More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
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Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
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“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5409",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fertility-oriented Female Reproductive Surgery",title:"Fertility-oriented Female Reproductive Surgery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In modern practice, the role of female reproductive surgery is declining apparently due to the widespread availability of assisted reproductive technology as an attractive option for infertile couples. To be more precise, prevention of female infertility should be the ultimate goal of all obstetricians and gynecologists during operating on females in the reproductive age. This book concentrates on different issues of fertility preservation both in obstetrics and gynecology. Not a matter of kindly or courtesy, but the core of obstetricians and gynecologists' work is to restore normal anatomy and to preserve fertility for all women in the reproductive age.",isbn:"978-953-51-2878-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2877-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7332-8",doi:"10.5772/62748",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fertility-oriented-female-reproductive-surgery",numberOfPages:146,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1a01175c857cd700e350a0145e488e16",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",publishedDate:"January 18th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5409.jpg",numberOfDownloads:26017,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 20th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 17th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 15th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 14th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",middleName:"M.M.",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/29304/images/1698_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Atef Darwish graduated from Assiut School of Medicine in 1985 with an excellent grade with first class honors. He got his Master degree in 1989 with Excellent degree. Between 1992-1994, he spent 2 years at the Endoscopic Unit of Ulm University, Germany. Thereafter, he received his Medical Doctorate in 1995 through a combined program between the University of Ulm, Germany and the University of Assiut, Egypt with Excellent degree. He joined the Endoscopy Unit of Villach University Hospital in Austria, the Assisted Reproduction Unit in Düsseldorf University Hospital in Germany and the reproductive biology and minimally invasive surgery unit in the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Clevland, Ohio, USA. Currently, he is a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University since July 2005. Moreover, he is a consultant of Obstetrics and Gynecology in three hospitals and he is the moderator and lecturer of many endoscopic societies. \nHe authored an internationally registered undergraduate book, presented 59 presentations in national and international meetings, delivered a lot of lectures in Egypt, some Arabian countries and the USA and published more than 40 papers in international medical journals, and 7 papers in national journals. He received some congress prizes and awards due to his work in the field of reproductive medicine since 1995. He is a reviewer of many international journals and an associate editor of two of them. \nIn 2009, he got a PhD degree in the reproductive medicine at the University of Utrichet, The Netherlands.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1153",title:"Reproductive Surgery",slug:"reproductive-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"53784",title:"Microsurgical Cesarean Section",doi:"10.5772/67123",slug:"microsurgical-cesarean-section",totalDownloads:2375,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Worldwide, not only is cesarean section (CS) the most commonly performed major surgery, but it is also the commonest obstetric operation. CD is associated with some chronic maternal morbidities including pelvic pain, adhesions and adverse reproductive effects. CS carries long‐term sequele which can adversely affect subsequent pregnancies. Why do some women develop bad sequele of CS‐like adhesions, and infertility is well demonstrated in this chapter. Fertility‐oriented step‐by‐step description of CS techniques is extensively described. Some recent controversial issues related to CS like the development of uterine nitche (isthmocele) at the CS scar site, placenta accrete and the role of cesarean myomectomy are discussed in details. At the end of this chapter, the reader will conceive enjoy fertility‐oriented concept of CS.",signatures:"Atef Darwish",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53784",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53784",authors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],corrections:null},{id:"51944",title:"Hysteroscopic Surgery for Submucosal Fibroids",doi:"10.5772/64861",slug:"hysteroscopic-surgery-for-submucosal-fibroids",totalDownloads:17768,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a contemporary summary of the evidence of the clinical impact of submucosal fibroids and discusses the methods used to investigate and surgically manage this common gynaecological condition.",signatures:"Rashi Kalra and Roger J Hart",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51944",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51944",authors:[{id:"187858",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger",surname:"Hart",slug:"roger-hart",fullName:"Roger Hart"},{id:"187861",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashi",surname:"Kalra",slug:"rashi-kalra",fullName:"Rashi Kalra"}],corrections:null},{id:"52300",title:"Endometriosis: When and How We Treat",doi:"10.5772/65296",slug:"endometriosis-when-and-how-we-treat",totalDownloads:1400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Endometriosis is a chronic, nonmalignant and estrogen‐dependent disease in which endometrial glandular epithelium and stroma are outside the uterine cavity (ovaries, peritoneum, or rectovaginal septum). The prevalence is estimated from 2 to 10% in women of childbearing age and it rises up to 50% in women with infertility. Despite maximal efforts, the therapy of first choice in the management of endometriosis is still unclear. The aim of this chapter is to present an update of its management, emphasizing the benefits and disadvantages of surgical methods. We performed a systematic literature search on the PubMed database of English literature (search terms: endometrioma, surgery, ovarian reserve, assisted reproductive technologies) from 2010 to 2014. For endometrioma, operative laparoscopy proved to be the gold standard. Surgical procedures consist of partial excision of the cyst wall and electro‐coagulation of the rest. Stripping technique may be a better method for reducing the recurrence of pain symptoms, recurrence, and reoperation rates, but it raises concerns about ovarian reserve. For endometriosis, surgery often includes partial rectum or sacrouterine ligament resection. Hysterectomy is not obligatory and refused by the young patients. The approach should be laparoscopic and if necessary vaginal assisted. Good cooperation between various disciplines (gynecology, surgery, urology) is mandatory.",signatures:"Sidonia Maria Saceanu, Stefan Patrascu, Anca Patrascu and Valeriu\nSurlin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52300",authors:[{id:"158096",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Valeriu",surname:"Surlin",slug:"valeriu-surlin",fullName:"Valeriu Surlin"},{id:"194539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Patrascu",slug:"stefan-patrascu",fullName:"Stefan Patrascu"},{id:"194540",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidonia Maria",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"sidonia-maria-sandulescu",fullName:"Sidonia Maria Sandulescu"},{id:"194541",title:"Prof.",name:"Anca",surname:"Patrascu",slug:"anca-patrascu",fullName:"Anca Patrascu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52626",title:"Laparoscopic Surgery in the Treatment of Endometriosis",doi:"10.5772/65544",slug:"laparoscopic-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-endometriosis",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Endometriosis is a benign disease, which affects about 10% of reproductive age women and almost 50% of infertile women. Although every year at least 300 new articles deal with this topic, endometriosis is still a enigmatic disease starting with theories of etiopathogenesis where there is still no consensus about the major cause of endometriosis. Also there is still no consensus about the management of the disease, mainly when there is an infertile patient who is preparing for in vitro fertilization procedure.",signatures:"Sonja Pop-Trajkovic Dinic, Jasmina Popovic, Radomir Zivadinovic,\nDejan Mitic, Vladimir Antic and Milan Trenkic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52626",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52626",authors:[{id:"69225",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonja",surname:"Pop-Trajkovic",slug:"sonja-pop-trajkovic",fullName:"Sonja Pop-Trajkovic"},{id:"194904",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Antic",slug:"vladimir-antic",fullName:"Vladimir Antic"},{id:"194905",title:"Prof.",name:"Jasmina",surname:"Popovic",slug:"jasmina-popovic",fullName:"Jasmina Popovic"},{id:"194906",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",surname:"Trenkic",slug:"milan-trenkic",fullName:"Milan Trenkic"}],corrections:null},{id:"52107",title:"Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Improves Surgical Conditions During Gynecological Laparoscopy",doi:"10.5772/64934",slug:"deep-neuromuscular-blockade-improves-surgical-conditions-during-gynecological-laparoscopy",totalDownloads:1524,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Obtaining an appropriate laparoscopic workspace depends on several factors related to the patient (i.e., weight and abdominal compliance) and the procedure (i.e., body’s position, depth of anesthesia and intra-abdominal (IA) pressure). Among them, a deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) contributes to provide the surgeon with better operating conditions. This chapter discusses the interests and challenges of muscle relaxation during gynecological laparoscopy. The introduction of sugammadex into clinical practice provides the opportunity to modify the management of neuromuscular blockade to improve the surgical conditions during laparoscopy as well as the safety of the patients. The maintenance of a rocuronium-induced deep neuromuscular block from the trocar insertion until the end of laparoscopy is no longer incompatible with rapid recovery and awakening in optimal conditions. Neuromuscular transmission (NMT) monitoring is the key to adequate management and should be used in all cases. Objective measurements allow for excellent intubation and surgical conditions, the definition of thresholds and doses for the administration of reversal agents, and the exclusion of residual blockade prior to the patient extubation.",signatures:"Christophe Dransart, Laurie Putz, Maria-Laura Marotta and Philippe\nE. Dubois",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52107",authors:[{id:"164978",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Dubois",slug:"philippe-dubois",fullName:"Philippe Dubois"},{id:"194443",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Dransart",slug:"christophe-dransart",fullName:"Christophe Dransart"},{id:"194444",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurie",surname:"Putz",slug:"laurie-putz",fullName:"Laurie Putz"},{id:"194445",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Laura",surname:"Marotta",slug:"maria-laura-marotta",fullName:"Maria-Laura Marotta"}],corrections:null},{id:"52615",title:"Bowel Dysfunction after Hysterectomy for Benign Conditions: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review",doi:"10.5772/65769",slug:"bowel-dysfunction-after-hysterectomy-for-benign-conditions-meta-analysis-and-systematic-review",totalDownloads:1553,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The aim of this study was to determine whether hysterectomy for a benign indication can cause functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). A systematic review was completed with the studies, which used a prospective design and validated quality of life questionnaires. A search strategy using Medline and Embase allowed the relevant studies published between 1950 and October 2010 to be found. Meta-analyses were also performed using the studies, which had similar research objectives. The search revealed 29 potentially suitable articles, of which 5 used a prospective design and validated quality of life questionnaires. The meta-analyses showed that the type of hysterectomy (total or subtotal) did not have an impact on whether a patient is likely to develop gastrointestinal symptoms post-surgery. The prospective studies did not show that hysterectomy for a benign indication causes FGIDs. The belief that hysterectomy can cause gastrointestinal dysfunction is based on the results of retrospective studies.",signatures:"Constantina Pitsillides and Hany Lashen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52615",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52615",authors:[{id:"191199",title:"Mr.",name:"Hany",surname:"Lashen",slug:"hany-lashen",fullName:"Hany Lashen"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5059",title:"Genital Infections and Infertility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ecb5e49241a0c218206e413b562a4909",slug:"genital-infections-and-infertility",bookSignature:"Atef M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4499",title:"Contemporary Gynecologic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64c41c45c40504082457d94565dcb68f",slug:"contemporary-gynecologic-practice",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"916",title:"Advanced Gynecologic Endoscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3b5ce6116c6a12bd51e828ecbdf8dab",slug:"advanced-gynecologic-endoscopy",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/916.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1821",title:"Basic Gynecology",subtitle:"Some Related Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a608bf8be6e7033af826c48b0833f86",slug:"basic-gynecology-some-related-issues",bookSignature:"Atef Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2977",title:"Enhancing Success of Assisted Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4839b21e329663783593933587485387",slug:"enhancing-success-of-assisted-reproduction",bookSignature:"Atef M.M. Darwish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2977.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29304",title:"Prof.",name:"Atef",surname:"Darwish",slug:"atef-darwish",fullName:"Atef Darwish"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5901",title:"Testes and Ovaries",subtitle:"Functional and Clinical Differences and Similarities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a58d754113b9ce21f745d181a689b8e9",slug:"testes-and-ovaries-functional-and-clinical-differences-and-similarities",bookSignature:"Atef M. 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Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. 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1. Introduction
Decompensated liver or liver failure refers to the incompetence of the liver to accomplish its routine physiological functions. Generally, three forms of the liver failure have been outlined in the literature, i.e. acute liver failure (ALF), chronic liver failure (CLF) and more recently acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) [1, 2].
ALF is described as an acute insult of the liver with encephalopathy and progressing worsening of the synthetic function of the liver (International normalized ratio (INR) ≥ 1.5) in a patient without cirrhosis or prior liver disease within 26 weeks of the onset of jaundice [3]. Whereas, CLF is broadly referred to the liver failure in end-stage liver diseases in the presence of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a dynamic chronic liver disease characterized by the histological progression of regenerative nodules encased by the fibrous tissues in response to chronic liver injury, that results to portal hypertension and liver failure [4]. Traditionally, the development of cirrhosis has been divided into two stages: 1. Compensated cirrhosis and 2. Decompensated cirrhosis [5]. Particularly, compensated cirrhosis endures between the onset of cirrhosis to the first considerable complication, that usually takes more than 10 years. However, most of the patients are usually asymptomatic or with minor complications. Further, the progression of compensated cirrhosis to decompensated cirrhosis occurs when there is development of ascites, variceal hemorrhage and/or hepatic encephalopathy and it is associated with a short-term survival. Nevertheless, the concept of the cirrhosis as an irreversible disease has been changed to the reversible disease, where the decompensated cirrhosis still can be reversed to the compensated cirrhosis or even to the pre-cirrhotic stage if the underlying disease is treatable [6]. Hence, it is apparent that the patients seldom dies as a result of an end-stage irreversible demolition of the liver. Relatively, in many patients, the reason for the death is an acute crumbling in their clinical condition advanced by a causative event, recently termed as ACLF [2]. ACLF is a syndrome characterized by an acute decompensation of the cirrhosis associated with the organ/system(s) failures and has a high 28 day mortality rate of 30–40% [7]. ACLF should not be confused with ALF, where a patient with ACLF present with a distinct clinical feature than ALF, and routinely require a different management approach. Liver transplant (LT) remains to be the only definitive treatment option for the patients with ACLF. However, the ACLF patients are generally not listed for an emergency LT due to an advanced age, ongoing sepsis, multiple organ failure, and active alcoholism. On the other hand, about 40% of the patients with ALF recover spontaneously with the medical care and hence do not need LT [8]. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand the clinical presentation and timing of the liver failure, so that the transplant surgeons can perceive when it is necessary to proceed with LT and which patients are likely to get benefit from LT.
In this chapter, we focus on the current scenario of LT for ALF and ACLF and further discuss the current decision making strategies used to indicate LT in this challenging clinical scenario.
2. Acute liver failure
ALF remains a rare condition that develops most commonly in the patients without pre-existing liver disease [9]. However, ALF is the matter of a concern for an apparent reason that it is typically associated with a high death rate. Often, the possible causes and precise mechanism of ALF are unspecified and uncertain [10]. Following the major hepatectomy, the patients with or without underlying liver disease, may typically develop a clinical syndrome similar to that of ALF. The clinical presentation is similar to that of the “small for size syndrome” following LT. These disorders are not considered inside the sphere of ALF, but rather are highlighted in some databases of ALF, for example, the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR). Moreover, the major liver injury has also been incorporated in ALF databases; however, it is not a cause of ALF except if there is loss of blood supply. Similarly, acute liver injury (ALI) should also be further differentiated from ALF, where the patients develop coagulopathy without vary in their level of consciousness.
Worldwide, viral hepatitis infection accounts for most cases of ALF. Where, hepatitis A and E are frequent causes in developing nations, while hepatitis B is a prevalent cause in some Asian and South American countries [11, 12, 13]. However, drug-induced ALF, particularly paracetamol induced ALF represents roughly half of the cases in the developed nations [14]. Moreover, ALF may likewise be diagnosed in the patients who earlier undiagnosed with Wilson’s disease, vertically transmitted hepatitis B infection and autoimmune hepatitis, in whom concealed cirrhosis might be present, given the illness has been perceived for less than 26 weeks [15]. Then again, the patients with an acute alcoholic hepatitis, regardless of whether perceived for less than 26 weeks are considered to have ACLF since most have a protracted history of an excessive alcohol intake. ALF is commonly subdivided into hyperacute (<7 days), acute (>8 and <28 days), and subacute (>29 days and <26 weeks) contingent upon the time slipped by between the appearance of jaundice and progression of encephalopathy [16]. Nevertheless, the legitimate cut-off value of INR to define different subtype of ALF has not been documented yet.
The outcome of ALF is tough to predict. A few patients with ALF have fulminant progression, causing death without LT within a few days; others have fulminant progression of 2–4 weeks, and some patients even have an extended progression of 1–3 months. As stated earlier, the full recovery of damaged liver is conceivable. Thus, around 40% of the patients with ALF may recover completely without the need of LT [8]. Nonetheless, LT is shown to be a highly effective treatment for ALF where a mortality rate has been dropped down to 30% from 80% [17]. Despite that, a few issues still need to be taken into consideration while listing the patient with ALF for an emergency LT. 1. The hazard of LT for the patients who may recover spontaneously. 2. The hazard of not providing LT for the patients who really need it. 3. The survival benefit of the critically ill patients after LT.
2.1 Prognostic models and criteria for the selection of the patients with ALF for LT
Survival of the patients without LT varies upon the cause and subtypes of ALF [16]. In other words, the lessened the time spell between the commencement of jaundice and encephalopathy the better the prognosis. However, subacute liver failure where hepatic encephalopathy often develops just weeks after the beginning of jaundice has an especially low transplant-free survival and has a lower chance of spontaneous recovery in comparison to that of the hyperacute ALF [18]. In a study series of 300 consecutive ALF patients revealed that, ALF due to paracetamol and hepatitis A had an over 60% transplant-free survival rate, which was higher than that of ALF due to an idiosyncratic drug reaction, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis B virus, Wilson’s disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and ALF due to an unknown cause [19]. Not too surprisingly, it has been found that the patients with lower grades of encephalopathy (Table 1) are more likely to have spontaneous recovery [20]. Additionally, it has also been revealed that the patients aged less than 10 or more than 40 years may have a lower probability of spontaneous recovery compared to those amidst these ages [19]. Furthermore, several other variables, for example gender, prothrombin time, renal function, Alpha-fetoprotein, arterial pH, factor V, serum lactate level, INR, liver biopsy, arterial ammonia level, and cell death marker level (CK 18/M65/M30) have been utilized to foresee the likelihood of recovery [21, 22, 23, 24].
Grade
Mental status
Asterixis
Neurological findings
EEG findings
Spontaneous recovery from ALF
Grade 0
Normal; potentially mild decrease in intellectual ability and coordination
Absent
Normal; if impaired psychomotor testing, consider minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE)
Normal
65–70%
Grade 1
Mild lack of awareness; hypersomnia, insomnia, or inversion of sleep pattern. Euphoria, depression, or irritability; mild confusion
Somnolent but arousable; gross disorientation; bizarre behavior
Present
Muscular rigidity and clonus; hyperreflexia
Abnormal
40–50%
Grade 4
Coma
Absent
Abnormal
<20%
Table 1.
West-haven criteria for hepatic encephalopathy (HE).
ALF, acute liver failure.
The choice to continue with LT relies on the likelihood of unconstrained hepatic recuperation. Nonetheless, the objective is to enhance the organ allocation system and accurate identification of the patients who are probably to get benefited from LT from those who are apparently going to recover spontaneously. Thus, avoiding the need of lifelong immunosuppressant in those patients who are supposedly to recover without LT. Additionally, reliable prognostic criteria are needed to make decisions on the proper timing of LT. Assuming that LT is performed too early, it might be performed when it is not needed, and if LT is delayed, there might be a higher risk of a poor outcome due to worsening condition of the patient.
Conditions such as hypoxic hepatitis, liver ischemia following liver trauma or liver surgery, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) precipitated by viral or fungal infections or hematological malignancy, and pregnancy related ALF are not an indication for emergency LT [18]. ALF may recover completely once the underlying causes are treated. However, in a condition like an autoimmune hepatitis patients should be listed for an emergency LT if the ALF fails to improve within 7 days [18]. Thus, the clinical skill of a doctor is important to make the proper decisions whether LT or other medical treatment is required in the above conditions.
Several prognostic models (Table 2) have been developed to predict the outcome and prognosis in the patients with ALF. The most broadly used criteria is the King’s College Criteria for choosing the patients for LT [10, 15, 20, 25, 26]. Moreover, the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, which is utilized to anticipate mortality in the patients with chronic liver disease, has additionally been tested to the patients with ALF [26]. Some other scores that may likewise anticipate mortality in the patients with ALF incorporates the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA score) [27, 28], the Clichy criteria [26, 29, 30], Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score [31], Acute Liver Failure Early Dynamic model (ALFED) [32], and the Acute Liver Failure Study Group (ALFSG) index [33]. Sadly, none of these prognostic models have been found to be accurate. However, urgent LT is indicated in ALF where prognostic models suggest a high likelihood of death.
Criteria
Prognostic factors affecting outcome of patients
Sensitivity and Specificity
Clichy-Villejuif
Coma and confusion (encephalopathy grade 3 or 4) and factor V < 20% of its normal value in patients under 30 years
or
Coma and confuswion (encephalopathy grade 3 or 4) and factor V < 30% of its normal value in patients over 30 years
75% and 56% for Paracetamol induced ALF. 69% and 50% for non-Paracetamol induced ALF
King’s College Hospital (KCH) criteria
Non-Paracetamol
INR >6.7;
or
Any three of the following:
Drug toxicity, regardless of whether it was the cause of ALF
Age < 10 or > 40 years
Jaundice to coma interval > 7 days
Bilirubin >300 μmol/L
INR >3.5
58% and 74%
Paracetamol
Arterial pH <7.3, or lactate >3 μmol/L after adequate volume resuscitation
log10 value of the apoptosis marker cleaved cytokeratin-18 (M30)
85.6% and 64.7%
Table 2.
Commonly used criteria as prognosis indicators in acute liver failure (ALF).
MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease.
3. Acute-on-chronic liver failure
In the past ACLF has generally been used in critical care units to contemplate the patients who are on an artificial liver support a bridge to LT. As the name implies, the main concept in ACLF is an acute decompensation of the liver in a patient with chronic liver diseases and is associated with a high short-term mortality within 28 days [7]. Moreover, it is further characterized by hepatic and/or extrahepatic organ failure(s) [7, 34]. The pathophysiology of ACLF is yet largely not clear. Intense systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are considered to play a major role in the progression of the syndrome [35]. It has also been found that some patients with ACLF may recover with medical care to the state before onset of ACLF; and hence, such patients may not need emergency LT [36]. According to the CANONIC database, ACLF resolved or improved in 49.5% of the patients with medical treatment [37]. However, the prognosis is critical in the patients with no signs of improvement, and it is recommended that all the patients should be listed for LT before the development of multi-organ failure [36, 37]. Thus, these patients have a “golden window” period for LT before the development of extrahepatic organ failure(s) [38].
Numerous definitions of ACLF have been proposed [39, 40]; however, none of the definitions has acquired a global acceptance. The two most generally acknowledged ones are from an Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) [1] and the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) Chronic Liver Failure (EASL-CLIF) consortium [2].
According to APASL consensus definition, ACLF can be defined as “an acute hepatic injury with an evidence of jaundice (a serum bilirubin of ≥5 mg/dl or ≥85 μmol/l) and coagulopathy (an INR of ≥1.5 or prothrombin activity of <40%) complicated within 4 weeks by clinical ascites and/or encephalopathy in a patient with previously diagnosed or undiagnosed chronic liver disease, i.e. with or without cirrhosis and is associated with a high short-term mortality within 28 days.” [1] Criteria based on APASL definition, 90-day mortality is reported to be 13.1%. However, the APASL definition of ACLF had been developed on a speculative rather than the experimental basis.
The EASL-CLIF Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Cirrhosis (CANONIC) study establish diagnosis of ACLF in the presence of organ failure as defined by the CLIF-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (Table 3) [41]. EASL-CLIF defines ACLF as “an acute deterioration of pre-existing chronic liver disease, usually related to a precipitating event [41] (Table 4) and associated with an increased mortality at 3 months due to multisystem organ failure” [2]. Currently, the time for the mortality has been defined by reducing to 4 weeks [42]. Overall, 28-day and 90-day mortality, according to EASL-CLIF criteria were reported to be 33% and 51%, respectively [2]. The EASL-CLIF definition is relevant to the patients with cirrhosis only (preferentially compensated or decompensated to represent chronic liver disease), in contrast, the APASL definition incorporates the patients with both cirrhotic and noncirrhotic liver disease (yet not decompensated cirrhosis as interpreting “chronic”). Moreover, the EASL-CLIF definition also incorporates extrahepatic organ failures which are excluded by the APASL definition. Likewise, the precipitating events in the APASL definition are mainly hepatic in origin, though the EASL-AASLD definition incorporates sepsis [43]. The inconstancy in the standard definition and lack of an established management protocol for the ACLF patients further creates controversy among the physicians and surgeons.
Organ/system
Subscore 1
Subscore 2
Subscore 3
Liver (bilirubin, mg/dl)
<6
≥6 to <12
>12
Kidney (creatinine, mg/dl)
<2
>2 to < 3.5
≥3.5 or renal replacement therapy
Brain (West-Haven grade for hepatic encephalopathy (HE))
Grade 0
Grade 1 or 2
Grade 3 or 4
Coagulation (INR)
<2.0
≥2.0 and < 2.5
INR ≥ 2.5
Circulation (mean arterial pressure)
≥70 mm/Hg
<70 mm/Hg
Use of vasopressors
Respiratory (PaO2/FiO2) Or SpO2/FiO2
>300 or > 357
≤300 and > 200 or > 214 and ≤ 357
≤200 or ≤214
Table 3.
Organ failures and CLIF-C ACLF subscores.
Note: Organ failures cutoff is highlighted in bold letters, Grade ACLF 1: patients with single kidney failure, patients with non-renal organ failure plus renal dysfunction (creatinine 1.5–1.9 mg/dl) and/or brain dysfunction (grade 1–2 HE). Grade ACLF 2: patients with 2 organ failures. Grade ACLF 3: patients with 3 or more organ failures.
Hepatic factors
Extrahepatic factors
Flare-up or exacerbation of Hepatitis B virus infection
Active alcoholism
Superimposed Hepatitis A virus or Hepatitis E virus infections
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI)
Flare-up of autoimmune hepatitis or Wilson’s disease
Precipitating events for acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).
As per EASL definition, the patients of ACLF are divided into four grades based on the numbers of organ failure (Table 5). Organ failures are a critical piece of prognosis in the patients with ACLF and with a higher number of organ failures (higher ACLF grades) the prognosis is poor [2]. It was found that the course of ACLF varies fast i.e. improves or deteriorates. Gustot et al. in his study demonstrated that the grade of ACLF can change unreasonably fast within 48 h in 40% of the patients, fast in between 3 and 7 days in approximately 14.7% of the patients and slowly in 8–28 days in 14.7% of the patients. Additionally, they also found that the ACLF grade at day 3–7 was better to anticipate the prognosis than the ACLF grade at the time of admission. Moreover, the ultimate ACLF grade remained the same in 81% of the patients after day 3–7 [37]. The characterization and subgroup division of ACLF on the basis of numbers of organ failure have led to an enhanced prognostic evaluation and provides a premise for determining selection criteria for LT and evaluation of those patients which may recover spontaneously with medical treatment only.
ACLF grade
Remarks
No ACLF
Patients who either:
Do not have any organ failure
Have a single organ failure that does not involve the kidneys with a serum creatinine level < 1.5 mg/dl and no hepatic encephalopathy
Have a single brain failure with a serum creatinine level < 1.5 mg/dl
ACLF grade 1
Patients with one of the following:
Single kidney failure
Single liver, coagulation, circulatory or respiratory failure that is associated with a serum creatinine level 1.5–1.9 mg/dl and/or grade 1 or grade 2 hepatic encephalopathy
Single brain failure with a serum creatinine level 1.5–1.9 mg/dl
ACLF grade 2
Two organ failures
ACLF grade 3
Three or more organ failures
Table 5.
Grades of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) based on the numbers of organ failure and types of organs.
3.1 Prognostic models and criteria for the selection of the patients with ACLF for LT
It is critical to look at the course of ACLF, fail to improve organ(s) failure, despite maximal supportive treatment, especially by the day 3–7, is related to the bad prognosis, leading to the futility of care or consideration of an option for LT [39]. However, LT should not be done in a patient who may recover with medical treatment, and on the other hand, early LT should be considered in a patient with worsening or no improvement with the medical treatment before the development of multi-organ failure, thus considering the golden window period for LT [44].
Several prognostic models have been proposed in the last few years to better foresee the outcomes and prognosis of the patients with ACLF which includes, CLIF-C OF, CLIF-SOFA, SOFA, MELD, MELD-Na, and CTP scores [45].
As reported by CANONIC, the original grade of ACLF, the clinical course of ACLF, and a CLIF-C ACLF score (CLIF-C ACLF score combined CLIF-OF score with age and WBC count, calculator at www.efclif.com) appeared to precisely project the outcomes [2, 46]. CLIF-C ACLF score of up to 30 are steady with spontaneous recovery and the patients ought to have sequential evaluation regularly to decide if they are recovering. Moreover, with a score between 30 and 65, the patient is not likely to survive without LT; thus, such patients should be listed for an emergency LT without any delay taking other co-morbidities into the consideration for better outcomes. However, CLIF-C ACLF score over 65 brings up an issue of the futility to transplant and the secession of ongoing treatments [41]. In a study by Jalan et al. the CLIF-C ACLF score performed better when it was compared with the MELD, MELD-Na, and CTP scores [46].
In a recent study by Fangyuan et al. the group developed an HINAT ACLF model based on the APASL definition for ACLF due to hepatitis B reactivation, which includes five independent risk factors: Hepatic encephalopathy, international normalized ratio, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, age, and total bilirubin. According to this model, with the cutoff value of 4.6 for the HINAT ACLF score, the sensitivity and the specificity were 82.0% and 74.5%, respectively. Further suggesting that the performance of the HINAT ACLF score was significantly better than that of CLIF-C OF, CLIF-SOFA, SOFA, MELD, MELD-Na, and CTP scores [47].
Up to this point, MELD, MELD-Na and CTP scores, have been used to evaluate the prognosis of cirrhotic patients, with ACLF. However, these scores have limited value for foreseeing the prognosis in the ACLF patients, as these scores do not incorporate all the extrahepatic organ failures, which holds a critical effect on the prognosis of the ACLF patients.
In addition to the above prognostic models and scoring systems, various biomarkers have been identified that are found to reflect liver injury and multi-organ failure. These biomarkers might be of value in early diagnosis and progression prediction of ACLF if they can be incorporated with the CLIF-C ACLF score. Hyponatremia has appeared to have an independent prescient impact on 90 days survival [48] and copeptin concentrations in blood plasma showing changes in vasopressin level have appeared to ameliorate the ability of the CLIF-C ACLF score [49]. Additionally, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (N-GAL), plasma S100A8/A9 and soluble CD163 have also been shown to be increased in ACLF and correspond with the prognosis [50, 51, 52]. Apart from the above prediction models, the liver biopsy has also been found to be helpful in predicting the outcome and poor prognosis of ACLF, and further need for an early LT in these patients [53].
4. Liver transplantation in an acute decompensated liver failure
LT remains to be potentially the best treatment option, with better outcomes for patients with an acute decompensated liver failure. However, as stated earlier in this chapter, it is important to understand the clinical presentation of liver failure, where about 40% of the ALF patients show response to medical treatment and recover spontaneously and may not need LT. On the other hand LT remains to be the only definitive treatment option for the patients with ACLF.
4.1 Liver transplantation in ALF
LT has successfully reduced the mortality rate and improved overall survival in the patients with ALF, yet nearly 30% of the patients have to accept death without LT [54]. Outcomes of LT for ALF vary largely between different geographical regions and underlying etiologies behind ALF, where one-year survival ranges between 74% and 84% [54]. Regardless of this reality, results are better contrasted with a 64% oneyear survival depicted in the patients in ICU before LT, and to 54% seen in the patients on mechanical ventilation at the time of listing for LT [14, 55]. Most deaths for the patients with ALF are reported within the first 3 months of LT, generally because of neurological complications, multi-organ failure, and sepsis [56, 57, 58]. Additionally, efforts to identify the risk factors have been made, according to a study, recipient age above 50 years, history of life support, body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg/m2, and serum creatinine of more than 2.0 mg/dL were the factors associated with a poor outcome [57]. Additionally, this study revealed that 5-year survival was significantly lower i.e. 42% for those patients meeting all these four factors compared to those with none i.e. 81% [57].
LT for ALF is most of the time and always done in an emergency situation. Usually, it is conceivable to transplant the ALF patient within 72 h after including the patient to the LT waiting list. However, due to the emergency situation, the likelihood of getting the best liver graft is minimized. In such situations, most of the time marginal grafts from the cadaveric donor are used as an option. It has been demonstrated that the utilization of these high-risk grafts may deleteriously affect post-transplant results and patient survival [59]. Apart from cadaveric LT living donor liver transplant (LDLT) is also commonly used, and the outcome of LDLT in the patients with ALF is found to be comparable to that of cadaveric LT [60]. Additionally, ABO-incompatible LT has also been tried out with a better survival outcome as compared with ABO-compatible LT. Indeed, ABO-incompatible LT has been found to be associated with a higher incidence of an antibody mediated rejection, Cytomegalovirus infection and biliary complications [61].
In ALF, the liver has the potential to regenerate by replication and differentiation of dormant hepatocytes and cholangiocytes [62] and thus the patients may recover without the need of a LT. Based on this, the concept of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver graft (APOLT) has been developed, where part of the native liver of the patient is left after performing a partial hepatectomy and a partial liver graft is transplanted in an orthotopic position [63]. In this way, the transplanted graft provides hepatic support to the patients while the native liver regenerates and recovers. Once the native liver returns to normal function, the dose of an immunosuppressant can be reduced slowly and finally withdrawn, further leading to the atrophy of the transplanted liver graft [64, 65]. However, the strategy of APOLT is challenging with the higher incidence of post-transplant complications [18, 66]. The native liver may not recover or regenerate significantly and may take a long time which depends upon multiple factors [66]. Therefore, use of APOLT should be limited to the patients with a high potential of liver regeneration, children, young adults, ALF due to hepatitis A virus and paracetamol poisoning [18, 66, 67]. Additionally, APOLT is not suitable for those patients with a high risk of brain death, high grade of hepatic encephalopathy, hemodynamically unstable patients who are on a higher dose of inotropes, or when ALF has advanced to a toxic liver syndrome [18, 66, 68].
4.2 Liver transplantation in ACLF
Taking LT for ACLF into consideration, most of the studies have indicated good results and equivalent survival rates in the patients transplanted for no ACLF [37, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73]; however, most of the earlier studies have not incorporated the patients with a high grade of ACLF i.e., with multi-organ failure. In the other studies, a poor outcome has been reported in the patients transplanted for the higher grades of ACLF [74, 75, 76], yet it still proves to be better than the survival rate of the patients without LT. In a similar context, a study by Gustot et al. demonstrated a survival rate of 80.9% at a half-year in the patients with ACLF grade 2 and 3, when contrasted with 10% in comparable grades of the ACLF patients who could not undergo LT [37]. Similarly, recent studies demonstrated a survival rate of >80% in the patients with ACLF grade 3 when contrasted with 7.9% in the controls, further suggesting a quick decision for LT to avoid high risk of mortality [74, 77].
It has been seen that the patients with ACLF showing development within 3–7 days are more likely to recover spontaneously [37, 38]. As reported by the CANONIC database, ACLF resolved or improved in 49.5% of patients with medical treatment. The resolution rates were 54.5%, 34.6% and 16% for ACLF grade 1, 2 and 3 respectively [37]. Additionally, the patients who fail to improve or with ongoing sepsis or multi-organ failure should immediately be considered for an early LT. However, precautions should be taken for the patients with respiratory failure and concomitant infection with multi-drug resistant organisms, due to risk of a higher rate of mortality and morbidity after LT [36, 77]. As of the dynamic nature of disease, the patients showing signs of the improvement in an early stage course of the disease may worsen later; thus, these patients should be monitored closely and listed for an early LT whenever required. Studies should focus on developing an ideal prognostic score, considering an extrahepatic organ failure, is needed to prioritize organ allocation on the waiting list, subsequently, to diminish delisting and mortality on the waiting list.
In the era of an organ shortage, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is the alluring choice with comparable results to the deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) in the high volume centers. Most of the LDLT related studies are carried out in Asian countries. However, it is not so famous in Western countries due to a higher rate of complications associated with it compared to DDLT [78, 79, 80]. Apart from this, the possibility of death of the donors and donor related complications clarified why LDLT has dropped in Western nations in the course of recent years [81, 82]. In a study from Hong Kong by Duan et al. reported, LDLT for the ACLF patients had a comparable result to DDLT in ACLF patients. Moreover, this study, concluded that the liver graft did not affect the outcome, where the overall 5-year survival rate was 74% for the LDLT for the ACLF patients [73].
Nonetheless, the objective of LT is not just to guarantee the patient’s survival, yet additionally to offer an adequate quality of life. Sadly, the estimation of a quality of life in the general LT recipients, especially in the ACLF patients before LT, has not been thoroughly examined. For instance, stage 3 to 4 chronic kidney disease is developed in around 70% of the transplanted patients, with an increasing risk of end-staged renal disease needing a long-term hemodialysis or renal transplant within the initial 10 years after LT, that range somewhere between 3% and 9% [83, 84]. It has been found that, renal impairment is frequently encountered in the ACLF patients prior to LT, as is considered as an essential factor for the chronic kidney disease after LT [85]. Thus, the prevalence of end-staged renal disease after LT in the ACLF patients is as of now obscure and could enormously influence the post LT quality of life. Subsequently, a large database study is required on a long-term survival and quality of life after LT, not exclusively to affirm the prognosis of ACLF after LT, yet in addition to characterize rigorous selection benchmark that assist a good quality of life after LT.
5. Bridging to liver transplantation using an artificial liver support
In the past few decades, artificial liver support devices were developed to the point of being utilized as a supportive therapy option until LT (bridge to transplantation) and/or hepatic regeneration (bridge to recovery). The most commonly used devices are the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), the Fractionated Plasma Separation, the Single-Pass Albumin Dialysis System (SPAD), and the Adsorption system [86]. However, it is still not clear that artificial liver support systems can help to bridge the patients with an acute decompensated liver to LT by eliminating toxins and enhancing liver functions [87, 88]. A meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials utilizing different bioartificial liver support devices did not find a significant difference in the mortality rate when compared to the standard medical therapy [89, 90]. Nonetheless, a meta-regression, recommended that their impact rely on the type of liver failure. A 33% decrease in mortality was seen in the patients with ACLF, while no significant advantage was identified in those with ALF [90]. In contrary to this, a recent meta-analysis concluded that MARS and SPAD aid recovery of ALF [88].
6. When and whom to transplant?
It is important to identify those patients who may die without LT and those who may have a chance of spontaneous recovery. Thereby, dodging the need for lifelong immunosuppressant in the patients who are supposedly to recover without LT, and acting early for those who need LT. The early use of the selection criteria for LT in case of ALF or ACLF is mandatory in all the patients at the time of admission. Taking consideration of the dynamic nature of disease, all patients should be monitored closely and should be re-assessed time to time with the available prognostic criteria for any improvement or deterioration in the patient’s status as discussed earlier in this chapter. Additionally, all patients presenting with an acute decompensated liver failure should be listed for an emergency or early LT to avoid any small margin of medical error, and thereby utilizing the “golden window” period for LT before the development of multi-organ failure (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
The figure describes the an acute decompensated liver failure should be listed for an emergency or early LT in the first 1–2 weeks utilizing the “golden window” period for LT before the development of multi-organ failure.
LT is absolutely contraindicated in the patients with irreversible brain injury. Other conditions like vasoplegic shock with an increasing demand of vasopressor and uncontrolled ADRS are considered as a relative contraindication. Whereas, the bacteraemia is not considered as a contraindication providing that they can be treated with proper antibiotics. The concept of “Too Sick To Be Transplanted” is getting more popular in the recent years, considering the shortage of organs, the potential advantage of LT in the ALF or ACLF patients should likewise be adjusted against the requirement for proportioning of an insufficient resources [91, 92]. Similarly, the patients with alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) should also be evaluated carefully for LT in light of constrained organ supply and the hazard that the ARLD liver recipient might return to risky drinking after LT [93]. Thus, the choice to proceed for LT should be discussed among all members of the multidisciplinary team taking both harm and benefit into the consideration.
Classically, disease severity scores like MELD have been used in several countries for an organ allocation. Nonetheless, the MELD score does not take an extrahepatic organ failure such as respiratory, brain, and circulatory failures into an account, thereby giving no preference for the patients with an acute decompensated liver failure. In a study, the patients undergoing LT with a MELD score > 30 had a 1-year overall survival rate of only 52.6% [94]. On the other hand, other studies have reported a poor outcome, particularly for those patients with a MELD score above 36 [95, 96]. Interestingly, Artru et al. showed a 1-year overall survival rate of 80% in the ACLF grade 3 patients with a median MELD score of 40 [74]. Thus, up to this point, there are no standard criteria and inadequate evidence to exclude too sick patients from a LT.
7. Conclusions
The choice to continue with LT for ALF relies on the likelihood of unconstrained hepatic recuperation and the underlying cause of ALF. Nonetheless, the objective is to enhance the organ allocation system and accurate identification of the patients who are probably to get benefited from LT from those who are apparently going to recover spontaneously. Thus, avoiding the need of lifelong immunosuppressant in those patients who are supposedly to recover without LT. Additionally, reliable prognostic criteria are needed to make decisions on the proper timing of LT. Assuming that LT is performed too early, it might be performed when it is not needed, and if LT is delayed, there might be a higher risk of poor outcome due to the worsening condition of the patient. In any case, the current evidence from the studies suggests that all the patients with ALF should be evaluated with an available criterion and should be listed for an emergency LT to avoid any small margin of medical error.
In spite of the assorted variety of early information on ACLF, two accord definitions by APASL and EASL have been developed recently, which exhibit two unique however coinciding circumstances. A few questions still have to be addressed in regards to which definition to utilize and whether there are contrasts inside a territory depending on the types of an underlying cause for ACLF found in each. Thus, albeit a few patients with an acute disintegration might not have ACLF initially at admission, considering ACLF as a dynamic syndrome that can improve or worsen during its course, clinicians should attempt to counteract patient vulnerability to new precipitating events and to identify the progression of ACLF immediately. ACLF patients are generally not listed for an emergency LT, regardless of the encouraging results. Thus, there is an urgent need for an ideal scoring system that can reveal the dynamic nature of ACLF and response to medical therapy.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from—National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2019YFC1316000), The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81830089), Key Program of Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (No. WKJ-ZJ-1410), Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-level Innovative Health talents.
Authors’ contributions
(1) Conception and design: D. K. Yadav, and TB. Liang; (2) Writing of the manuscript: D. K. Yadav, R. K Yadav (3) Review of the manuscript: D. K. Yadav, R. K. Yadav, and TB. Liang.
Competing interests statement
The authors declare no competing interests.
Data availability
All the data supporting the results are shown in the paper and are available from the corresponding author upon request.
\n',keywords:"liver transplant, acute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, decompensated liver",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82100.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82100.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82100",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82100",totalDownloads:9,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"February 22nd 2022",dateReviewed:"May 10th 2022",datePrePublished:"June 3rd 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 3rd 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Currently, liver transplant (LT) is only the effective treatment for an acute decompensated liver. Yet, a result of LT in the background of acute decompensated liver largely depends upon the cause of decompensation. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) should not be confused with acute liver failure (ALF), where a patient with ACLF presents with a distinct clinical feature than ALF and often requires LT as the only definitive treatment option. However, ACLF patients are generally not listed for the emergency LT due to advanced age, ongoing sepsis, multiple organ failures and active alcoholism. Then again, about 40% of the patients with ALF recover spontaneously with medical care and hence do not need LT. In between these all perplexities and contentions, it’s critical to comprehend the clinical course of liver failure. In addition, physicians should also understand when it is necessary to enlist a patient for LT and which patient are likely to get benefit from LT. Thus, utilizing a “golden window” time for LT before the development of multi-organ failure. In this chapter, we focus on the current situation of LT for ALF and ACLF and further discuss the current decision making strategies used to indicate LT in this difficult clinical scenario.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82100",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82100",signatures:"Dipesh Kumar Yadav, Rajesh Kumar Yadav and Tingbo Liang",book:{id:"11237",type:"book",title:"Controversies in Liver Transplantation - Recent Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Controversies in Liver Transplantation - Recent Challenges and Future Perspectives",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. DIPESH KUMAR YADAV",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11237.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-072-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-071-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-073-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"340603",title:"Dr.",name:"DIPESH KUMAR",middleName:null,surname:"YADAV",slug:"dipesh-kumar-yadav",fullName:"DIPESH KUMAR YADAV"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Acute liver failure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Prognostic models and criteria for the selection of the patients with ALF for LT",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Acute-on-chronic liver failure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.1 Prognostic models and criteria for the selection of the patients with ACLF for LT",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Liver transplantation in an acute decompensated liver failure",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.1 Liver transplantation in ALF",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.2 Liver transplantation in ACLF",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"5. Bridging to liver transplantation using an artificial liver support",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"6. When and whom to transplant?",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Authors’ contributions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Competing interests statement",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Data availability",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Sarin SK, Kedarisetty CK, Abbas Z, Amarapurkar D, Bihari C, Chan AC, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) 2014. Hepatology International. 2014;8(4):453-471'},{id:"B2",body:'Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, Pavesi M, Angeli P, Cordoba J, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(7):1426-1437, 1437.e1421-1429'},{id:"B3",body:'Lee WM, Stravitz RT, Larson AM. Introduction to the revised American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Position Paper on acute liver failure 2011. 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Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences. 2020;7(2):98-102'},{id:"B92",body:'Weiss E, Saner F, Asrani SK, Biancofiore G, Blasi A, Lerut J, et al. When is a critically ill cirrhotic patient too sick to transplant? Development of consensus criteria by a multidisciplinary panel of 35 international experts. Transplantation. 2021;105(3):561-568'},{id:"B93",body:'Yadav DK, Zhang Q , Bai X, Li E, Liang T. Liver transplantation for alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD): An update on controversies and considerations. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;2020:8862152'},{id:"B94",body:'Weismüller TJ, Fikatas P, Schmidt J, Barreiros AP, Otto G, Beckebaum S, et al. Multicentric evaluation of model for end-stage liver disease-based allocation and survival after liver transplantation in Germany—Limitations of the ‘sickest first’-concept. Transplant International. 2011;24(1):91-99'},{id:"B95",body:'Jacob M, Copley LP, Lewsey JD, Gimson A, Toogood GJ, Rela M, et al. Pretransplant MELD score and post liver transplantation survival in the UK and Ireland. Liver Transplantation: Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2004;10(7):903-907'},{id:"B96",body:'Saab S, Wang V, Ibrahim AB, Durazo F, Han S, Farmer DG, et al. MELD score predicts 1-year patient survival post-orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation: Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2003;9(5):473-476'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Dipesh Kumar Yadav",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, China
Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, China
Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, China
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, China
Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, China
Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, China
Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, China
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IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
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In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
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Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
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Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
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Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83136",title:"Vector Control: Insights Arising from the Post-Genomics Findings on Insects’ Reproductive Biology",slug:"vector-control-insights-arising-from-the-post-genomics-findings-on-insects-reproductive-biology",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106273",abstract:"The high prevalence of neglected vector-borne diseases, such as Chagas disease and dengue fever, imposes enormous health and financial burdens in developing countries. Historically, and still, to this day, the main effective methods to manage those diseases rely on vector population control. Although early efforts in understanding vector-specific biology resulted in important advancements in the development of strategies for the management of vector-borne diseases, studies regarding the complex physiology of local vector species were weakened by the expanding use of insecticide-based tools, which were, at the time, proven simpler and effective. The rising threat of insecticide resistance and climate change (which can expand endemic areas) has reemphasized the need to rely on thorough species-specific vector biology. One approach to controlling vector populations is to disrupt molecular processes or antagonize the metabolic targets required to produce viable eggs. Here, we discuss new findings arising from post-genomics molecular studies on vector reproductive biology and discuss their potential for the elaboration of new effective vector control interventions.",book:{id:"11227",title:"New Advances in Neglected Tropical Diseases",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11227.jpg"},signatures:"Isabela Ramos and Fabio Gomes"},{id:"77607",title:"Mentorship in Postgraduate Medical Education",slug:"mentorship-in-postgraduate-medical-education",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98612",abstract:"Mentorship is critical to the development and professional growth of graduate medical education (GME) trainees. It is a bidirectional relationship between a mentor and a mentee. Mentorship has consistently been shown to be beneficial for both the mentor and mentee, with the mentee gaining valuable skills in education, personal growth, and professional support, and the mentor attaining higher career satisfaction and potentially greater productivity. Yet, there is a lack of research and in-depth analysis of effective mentorship and its role in postgraduate medical education. This chapter outlines different approaches toward mentorship and provides the reader with basic concepts relevant to the effective and competent practice of mentorship. The authors discuss the challenges that physician mentors and mentees face, the organizational models of mentorship, the approaches and techniques for mentorship, and the deleterious effects of mentorship malpractice. Our general discussion touches on best practices for both the mentor and mentee to allow for self-improvement and lifelong learning. The variety of applicable models makes it difficult to measure effectiveness of mentorship in GME, but there is an ongoing need for expanded research on the benefits of mentorship, as greater amount of supporting evidence will likely incentivize organizations to create mentorship-friendly policies and support corresponding institutional changes.",book:{id:"6947",title:"Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education - Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6947.jpg"},signatures:"Lena Deb, Shanaya Desai, Kaitlyn McGinley, Elisabeth Paul, Tamam Habib, Asim Ali and Stanislaw Stawicki"},{id:"81585",title:"Self-Management Strategies in Outpatients with Hypertension Under Treatment in Rural Communities",slug:"self-management-strategies-in-outpatients-with-hypertension-under-treatment-in-rural-communities",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104447",abstract:"Hypertension is already a problem faced by South African urban populations, but little is known about the predominance, chance factors, and self-management strategies of hypertension in rural areas. Hypertension has an increased mortality and morbidity rate, thus has been identified as the killer disease in rural communities as its prevalence is increasing year by year. Non-attendance of hypertensive patients in rural communities has been identified as one of the most pressing issues in chronic illness, including hypertension, management and results into uncontrolled illnesses. Hypertensive patients lack self-management strategies to maintain their quality of life when diagnosed. Therefore, this book chapter is aimed at exploring the knowledge of self-management and strategies used in outpatients with hypertension under treatment in rural communities. Seven major themes were identified: paradoxical description; adherence to treatment and medication instructions, medical follow-up visits at the health facility, healthy lifestyle; management of emotions; defense mechanisms and religious interventions. Patients faced obstacles such as not eating a healthy diet since they are not the ones cooking, and children are always generating problems for them, leading their blood pressure and blood glucose levels to rise. Additional efforts are needed in rural communities to promote hypertension and self-management measures through educational programs.",book:{id:"11292",title:"Hypertension",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11292.jpg"},signatures:"Peter Modupi Mphekgwana, Tebogo Maria Mothiba and Nancy Kgatla"},{id:"83117",title:"Endothelial Secretome",slug:"endothelial-secretome",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106550",abstract:"Endothelial cells produce huge proteomes from a relatively small total number of ECs. The ECs’ complex intercellular communication is possible through well-stored, classified, and compartmentalized secretory pathways, intermediated by the secretory vesicles and granules, with the purpose to maintain vascular homeostasis and integrity. Secreted proteins are involved in a myriad of cell communication processes. The local vascular microenvironment dynamically and constantly modifies the ECs’ secretome. We focus on the biological significance of secretome proteins in a healthy vascular microenvironment and under cardiovascular conditions. Vascular ECs crosstalk with other ECs, and other blood cells at a distance, with the circulating hematopoietic stem cells permitting adequate reactions to vascular injury, systemic or local inflammation, and viral or parasitic infections. Here, we overview current secretome biomarkers in vascular diseases, with a focus on their roles in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutics. Also, we highlighted some important pathological effects of exosome on cardiovascular disease. This chapter discusses current research directions characterizing vascular pathology conditioned secretomes, their regulation, and therapeutic pursuit. The overall aim of this chapter is to review current literature updates on endothelial secretome roles in endothelial homeostasis and in vascular disorders.",book:{id:"11566",title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg"},signatures:"Luiza Rusu"},{id:"82673",title:"Utilising Proteomics and Organoid Cultures for Predicting Treatment Response in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"utilising-proteomics-and-organoid-cultures-for-predicting-treatment-response-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106028",abstract:"Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most frequently diagnosed tumours worldwide. Despite advances in surgical intervention and therapeutics, development of chemoresistance remains a challenge to treating CRC. Predicting treatment response in CRC has strongly relied on genomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics, combined with different cancer staging and classification systems. Despite being beneficial, these omics technologies fail to provide any assessment at a protein level. Thus, having high-throughput tools that assess tumour response to therapy at a protein level will definitely complement the current approaches. In this regard, the field of proteomics holds promise to understand treatment response in tumours. Additionally, patient-derived tumour organoids are replacing the traditional cell lines and xenograft models as the preferred in vitro models for predicting clinical response due to being a better representative model of typical tumour characteristics in vivo. Combining proteomics and tumour organoids can provide more personalised and optimal treatments for CRC in the coming years. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the progress made in proteomic research and use of organoids for understanding CRC treatment response, together with discussing the strengths and limitations of these two approaches when linked together. This overview will then be used to propose future perspectives.",book:{id:"11595",title:"Recent Understanding of Colorectal Cancer Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11595.jpg"},signatures:"Isaac Micallef and Byron Baron"},{id:"83008",title:"Recent Advances in Classification and Histopathological Diagnosis of Ovarian Epithelial Malignant Tumours",slug:"recent-advances-in-classification-and-histopathological-diagnosis-of-ovarian-epithelial-malignant-tu",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106545",abstract:"Ovarian tumours are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms classified based on histopathologic type and grade of differentiation. They comprise a broad range of tumours from benign and borderline to malignant histotypes characterised by different histopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular features. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the recent advances in the ovarian epithelial malignant tumours classification along with the histopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular diagnostic criteria highlighting areas of terminology discrepancies or changes and diagnostic challenges. These changes provide a better understanding of the ovarian tumours nature and lead to a more efficient therapeutic management of these pathological entities.",book:{id:"11598",title:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11598.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela-Monica Stanc, Efthymia Souka and Christos Valavanis"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:783},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:189,paginationItems:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221831/images/system/221831.jpeg",biography:"Niansheng Tang is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. Physiology research may be linked to development, aging, environment, regular and pathological processes, adaptation and evolution, exercise, or several other factors affecting, or involved with, animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development"},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",scope:"
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Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions"},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",scope:"Plant Physiology explores fundamental processes in plants, and it includes subtopics such as plant nutrition, plant hormone, photosynthesis, respiration, and plant stress. In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",keywords:"Plant Nutrition, Plant Hormone, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Plant Stress, Multi-omics, High-throughput Technology, Genome Editing"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",annualVolume:11399,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"190041",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez Fernandez",fullName:"Jose Gutierrez Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"156556",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Mascellino",fullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156556/images/system/156556.jpg",institutionString:"Sapienza University",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"164933",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa Oleastro",fullName:"Mónica Alexandra Sousa Oleastro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/164933/images/system/164933.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge",institution:{name:"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",annualVolume:11400,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. 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