\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10345",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Infectious Eye Diseases - Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",title:"Infectious Eye Diseases",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Infectious eye disorders represent one of the most feared, sight-threatening, and challenging clinical ocular conditions. Visual loss due to eye infection significantly impacts patients’ productivity and quality of life. The development of accurate diagnostic tests and better treatment alternatives results from intensive and innovative medical research committed to improving the standard of care of patients suffering from these blinding diseases. This book focuses on the most recent advances in diagnostic techniques for common infectious disorders, including viral, fungal, and contact lens-related keratitis, infectious uveitis, endophthalmitis, and COVID-19-related eye infection. It also describes the current therapeutic strategies that significantly reduce the rate of ocular complications and improve the visual outcome of patients suffering from such devastating disorders.",isbn:"978-1-83969-320-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-319-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-321-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91531",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"infectious-eye-diseases-recent-advances-in-diagnosis-and-treatment",numberOfPages:206,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1d2abb832f0773c90fc9a12d1a41194c",bookSignature:"Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia and Julio C. Hernandez-Camarena",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10345.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2077,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 13th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 11th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"209514",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Garcia",slug:"alejandro-rodriguez-garcia",fullName:"Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/209514/images/system/209514.jpg",biography:"Dr. Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia completed a Clinical and Research Fellowship in Ocular Immunology and Uveitis at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School. He is a Distinguished Clinical and Research Professor of Ophthalmology at Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mexico. He is Director of the Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Service at the Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Academic Director of the Ophthalmology Residency Program, and member of CONACYT National System of Researchers (Level 2). He is a former President of the Center for Ocular Inflammatory Disorders affiliated with the Mexican Society of Ophthalmology. Dr. Rodriguez is the author and co-author of more than 100 peer-reviewed scientific articles and more than thirty chapters related to inflammatory and infectious eye diseases.",institutionString:"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"216716",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Camarena",slug:"julio-c.-hernandez-camarena",fullName:"Julio C. Hernandez-Camarena",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/216716/images/system/216716.png",biography:"Dr. Julio C. Hernandez-Camarena completed a fellowship in Cornea and Refractive Surgery at the “Instituto de Oftalmologia Conde de Valenciana – UNAM,” Mexico. He obtained a Ph.D. in Clinical Sciences at Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico, and is a member of the CONACYT National System of Researchers (Level 1). Dr. Hernandez is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Medicine and Health Sciences and clinical research coordinator of the Ophthalmology Residency Program. He has a special interest in clinical (keratoconus, corneal transplant, and infectious keratitis) and basic research (biopharmaceutical molecules therapy for ocular surface disease and Tissue engineering for corneal endothelium regeneration). Dr. Hernandez-Camarena is the author and co-author of more than forty peer-reviewed scientific articles related to the cornea, refractive surgery, and ocular surface disease.",institutionString:"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"191",title:"Ophthalmology",slug:"medicine-ophthalmology"}],chapters:[{id:"78813",title:"Contact Lens-Associated Infectious Keratitis: Update on Diagnosis and Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100261",slug:"contact-lens-associated-infectious-keratitis-update-on-diagnosis-and-therapy",totalDownloads:156,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The focus of this chapter is to review the most recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of contact-lens-related infectious keratitis, the most sight-threatening complication of contact lens wear. In the last decades, contact lenses technology has confronted several challenges, including the need for safer and more comfortable polymer materials. The development of high coefficient oxygen permeability (Dkt) and low-water content disposable contact lens translated into a significant improvement in ocular discomfort related to dry eye and allergic reactions, decreasing biofilm build-up on the external surface of the lens. Additionally, the emergence and boom-effect of corneal refractive surgery have also driven the development of better contact lens manufacturing. Despite these substantial technological advances, contact lens users continue to be at risk for developing corneal infections. We describe recent epidemiologic data, and advances in understanding the complex pathogenesis of the disease, including the clinical characteristics of the infectious process produced by bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. Finally, the recent development of diagnostic techniques and therapeutic regimens are discussed.",signatures:"Jimena Alamillo-Velazquez, Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano, Julio C. Hernandez-Camarena and Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78813",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78813",authors:[{id:"209514",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Rodriguez-Garcia",slug:"alejandro-rodriguez-garcia",fullName:"Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia"}],corrections:null},{id:"75733",title:"Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Herpetic Keratitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96898",slug:"recent-advances-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-herpetic-keratitis",totalDownloads:423,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter is focused on one of the major cause of keratitis - Herpetic keratitis, its epidemiology, natural course, clinical forms, prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. The estimated global incidence of HSV keratitis is roughly 1,5 million, including 40,000 new cases of each year. Patients are usually affected in the early decades of live, therefore the disease has a severe impact on quality of life and quality of vision in young, productive adults. The author describes the detailed corneal characteristics, provides slit lamp photographs, optical coherence tomography scans and confocal microscopy results of different forms of the HSV keratitis: epithelial, stromal, necrotizing and endothelial. The chapter also discusses recent methods of diagnosis based on PCR testing as well as established and future methods of treatment based on the latest research results.",signatures:"Anna Nowińska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75733",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75733",authors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska"}],corrections:null},{id:"77167",title:"Fungal Keratitis: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98411",slug:"fungal-keratitis-recent-advances-in-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:321,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fungal keratitis or fungal corneal ulcer is potentially blinding infection of cornea, is considered one of the major cause of ocular morbidity, particularly in developing countries. It is a common cause of infectious keratitis, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. Fungal keratitis is notoriously challenging to diagnosis and difficult to treat. Delay in diagnosis may result in irreversible sequelae of corneal fungal infections, which can be preventable. Fungal keratitis often have worse treatment outcomes than bacterial keratitis, Delayed diagnosis and scarcity of effective antifungal agents are the major factors for poor outcome. In the recent years considerable advancement in the diagnosis and treatment has been occurred. In this chapter, we will discuss the recent advances in diagnosis and management of fungal keratitis with a brief discussion on pathogenesis and future therapeutic models.",signatures:"Suwarna Suman, Arushi Kumar, Indu Saxena and Manoj Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77167",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77167",authors:[{id:"343594",title:"Dr.",name:"Suwarna",surname:"Suman",slug:"suwarna-suman",fullName:"Suwarna Suman"},{id:"357336",title:"Dr.",name:"Indu",surname:"Saxena",slug:"indu-saxena",fullName:"Indu Saxena"},{id:"357338",title:"Prof.",name:"Manoj",surname:"Kumar",slug:"manoj-kumar",fullName:"Manoj Kumar"},{id:"414642",title:"Dr.",name:"Arushi",surname:"Kumar",slug:"arushi-kumar",fullName:"Arushi Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"75868",title:"Ocular Toxoplasmosis: An Update on Diagnosis, Multimodal Imaging and Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96752",slug:"ocular-toxoplasmosis-an-update-on-diagnosis-multimodal-imaging-and-therapy",totalDownloads:355,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ocular toxoplasmosis remains to be the most common cause of infectious uveitis in immunocompetent individuals with highly variable prognosis. The transmission mode can be either congenital or acquired. A precise diagnosis of the disease is necessary to opt effective and rapid treatment. While ocular toxoplasmosis usually presents in the classic form, it may as well present in variable clinical spectrum. The diagnosis can be suspected by the ocular inflammatory clinical presentation as well as multimodal imaging. However, serologic tests including intraocular fluid testing may be needed. Treatment includes combination of systemic antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory drugs with variable effectivity. More recently, intravitreally antimicrobials may be used. The chapter aims to layout the different clinical presentations and complications of ocular toxoplasmosis. Diagnostic techniques and different antimicrobial combinations for treatment will also be discussed.",signatures:"Terese Kamal Gerges",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75868",authors:[{id:"340918",title:"Prof.",name:"Terese Kamal",surname:"Gerges",slug:"terese-kamal-gerges",fullName:"Terese Kamal Gerges"}],corrections:null},{id:"76770",title:"Acute Postoperative Infectious Endophthalmitis: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97545",slug:"acute-postoperative-infectious-endophthalmitis-advances-in-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acute postoperative infectious endophthalmitis remains one of the most dreaded complications of ophthalmic surgery. One of the keys to success in treating this complication is to make an early clinical diagnosis and, if possible, an etiologic diagnosis that can guide treatment with antibiotic therapy. Different antibiotic therapy modalities have emerged over the years that have made it possible to treat even resistant strains of various microorganisms that cause endophthalmitis. Another relevant advance made in the etiological diagnosis of endophthalmitis is the advent of molecular biology techniques, such as the real-time polymerase chain reaction, which can detect minimal amounts of the genetic material of the causative microorganism present in the vitreous in a short period of time, thus improving treatment outcomes with better-guided therapy with intravitreal antibiotics. Aside from advances in postoperative diagnosis methods, the surgical treatment of endophthalmitis has had significant improvements in vitrectomy techniques, and in many cases, it has been proposed as the first-line treatment concomitantly with intravitreal antibiotic therapy. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that prophylaxis with intracameral antibiotic therapy further decreases postoperative endophthalmitis incidence.",signatures:"Sergio E. Hernandez-Da Mota, Jose Luis Guerrero-Naranjo, Jose Dalma-Weiszhausz, Raul Velez-Montoya and Jesus H. Gonzalez-Cortes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76770",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76770",authors:[{id:"271421",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Hernan",surname:"Gonzalez-Cortes",slug:"jesus-hernan-gonzalez-cortes",fullName:"Jesus Hernan Gonzalez-Cortes"},{id:"341004",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Eustolio",surname:"Hernandez-Da Mota",slug:"sergio-eustolio-hernandez-da-mota",fullName:"Sergio Eustolio Hernandez-Da Mota"},{id:"350905",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Dalma-Weiszhausz",slug:"jose-dalma-weiszhausz",fullName:"Jose Dalma-Weiszhausz"},{id:"350906",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",surname:"Guerrero Naranjo",slug:"jose-luis-guerrero-naranjo",fullName:"Jose Luis Guerrero Naranjo"},{id:"350907",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",surname:"Velez-Montoya",slug:"raul-velez-montoya",fullName:"Raul Velez-Montoya"}],corrections:null},{id:"76038",title:"Endogenous Endophthalmitis: Etiology and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96766",slug:"endogenous-endophthalmitis-etiology-and-treatment",totalDownloads:230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter comprehensively covers all aspects of endogenous endophthalmitis from systemic infectious agents, with an emphasis on reported and newer etiologies to broaden the diagnostic and investigative acumen of treating ophthalmic providers. The discussion includes the etiology of metastatic endophthalmitis and diagnostic investigations, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for identification of bacterial and viral infections involving the eye in both immunosuppressed in non-immunosuppressed patients. Additionally, we present clinical and diagnostic findings of fungal infections, protozoal infections, and helminthic infections. Pediatric cases are also reported and etiologies described. We discuss both etiology and diagnostic challenges. Current therapeutic modalities and outcomes are reviewed. While no two cases of metastatic endophthalmitis are the same, some similarities may exist that allow us to generalize how to approach and treat this potentially sight- and life-threatening spectrum of diseases and find the underlying systemic cause.",signatures:"Sami Kabbara, Neil Kelkar, Mandi D. Conway and Gholam A. Peyman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76038",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76038",authors:[{id:"274007",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandi D.",surname:"Conway",slug:"mandi-d.-conway",fullName:"Mandi D. Conway"},{id:"342117",title:"Prof.",name:"Gholam A.",surname:"Peyman",slug:"gholam-a.-peyman",fullName:"Gholam A. Peyman"},{id:"344256",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami",surname:"Kabbara",slug:"sami-kabbara",fullName:"Sami Kabbara"},{id:"344257",title:"BSc.",name:"Neil",surname:"Kelkar",slug:"neil-kelkar",fullName:"Neil Kelkar"}],corrections:null},{id:"76171",title:"Potency of SARS-CoV-2 on Ocular Tissues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97055",slug:"potency-of-sars-cov-2-on-ocular-tissues",totalDownloads:241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 100 million people and resulted in morbidity and mortality around the world. Even though the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by respiratory tract involvement, previous and recent data also indicates ocular manifestation. Not surprisingly, cell entry point of the virus, ACE2 receptor, is widely expressed in ocular tissues ranging from conjunctiva to retina. Despite the sensibility of ocular tissues, the sophisticated defense mechanism of the eye might eliminate viral transmission. Nevertheless, the potential of systemic transmission through the nasolacrimal duct may not be eliminated. In the case of ocular involvement, the disease outcomes might be as treatable as conjunctivitis or as serious as retinal degeneration and the treatment regimen vary accordingly. Within these contingencies, our aim with this chapter is to shed light on molecular bases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, systemic invasiveness following ocular transmission, manifestation and permanent effects on ocular tissues.",signatures:"Saliha Durak, Hande Eda Sutova, Abuzer Alp Yetisgin, Ozlem Kutlu and Sibel Cetinel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76171",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76171",authors:[{id:"341355",title:"Ms.",name:"Saliha",surname:"Durak",slug:"saliha-durak",fullName:"Saliha Durak"},{id:"344048",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Sibel Çetinel Çetinel",surname:"Çetinel",slug:"sibel-cetinel-cetinel-cetinel",fullName:"Sibel Çetinel Çetinel Çetinel"},{id:"344052",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozlem",surname:"Kutlu",slug:"ozlem-kutlu",fullName:"Ozlem Kutlu"},{id:"347787",title:"MSc.",name:"Hande Eda",surname:"Sutova",slug:"hande-eda-sutova",fullName:"Hande Eda Sutova"},{id:"347789",title:"MSc.",name:"Abuzer Alp",surname:"Yetisgin",slug:"abuzer-alp-yetisgin",fullName:"Abuzer Alp Yetisgin"}],corrections:null},{id:"76916",title:"COVID-19 Conjunctivitis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97135",slug:"covid-19-conjunctivitis",totalDownloads:173,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The outbreak of new Cov-2 epidemic was detected in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus −2 and started its rapid spread througth the world. The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on the 30th of January 2020. -2 infection can present with spectrum of clinical manifestations, primary of upper respiratory tract and in some cases, especially in immunocompromised patients can cause changes in lower respiratory tract such as pneumonia and bronchitis. Conjunctivitis is not a common manifestation of SARS-Cov-2 infection. It should however be kept in mind that patients with ocular manifestations and symptoms can represent the COVID-19 cases. CoVs can produce several ocular manifestations from conjunctivitis, uveitis – anterior and posterior, retinitis and optic neuritis.",signatures:"Suzana Konjevoda, Samir Čanović and Ana Didović Pavičić",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76916",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76916",authors:[{id:"273907",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzana",surname:"Konjevoda",slug:"suzana-konjevoda",fullName:"Suzana Konjevoda"},{id:"273914",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Didović Pavičić",slug:"ana-didovic-pavicic",fullName:"Ana Didović Pavičić"},{id:"273932",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",surname:"Čanović",slug:"samir-canovic",fullName:"Samir Čanović"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7094",title:"Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a81511ced9080932669447918c9b5f72",slug:"advances-in-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-uveitis",bookSignature:"Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia and C. Stephen Foster",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7094.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"209514",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Rodriguez-Garcia",slug:"alejandro-rodriguez-garcia",fullName:"Alejandro Rodriguez-Garcia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8855",title:"Retinoblastoma",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1686b2f1d697de9d4bc2005a5fa9b998",slug:"retinoblastoma-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Hind Manaa Alkatan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8855.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223782",title:"Dr.",name:"Hind",surname:"Alkatan",slug:"hind-alkatan",fullName:"Hind Alkatan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6372",title:"Early Events in Diabetic Retinopathy and Intervention Strategies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46ff48bdb1bac8a69372566fff0e2f6d",slug:"early-events-in-diabetic-retinopathy-and-intervention-strategies",bookSignature:"Andrew T.C. Tsin and Jeffery G. Grigsby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"310667",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Tsin",slug:"andrew-tsin",fullName:"Andrew Tsin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7858",title:"A Practical Guide to Clinical Application of OCT in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e2d479cc9258dee430f8ba4c353c468",slug:"a-practical-guide-to-clinical-application-of-oct-in-ophthalmology",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8418",title:"Eye Motility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f554b86583b2290b7dc0ae067e1d577",slug:"eye-motility",bookSignature:"Ivana Mravicic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96701",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",surname:"Mravicic",slug:"ivana-mravicic",fullName:"Ivana Mravicic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5917",title:"Causes and Coping with Visual Impairment and Blindness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59fe032e3de5e150eab8bf47bd2d8fdd",slug:"causes-and-coping-with-visual-impairment-and-blindness",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5917.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10732",title:"Dry Eye Syndrome",subtitle:"Modern Diagnostic Techniques and Advanced Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44a1939cac17b7cfebbef5e156af0b2a",slug:"dry-eye-syndrome-modern-diagnostic-techniques-and-advanced-treatments",bookSignature:"Felicia M. Ferreri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10732.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32442",title:"Prof.",name:"Felicia M.",surname:"Ferreri",slug:"felicia-m.-ferreri",fullName:"Felicia M. Ferreri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:"The Knowns and Unknowns",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:"ocular-hypertension-the-knowns-and-unknowns",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10293",title:"Eyesight and Imaging",subtitle:"Advances and New Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c4e3e515bebe6053f3f1f57e4854462",slug:"eyesight-and-imaging-advances-and-new-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alireza Ziaei and Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10293.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"271630",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",surname:"Ziaei",slug:"alireza-ziaei",fullName:"Alireza Ziaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10534",title:"Current Cataract Surgical Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b3bfcd2c690d037d693f31545a36fda",slug:"current-cataract-surgical-techniques",bookSignature:"Xiaogang Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10534.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74511",slug:"corrigendum-to-has-the-yield-curve-accurately-predicted-the-malaysian-economy-in-the-previous-two-de",title:"Corrigendum to: Has the Yield Curve Accurately Predicted the Malaysian Economy in the Previous Two Decades?",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74511.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74511",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74511",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74511",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74511",chapter:{id:"72452",slug:"has-the-yield-curve-accurately-predicted-the-malaysian-economy-in-the-previous-two-decades-",signatures:"Maya Puspa Rahman",dateSubmitted:"December 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 21st 2020",datePrePublished:"June 11th 2020",datePublished:"December 23rd 2020",book:{id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Banking and Finance",slug:"banking-and-finance",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316535",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maya Puspa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Maya Puspa Rahman",slug:"maya-puspa-rahman",email:"mayapuspa@iium.edu.my",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"72452",slug:"has-the-yield-curve-accurately-predicted-the-malaysian-economy-in-the-previous-two-decades-",signatures:"Maya Puspa Rahman",dateSubmitted:"December 9th 2019",dateReviewed:"March 21st 2020",datePrePublished:"June 11th 2020",datePublished:"December 23rd 2020",book:{id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Banking and Finance",slug:"banking-and-finance",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316535",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maya Puspa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Maya Puspa Rahman",slug:"maya-puspa-rahman",email:"mayapuspa@iium.edu.my",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9534",title:"Banking and Finance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Banking and Finance",slug:"banking-and-finance",publishedDate:"December 23rd 2020",bookSignature:"Razali Haron, Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin and Michael Murg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9534.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206517",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Razali",middleName:null,surname:"Haron",slug:"razali-haron",fullName:"Razali Haron"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11578",leadTitle:null,title:"Antibiotics and Probiotics in Animal Food - Impact and Regulation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe use of antibiotics in food animals is largely in practice for decades. Poultry, as well as animal producers, use sub-therapeutic levels of antimicrobials in feed to get maximum production. Furthermore, in serval countries, non-judicial use of antimicrobials while using for therapeutic purposes is also been observed. However, research has evidence that the use of antibiotics in food animals has many deleterious effects on the animals, the environment, and human beings. One of the prime examples of antimicrobials' side-effects is the development of antimicrobial resistance that results in a reduction of treatment options in human and animal medicine. Nowadays, scientists are looking for viable alternatives to antibiotics including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms that are helpful for digestion and health. They are also capable to reduce harmful bacteria in the gut when supplemented in the diet. Many available studies show that probiotic supplementation in poultry, fish, livestock, and pet animals led to improved production, health, immunity, and meat quality.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-588-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-587-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-589-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3731c009f474c6ed4293f348ca7b27ac",bookSignature:"Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11578.jpg",keywords:"Beneficial Microorganisms, Probiotic Role in Health and Immunity, Supplementation of Probiotics in Poultry, Dietary Supplementation of Yeast in Farm Animals, Gut Health, Probiotic and Mucosal Immunity, Probiotics and Intestinal Architecture, Probiotics and Nutrient Absorption, Ban of Antibiotics in Food Animals, Regulatory Issues of Antibiotic Use in Farm Animals, Alternatives to Antibiotic in Animal Production, Consequences of Antimicrobials Use in Animals",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 21st 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A well-known researcher in the area of Veterinary Sciences with a key interest in Veterinary Microbiology and immunology. Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh completed his Ph.D. in Veterinary Science from Nanjing Agricultural University, China. He has published more than 100 research and review articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals. He is an editor/editorial board member of many scholarly journals in the area of animal health and production.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225390/images/system/225390.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Asghar Ali Kamboh was born in Mehrabpur, Sindh, Pakistan. He completed his studies in Veterinary Medicine and Masters in Veterinary Microbiology in 2003 and 2007 respectively, with distinguished grades. In 2009, he was awarded an overseas scholarship by the Government of Pakistan and proceeded to China for doctoral studies. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. He has edited two books and published more than 100 research and review articles in national and international peer-reviewed journals. He has supervised/co-supervised more than 35 M.Phil students. He is also the author of many books and book chapters. In addition, he is an editor/editorial board member of many scholarly journals in the area of animal health and production.",institutionString:"Sindh Agriculture University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Sindh Agriculture University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"25",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",slug:"veterinary-medicine-and-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8470",title:"Poultry",subtitle:"An Advanced Learning",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88f09746e2b424573c8dc0bd927e9dbb",slug:"poultry-an-advanced-learning",bookSignature:"Asghar Ali Kamboh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225390",title:"Dr.",name:"Asghar Ali",surname:"Kamboh",slug:"asghar-ali-kamboh",fullName:"Asghar Ali Kamboh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"51261",title:"Advanced Microfluidic Assays for Caenorhabditis elegans",doi:"10.5772/64283",slug:"advanced-microfluidic-assays-for-caenorhabditis-elegans",body:'The invertebrate
Traditionally, behavioral genetics is employed as a prime method for neurobiological studies in
Microfluidics has recently been adopted as an instrument both to expand and accelerate progress related to the treatment of human diseases and injuries. Due to precise and automated manipulation of fluids and samples (e.g., single cell, multicellular organism, etc.) in a system of channels (10 –150 µm), a microfluidic-based approach is able to open up aspects that would remain hidden from traditional laboratory techniques. The technology provides a junction between engineering and pure sciences with an immense potential for offering simple and practical solutions. The unique properties of this technology are highlighted by several aspects. First, the dimensions of microfluidic channels perfectly match to the size of samples, allowing precise manipulation. With moving parts, flowing fluids, or other passive mechanisms, microsystems can be used to align samples with a particular orientation with ease as compared to hand-manipulations. Second, the ability to manipulate small amounts of liquid makes it suitable for the precise delivery of small amounts of reagent. Due to the laminar nature of the flow at the micro scale, efficient mass and energy transfer can be controlled in a completely predictable manner (e.g., diffusion of dissolved gases across tens of microns through fluids or polymer membrane materials). Third, based on relatively inexpensive polymer-based fabrication techniques, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replica molding, it has become feasible to realize disposable, economic, and biocompatible systems [4]. Complex structures, adapted to different applications, can be easily fabricated in a short time. Finally, the capability to realize large-scale integration makes it possible to handle a large population of samples in parallel or in series for high -throughput assays. For example, COPAS BIOSORT high-throughput analysis system from Union Biometrica, Inc. (USA), enables the performing of high-speed imaging and offers the possibility of studying a large quantity of individual worms, thereby providing detailed statistical information on the biological variance within the same population.
Substantial advances in microfluidic techniques and particular research interest in
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of recent microfluidic-based approaches for investigations of worm behavior and neurobiology (Figure 1). This includes a discussion on tools and approaches needed to ensure high-throughput manipulation (culturing, sorting, and immobilization) and assaying for behavioral and neuronal studies. In addition, a perspective of novel methods for studies of metabolic activity facilitated by microfluidics is presented.
Schematic illustration of a microfluidic platform for
Conventional optical imaging is an established detection technique for the observation of biological samples (e.g., cells, microorganisms, etc.). Microscopy-based (fluorescent, nonfluorescent, or their various combinations) systems can be used to extract valuable and unique data (e.g., image the activity of specific neurons) from biological samples. Combined with microfluidics, these systems offer several important advantages required for high-throughput screening [7–10]. Fully automated components, software control, and image processing tools make commercial confocal microscopes extremely versatile for real-time and high -resolution diagnosis. However, conventional optical imaging systems are quite expensive, bulky, and limit the miniaturization of chip-based systems. An overview of different optical imaging approaches in microfluidics (e.g., conventional optical imaging, lensless imaging, etc.) and their applications was recently presented by several research groups [20–22].
To overcome limitations mentioned above, researchers utilize on-chip or lensless imaging technologies. On-chip imaging systems for
Another promising approach is a lensless and sensor-less monitoring of the nematodes’ movement in various microenvironments [29]. In a micro-electro-fluidic (MEF) grid, a moving nematode is detected by change in the electrical impedance at the intersection regions of the microelectrode grid, formed by two identical orthogonally arranged arrays of metal lines (Figure 1B). The approach ensured the real-time readout of the crawling nematode with a spatial resolution of 30 µm (the distance between grid lines) of the reconstructed images at the frequency of 174 Hz per readout.
Usually, the use of fluorescence-based techniques, such as calcium imaging or green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, and microfluidics to image the activity of specific neurons requires chemically or genetically labeled animals to be immobilized for imaging at a cellular level [30–32]. An “immobilization-free” approach detection is achieved via two pairs of integrated optical fibers. Through the measurements of optical density and fluorescence, the fibers can detect and differentiate wild-type and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-type
Environmental control and manipulation of whole animal poses significant challenges (e.g., animal’s body orientation, precise delivery of chemicals, etc.). Transferring traditional neurobiology and behavioral investigation techniques to the microfluidic platform has the potential to overcome these challenges. This is driven by substantial progress in integration of functional components (e.g., valves, detectors, etc.) that allow the monitoring of various steps, such as administration, distribution, metabolism, and toxicity during drug screening. The advanced microfluidic approach offers both qualitative and quantitative data from a single organism by automatic high-throughput manipulation. For example, the worms can be oriented at regular positions on a substrate due to hydrodynamic forces in a microfluidic chip for the determination of gene function in a high-throughput manner [34]. In this section, we discuss general manipulation techniques, such as culturing, sorting, and immobilization.
Schematic illustration of the microfluidic platforms for
When considering high-throughput manipulation, automatic classification of worms (e.g., wild-type from mutants) becomes of high relevance. Typically, sorting involves individual
Several other techniques have been successfully implemented in high-throughput studies [61–63]. In these systems, sorting is accomplished based on size difference in a passive, but extremely high throughput (up to 1200 worms per min) and selective manner (94 % of adults with 0.2 % larva contamination) [62].The device body contains an array of microstructured post (or filters) and a network of microfluidic channels allowing a large population of adult worms and larvae to be oriented in the desired direction.
Microfluidic devices offer advantages for both spatial and temporal control of the animal’s position and microenvironment at the microscale. Based on acoustic wave in a single-layer microfluidic chip, on-chip manipulation technique permitted trapping and rotational manipulation
Gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2), are sensed by
In this section, we review the use of microfluidic chips for
The environmental cues can be applied by devices, embedded in a chip-based microfluidic system, to analyze the behavioral response of the microorganism. For example, active and automated local manipulation and chemical stimulation of the individual worms can be achieved by implementation of multilayer PDMS layers. Because of
These devices allow researchers to manipulate the oscillating body motion of the crawling animals and investigate the biophysical and neuronal mechanisms of locomotion and proprioception. Microfluidics facilitates precise environmental control that was demonstrated by modifying the chemicals’ concentration of the main chamber rapidly or and immediately observing the effect on locomotion [83]. Obviously, tracking animals through such a rapid media exchange would not be possible in a larger environment.
Normally, worms are exposed to a uniform electric field generated by two electrodes (e.g., platinum wires) embedded in inlet and outlet reservoirs and connected to external electrical drive circuitry (Figure 2C). Exposure to direct (DC), alternating (AC), and pulsed DC electric fields in a specified range of strengths has been employed as a means of guiding nematodes in a binary manner (e.g., start and stop), for sorting, and for immobilization, aiming to provide a close look at the mechanism of neuronal signaling transduced into behavioral responses [86, 92, 93, 98–100]. Such movement-based microfluidic devices permit the differentiation of worms according to locomotive abilities and similar physiological states, for instance, to distinguish adults from larva, or healthy worms from uncoordinated, and to locate individuals defective in electric field sensing. This guiding technique allows high throughput (up to 60 worms per min) and method selectivity of 70–90 %.
The progress achieved in microfabrication technologies has made monolithic integration of electrodes into microfluidic platform possible (Figure 1F). Micropatterned electrodes on the sidewalls of microfluidic channels (i.e., without blocking optical visibility) provides a simple means of creating electrofluidic glass chips to flexibly control the movement of
Although the
Behavioral studies, such as physiological responses, in a whole organism population include not only movement-based analyses but also monitoring of the
One application where microfluidics and fluorescent-based imaging open up aspects that would remain hidden from traditional laboratory techniques is drug screening.
Due to PDMS microfluidic devices, much progress has been made to overcome the limitations of precise chemical control. The effect of ageing on physiological properties of the ASH chemosensory neuron can be characterized and quantified by the direct delivery of a chemical odor to the nose of
Another field where polymer-based fabrication techniques have already demonstrated themselves, is in investigations of gas sensing in nematodes [69, 76, 115–117]. In order to understand how oxygen level variation causes behavioral and physiological changes, freely moving adult animals were subjected to a gas-phase oxygen gradient. Experiments showed that specific soluble guanylate cyclase homologues (GCY-31, GCY-33, GCY-35, and GCY-36), located in URX, AQR, and PQR sensory neurons, activate hypoxia or hyperoxia avoidance [115, 116].
For many applications, such as characterizing stochastic neural responses, it should be beneficial to increase experimental throughput at the expense of image resolution. Microfluidics promotes simultaneous recording of calcium transients in individual neurons from multiple animals (up to 20), and increases experimental throughput [82, 118]. Thus, a systematic characterization of chemosensory neuron responses to multiple odors, odor concentrations, and temporal patterns, as well as responses to pharmacological manipulation can be performed.
The described experiments benefit enormously from the use of microfluidic technologies. The precise handling and chemical mixing of chemicals and neurotoxins in nanoliter volume droplets tremendously decreases reagent consumption and reaction time. The combination of brightfield imaging, fluorescent imaging, and microfluidics allows
Several other techniques for studying and characterization of intracellular processes, including dielectrophoresis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, have been adopted by researchers for whole-animal drug screening (Figure 1F) [77, 92, 120, 121]. These methods use a noninvasive electrophysiological readout of neuromuscular function and can provide high-quality neurogenetic and neuropharmacological data on nematodes. Automatic real-time monitoring and parallelization (up to 8 worms simultaneously) with throughput of up to 12 worms per hour facilitate the rapid neuroactive drug screening, e.g., effects of drugs on neurons, as well as on muscles [77, 121].
In combination with microfluidics and optical image analysis systems, microsurgery and microinjection are employed for
The
The advances in microfabrication technologies have demonstrated the potential of using active lab-on-a-chip (LoC) devices as an alternative to microwell plates for worm-based assays. LoC technology offers a straightforward solution to all of the problems during manual manipulation. Complex three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments have been created, where a whole population of worms is cultured and analyzed in a reproducible way. Currently available microfluidic-based systems are capable of recording from sensory neurons in animals
The use of fluorescence-based techniques and microfluidics to image the activity of specific neurons requires that animals be labeled either chemically or genetically. However, for monitoring certain biological processes, fluorescent labeling might be inconvenient or may interfere with normal behavior. Moreover, many dynamic phenomena of motile samples might be missed during impedance spectroscopy, microsurgery, and microinjection because of the long-term immobilization required for subcellular-level stabilization of
Several other approaches can be used to study the neuronal and metabolic activity of a biological system. For example, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) are two of the most information-rich methods that provide a unique opportunity to link morphological, functional, and chemically specific spectroscopic information from small volume (e.g., µl) samples (Figure 1I). MRI and NMR uses strong time-varying radio frequency (RF) fields to generate a weak specific RF response from a certain tissue type [129]. Because the technology is noninvasive and only nonionizing radiation is absorbed and emitted, it might be especially suitable for the study of
In many of the reviewed research articles, the easy integration of microfluidic control and detection modules was a key factor in helping to link
We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council (ERC) (contract number 290586 from 1.07.2012), which funded this work.
When people are asked why health is important, many are unable to answer it. The reason for this may be due to their lack of awareness of the importance of health and the consequent lack of proper self-care. Health can generally be considered an essential basis of life, but many people still do things that show that health is not a priority in their lives. They spend a lot of time on the opportunities they find but do not spend time learning what is good for them to exercise or stay healthy; they spend their budget on Nonsignificant things. But for a more nutritious diet, they pay less.
According to the World Health Organization’s definition, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not only the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition of health has been given more attention since 1978 at the UN Summit in Almaty. Due to the considerable differences in the level of health in different countries of the world, the members of this organization were required to provide Primary Health Care by providing an essential package aimed at reducing the health gap between different countries and with the goal of Health for All by the year 2000. Undoubtedly, one of the most critical concerns and challenges that different countries have faced in providing primary health care to their population has been the lack of resources in the face of the growing need to receive this care during all these years.
So from the perspective of health economists, health is a durable good, or type of capital, that provides services. The flow of services produced from the stock of health capital is consumed continuously over an individual’s lifetime. Each person is assumed to be endowed with a given stock of health at the birth time, such as a year. Over the period, the stock of health depreciates with age and maybe promoted by investments in Health services. Death occurs when an individual’s stock of health falls below a critical minimum level.
To request a product or service, you must ask for it, afford it, and have a specific plan for purchasing it. Desires are, in fact, the unlimited desires and inclinations that people have for goods and services. Imagine being able to afford something if you could afford it or it was not so expensive. When we make choices, scarcity guarantees that many of our desires will never be met. Demand reflects our plan and vision for the demands that will be met. The amount of goods and services that the consumer plans to buy depends on many factors: commodity prices, related commodity prices, personal income, expected future prices, population, advertising, and preferences.
We must first discuss the relationship between the demand for a good or service and the price. All other factors influencing demand must be kept constant to study this relationship called the Citrus Paribus principle. The demand for a good or service is inversely related to its price; as the price increases, the demand for it decreases, and vice versa. Of course, the rate of demand response to price changes is not the same for all goods, which will be discussed in the topic of elasticity [1].
The demand curve is a geometric location of points where the dependent variable is the rate of use of a good, and the independent variable is the price of that good; in general, the demand curve shows the maximum demand for a good at different prices and also represent the ultimate price for a certain amount of a good. Usually, the price variable is shown on the y axis and the amount of goods or services on the x-axis (Figure 1).
Demand curve.
This shows the maximum amount someone is willing to pay for a small increment in consumption rate. Care should be taken in using the “demand” to mean the amount of consumption of a particular good or service at a specific price and to use it to mean a range of corresponding values in the price range (for example, one point on the demand curve versus the whole Points on the curve). The demand for a good or service is a function of its relative price and buyers’ income. The demand curve is a two-dimensional representation of this process. Responding to price changes is moving along the demand curve and responding to changes in revenue as the entire demand curve changes and shifts (Figure 2). Some of the characteristics of the demand side that should always be kept in mind when using the demand curve in healthcare, especially when making normative statements about well-being, are: Uncertainty on the part of the consumer about the likelihood of future illness; Side effects, the effectiveness of treatment methods and their possible cost. When sick, people experience anxiety, disability, suffering, and pain that may not be considered in the theory of desirability; It is also important to note that there may be an external demand for care and treatment of a person in addition to their need; And the fact that the price at which the applicant responds to the service or goods may in no way be an accurate reflection of the final cost of providing that product or service to the service provider.
Change in demand curve.
We can also consider the demand curve as a payment ability curve that measures the ultimate benefit. This curve shows the highest price a person is willing and able to pay for the last unit purchased. If there are fewer goods available, the highest price that a person is willing and able to pay for a larger unit will be high. But as the quantity of available goods increases, the ultimate benefit of each additional unit decreases, and the highest price offered on the demand curve decreases.
In addition to the price of the product in question, which is inversely related to the demand for that product, we can examine the relationship between the demand for a product and other factors in the space of the demand curve.
A complementary good is a good that is used with another commodity, and if the price of one of these commodities increases, in addition to the demand for that commodity, the demand for the other commodity also decreases.
Medical care consists of countless goods and services that maintain, improve, or restore a person’s health. For example, a young man may have wrist surgery to repair a torn tendon so he can return to work, an older woman may have cataract surgery to improve her vision, or a parent may have to Bring their child to a healthcare center for an annual dental checkup to prevent future problems. Prescription drugs, prescription glasses, and dentures are examples of medical supplies, while surgeries, periodic physical examinations, and visits to medical professionals are examples of medical services. Preventive and medical care are heterogeneous, making it difficult to measure and quantify medical care units accurately. Medical care services have four characteristics that distinguish these from other goods and services: intangibility, inseparability, inventory, and inconsistency.
Intangibility means that the five senses are incapable of evaluating medical services. Unlike new shoes, a vegetable salad dinner, or a new cell phone, the consumer cannot see, taste, or touch medical services. Indivisibility also means that the production and consumption of a medical service take place simultaneously. For example, when you see an ophthalmologist for an examination, you use ophthalmic services right at the time of production. In addition, a patient is often seen as both a producer and a consumer. Inventory is directly related to inseparability. Because the production and consumption of a medical service occur simultaneously, healthcare providers cannot store or maintain medical services. For example, a physiotherapist cannot provide a list of different physiotherapy services to meet demand during busy times. Finally, inconsistency means that the variety, composition, and quality of medical services are very different. Although different people may see a doctor simultaneously, there are various reasons for visiting a doctor. One person may see a doctor because of a typical physical problem, while another may see a doctor because of a heart attack. The combination of prescribed medical care or the frequency of its use can vary significantly from person to person and at different times [4, 5].
The following factors affect the demand for healthcare:
Needs (based on patient perception)
Patient preferences
Price or cost of use
Income
transportation cost
waiting time
Quality of care (based on patient perception)
The use of healthcare depends on demand and availability. If planners allocate resources based on need rather than demand, they may find themselves in a situation where some services are underused, and some services are overused.
Just as the healthcare market is different from other commodities, so is the demand for healthcare different from the simple demand model. One of the differences is that healthcare is not demanded because it is self-satisfying. After all, healthcare itself does not lead to satisfaction. Instead, healthcare is in demand because people are satisfied with their activities when they are healthy. So the demand for healthcare is a derived demand.
Patients’ perceptions of their need and capacity to benefit from healthcare are strongly influenced by physicians and healthcare providers. Although in economics, it is assumed that consumers can make informed decisions about their consumption patterns, healthcare consumers delegate this decision-making power to healthcare workers who are more aware of them. This phenomenon is due to information asymmetry between healthcare providers and patients, which carries the risk of induced demand by providers to increase revenue. Another complication stems from the fact that healthcare is highly heterogeneous. Each patient has a relatively different combination of pain and symptoms. Therefore each patient needs to purchase a fairly different package of care that both the patient and the physician have uncertainty about its effectiveness in meeting the need.
Another critical difference is that many health services are paid for by third parties. Payments by third parties or insurance companies Although they significantly increase people’s purchasing power for healthcare, it is also important to note that they can lead to ethical risks and increase demand for services that patients may not need.
Demand for healthcare depends on the level of consumption of an individual in case of illness; the amount of consumption can differ according to the factors affecting the demand, such as income, service price, education, norms, social traditions, and quality. A person’s decision to use or use services is related to his or her illness/injury status rather than healthcare. Developing countries are focused on promoting healthcare as an essential policy to improve health outcomes and fulfill international obligations and universal coverage of health services. However, many policies have focused more on improving physical access than on the demand-side healthcare needs pattern. In low-income countries, allocating scarce financial resources is based on clear criteria for the impact of investment in the health sector on service demand.
In these countries, due to the lack or weakness of social security systems, the occurrence of the disease leads to increased health costs and reduced labor productivity and leads to a loss of household welfare. In developed countries, due to insurance, many health services are used with minimal consumer participation in the payment; however, in developing countries, concerns about less use of health services, to the extent of supply. Or poor access is associated. However, even in health services, due to various barriers on the demand side, related to the cost of treatment, travel costs, and quality of services, the rate of exploitation is low. Also, the importance of a person’s health status in a clinical context is related to the analysis and social evaluation of a person’s health and social environment. Studies have shown that the risk of death is related to people’s perception of the health importance of maintaining it. Since one of the priorities of health policymakers is to improve people’s health, various factors that directly and indirectly affect the demand for health services should be examined more carefully. Identifying the factors influencing individuals’ decision to request healthcare services and choosing from different providers. Therefore, evaluating the determinants of demand for health services will introduce and implement appropriate incentive schemes to encourage better health services. Because health is one of the essential components of human capital and healthy human beings are the center of sustainable development, health can significantly increase the ability of individuals to perform various activities, including productive activities. As a result, people are looking for health. At the individual level, health is mainly influenced by multiple factors such as biological factors, lifestyle, purchased non-medical services, purchased medical services and goods, and different socio-economic characteristics. People’s understanding and expectation of healthcare quality are essential because the perceived quality of health services often affects health services’ behavior and consumption patterns [6].
Grossman used human capital theory to explain the demand for healthcare. According to human capital theory, people invest in themselves through education and health to increase their income. Grossman proposed an approach in which many important aspects of the demand for health services differ from the traditional demand approach:
That consumers are looking for health and demand health services to achieve it.
To achieve health, consumers buy health services from the market and combine them with their efforts to improve health, such as diet and exercise.
The health gained lasts more than a period and is not immediately depreciated to be analyzed as a capital good.
Most notably, health can be considered as both a consumer good and a capital good. From the people’s point of view, health is a consumer product because it makes them feel better. As a capital good, it is also suitable for people’s health because it increases the number of healthy days of life to work and earn money. Figure 3 provides a simple diagram that explains the concept of health capital. Just as one thinks that cars or laptops are capital goods that use the flow of their services over time, one can also understand the savings of one’s health capital, the outcome of which is “healthy days”. Outflow may be considered as one dimension of healthy days or measured in several dimensions of physical, mental health, and limited activity. People consume a range of health inputs, including healthcare inputs, diet, exercise, and time, so they invest in health savings. These investments help maintain or improve consumers’ health reserves, providing them with healthy days. Over time, health reserves may either grow, remain constant, or decrease with age due to illness or injury. As mentioned in Box 3, many technologies may generate health capital, using different amounts of time or health goods and services. Figure 3 shows how the ultimate goal of “healthy days” guides consumer decisions about the amount, time, and cost of investing in health storage. We will see that the prices of healthcare, the rate of wages of individuals, and their productivity in the production of health determine how resources are allocated between health capital and other goods and services that people buy. Consider a consumer who buys market inputs (e.g., medical care, food, clothing) and combines them with his or her own time to generate a health capital reserve that increases his or her utility [2].
Investing in health.
As an economic principle, the price of a good and the demand for that good are inversely related. That is, the higher the price of a commodity, the less demand there is for that commodity, and the lower the price of a good, the greater the demand for it. Price elasticity of demand shows that a one percent change in a good price causes a few percent changes in the demand. For example, if the price of a car rises by one percent, the demand for it will fall by a few percent, and vice versa, if the price of a vehicle falls by one percent, the demand will increase by a few percent.
Three things can happen when we calculate the price elasticity for a commodity:
When a one percent change in the price of a commodity occurs, the demand for that commodity changes by more than one percent. These types of goods are very price sensitive.
When a one percent change in a good price causes the demand for that good to change by less than one percent, this type of product is called inelastic. Demand for this type of goods shows a mild reaction to price changes.
The third case is when a one percent change in the price of a good causes a one percent change in the demand for that good.
If there is an inverse relationship between price and demand, demand elasticity will always be negative because the percentage change in one face or denominator is a negative fraction. Therefore, after calculating the price elasticity of demand, if the result, regardless of the negative sign of the number, becomes more than one, the commodity with elasticity is less than one, the good without elasticity, and if it is equal to one, the good has a single elasticity.
Although the price elasticity of a commodity can be determined only by collecting price information and calculating, some factors affect this ratio.
Alternative goods: The more alternative goods there are, the higher the price elasticity of that product. That is, when the price changes, the demand for that product changes more drastically. Also, price changes in a product cause a shift in the demand for alternative goods. In the healthcare sector, there are usually few alternatives to a health or medical intervention.
Complementary goods: When a product has a supplement, a change in the price of a complementary product causes a change in the demand for another product. Maternal and child care can be mentioned as complementary goods in the field of health (Figure 4).
Types of elasticity.
Commodity prices: In general, if the price of a commodity is very low, the amount of demand does not react to price changes. But high-priced products are attractive. On the other hand, different results are obtained depending on the price at which the demand elasticity is calculated. As mentioned initially, the price of a product has an inverse relationship with the amount of demand. When the price is precisely in the middle of the demand curve of a commodity, the commodity has a single elasticity. Also, if the price is less than the midpoint, the product in that range is unattractive. If the price is above the midpoint, the product will be pulled. You can see this in the chart below.
Marginal modes in demand elasticity.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6602},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5908},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12542},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132766},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"23,21,7"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Pandemics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc9e4cab86c76f35cd70b39086d9b69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11472",title:"21st Century Slavery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b341f3fc3411ced881e43ce007a892b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11472.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"20307129f7fb39aa443d5449acb6a784",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e15ba86bab1a64f950318f3ab2584ed",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11774",title:"International Law",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e629251ba38b83f6bf406dd93511c61",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11774.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11775",title:"Global Peace and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"90d8b5fdb1297222c88ab85dd900297a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11775.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11770",title:"Feminism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008be465c708a6fde48c8468757a40af",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11771",title:"Photography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"466454ffeb31a0953c5120379ffece18",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11771.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12109",title:"Occupational Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dc8ab0bc980393022adbacd9a23d219",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12109.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12127",title:"The Psychology of Sports",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4bf52abfe589a320744c40ca5fe41a89",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12127.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:100},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:46},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[],latestBooks:[]},subject:{topic:{id:"676",title:"Soil Degradation",slug:"soil-degradation",parent:{id:"108",title:"Soil Science",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences-soil-science"},numberOfBooks:10,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:340,numberOfWosCitations:823,numberOfCrossrefCitations:357,numberOfDimensionsCitations:988,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"676",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10409",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Current Challenges and Future Perspectives in a Changing World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"100d8afa798aacadca65a149a4f902b5",slug:"soil-erosion-current-challenges-and-future-perspectives-in-a-changing-world",bookSignature:"António Vieira and Silvio Carlos Rodrigues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10409.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103627",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",slug:"antonio-vieira",fullName:"António Vieira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"055d0c17144224427913ec894a6aa82a",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5237",title:"Land Degradation and Desertification",subtitle:"a Global Crisis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff3b576efe5291dd5165cdc70bbff1cb",slug:"land-degradation-and-desertification-a-global-crisis",bookSignature:"Abiud Kaswamila",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5237.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115390",title:"Prof.",name:"Abiud L.",middleName:"Lucas",surname:"Kaswamila",slug:"abiud-l.-kaswamila",fullName:"Abiud L. Kaswamila"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3854",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88e43f7e0affb0c1ba3eccf8675e10f2",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3224",title:"Soil Processes and Current Trends in Quality Assessment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4f4d65c2941b97a83d651b73aaeb77e",slug:"soil-processes-and-current-trends-in-quality-assessment",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3224.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3101",title:"Research on Soil Erosion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51090e50c44c29c86ddab2f001203205",slug:"research-on-soil-erosion",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone, Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3101.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2112",title:"Soil Health and Land Use Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3065f0ce00f5f86227cc7f2069cdb89a",slug:"soil-health-and-land-use-management",bookSignature:"Maria C. Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2112.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"116131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1354",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54b680a6a971eb10ae500071207ab86d",slug:"soil-erosion-studies",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1354.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"410",title:"Soil Erosion Issues in Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab3ad713d24941e8ce0649ae94643ec3",slug:"soil-erosion-issues-in-agriculture",bookSignature:"Danilo Godone and Silvia Stanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313983",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Godone",slug:"danilo-godone",fullName:"Danilo Godone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"411",title:"Soil Contamination",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02b616b9401d15f1c0e8e4e5ad11a48d",slug:"soil-contamination",bookSignature:"Simone Pascucci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60200",title:"MSc",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Pascucci",slug:"simone-pascucci",fullName:"Simone Pascucci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46355",doi:"10.5772/57469",title:"Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals and Metalloids at Mining Areas: Potential of Native Flora",slug:"phytoremediation-of-soils-contaminated-with-metals-and-metalloids-at-mining-areas-potential-of-nativ",totalDownloads:8508,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Paulo J.C. Favas, João Pratas, Mayank Varun, Rohan D’Souza and\nManoj S. Paul",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",slug:"paulo-favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas"},{id:"169747",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:"Stephen",surname:"Paul",slug:"manoj-paul",fullName:"Manoj Paul"},{id:"169952",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Pratas",slug:"joao-pratas",fullName:"Joao Pratas"},{id:"169953",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:null,surname:"Varun",slug:"mayank-varun",fullName:"Mayank Varun"},{id:"169954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohan",middleName:null,surname:"D'Souza",slug:"rohan-d'souza",fullName:"Rohan D'Souza"}]},{id:"46032",doi:"10.5772/57287",title:"Soil Contamination, Risk Assessment and Remediation",slug:"soil-contamination-risk-assessment-and-remediation",totalDownloads:13826,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd. Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff",authors:[{id:"25185",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aqeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-aqeel-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf"},{id:"101988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Yusoff",slug:"ismail-yusoff",fullName:"Ismail Yusoff"},{id:"169931",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Jamil",middleName:null,surname:"Maah",slug:"mohd-jamil-maah",fullName:"Mohd Jamil Maah"},{id:"169932",title:"Dr.",name:"Ng Tham",middleName:null,surname:"Fatt",slug:"ng-tham-fatt",fullName:"Ng Tham Fatt"}]},{id:"46266",doi:"10.5772/57406",title:"The Effect of Industrial Heavy Metal Pollution on Microbial Abundance and Diversity in Soils — A Review",slug:"the-effect-of-industrial-heavy-metal-pollution-on-microbial-abundance-and-diversity-in-soils-a-revie",totalDownloads:4609,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:43,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Anna Lenart-Boroń and Piotr Boroń",authors:[{id:"169734",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Lenart-Boroń",slug:"anna-lenart-boron",fullName:"Anna Lenart-Boroń"},{id:"169933",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Boron",slug:"piotr-boron",fullName:"Piotr Boron"}]},{id:"19391",doi:"10.5772/23661",title:"Reflectance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Monitoring Contaminated Soils",slug:"reflectance-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-for-monitoring-contaminated-soils",totalDownloads:4374,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:null,book:{id:"411",slug:"soil-contamination",title:"Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Guy Schwartz, Gil Eshel and Eyal Ben-Dor",authors:[{id:"53061",title:"Mr.",name:"Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Schwartz",slug:"guy-schwartz",fullName:"Guy Schwartz"},{id:"53064",title:"Prof.",name:"Eyal",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Dor",slug:"eyal-ben-dor",fullName:"Eyal Ben-Dor"},{id:"53065",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:null,surname:"Eshel",slug:"gil-eshel",fullName:"Gil Eshel"}]},{id:"25277",doi:"10.5772/28613",title:"Effect of Salinity on Soil Microorganisms",slug:"effect-of-salinity-on-soil-microorganisms",totalDownloads:8201,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:37,abstract:null,book:{id:"2112",slug:"soil-health-and-land-use-management",title:"Soil Health and Land Use Management",fullTitle:"Soil Health and Land Use Management"},signatures:"Celia Maria Maganhotto de Souza Silva and Elisabeth Francisconi Fay",authors:[{id:"74663",title:"Dr.",name:"Celia Maria",middleName:null,surname:"De Souza Silva",slug:"celia-maria-de-souza-silva",fullName:"Celia Maria De Souza Silva"},{id:"75592",title:"MSc.",name:"Elisabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Francisconi Fay",slug:"elisabeth-francisconi-fay",fullName:"Elisabeth Francisconi Fay"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"46032",title:"Soil Contamination, Risk Assessment and Remediation",slug:"soil-contamination-risk-assessment-and-remediation",totalDownloads:13826,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd. Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff",authors:[{id:"25185",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aqeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-aqeel-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf"},{id:"101988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Yusoff",slug:"ismail-yusoff",fullName:"Ismail Yusoff"},{id:"169931",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Jamil",middleName:null,surname:"Maah",slug:"mohd-jamil-maah",fullName:"Mohd Jamil Maah"},{id:"169932",title:"Dr.",name:"Ng Tham",middleName:null,surname:"Fatt",slug:"ng-tham-fatt",fullName:"Ng Tham Fatt"}]},{id:"46355",title:"Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals and Metalloids at Mining Areas: Potential of Native Flora",slug:"phytoremediation-of-soils-contaminated-with-metals-and-metalloids-at-mining-areas-potential-of-nativ",totalDownloads:8508,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Paulo J.C. Favas, João Pratas, Mayank Varun, Rohan D’Souza and\nManoj S. Paul",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",slug:"paulo-favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas"},{id:"169747",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:"Stephen",surname:"Paul",slug:"manoj-paul",fullName:"Manoj Paul"},{id:"169952",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Pratas",slug:"joao-pratas",fullName:"Joao Pratas"},{id:"169953",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:null,surname:"Varun",slug:"mayank-varun",fullName:"Mayank Varun"},{id:"169954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohan",middleName:null,surname:"D'Souza",slug:"rohan-d'souza",fullName:"Rohan D'Souza"}]},{id:"46037",title:"Eco-Technological Solutions for the Remediation of Polluted Soil and Heavy Metal Recovery",slug:"eco-technological-solutions-for-the-remediation-of-polluted-soil-and-heavy-metal-recovery",totalDownloads:3131,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Carmen Cristina Elekes",authors:[{id:"169736",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:"Cristina",surname:"Elekes",slug:"carmen-elekes",fullName:"Carmen Elekes"}]},{id:"46254",title:"Treatment Methods for Radioactive Wastes and Its Electrochemical Applications",slug:"treatment-methods-for-radioactive-wastes-and-its-electrochemical-applications",totalDownloads:6380,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"V. Valdovinos, F. Monroy-Guzman and E. Bustos",authors:[{id:"169733",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Bustos",slug:"erika-bustos",fullName:"Erika Bustos"}]},{id:"69684",title:"Introductory Chapter: Soil Erosion at a Glance",slug:"introductory-chapter-soil-erosion-at-a-glance",totalDownloads:974,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"7300",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",title:"Soil Erosion",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment"},signatures:"Konstantinos Kaffas and Vlassios Hrissanthou",authors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"},{id:"200942",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Kaffas",slug:"konstantinos-kaffas",fullName:"Konstantinos Kaffas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"676",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:50,paginationItems:[{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/318540",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"318540"},fullPath:"/profiles/318540",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()