tab2 | 0.29tab2 |
Acceptance | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
Rumination | 0.20tab3 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
Positive refocusing | −0.22tab3 | −0.18tab3 | −0.07 | −0.26tab2 |
Refocus on planning | −0.10 | −0.14 | −0.02 | −0.23tab3 |
Positive reappraisal | −0.23tab3 | −0.25tab2 | −0.13 | −0.34tab2 |
Putting into perspective | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.03 | −0.14 |
Catastrophizing | 0.37tab2 | 0.38tab2 | 0.32tab2 | 0.38tab2 |
Blame others | 0.19tab3 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.15 |
CERQ coping strategy | Emotional distress total score | Negative dysfunctional emotion total score | Worry/anxiety dysfunctional emotion score | Sadness/depression dysfunctional emotion score |
Correlation of parents’ emotional distress with their coping strategies (CERQ).
Correlation significant at
Correlations significant at
This mediation model includes the following variables: overall assessment of family quality of life (
Mediation model 1 testing included the following steps:
\nStep 1. Testing the relationship between the overall assessment of family quality of life and parents reported emotional distress. Simple linear regression analysis proved overall assessment of family quality of life to be a significant predictor for the emotional distress (
Step 2. Testing the relationship between the overall assessment of family quality of life and parents irrational beliefs. Simple linear regression analysis showed the overall assessment of family quality of life as significant predictor for parents’ irrational cognitions (
Step 3. Testing the simultaneous predictive value of the overall assessment of family quality of life and irrational beliefs on parents’ emotional distress. The multiple linear regression analysis showed the predictive value of parents irrational cognitions on their emotional distress, when controlling for the overall assessment of family quality of life (
The second mediation model includes three variables: family quality of life— predictor variable, parents’ emotional distress—criterion variable and parents\' automatic negative thoughts—the mediator variable (Figure 2).
\nMediation model 1 diagram.
Mediation model 2 diagram.
Mediation model 2 testing included, as in the previous case, the following steps:
\nStep 1. Testing the relationship between the overall assessment of family quality of life and parents reported emotional distress. Simple linear regression analysis showed overall assessment of family quality of life as significant predictor for the emotional distress (
Step 2. Testing the relationship between the overall assessment of family quality of life and parents automatic negative thoughts. Simple linear regression analysis showed the overall assessment of family quality of life as significant predictor of parents automatic negative thoughts (
Step 3. Testing the simultaneous predictive value of the overall assessment of family quality of life and automatic negative thoughts on parents’ emotional distress. The multiple linear regression analysis showed the predictive value of parents negative automatic thoughts on their emotional distress, when controlling for the overall assessment of family quality of life (
The impact of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis on families is devastating, particularly because there is no curative pharmacological or psychological treatment.
\nIt has been already proven that having a child with special needs involves child-care-related stress, and less time for parents to fulfill their own needs. Compared to typical children\'s parents, parents of children with autism have reported higher family difficulties and are at greater risk for developing physical or psychological problems. Lee et al. investigated the main predictors of mental health for the parents of children with high-functioning autism and reported that physical health, financial status, and low stress are the most critical. The study underlined the need for more research on the potential stress of these parents and stated the need for services targeting the parents’ mental health, in addition to the therapies addressed to the child problems [26].
\nSome studies have reported that parents’ emotional problems correlated positively with child\'s behavioral problem severity and low ability to communicate functionally. Also, a strong correlation between child behavioral problems, autism symptom severity and parental stress was demonstrated. Khanna et al. found a correlation between the physical QoL dimension and child’s behavioral problems [35]. Tung et al. and McStay et al. reported lower QoL among parents of children with higher levels of externalizing problems [24, 25]. Lower scores on prosocial behaviors and higher scores of hyperactivity and conduct problems indicated lower maternal mental health [51, 52]. Only half of the studies that assessed the impact of child emotional problems on parents QoL indicated a significant correlation between the child’s emotional problems and maternal mental health [52, 53].
\nAlthough recent studies have suggested that there is a link between the level of parents’ emotional distress and the intensity of child internalizing/externalizing problems, the results of this study showed no statistically significant differences between the levels of emotional distress, negative dysfunctional emotions, worry/anxiety dysfunctional emotions, sadness/depression dysfunctional emotions in relation to the intensity of children\'s affective, anxiety and behavioral problems, measured by CBCL. In this view, we believe that child\'s developmental disorders may increase parents’ emotional distress, but it does not differ significantly depending on the diagnosis or child-associated internalizing/externalizing problems.
\nParental stress levels were found to be more pronounced in the parents of children with ASD compared to the parents of children with disabilities or other health problems [54]. Hastings and Johnson reported that increased severity levels of autistic symptoms are associated with higher levels of parental stress [55]. Elevated levels of stress can have a negative impact on parents and can lead to depression, anger, anxiety, and family conflicts [56]. Most studies considered the child with autism the source of stress and the well-being of the other family members as the result, but this relationship is bidirectional, meaning that the family members can influence the children with ASD (e.g., maternal marital stress and depression can influence child behavior) [37]. Another study reported that the most important stressors for the parents of children with ASD are: the permanence of the disorder, lack of acceptance of ASD-associated behaviors by the family members and society and low levels of support available. Among the stressors identified were also included: the financial difficulties due to raising a child with ASD, parents concern about the child\'s future, behavioral problems and parents’ psychological characteristics (perceived self-efficacy, locus of control and coping styles) [57].
\nParents of children included in the study showed higher mean scores for emotional distress and average for the negative dysfunctional emotions, compared with the norms for general population. These results can be explained by the impact of raising a child with a developmental disorder, considering that some children did not received any form of psychological intervention to help parents manage the disorder-associated problems. The increased levels of negative dysfunctional emotions and emotional distress may be due to the child developmental problems, but it was not specific to the diagnosis.
\nSeveral studies assessed the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression in parents of children with ASD [30, 32]. Stress, coping style, and parental self-efficacy emerged as important factors associated with QoL. The results of a recently published review [58] suggested that parental stress was negatively associated with QoL and also that parents of children with ASD are more likely to experience high levels of stress [59].
\nEmotional or behavioral problems are probably based on the maladaptive and irrational beliefs about selves, world, and life. The results of an unpublished study showed that people with high levels of distress presented more maladaptive cognitions, irrational beliefs, and dysfunctional attitudes, while having a diminished unconditional acceptance of self, when compared to people with low-distress levels [60].
\nThe frequency of negative automatic thoughts on self is theoretically associated with depression. Parents’ mean scores indicated a high level of negative automatic thoughts. For the irrational beliefs measured by ABSs, the mean scores were very high, high level of irrationality being usually associated with emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and various cognitive distortions. Both automatic thoughts and irrational beliefs correlate positively and statistically significant with all measured scores of emotional distress. Self-efficacy represents a person belief that their actions can be/are responsible for the success of a particular activity. Parents reported low to medium levels of self-efficacy. High levels of self-efficacy are positively correlated with unconditional acceptance, optimism, and self-esteem. Studies have shown a negative relation between the levels of anxiety and self-efficacy. It was demonstrated that self-efficacy improved parental well-being [61], but very few studies addressed its impact on parental QoL. Parental self-efficacy in managing their children’s problems and dealing with other family problems was found to be an important factor associated with QoL [53, 58].
\nCoping refers to a person cognitive and behavioral effort to adapt to a stressful situation. Generally, two types of coping strategies are used: problem-oriented (adaptive coping) and emotion-centered (maladaptive coping). Problem-oriented coping strategies address directly the problem causing the stress, while emotion-centered coping involves strategies to reduce the stress created by the problem. Although more studies emphasized the role of coping in parental adjustment, results were conflicting on the specific coping strategies that were associated with QoL due to the variation in the measurements used and in the theoretical conceptualization of coping. Hastings et al. identified four key coping dimensions: active avoidance coping, problem-focused coping, positive coping, and religious/denial coping [62]. Other studies reported that the use of emotion-oriented coping is associated with parents’ low quality of life [30, 63]. A chronic and general trend of using suppression as coping strategy may result in increased frequency of the thoughts that the person tries to avoid, and may be a precursor or a maintenance factor to certain psychopathological conditions. Suppression measured by WBSI correlated to all scores of emotional distress. Further research on the relationship between coping dimensions and QoL is necessary to establish which coping styles are helpful when raising a child with ASD. Future studies should aim at distinguishing between ASD and other conditions when examining parental coping and QoL.
\nThe scores reported by the parents on the cognitive coping strategies measured by CERQ showed above average use for catastrophizing, average use for self-blame, acceptance, rumination, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, and below average for positive refocusing and blame others. Parents’ emotional distress correlated significantly with self-blame, rumination, positive refocusing, catastrophizing, and blame others strategies. For the strategies self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and blame others, the positive correlation indicates that their frequent use associated with higher emotional distress levels. The positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, refocus on planning strategies registered negative relationships with different scores of emotional distress, meaning that their frequent use associated with lower emotional distress levels.
\nThe study on parents’ irrational beliefs and negative automatic thoughts as mediators of the relationship between the overall assessment of family quality of life and parents’ emotional distress showed that of the total effect of the overall assessment of family quality of life on the parents’ emotional distress, 38.9% is explained by their negative automatic thoughts and 23% by their irrational cognitions. Therefore, correct identification of parents’ irrational cognitions and negative automatic thoughts and their relationship with quality of life (that became the main therapeutic outcome) are essential for adequate family support and therapy efficiency. These results suggest that the development of support services for parents in order to reduce negative automatic thoughts and irrational beliefs could have a beneficial effect on the families’ quality of life and level of distress experienced due to raising a child with developmental disorders.
The study is cross-sectional and the results do not allow a causal relationship deduction. Also, the clinical sample size was relatively small. The instruments were filled in by a parent (mother) and the answers reflect its perception on the family quality of life. The parents were asked to answer the questions considering different periods of time (ranging from 2 weeks to the last 2 months) and the reporting accuracy could be reduced. The tested variables were analyzed in relation to the overall assessment of family quality of life. They may have an impact on certain areas or domains included in the family quality of life assessment (e.g., health, financial well-being, etc.), but not change the overall perceived family quality of life. The mediation analyses were also calculated using the overall assessment of family quality of life scores. The psychometric instruments used do not fully identify the emotional regulation mechanisms and some cognitive or noncognitive strategies may be excluded or not considered. Also, emotions and regulation strategies are difficult to separate, but the instruments used were standardized, validated, and proved to be optimal in previous studies. The results will reflect the experience of families of children with ASD and ADHD who receive specialized services in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic from Cluj-Napoca and other specialized centers in the country, and that exclude some families with children diagnosed with ASD or ADHD who do not have health insurance, live in rural areas or the financial status does not allow them access to specialized services.
There were no statistically significant differences between the levels of emotional distress, negative dysfunctional emotions, worry/anxiety dysfunctional emotions, sadness/depression dysfunctional emotions reported by parents, in relation to the intensity of children\'s affective, anxiety and behavioral problems. Increased levels of emotional distress may be due to child developmental problems, but it is not specific to the diagnosis. We found significant correlations between the emotional distress reported by the parents and their automatic negative thoughts and irrational cognitions, the relation intensities varying from medium to high [1]. Significant correlations were obtained also for the relationship between parents’ emotional distress and the coping strategies: self-blame, rumination, positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, blame others, and catastrophizing. The level of parents’ emotional distress proved also to be linked with the use of suppression strategy and self-perceived efficacy. Part of the relationship between the overall assessments of family quality of life with parents’ emotional distress was explained by their irrational beliefs and negative automatic thoughts, the mediating effect being partial. In this view, the specialized services should include also interventions for the parents of children with developmental disorders (ASD, ADHD) [1]. Adaptive coping mechanisms, low levels of perceived distress, irrational cognitions, and negative dysfunctional emotions may become relevant outcomes for parents’ psychological interventions due to their impact on the assessment of the overall family quality of life.
\nFuture studies should investigate more links between the emotional distress, cognitive strategies used, irrational cognitions, self-efficacy, negative automatic thoughts, and the satisfaction with QoL. These studies should be longitudinal, with large clinical samples and involving different pathologies. Thus, the reported quality of life could be more accurately assessed in the processes of establishing and monitoring the therapeutic outcomes.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
The background of “set of strings” Framework (SSF) [1, 2, 3, 4], developed for adequate modeling of Big Data, is the representation of database as an updated Set of Strings, whose structure is defined by the current metadatabase (MDB), being a set of context-free generation rules in the sense of N. Chomsky [5].
\nAugmented Post systems (APS), considered in this chapter, are result of deep integration in the one toolkit of two well-known formalisms—classical string-generating formal grammars and string-operating logical systems, proposed by E. Post [6].
\nBy this, the main features of APS are:
Deep connectivity with “Set of Strings” representation of databases.
Deductive capabilities, similar to those, which are inherent to various deductive extensions of the relational model of data, as well as to Prolog and Datalog [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
The second feature provides selection of not only data, presenting in string databases (SDB) in the explicit form, but also data, which may be constructed (derived) from the explicit data by means of logical inference.
\nThis chapter is dedicated to the formal definition and substantial description of APS and their applications. The terminology and abbreviations are the same, as have been used when describing SSF.
\nSection 2 is dedicated to the definition of syntax and mathematical semantics of APS, and Section 3 to their operational semantics. Procedural connection to APS is described in Section 4, and flow-processing APS (FAPS), based on the aforementioned connection, are described in Section 5. Implementation issues and applications of APS family are considered in Section 6. The conclusion contains proposals on further development of SSF.
\nThe
where \n
Term \n
and
\nwhere \n
is called
Component \n
Rule \n
where \n
for all \n
such that \n
S-production \n
where \n
If
\nthen S-production \n
APS KB \n
Notion of the
Let\n
i.e., \n
Define
\nand extensional \n
Evidently, due to
and \n
If we consider the notion of extensional of APS KB from the linguistic point of view, then \n
Now we can define semantics of language of queries to APS KB.
\nwhere \n
Here we shall use the simplest query language, being set of couples \n
Here, \n
Facts like \n
Consider APS knowledge base \n
As seen, \n
Query, whose purpose is to get information about smoked areas, may be as follows:
\nwhile query, whose purpose is to get information about sensor \n
Evidently, this knowledge base extensional is
\n\n\n
The background of operational (O-) semantics of the considered query language is the so-called S-unification, which is generalization of well-known unification, introduced by J. Robinson in [7] and used in the resolution procedures, developed for the first-order predicate logic.
We shall consider basic concept of S-unification and then describe operational semantics of used query language, corresponding to (11–18) and defining main features of the controlled logical inference of answers to queries to APS KB.
\nLet \n
As may be seen easily, the answer to \n
This condition is equivalent to the existence of solution of word equation on context-free language (WECFL):
\n(for correctness, sets of variables of terms \n
Result of WECFL (21) solution is the new declaration of variables of S-production \n
Logics of S-unification are illustrated in Figure 1, followed by Example 2.
\nGraphical illustration of S-unification.
and S-production \n
According to (21),
\n\n\n
S-unification provides opportunity of answer derivation by controlled logical inference, which is implemented by the axiomatic system, which contains only three inference rules—top-down successful S-resolution, top-down unsuccessful S-resolution, and bottom-up S-resolution [1, 2]. Here we shall describe more natural and understandable
This representation contains two recursively interconnected algorithmically defined functions.
\nThe first of them \n
The second function \n
Text of function \n
As seen, lines 2–4 contain declarations of variables, used lower in the function body. It is essential that there are two variables declared as global, namely,
The main part of
Text of function
Here lines 2–4, as in the text of
As it is easy to see, execution of loop \n
Let \n
In fact,
As seen from this description, logical inference is implemented in a wavelike manner. “Direct waves,” including generated queries, which contain “more and more concrete” variables declarations, are “spreading” until S-axioms are reached. This leads to the creation of CS-productions, and “back waves” start until a new set of facts, being answer to some intermediate (or, finally, initial) query, is assembled. Both direct and back waves meet one another and “interfere,” producing new queries. As may be seen, APS operational semantics corresponds to the
One of the most important features of any knowledge representation model are embedded tools of the procedural connection, providing interaction of “rigid” (non-updated by knowledge engineers) software modules with inference process and data exchange between inference engine and the aforementioned modules.
\nBackground of the
P-production is couple \n
Couple \n
MULT extensional is an infinite set containing strings like \n
Let \n
i.e., \n
Concerning operational semantics, it is sufficient to extend function
As seen, after search on S-production set (lines 5–11), similar search on P-production set would be executed (lines 12–16). If S-unification of query \n
As seen, search on the set \n
To avoid such difficulty, it would be reasonable to implant to S- and P-productions some information, which may cut off “dangerous” branches.
\nThere is a simple tool for logical inference control within APS knowledge representation. Namely, variables, which the declarations after S-unification would have right parts, consisting only of terminal symbols (i.e., there would be no incomplete information, associated with non-terminals, inside these declarations), are marked by point over arrow in the initial descriptions, having place in P- and S-productions. Such variables are called
while inference will result in program MULT call, while query
\n\n\n
Let us consider now the general case, where extensionals of programs, connected to APS KB, are not static, i.e., may vary while answer derivation. The simplest examples of such kind of programs are database management systems.
\nTo connect DBMS, operating key-addressed databases, it is sufficient to join to APS KB P-production:
\nfor queries (variable \n
for update operations (both variables \n
DBMS, operating databases with symmetric access, may be connected in a following way. In order to minimize redundant search while queries processing, some substrings of facts may be declared indexed (used for creation and maintenance of dynamic search trees, as it is described in [2, 3]). So some covers of the relational DBMS, corresponding to some subsets of DB, may contain complete variables, with declarations like \n
Described approach to the procedural connection makes easy integration of the distributed hardware components, linked by the computer network, into a single system with the single operation process. This may be done by procedural connection of the corresponding hardware drivers and implementation of the so-called flow-processing augmented Post systems.
\nFAPS KB includes along with S- and P-productions also the so-called flow (F-) productions having the form of
\nwhere terms \n
We assume that F-productions are represented in the knowledge base as couples \n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
All these objects are accumulated to set
Function
As seen, the search on F-productions set (lines 4–10) provides selection of such F-productions, which are activated by input message \n
Various practice-oriented dialects of APS, providing various effective technologies of non-procedural programming (multiactivating, triggers, terms with negators, decision tables, etc.), were developed; also described operational semantics of APS and its extensions were redefined for highly parallel hardware environment [1, 2]. Taking into account nondeterministic nature of operational semantics of APS family, some additional tools for logical inference control were introduced in [1, 2].
\nLet us consider now the main features of APS application to the most advanced areas—Big Data, Internet of Things, cyberphysical industry, and cybersecurity—forming the future digital economy information infrastructure (DEII) [13, 14]. In all aforementioned applications, APS knowledge representation plays interconnecting and flexifying role, providing fast integration of various heterogeneous systems and fast adaptation of their operation logic to the highly volatile environment. In fact, APS simplify to the maximally possible level the most complicated problem of
DEII is the result of integration of three basic paradigms: network-centricity, Big Data, and Internet of Things (Figure 2).
\nBasic paradigms of digital economy information infrastructure.
Network-centricity provides interconnection of any subjects of digital economy (DE), integrating human society and technosphere into global technosocium, operating as a global megasystem for the mankind wealth and prosperity. Big Data provides storage of great amounts of data from multiple heterogeneous sources and use of these data for rational everyday operation of the aforementioned megasystem and its permanent improvement. The Internet of Things, whose more precise and correct name would be Internet of Devices, provides creation, development, and operation of the aforementioned future global technosphere, including cyberphysical industry, based on additive manufacturing technologies, deeply robotized smart logistics, smart energy generation and delivery systems, and life resources infrastructure (food, water, living houses, etc.), as well as digital banking and finance infrastructure. All these segments, containing many billions of interconnected devices, provide implementation of such ambitious initiatives as Smart City and Smart Nation, inevitably leading to the Smart World as a well-understood and achievable goal of mankind evolution.
\nThe most complicated problem to be solved for DEII creation and development is providing its flexibility, i.e., rapid correction of operation logic of various DEII elements and sets of elements to the constantly occurring changes of the environment, as well as to changes in our knowledge about nature, human society, and technosphere. It is evident that sufficient flexibility of DEII may be achieved only on the background of knowledge engineering, leading to the knowledge-based digital economy.
\nAs shown in Figure 3, every subject of the DEII (no matter, human, or device), being associated with unique address of the address space of global information infrastructure, is supported by local knowledge base (LKB), applied by knowledge interpreter-corrector (KIC) for processing of input information flow, as well as local database, used and updated while aforementioned processing. Here LKB may contain not only “soft” component, i.e., rules, defining logic of input messages processing, but also “firm” component, i.e., “rigid” (nonmodified) software modules and systems (up to DBMS clients and servers), connected to LKB by the common interface, and called while rules interpretation (their sets are marked CP, e.g. Connected Programs, with lower indices).
\nLinearized representation of the knowledge-based digital economy information infrastructure.
The described approach may be effectively implemented, if there would be some unified data item, providing unified representation of operation logic of any system, joining any set of DE subjects.
\nThe possible practical outcome of the SSF is the creation of toolkit, providing the described higher approach to DEII implementation upon
Integrated representation of APS family of knowledge representation models.
The operational semantics of the simplest practically used model from this family, whose background is FAPS, is shown in Figure 5.
\nBasic operation semantics of multiactivated flow APS.
As seen, input messages, which are transported to the local subject of DEII by means of network infrastructure, are recorded on the external blackboard (in fact, there are two blackboards used: external, for messages from the external sources, and internal, for messages generated while current external message processing). Every next message (string) \n
As seen, described dialect of APS family provides flexible implementation of operations, necessary for Big Data and Internet of Things, as well as its cyberphysical manufacturing segment, i.e., industrial Internet of Things. In the simplest case, strings, being transferred to 3D printers by their driver’s calls, may be STL files containing layer descriptions of the printed material objects [15].
\nThe main feature, which is, in fact, core for all APS family, is “additivity” of the local knowledge bases. Namely, the occurrence of any new device or human, generating earlier unknown and unprocessed messages, is supported by addition to LKB of subjects (again devices or humans), communicating with source of such messages, new elements with activators, providing initiation of their processing. Such occurrence results, finally, in creation and sending new messages to another subjects. Such “additivity” may be called “vertical” (new types of messages are supported by the addition of new F-productions with new activators to LKB). However, horizontal “additivity” is also supported, when new F-productions with proper activators are added for internal messages, which are sent by some modules of LKB while processing external messages. By this, internal messages processing becomes “deeper.” As seen, FAPS provide sufficiently regular and refined technology of the distributed system software development and debugging.
\nLet us underline that unlike well-known tools from the object programming area, which also support interconnection between modules by messages and use blackboard for such processing, in the case of flow APS, new message receivers are not known, and thus, there is no opportunity for its determination in the text of the program module. By this, APS-based knowledge engineering approach to software making principally differs from object programming as well as any other approaches from the more or less procedural programming.
\nLet us pay some attention to such important area of flow APS application as cybersecurity, which is critical for DEII normal operation.
\nDynamically extended spectrum and complexity of cyberattacks, implementing today advanced persistent threats (APT), have led to the necessity of development of more and more sophisticated tools for early recognition and prevention of APT. The most efficient of such tools are based on the security information and event management (SIEM) paradigm [16, 17, 18, 19], whose background technologies are deep packets inspection/deep packets processing (DPI/DPP) [20, 21] and data leakage prevention (DLP) [22, 23]. The first operates flows of bit packets, providing their fusion in order to recognize elaborately covered signatures of known cyberattacks, while the second operates usually traffic from the application level of the OSI model. However, both operate strings (no matter, bit, symbol, or combined), and by this reason the described higher FAPS are the perfect tool for the SIEM implementation, especially at security operation centers (SOC), providing fusion of the primary data, passing to SOC from large amount of software and hardware traffic sensors from the security perimeter of the protected system. (Such sensors may be also effectively implemented on the FAPS background.) It is very important that SIEM is solidly based on three pillars: Big Data, which are stored fragments of the network traffic, caught at many network links in a 24 × 7 regime; data mining; and knowledge engineering. This area is the hardest known case of data mining and knowledge-based technologies application: cybersecurity knowledge engineers, by analyzing accumulated enormous volumes of primary data items, must quickly understand signatures of the prepared or already performed cyberattacks, developed by the smartest people from the global cybercrime and states special services teams; and rapidly correct LKBs or extend them by new sets of productions, providing early recognition and neutralizing such attacks. This combination of very large volumes of data and knowledge with hard real-time regime of SOC operation (e.g., SOC of the Russia largest financial group Sberbank neutralizes daily over 14,000 cyberattacks from all over the world [24]) makes cybersecurity application of data and knowledge engineering the most important from both practical and theoretical points of view.
\nThe described “Set of Strings” Framework is based on integration of three research areas—knowledge/data engineering, theory of grammars, and information theory—which until now are very close but rather isolated from one another. Synergetic effect, which may be the main result of such integration, would be useful for the development of the unified theory, necessary for convergence of Big Data, data mining, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things. Such convergence is extremely needed for solution of all spectrum of problems of digital economy.
\nThe most valuable directions of the SSF future development may be the following:
Metainference and machine learning in APS KB.
N-facts concretization in SDB with incomplete information (SDBI) and APS KB, using functional dependencies, associated usually with the relational data model.
Contradictory SDBI and APS KB management.
SDBI and APS KB with metadatabases, describing two- and three-dimensional objects.
SSF ideology and techniques transfer to the numeric data with the help of the SSF-associated theory of recursive multisets and multiset grammars/metagrammars, developed for the solution of problems of planning and scheduling in digital economy [25, 26, 27, 28].
Hardware implementation of key elements of SSF in the data flow and other high-parallel computer environments.
The author is highly interested in the cooperation with computer scientists and engineers, who may spend some research effort participating in the development of the listed directions and the SSF at all.
\nThe author expresses gratitude to the editor for useful advices. The author is grateful to Prof. Noam Chomsky for words of support to the development of the “Set of Strings” Framework. The author is also thankful to Prof. Jeffrey Ullman for useful remarks on the current state of the theory of grammars.
\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\\n\\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\\n\\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\\n\\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\\n\\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
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\\n\\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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Using the same data set (where possible), the predictive ability of shallow depth ANNs was validated against partial least squares (PLS, a traditional chemometrics method). Spectral interference (in the form of overlaps between spectral lines) is a key problem in large-size, long focal length inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Unless corrected, spectral interference can be sufficiently severe to the point of preventing precise and accurate analytical determinations. In miniaturized, microplasma-based optical emission spectrometry with a portable, short focal length spectrometer (having poorer resolution than its large-size counterpart), spectral interference becomes even more severe. To correct it, we are evaluating use of deep learning ANNs. Details are provided in this chapter.",book:{id:"6187",slug:"advanced-applications-for-artificial-neural-networks",title:"Advanced Applications for Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Advanced Applications for Artificial Neural Networks"},signatures:"Z. Li, X. Zhang, G. A. Mohua and Vassili Karanassios",authors:[{id:"60925",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassili",middleName:null,surname:"Karanassios",slug:"vassili-karanassios",fullName:"Vassili Karanassios"}]},{id:"57304",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70791",title:"Data Assimilation by Artificial Neural Networks for an Atmospheric General Circulation Model",slug:"data-assimilation-by-artificial-neural-networks-for-an-atmospheric-general-circulation-model",totalDownloads:1715,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Numerical weather prediction (NWP) uses atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) to predict weather based on current weather conditions. The process of entering observation data into mathematical model to generate the accurate initial conditions is called data assimilation (DA). It combines observations, forecasting, and filtering step. This paper presents an approach for employing artificial neural networks (NNs) to emulate the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) as a method of data assimilation. This assimilation experiment tests the Simplified Parameterizations PrimitivE-Equation Dynamics (SPEEDY) model, an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), using synthetic observational data simulating localizations of meteorological balloons. For the data assimilation scheme, the supervised NN, the multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) networks are applied. After the training process, the method, forehead-calling MLP-DA, is seen as a function of data assimilation. The NNs were trained with data from first 3 months of 1982, 1983, and 1984. The experiment is performed for January 1985, one data assimilation cycle using MLP-DA with synthetic observations. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the NN technique for atmospheric data assimilation. The results of the NN analyses are very close to the results from the LETKF analyses, the differences of the monthly average of absolute temperature analyses are of order 10–2. The simulations show that the major advantage of using the MLP-DA is better computational performance, since the analyses have similar quality. The CPU-time cycle assimilation with MLP-DA analyses is 90 times faster than LETKF cycle assimilation with the mean analyses used to run the forecast experiment.",book:{id:"6187",slug:"advanced-applications-for-artificial-neural-networks",title:"Advanced Applications for Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Advanced Applications for Artificial Neural Networks"},signatures:"Rosangela Saher Cintra and Haroldo F. de Campos Velho",authors:[{id:"215748",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosangela",middleName:null,surname:"Cintra",slug:"rosangela-cintra",fullName:"Rosangela Cintra"},{id:"215753",title:"Dr.",name:"Haroldo",middleName:null,surname:"Campos Velho",slug:"haroldo-campos-velho",fullName:"Haroldo Campos Velho"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50071",title:"Retrieval of Optical Constant and Particle Size Distribution of Particulate Media Using the PSO-Based Neural Network Algorithm",slug:"retrieval-of-optical-constant-and-particle-size-distribution-of-particulate-media-using-the-pso-base",totalDownloads:1977,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"An improved neural network algorithm was proposed and applied to the inverse radiative problems. A multi-strategy particle swarm optimization was applied to improve the performance of the back propagation multi-layer feed-forward neural network algorithm. Three commonly used particle size distribution (PSD) functions in a one-dimensional particle system were retrieved using the proposed algorithm. In addition, the optical constant was also estimated, and the measurement errors were considered. Results show that the proposed algorithm can be applied to the retrieval of PSDs and optical constant even with measurement errors. Finally, the proposed algorithm was applied to the simultaneous estimation of the PSDs and optical constant using the multi-wavelength and multi-thickness method.",book:{id:"5127",slug:"new-applications-of-artificial-intelligence",title:"New Applications of Artificial Intelligence",fullTitle:"New Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},signatures:"Hong Qi, Ya-Tao Ren, Jun-You Zhang, Li-Ming Ruan and He-Ping\nTan",authors:[{id:"177857",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"hong-qi",fullName:"Hong Qi"}]},{id:"50870",title:"Fuzzy Logic Control of Switched Reluctance Motor Drives",slug:"fuzzy-logic-control-of-switched-reluctance-motor-drives",totalDownloads:2397,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, the electromechanical behavior of switched reluctance motor (SRM) is first modeled by analyzing the related nonlinear differential equations. In the model, the estimation of rotor speed is also considered. After modeling, the effects of torque ripple, radial force, and acoustic noise are investigated. As we know, torque ripple and acoustic noise are two of the main disadvantages of a switched reluctance motor. Thus, a fuzzy logic current compensator is proposed both for reducing the peak of radial force and for decreasing acoustic noise effects. In the parts that torque reduces, the fuzzy logic current compensator injects additional current for each phase current to overcome the torque ripple. Also, the fuzzy logic current compensator reduces speed estimation error. The speed estimation is carried out using a hybrid sliding mode observer which estimates the rotor position and speed for a wide speed range. These new approaches have been simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK for a nonlinear model of switched reluctance motor. The simulation results indicate that proposed methods decrease the maximum radial force and the torque ripple while the maximum torque is preserved. Also, these results show that proposed methods will estimate the rotor position and speed with high precision for all speeds from near zero speeds up to rated speed. These procedures have the advantages of simple implementation on the every switched reluctance motor drive without extra hardware, low cost, high reliability, low vibration, and excellent performance at long term.",book:{id:"5127",slug:"new-applications-of-artificial-intelligence",title:"New Applications of Artificial Intelligence",fullTitle:"New Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},signatures:"M. Divandari and B. Rezaie",authors:[{id:"155417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Divandari",slug:"mohammad-divandari",fullName:"Mohammad Divandari"}]},{id:"57042",title:"Gait Generation of Multilegged Robots by using Hardware Artificial Neural Networks",slug:"gait-generation-of-multilegged-robots-by-using-hardware-artificial-neural-networks",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Living organisms can act autonomously because biological neural networks process the environmental information in continuous time. Therefore, living organisms have inspired many applications of autonomous control to small-sized robots. In this chapter, a small-sized robot is controlled by a hardware artificial neural network (ANN) without software programs. Previously, the authors constructed a multilegged walking robot. The link mechanism of the limbs was designed to reduce the number of actuators. The current paper describes the basic characteristics of hardware ANNs that generate the gait for multilegged robots. The pulses emitted by the hardware ANN generate oscillating patterns of electrical activity. The pulse-type hardware ANN model has the basic features of a class II neuron model, which behaves like a resonator. Thus, gait generation by the hardware ANNs mimics the synchronization phenomena in biological neural networks. Consequently, our constructed hardware ANNs can generate multilegged robot gaits without requiring software programs.",book:{id:"6187",slug:"advanced-applications-for-artificial-neural-networks",title:"Advanced Applications for Artificial Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Advanced Applications for Artificial Neural Networks"},signatures:"Ken Saito, Masaya Ohara, Mizuki Abe, Minami Kaneko and Fumio\nUchikoba",authors:[{id:"157327",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Saito",slug:"ken-saito",fullName:"Ken Saito"},{id:"157328",title:"Dr.",name:"Minami",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",slug:"minami-kaneko",fullName:"Minami Kaneko"},{id:"157330",title:"Prof.",name:"Fumio",middleName:null,surname:"Uchikoba",slug:"fumio-uchikoba",fullName:"Fumio Uchikoba"},{id:"219934",title:"Mr.",name:"Masaya",middleName:null,surname:"Ohara",slug:"masaya-ohara",fullName:"Masaya Ohara"},{id:"219935",title:"BSc.",name:"Mizuki",middleName:null,surname:"Abe",slug:"mizuki-abe",fullName:"Mizuki Abe"}]},{id:"67472",title:"Object Re-Identification Based on Deep Learning",slug:"object-re-identification-based-on-deep-learning",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"With the explosive growth of video data and the rapid development of computer vision technology, more and more relevant technologies are applied in our real life, one of which is object re-identification (Re-ID) technology. Object Re-ID is currently concentrated in the field of person Re-ID and vehicle Re-ID, which is mainly used to realize the cross-vision tracking of person/vehicle and trajectory prediction. This chapter combines theory and practice to explain why the deep network can re-identify the object. To introduce the main technical route of object Re-ID, the examples of person/vehicle Re-ID are given, and the improvement points of existing object Re-ID research are described separately.",book:{id:"8725",slug:"visual-object-tracking-with-deep-neural-networks",title:"Visual Object Tracking with Deep Neural Networks",fullTitle:"Visual Object Tracking with Deep Neural Networks"},signatures:"Xiying Li and Zhihao Zhou",authors:null},{id:"56981",title:"Advanced Process Control",slug:"advanced-process-control",totalDownloads:1359,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The debutanizer column is an important unit operation in petroleum refining industries. The top product is liquefied petroleum gas and the bottom product is light naphtha. This system is difficult to handle. This is because due to its non-linear behavior, multivariable interaction and existence of numerous constraints on its manipulated variable. Neural network techniques have been increasingly used for a wide variety of applications. In this book, equation-based multi-input multi-output (MIMO) neural network has been proposed for multivariable control strategy to control the top and bottom temperatures of the column. The manipulated variables for column are reflux and reboiler flow rates, respectively. This neural network model are based on multivariable equation, instead of the normal black box structure. It has the advantage of being robust in nature while being easier to interpret in terms of its input-output variables. It has been employed for set point changes and disturbance changes. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. 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